FARMAKOTOKSIKOLOGI
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Transcript of FARMAKOTOKSIKOLOGI
PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY(Block of CHEM I)
Eman SutrisnaDepartement of Pharmacology and Therapy
Medical School Unsoed
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Student able to explain : Definition and field of
pharmacotoxicology Various of Pollutant Method of poisoning Prevention of poisoning The principles of poisoning
management process.
TOXICOLOGY
The study of poisoning and the harmful effect of chemicals on the living organism
THE FIELD OF TOXICOLOGY
Descriptive or experimental toxicology
Mechanistic toxicology Regulatory toxicology Forensic toxicology Enviromental toxicology Occupational toxicology Clinical toxicology
Environmental Toxicology The study pollutant on wildlife and its
hurmful consequences on our ecosystem Duffus (1980): the study of the effects of
toxic substances occurring in both natural and man-made environments
Landis and Yu (1995): the study of the impacts of pollutants upon the structure and function of ecological systems (from molecular to ecosystem)
Occupational Toxicology The specialized study of chemicals
and how it effects workers in the industrial or other workplace setting.
Ecotoxicology Truhaut (1977): the branch of toxicology
concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural and synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animals (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integrated context
Moriarty (1983): the natural extension from toxicology, the science of poisons on individual organisms, to the ecological effects of pollutants
Levin et al. (1989): the science that seeks to predict the impacts of chemicals upon ecosystems
VARIOUS TOXICANTS
Chemical Industrial Household
Agricultural Pesticides Natural toxicants
Mushrooms Plant toxin Snake/insect toxin Marine toxin
Heavy metal Pb Mercury Arsen Cadmium Iron
Heavy Metals
Wide dispersion Tendency to accumulate Ability to do damage/be toxic at low
levels
Heavy Metals
GLOBAL CONCERNS AND LOCAL TOXIC HAZARDS WASTE lead, Mercury Arsenic Cadmium
Heavy Metals
Routes of Exposure: Food Inhaled
Heavy Metals
LEAD – most studiedSources:
Lead organic compounds such as motor vehicle fuelBatteries (MV)Pigments, glazes, solder, plasticsroot vegetableswater with low pHceramic glazes,
Heavy Metals
MERCURY Sources: thermometers, dental amalgams,
batteries must stay below 40 ug/L workers
Exposure:-If left standing or aerosolized it is taken into lungs-Dispersed through waste incineration-soil and water deposits; converted into methyl mercury by microorganisms then bio-concentrated up the food chain (fish, tuna, mackerel)
Heavy Metals
ARSENIC Sources: earth’s crust, smelting
industry, wood preservatives, pesticides, paints, fossil fuel combustion, folk remedies, wells
Exposure: toxic and carcinogenic. Scientists are debating safe exposure standards
Human Health and Heavy Metals
CADMIUM:Source: toxicity is relatively uncommon but
exposure causes distinctive clinical syndromes
Exposure: Industries dealing with pigment, metal
plating, plastics, batteriesCadmium pollution introduces cadmium into
sewage sludge, fertilizers and groundwater resulting in contamination in foodstuffs, grains, cereals and leafy vegetables
-cigarette smoking
HISTORIC : Heavy Metal Poisoning Two horrible epidemics from contaminated
food had occurred in Japan. 1950s, organic mercury was transferred through
the marine foodweb to poison hundreds of people. Nearly a thousand people fell victim to Minamata Disease before Chisso Corporation halted discharge_of_mercury into Minamata Bay.
From 1940 to 1960, Japanese in the Toyama Prefecture were poisoned by cadmium in their rice. This itai-itai disease was linked to irrigation water contaminated from metal mine wastes.
itai-itai, reflects the extreme joint pain associated with the disease
PREVENTION OF POISONING
Avoid the exposure Education about chemical hazard
and risk situation with chemical Information about poison
management
METHOD OF POISONING
Natural exposure Accidental Suicidal Substance abuse/drug misused Chemical disaster (mass poisoning)
THE PRINCIPLES IN MANAGEMENT OF POISONING
Treat the patient and not the poison Clinical history taking Live-saving measures
Stands for provision of airway Stands for breathing and ventilation Stands for circulation support Stands for drugs-induced depression Stnds for electrolyte and metabolic
abnormalities and their correction
THANKS… See U Next