w&m;r#waom w&m;cGif

tzGifhv$m ed'gef; w&m;¶kH;rsm;ukd tokH;ðyI vl@tcGifhta&;ukd wkd;wuf&&Sdatmif vkyf&efrSm tb,fa=umifhta&;}uD;a=umif;/

tcef; 1/ w&m;r#waom w&m;cGifukd ±+jrifjcif;/ w&m;jcif;ESifhr#wjcif;ukd EkdifiHwumpHxm;csufrsm;t&jzpfap/ jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pHxm;csufrsm;t&jzpf ap rnfokd@em;vnfoifhoenf;? w&m;r#waomOya'ukd rnfokd@em;vnfcH,loenf;? vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; pepfqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;? vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfh tajccHrltcsuf (20)

ukvor*~yÉnmOfpmwrf;/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;/ pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;qkdif&m EkdifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyfwkd@wGif vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfh tajccHrltcsuf (20) ukd xkwfaz:jyXmef;owfrSwfay;cJhonf? 1985 ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHrS twnfðyjyXmef;onf? acgif;pOfi,f (5) ck cGJjcm;owfrSwfaz:jyxm;onf? u/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; Independence of Judiciary 1/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' Constitution wGif atmufygtwkdif; twdtvif;xnfhoGif;az:jyI tmrcH&rnf? u/ trsm;jynfola&S@arSmufwGif vGwfvyfpGm ppfaq;pD&if&rnf? c/ tr_ppfaq;&mwGif oufaotaxmuftxm;rckdifvkHyJ aESmifhaES;=uef@=umr_r&Sdap&? */ vGwfvyfaomw&m;¶kH;rsm; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&rnf? 2/ bufvkdufr_uif;&Sif;&rnf? 3/ ppfaq;qkH;jzwfcGifh&Sd/ r&Sdukd w&m;ol}uD;ukd,fwkdif qkH;jzwf&rnf? 4/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tqifhqifhwGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;r&Sdap&? 5/ txl;ckH¶kH;jzifh ppfaq;pD&ifcGifhrðy&? 6/ r#waomw&m;cGif jzpfap&rnf? 7/ vkdtyfaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd EkdifiHawmfrS axmufyHhay;&rnf? ( c ) vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqkdcGifhESihf vGwfvyfpGmtoif;tyif;rsm; zGJ@pnf; xlaxmifcGifh Freedom of expression and association 1/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhywfowfI xifjrifcsufay;onfhoabmoufa&mufaponfhpum;rsKd; rajymqkd&? 2/ EkdifiHa&;ESifhqufEG,fonfhoabmroufa&mufv#if toif;tyif;rsm;vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;EkdifcGifh/ yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifcGifh &Sdonf?

( * ) t&n ftcsif;ESifh a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif; Dondition of Service ( C )/ vkyfoufESifhtajctae Security of service 1/ vkyfief;cGif vkyfoufvkHòcHr_ Security of service 2/ t+idrf;pm;,l&rnfhoufwrf; Retirement Age 3/ &mxl;wkd;ay;jcif; Promotion 4/ vkHòcHr_ Security

5/ uef@owf/ v#Kd@0Suf Confidentiality 6/ tumtuG,fay;jcif; Protection ( i )/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; Discipline 1/ r#waom pkHprf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifhywfowfI atmufygokH;csuf&Sdonf? Enquiry fair hearing - vGwfvyfpGmppfaq;=um;em&rnf? - Oya'ESifhtnD a&S@aeESifh ckcHacsycGifh ðy&rnf? - w&m;r#waom qkH;jzwfcsufjzpf&rnf? 2/ &mxl;csxm;onfhumvonf tuef@towfESifhjzpf&rnf? Suspension only when unfit 3/ Oya'ESifhtnD ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;jzpf&rnf? Proceding to be Judicial 4/ jyefvnfokH;oyfay;&ef wifjycGifh&Sd&rnf? Independent review w&m;r#waom w&m;cGifqkdonfrSm (u) r_cif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I ESpfbuftr_onfrsm;udk vHkavmufaomtcsdeftwdkif;twmtwGif; }udKwifta=umif;=um;&rnf? ESpfbuftr_onfudk tr_udpPESifhywfowfI jynfhpkHpGmta=umif;=um;&rnf? tr_twGuf vHkavmufaom jyifqifcsdef ay;& rnf? xdkodk@ ESpfbufpvHk;udktcsdefay;rS r#waomw&m;cGifjzpfrnf? wzufudk tcsdefay;+yD; wbufurodvkdufbJ tr_ppf rnfhae@rS odrnfqdkv#if r#waomw&m;cGifjzpfrnfr[kwfay? (c) Oya'tusKd;aqmifa&S@aersm;jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcGifh/ ckcHacsycGifh&Sd&rnf? vlwa,mufonftr_wGifa&S@aeiSm;I ckcHacsycGifh onf? tajccHtcGifhta&;jzpfonf? w&m;pGJqdkcGifhonf w&m;vkdbufrS/ ckcHacsycGifhonf w&m;cHbufrS jzpfonf?

uarBm'D;,m;wGif crmeDvufxuf 1975 rS 1979 twGif;wGif crmeDowfvdkufI vlESpfoef;ausmfcef@rSm ao oGm;onf[k t=urf;zsOf;oHk;oyf=uonf? xdkacwfumvwGif ynmwwfrsm;udk &Sif;ypf&m wjynfvHk;wGif a&S@ae 200 ausmf omusefawmhonf? wjynfvHk;wGif tr_onfrsm;I a&S@aeenf;yg;oGm;onf? xdk@a=umifhwkdif;jynfwGif Oya'pdwfyg0ifpm; olrsm;tm; Oya'bGJ@r[kwfbJ Oya'oifwef;rsm;ay;um atmifjrifolrsm;tm; a&S@aeozG,f tr_ vkdufygaqmif&GufcGifhudk ay;xm;onf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf tr_jzpfvmolrsm;twGuf a&S@aeESifhckcHacsycGifh trSefwu,fvkdtyfonf? okd@twGuf a&S@aeuJhokd@ vdkufygtusKd;aqmifEkdif&ef pDpOf&jcif;jzpfygonf? (*) oufaorsm;udk qifhac:ppfaq;jcif;ESifh tjyeftvSefppfar;cGifhay;&rnf? qdkvkdonfrSm oufaorsm;udk&Hk;ar;ppfaq;I jypf'g%fpD&ifvkdufv#if Tt&monfr#wonfhw&m;cGifr[kwfawmhay? xdk@a=umifh oufaoac:&Hkomru jyefvSefppfar; cGifhygay;&rnf?

(C) w&m;&Hk;a&S@wGifwifjya&muf&Sdvmonfh oufaocHtaxmuftxm;/ E_wfoufaocHjcif;ESifh pmwrf;trSwftom; oufaocHjcif; ESpf&yfvHk;tay:wGif tajcjyKI pOf;pm;um r_cif;udkpD&ifqHk;jzwf&rnf? t"dutcsufrSm w&m;&Hk;onfr_cif;udk pD&ifqHk;jzwf&mwGif oufaocHtaxmuftxm;tay:rlwnfI qHk;jzwf&rnf? aemufoufaocHcsufwGif vludk,fwdkifvm&rnf? xkwfE_wfoufaocHcsuf/ pmwrf;oufaocHcsuftjyif ESpfbufa&S@ae rsm;. ppfaq;r_tay:wGifrlwnfI tr_udk=um;emppfaq;&rnf? odk@aomfxdkuJhodk@r[kwfbJ w&m;&Hk;jyifyY yk*~dKvfa&;t&=um;vmaom oufaocHcsufrsm;jzifh tr_udk ppfaq;pD&ifqHk;jzwfIr&ay? odk@rSomr#waomw&m;cGifjzpf onf[k qdkvkdonf? (i) trsm;jynfol.a&S@arSmufwGif ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;jzpf&rnf? ormorwfusus r#wpGmw&m;pD&ifa=umif;udk jynfol tm;od&Sdap&rnf? Ttcsuftay:wGifrlwnfI w&m;&Hk;rsm;onfjynfoltrsm;oGm;vm&efvG,fulaomae&mwGif wnf&Sd&rnf? ,ck Odat;aZmf0if;tr_onf tif;pdefaxmifxJwGifppfaq;I Public Trial r[kwfawmhay? xdk@tjyifw&m;&Hk;wGif;odk@ pnf;urf;wpHkw&mESifh vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmEdkif&efvkdtyfayonf? xdk@tjyiftrsm;jynfoloufawmifhoufom xdkifEdkif aomae&mjzpf&efvdktyfayonf?

tcef;2/ EkdifiHwumOya'/ EkdifiHwum vltcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;/ EkdifiHwEkdifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;?

u/ EkdifiHwumOya'. oabmobm0/

EkdifiHwckESifhwckt=um; jzpfyGm;aomjy\emrsm;tm; oufqkdif&mEkdifiHrsm;.tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd

rxdyg;apyJ rnfuJhokd@ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdfifrnfenf;qkdaom pOf;pm;csuftajccHrS EkdifiHwumOya' ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xkd@twl EkdfifiH wckESifhwckt=um; vkyfief;rsm;yl;wGJvkyfaqmif&mY rnfuJhokd@aom,kH=unfr_ukd tajccHrnfenf;qkdaom pOf;pm;csufrSaeI EkdfifiHESpfckt=um;/ okd@r[kwf xkd@xufykdaomEkdifiHrsm;t=um; pmcsKyfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf?

EkdifiHwumOya'Y tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdaeonfukdawG@&onf? ‚if;wkd@rSm - EkdifiHwumOya'Y (1) Oya'ðy v$wfawmf r&Sdjcif; (2) Oya'. pnf;aESmiftm; r&Sdjcif; (3) w&m;¶kH;awmf r&Sdjcif; (4) EkdifiHwumvkH;qkdif&m tpkd;&r&Sdjcif; wkd@jzpfonf? okd@aomf EkdifiHrsm;u EkdifiHwumOya'ukdtajccHum udpP&yfrsm;ukd ajym=uqkd=u/ aqG;aEG;=uonf? EkdifiHwum Oya'rsm;ukd av;pm;vkdufema=umif; jyocsif=uonf? EkdifiHwckESifhwck tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmygu rdrdwkd@onf EkdifiH wumOya'ESihftnD aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; ajym=uonf? Tr# tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdaeonfh EkdifiHwumOya'ukd tb,fa=umifh ukd;um;ajymqkdcsif=uygoenf;? t"durSm rdrdwkd@rSefuefa=umif; oufaojycsif=uonf? EkdifiHwum.,kH =unfr_ukd vkdcsif=uonf? xkd@a=umifh rdrdwkd@.&yfwnfcsufukd EkdifiHwumOya'ESifh pHxkd;jy=uonf? EkdifiHwumOya'rsm;ESifh tnDt!Gwfjzpfygu EkdifiH.*k%foduQm wkd;wufonf? EkdifiHtrsm;u av;pm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhwuG e,fy,ft&yf&yfY qufqHr_rsm; wkd;csJ@vkd=uonf? EkdifiHwumOya'rsm;ukd csKd;azgufonf[k owfrSwfcH&v#if EdkifihH*k%foduQmusonf? EkdifiH a&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& rnfolurS aygif;oif;qufqHr_rvkyfcsif=u? 0kdif;y,fjcif;cH&wwfonf?

c/ EkdifiHwumOya'/ EkdifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumvlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;onfh Oya'rsm;/

vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;wGif vlom;wkd@. EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;/ EkdifiHa&;tcGihfta&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhta&;/ vlr_a&;tcGifhta&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;az:jyxm;onf? tykd'faygif;okH;q,fyg0if+yD; tykd'f (1) ESifh (2) wkd@onf vl@tcGifhta&;. t"dyg,ft,ltqwkd@ukd zGifhqkd&Sif;jyxm;onf? tykd'f (3) rS (16) ESifh tykd'f (18) rS (21) wkd@wGif EkdifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd az:jyxm;+yD; tykd'f (17) ESifh (22) rS (27) txdonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus; r_qkdif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd az:jyxm;onf? 28 rS 30 txdonf xkdtcGifhta&;rsm;av;pm;&efESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifh ta&;rsm;ukdSrcsKd;azguf&ef wm0efrsm;ukd az:jy&Sif;vif;xm;onf?

EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;qkdonfrSm EkdifiHom;wkd@. touf&SifcGifhESifh vGwfvyfcGifhwkd@ukd tpkd;&u w&m;vufvGwf0if a&mufaESmuf,Sufjcif;rS umuG,fay;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;[lI t"dy`g,f zGifhqkdEkdifonf? Oyrm touf&SifcGifh/ vkHòcHcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifh/ w&m;a&;t& tpD&ifcHykdifcGifhwkd@jzpfonf?

EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qkdonfrSm wkdif;jynftpkd;&. vkyfief;a&;&mrsm;wGif EkdifiHom;rsm;u yg0ifywfowfcGifhukd qkd vkdonf? Oyrm rJay;ykdifcGifh/ a&G;cs,fcHykdifcGifh/ tpkd;&ay:vpDrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufr_ukd od&Sdyg0ifvkyfaqmifykdifcGifh/ vGwfvyf pGmajymqkdcGifh/ owif;Xmersm;.vGwfvyfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhwkd@jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mtcGifhta&;qkdonfrSm vlom;wkd@. b0vlaer_tqifhtwef;rsm; wkd;wufjrifhrm; vmatmif tqifhqifhawmif;qkdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf? Oyrm ynmoif=um;cGifh/ tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ usef;rma&;ESifh nD!Gwfaom tvkyfcGif&&SdcGifh/ wef;wlvpmESifh wef;wltvkyfvkyfcGifh/ rdrdbmompum; xdef;odrf;tokH;ðycGifhwkd@ukd qkdvkd onf?

vl@tcGifhta&;kqkdif&mpmcsKyf}uD;ESpfckukd twnfðyjyXmef;cJhonfh 1966 ckESpfrSpwifI xkdpmcsKyfrsm;ukd vufrSwfa&; xkd;&ef EkdifiHrsm;ukd zdwfac:cJhonf? okd@aomf 10 ESpfausmf=umcJh+yD;rS ukvor*~tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH 35 EkdifiH vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJh+yD; pm csKyfygOya'rsm;vnf; oufa&mufr_tm;aumif;vmcJhonf? EkdifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf

ukvor*~rS 1966 ckESpfwGif twnfðyjyXmef;+yD; 1976 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufae@wGif touf0ifvmaom EkdifiH om;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif tykd'faygif; 53 ykd'fyg0ifonf? tykd'f 6 rS 27 wkd@wGif EkdifiHom;ESifh EkdifiH a&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd az:jyxm;onf? aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf (1) ESifh (2)

EkdifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf ESpfck&Sdonf? aemufquf wGJpmcsKyf 1 ukd 1966 ckESpf 'DZifbm 16 &ufae@wGif jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1976 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufae@wGif touf0ifvmcJhonf? t"dutm;jzifh pmcsKyftzGJ@0if EkdifiHwEkdifiHrS EkdifiHom;wOD;csif;taeESifh rddrd. vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufcH&r_ukd aumfrwDxH wkdif=um;cGifhtm; az:jyxm;onf? TaemufqufwGJpmcsKyfukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;aomEdkifiHu rdrdtay: yifrpmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfowfI csKd;azgufcHae&onf[k cHpm;&olrsm;onf aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf 1 . tykd'f 1 t& pmcsKyf. vl@tcGifhta&; aumfrwDxH qufoG,fwkdif=um;I&onf? xkdtcgrsKd;wGif yxrOD;qkH;taejzifh xkdwkdif=um;r_ukd aumfrwDu vufcH oifh/ roifh qkH;jzwfonf?

2002 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvtxd EkdifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf 1 ukd twnfðyvufrSwfxkd;xm;aomEkdifiHaygif; 101 EkdifiHESifh y%mrvufrSwfxkd;xm;aomEkdifiH 4 EkdifiH &Sd+yDjzpfonf? EkdifiHom; ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf 2 ukd 1989 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 11 &ufae@wGif touf0ifcJhonf? t"durSm ao'g%fcsrSwfr_ukd zsufodrf;&ef &nf&G,fonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf

pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;ukd ukvor*~vl@tcGiffhta&; a=ujimpm wrf;}uD;. 'kwd,ykdif;wGif az:jyxm;onfukd awG@&onf? txl;ojzifh

pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;ESifh vlr_zlvkHa&; cHpm;cGifhrsm; yg0ifonf? xkdtcsufftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd 1948 ckESpfrwkdifcifuwnf;u todtrSwfðyxm;+yD; jzpf onf? xkdtcGifhta&;rsm; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvma&;twGuf 1917 ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhonfh tjynfjynfqkdif&m tvkyform; tzGJ@cskKyfu óud;yrf;vkyfaqmifaecJhonfrSm ,ae@wkdifyifjzpfonf? TpmcsKyfukd ukvor*~wGif 1966 ckESpfY jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1976 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufae@rS pwifI touf0ifvmcJhonf? 2002 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvtxd TpmcsKyfukd twnfðy vufrSwfxkd;xm;aom EkdifiHaygif; 145 EkdifiH&Sd+yD; yrm%vufrSwfxkd;xm;onfhEkdifiHaygif; 7 EkdifiH&Sdonf?

,ckpmcsKyfwGif tykd'faygif; 31 ykd'f yg0ifonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpm csKyfESifh EkdifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwkd@wGif yg0ifaom tykd'f 1/ 3ESifh 5 wkd@onf xyfwleD;yg; qifwlaeonf? pmcsKyf2 ckpvkH;. tydk'f 1 wGif ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfcGifhonf vlwkdif;. tcGifhta&;jzpfonf[kaz:jyxm;onf? vlom;wkdif;wGif ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfykdifcGifh&Sdonf? olwkd@.EkdifiHa&;tqifhtwef;ukd vGwfvyfpGmqkH;jzwfykdifcGifh&Sdovkd pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_zG@Hòzd;wkd;wufa&;twGuf olwkd@ukd,fwkdif qkH;jzwfykdifcGifh&Sdonf[k qkdxm;onf? pmcsKyf 2 ckpvkH;. tykd'f 3 wGif trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;wkd@onf vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd cHpm;ykdifcGifh&Sdonf? xkdodk@cHpm;Ekdifap&eftwGuf tpdk;&u vkyfaqmifay;&rnf[k az:jyxm;onf? pmcsKyf 2 ckpvkH;. tykd'f 5 wGif xkdpmcsKyfrsm; wGifyg0ifaom tcGifhta&; rsm;tay: zdESdyfcsKd;azgufr_/ vGJrSm;pGmt"dy`g,fzGifhqkd+yD; vkyfaqmifr_/ uef@owfr_wkd@rS umuG,fay;&ef a&;om;xm;onf? tykd'f 6 rS 15 wkd@wGif xkdpmcsKyfY txl;ðyxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd zGifhqkd&Sif;jyxm;onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH; zsufodrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf

TpmcsKyfukd 1979 ckESpfwGif 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@wGif jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1981 ckESpf pufwifbmv 3 &ufae@wGif touf0ifcJhonf? jrefrmEkdfifiHtygt0if EkdifiHaygif; 168 EkdfifiHu twnfðyvufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;+yD; aemufxyfokH;EkdifiHu y%mrvufrSwfxkd;xm;onfhtwGuf pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEkdifiHta&twGufrsm;jym;aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf T pmcsKyfukd 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 22 &ufae@wGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonf?

pmcsKyf. tzGifhwGif ,ckvuf&Sdtcsdeftxd trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: zdESdyfcsKd;ESdrfr_ trsm;tjym;wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf[k az:jyxm;onf? xkdokd@ zdESdyfcsKd;ESdrfr_rsm;onf vlom;wkd@. *k%foduQmESihf wef;wlnDr#r_tay: wefbkd;xm;r_tm; csKd;azguf jcif;jzpfonf[k TpmcsKyfuqkdygonf? pmcsKyfwGif t"dutm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;/ trsKd;orD;rsm; twGuf w&m;Oya't& owfrSwfay;xm;onfh tqifhtwef; pHrsm;tjyif trsKd;orD;rsm; rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;tcGifhta&; ESifh tcsKd@aom ,Ofaus;r_vufcHcsufrsm;u vdift&cGJjcm;r_ukd jzpfaponfhqkdonfh tcsufrsm;@ukdyg xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm; onfhtwGuf xl;jcm;vSonf? uav;oli,frsm; tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf

TpmcsKyf rl=urf;a&;qGJr_onf 1979rS 1989 txd =umjrifhcJhonf? okd@aomf 1988 ckESpf ukvor*~ vl@tcGifh ta&;aumfr&Sifu cef@tyfvkdufaomtvkyftzGJ@u pmcsKyfukd t+yD;owfavhvma&;qGJonfhtcsdefrSpI tpkd;&rsm;ESifh tpkd;& r[kwfaomtzGJ@rsm;pGmwkd@onf xkdpmcsKyfrl=urf;a&;qGJ&mwGif pdwf0ifpm;vm+yD; tifwkduftm;wkdufyg0ifvm=uonf? rlva&;qGJxm;aomrl=urf;ukd tajccHI tpkd;&rsm;ESihf tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@rsm;u xyfrHjznfhpGuf rGrf;rHr_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJh onf? urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@/ tjynfjynfqkdif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf ponfhtzGJ@rsm;. wifjycsufrsm;ukdvnf; vufcHokH; oyfcJh=uonf? aemufqkH; 1989 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHrS uav;tcGifhta&;qkdif &m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1990 ckESpfwGif owfrSwfxm;onfh EkdifiHta&twGuf 20 jynfhoGm;ojzifh pmcsKyf touf0ifvmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf TpmcsKyfukd 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 15 &ufae@wGif twnfðyvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonf? pmcsKyfwGif tykd'faygif; 54 ykd'fyg0if+yD; EkdfifiHom;tcGifhta&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh vlom;csif;pmem axmufxm;aom ta&;udpPrsm;tm;vkH; yg0ifonf? pmcsKyfwGif t"dutm;jzifh

uav;oli,frsm;onfvnf; t&G,f a&muf+yD;aomolrsm;uJhokd@ nDr#aomwefbkd;&Sdonf? uav;oli,fwkdif; tcGifhta&;&Sdonf? uav;oli,frsm;. tawG; tjrifrsm;ukd wefbkd;xm;&rnf? uav;oli,frsm;. tusKd;twGuf vkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ umuG,fr_rsm; vkyf&rnf[laom oabmrsm;xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;onf/ uav;rsm;. ukd,fa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfowfI tykd'f *? ðypkapmifha&Smuf cGifh/ arG;pm;cGifhwkd@ESifhywfowfaom tykd'f 20/ 21? vufeufukdifwkdfufyGJrsm;twGif;wGif ESdyfpufcH&aomuav;rsm;tm; pdwf ykdif;ESifh¶kyfykdif; jyefvnfemvefxvmap&ef vkyfaqmifay;a&;ESifhoufqkdifonfh tykd'f 39 wkd@onf rnfonfhvl@tcGifhta&; rsm;wGifrS ryg0ifao;aom ta=umif;t&m topfrsm;jzpfonf?

xkduav;pmcsKyfwGifyg0ifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd 1/ touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm; 2/ zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; 3/ umuG,fr_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 4/ yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;[lI t=urf;tm;jzifh av;rsKd;cJGjcm;Ekdifonf?

vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_ enf;rsKd;pkHtm; zsufodrf;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf

1965 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 21 &ufae@wGif vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_enfrsKd;pkHtm;zsufodrf;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfukd jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1969 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif touf0ifvmcJhonf? oabmwlpmcsKyf. tykd'f 1 t& vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_qkdonfrSm vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mif/ rsKd;¶dk;/ vlrsKd;ESifh vlrsKd;pk&if;jrpfwkd@tay: tajccHI EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh tjcm; aomvlaer_b0wkd@tm; wef;wlnDr#aomvGwfvyfcGifhukd tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;todtrSwfðyr_wkd@tay: cGJjcm;jcif;/cGJxkwf jcif;/ uef@owfjcif;ESifh txl;tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;wkd@ukd qkdvkdonf?

tykd'f 2 wGif pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEkdifiHrsm;taejzifh vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_rsm; csKyf+idrf;ap&efESifh vlrsKd;rsm;twGif; em;vnfr_rsm; yGm;rsm;vmapa&;twGuf ay:vpDrsm; csrSwftaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&Sda=umif; az:jyxm;onf? tykd'f3 ESifh 4 wGif vlrsKd;a&;rkef;wD;apr_rsm;/ xkdokd@jzpfap&ef v_H@aqmfr_rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd ta&;ay: wm;qD;vkyfaqmifoGm; &ef az:jyxm;onf?

!‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufr_qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf

!‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufr_qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf[k twkdaumufac:aom TpmcsKyfukd 1984 ck 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@ wGif jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1987 ZGefv 26 &ufae@wGif touf0ifvmcJhonf? tykd'f 1 wGif ESdyfpuf !‡if;yrf;r_qkdonfrSm vl wa,mufxHrS xkdol.ta=umif;/ okd@r[kwf tjcm;ol wOD;wa,mufta=umif; owif;rsm;ESifh cH0efcsufrsm; &,lap&ef twGuf xkdol okd@r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;wa,mufu usK;vGefcJhaom okd@r[kwf usK;vGefonf[k oHo,&Sd&aom tðytrl okd@r[kwf cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_ ta=umif;t&mwckcktay: tajccHI '%fay;jcif;/ taESmuft,Sufay; jcif;/ t=uyfukdifjcif;a=umifh pdwfykdif; okd@r[kwf ¶kyfykdif;qkdif&m tvGeftrif;emusifapjcif;/ cHpm;&apjcif; paom tðytrlrSefor#ukd qkdvkd+yD; xkdokd@ em usifcHpm;ap&jcif;ukd jynfol@0efxrf;/ &mxl;tqifhtwef; wm0ef,lxm;&olu odygvsufESifh okd@r[kwf rodusKd;u| Hðy vsuf usK;vGefapjcif;? okd@r[kwf usK;vGefatmif tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;jzpfonf[k t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkxm;onf?

tykd'f 2 wGifpmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;ESifh ywfowfI umuG,fEkdfif&eftwGuf w&m;Oya'a&;qGJa&;/ pD&ifa&;/ tkyfcsKyf a&;ESifh tjcm;aomu¾rsm;wGif tpkd;&uta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef az:jyxm;onf? aemufykdif;tykd'frsm;wGif xkdokd@ESdyfpuf !‡if;yrf;r_ukd tpkd;&u &mZ0wfr_tjzpf tjypfay;ta&;,l&ef xkdokd@usK;vGefr_rsm;ukd tjypfay;pD&ifEkdif&eftwGuf vkdtyf aomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifay;&ef/ usK;vGefcH&onf[k wkdif=um;olrsm;tm; wkdif=um;cGifhðy&ef vkHavmufaom ukpm;r_ESifh avsmfa=u;rsm;ay;&ef ponfwkd@ukd az:jyxm;onf?

*/ EkdifiHwEkdifiH. tcsKyftcsmtm%m/ EkdifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;. tcef;u%NESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;/

tcsKyftjcmtm%m

tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkonfha0g[m&onfvufwifpum; superãnus rSqif;oufvmjcif;jzpfjyD;/ xdyfqHk;Y &Sdjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;olrsm;.txuf txGÉftxdyft&m[lI teuf t"dy`g,ff zGifhqdkxm; onf//1

EkdifiHwEkdifiHwGif atmufyg tajccHtcsufav;csufESifh jynfhpkHrSom tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd usifhokH;Ekdifonf? (1) e,fajr (2) vlOD;a& (3) tkyfcsKyfr_tm%m (4) tpkd;& ponfwkd@jzpfonf? Ttcsufav;csufESifhjynfhpkHygu EkdifiHawmf[kac:onf? EkdifiHawmfwGif vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m tjynfht0&Sdonf?

xkdokd@ vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m tjynfht0&Sdjcif;ukd ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh[kac:onf? vGwfvyfpGm ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfEkdifcGifh/ ukd,fykdif &yfwnf pDrHykdifcGifhwdk@jzpfonf? vltrsm;pka0;aexkdifaom e,fajrwckwGif ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh usifhokH;EkdifcGifh &Sdap&rnf? xkde,fajr wGifaexkdifaom jynfolvlxkukd todtrSwfðy&rnf? tkyfcsKyfoltpkd;&u umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ ay;&rnf? zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf atmif aqmif&Gufay;&rnf? tpkd;&. rnfonfhvkyfaqmifcsufurS jynfolvlxk. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rxdyg;oifh ay? ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh.tajccHt& vlwOD;csif;pDY ol@=urRmolzefwD;cGifh&SdouJhokd@ EkdifiHwkdif;Yvnf; ukd,fh=urRmukd,fzefwD; cGifh&Sdayonf? rdrdESpfoufaomOya'ukd rdrdzmom jyXmef;cGifh&Sdonf? rdrdESpfoufaomtpkd;&ukd ukd,fwkdifa&G;cs,fEkdifcGifh &Sdonf? rdrdvkdvm;aom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukd usifhokH;cGifh&Sdonf? EkdifiHtwGif; jzpfay:vmaomjy\emrsm;ukd rdrdpdwfwkdif;usajz&Sif; cGifh&Sdonf? Tonfyif EkdifiHwck. tcsKyftjcmtm%mjzpfayonf? tcsKyftjcmtm%monf vlxkESifhtpkd;& tjyeftvSef todtrSwfðyonfhoabmukd tajccHonf? EkdifiHwEkdifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;u av;pm;r_r&Sdv#if EkdifiH wEkdifiHu tjcm;wEkdifiH. jynfwGif;a&;jy\emukd tcsdefra&G; 0ifa&mufpGufzufEkdifonfh tajctaersKd;okd@ a&mufoGm;ay vdrfhrnf? EkdifiHwkdif;Y tcsKyftjcmtm%monf t"dutusqkH;jzpfonf[lonfh tcsufay: tajccHI tpOftvmEkdifiH wumOya'u pOf;pm;jcif;jzpfonf?

tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;ausnmpmwrf;.tydk'f21 tydk'fcGJ 3 wGif jynfoljynfom;wdk@.qENonf tcsKyf tjcmtm%m. tajccHjzpf&rnf? tqdkygqENudk tcsdefumvydkif;jcm;vsuf ppfrSefaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzifh xif&Sm;ap& rnf[k twdtvif;xnfhoGif;az:jyxm;ygonf?

tcef;3/ EkdifiHwumjypfr+qkdif&mckH±kH;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumjypfr+qkdif&m w&m;±kH;

u/ wurBmvkH;qkdif&m w&m;pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%m t,ltq/ rsKd;ðzwfokwfoifr_/ vlom;jzpfr_ukdqef@usifr_ponfh jypfr_rsm;ukd usK;vGefcJholjzpfygu

urBmhrnfonfh ae&mokd@ a&mufaeoljzpfap xkdwkdif;jynf&Sdw&m;¶kH;rsm;u zrf;qD;w&m;pGJqdk pD&ifykdifcGifh&Sdonf? TonfrSm wurBmvkH;qkdif &m pOf;pm;awG;ac:csufukdtajccHonfh pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%mjzpfonf? xkda=umifh usK;vGefcHcJh&onfh um,uH&Sifrsm;/ rdom; pkrsm;u tm%m&Sifrsm;ukd a&muf&mEkdifiHokd@vkdufvHum w&m;pGJqkd=uonf? xkdEkdifiHu pmcsKyfukd vufrSwfxkd;jcif;/ rxkd; jcif;ESifh roufqkdif? Oyrm at EkdifiH&Sd tm%m&SifwOD;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;ukd t}uD;tus,f usK;vGefcJhonf? tajymif;tvJjzpfaomtcg bD EkdifiHokd@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifum at;at;vlvl aexkdifv#uf&Sdonf? w&m;r#wr_ESifh trSef w&m;¶_axmifhrS=unfhv#if xkduJhokd@rsKd;ukd cGifhrðyoifhay? TonfrSm vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufcH&r_rsm;ESifhywfowfI urBm vkH;qkdif&m w&m;pD&ifa&;t,ltqjzpfonf?

1 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition 1992

c/ vl@tcGifhta&;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufaom EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&m ckH¶kH;rsm;/ &0rf'gESifh ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum &mZ0wfr_ckH¶kH; tkdifpDwDtmESifh tkdifpDwD0kdif wkd@rSm AdHoc rsm; jzpfonf? tuf'fa[mh qkdonf t+rJwrf; wnf&Sdaomw&m;¶kH; r[kwfay? xkdw&m;¶kH;okH;cktm; ukvor*~vkHòcHa&;aumifpD rS wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf? &0rf'gEkdifiHwGif r_cif;rsm;ukd 7 ESpf=um pD&ifcJhonf? xkdumvtwGif; tar&duefa':vm oef;w&mausmfukefI w&m;cHvlw&mcef@om pD&ifqkH;jzwf tjypfay;EkdifcJhonf? axmifESifhcsDaom w&m;cHrsm; axmifrsm; twGif; &SdaeqJjzpfonf? wcsKd@ axmifxJY aoqkH;oGm;onf? &0rf'g. vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;rSm ¶_wfaxG;onf? tr_ pD&if&mYvnf; tcsdefESifhaiGa=u; t}uD;tus,fukefonf?

*/ vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mr_cif;rsm;ukd oufqkdif&mEkdifiHrsm;. jyify&Sd tjcm;aomEkdifiH rsm;wGif w&m;pGJqkdjcif;?

urBmvkH;qkdif&mw&m;pD&ifa&;t,ltqt& ,cktcg vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufcH&onfhtr_rsm;ukd tar&duef/ b,fv*sD,efponfhEkdifiHrsm;Y vufcHppfaq; =um;emay;v#uf&Sdygonf?

1978 ckESpfwGif a'gufwm *sdK;zDvmwD*gqdkonfh yg&ma*G;EdkifiHom;wOD;u rdom;pkrsm;udk,fpm; tar&d uefEdkifiHwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg tcGifhta&;rsm;udkcsdK;azgufr_twGuf yg&ma*G;tpdk;&a[mif;udk w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? ‚if; tar&duefEdkfifiHwGif aexdkifaepOftwGif; yg&ma*G;EdkifiH&Sd ‚if;.rdom;pkrsm;udk tm%mydkiftpdk;&u ESdyfpuf nSif;yrf;jcif;jyK onfhtwGuf epfema=u;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? tar&duefw&m;&Hk;u qHk;jzwfonfrSm EdkifiHwEdkifiHtaejzifh tjynfjynf qdkif&mOya't& todtrSwfjyKxm;onfh EkdifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;vdkufem&rnfh wm0ef&Sdojzifh yg&ma*G; tpdk;&taejzifh ESdyfpufnSif;yef;jcif;cHcJh&onfh rdom;pkrsm;tm; tar&duefa':vm 10 oef; epfema=u;ay;ap&ef qHk;jzwfcJh onf? C/ EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&m w&m;¶kH;ay:aygufvmjcif;/

EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH; w&m;¶kH;rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;tm; xdxda&mufa&muf

ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJh acs? tb,fha=umifh[k jyefvnfokH;oyfaomtcg t+rJwrf;w&m;¶kH; r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfa=umif; awG@&onf?

edkifiHwumjypfrSKqdkif&mw&m;&Hk;onf EkdifiHwcktwGif;&Sd tpkd;&ESifh jynfolvlxk=um; jzpfyGm;aeaomjy\em rsm;ukd t"dutm¶kHpkdufvkyfonf[k ajymEkdifonf? okd@twGuf jynfwGif;a&;jy\emrsm;ukd 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf aomtcg oufqkdif&mEkdifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd tenf;ESifhtrsm; xdyg;apEkdifonf? xkd@a=umifh tkdifpDpD ay:vm aomtcg oufqdkif&mEkdifiHrsm;. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd xdrf;odrf;umuG,fay;aombufrSvnf; pOf;pm;ay;cJh=uonf? tkdifpDpDukd,fYonfvnf; vkyfykdifcGifh tjynfht0r&Sday? Ek&ifbwftajccHrlukd vufcHaomfvnf; oufqkdif&mwkdif;jynf. jynfwGif;a&;jy\emw&yfukd 0ifa&mufw&m;pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%m r&Sday?

i/ EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&m w&m;¶kH;. pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%m trSefwu,fawmhrl pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%mqkdonfrSm w&m;¶kH;[kajymvkdufv#if wqufwnf; wGJygvmonf

omjzpfonf? okd@aomf EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH; tkdifpDpDwnfaxmif&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm tjynfjynfqkdif &mw&m;¶kH;/ &0rf'gESifh ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum&mZ0wfr_ckH¶kH;/ txl;¶kH;awmfrsm;. tm;enf;csufukd jznfhqnf; ay;&efjzpfonf? &0rf'gESifh ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum&mZ0wfr_ckH¶kH; tkdifpDwDtmESifh tkdifpDwD0kdif wkd@rSm AdHoc rsm;jzpfonf? tuf'fa[mhqkdonf t+rJwrf;wnf&Sdaomw&m;¶kH; r[kwfay? xkdw&m;¶kH;okH;cktm; ukvor*~vkHòcHa&; aumifpDrS wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf? &0rf'gEkdifiHwGif r_cif;rsm;ukd 7 ESpf=umpD&ifcJhonf? xkdumvtwGif; tar&duef a':vmoef;w&mausmfukefI w&m;cHvlw&mcef@om pD&ifqkH;jzwf tjypfay;EkdifcJhonf? axmifESifhcsDaom w&m;cHrsm; axmifrsm;twGif;

&SdaeqJjzpfonf? wcsKd@ axmifxJYaoqkH;oGm;onf? &0rf'g. vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;rSm ¶_wfaxG; onf? tr_pD&if&mYvnf; tcsdefESifhaiGa=u; t}uD;tus,fukefonf? xkd@a=umifh t+rJwrf;w&m;¶kH;w¶kH;&Sdoifhonf[k ,lq um vuf&Sdw&m;¶kH;rsm;. tm;enf;csufukd ðyjyif&eftwGuf EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfygonf? EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH;. tykd'f (1) Y jyXmef;xm;onfh&nf&G,fcsufrSm jznfhqnf;ay;&ef/ tultnDay;&ef jzpfonf? EkdifiHrsm;Y&Sdonfh w&m;¶kH;rsm;. w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;ukd yHhykd;ay;&efjzpfonf? EkdifiHtwGif;jzpfay:aeaom vl@ tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;tm; xkdEkdifiH.w&m;¶kH;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;u wdwdusus ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;jcif; rðy EkdifyJ/ xda&mufr_r&Sd/ tm;enf;aeonfqkdv#if EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH;u jznfhqnf;ulnDoGm;rnf jzpfonf? EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mOya'onf EkdifiHESifhwkdif;jynfukd tajcrcH? vlwOD;csif;ukd tajccHonf? okd@aomf ¶kd;¶kd;vl owfr_/ rk'def;r_rsm;ukd rqkdvkd? EkdfiffiHwumupkd;&drfavmufonfh tqkd;0g;qkH;aom&mZ0wfr_rsm;tay:wGif pD&ifykdifcGifh tm%mukd usifhokH;onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif oufqkdif&mwkdif;jynfrsm;. jypfr_qkdif&mpD&ifykdifcGifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;udpP&yf rsm;twGuf ulnDjznfhqnf;ay;onf?

wwfEkdifor# oufqkdif&mwkdif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd rxdyg;atmif/ t}uD;tus,frzsufqD;rdatmif tajccHpOf;pm;=uaomtcg oufqkdif&mtrsKd;om;w&m;¶kH;rsm; ol@zmom aumif;rGefpGmvnfywfaeEkdif&ef/ taESmifht,Suf rjzpfap&ef vkdtyfonf? tpOftvm EkdifiHwumOya't& tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd xdyg;Ir&aomfvnf; EkdifiHwum jypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH;url twkdif;twmwcktxd ajymif;vJoGm;onf? EkdifiHom;wOD;. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd xdckduf epfemcH&+yDqkdygu ol@EkdifiHtwGif;rSmjzpfaomfjim; oufqkdif&mEkdifiHukdausmfI EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH;okd@ wkdif=um; ta&;qkdcGifh&Sdonf? TonfrSm EkdifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH;. xl;jcm;csufyif? tykd'f 5 t& EkdifiHwum jypfr_qkdif&m w&m;¶kH;. pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%mtwGif;wGif jzpfyGm;aomjypfr_rsm;teuf atmufygtcsufav;csufukd pD&ifcGifh &Sdonf?

(1) oufqkdif&mEkdifiHtwGif;wGif rsKd;ðzwfokwfoif&ef&nf&G,faom jypfr_rsm; usK;vGefjcif;/ tykd'f 6 t& &nf&G,fcsufjzifh trsKd;om;a&;t&aomf‚if;/ vlrsKd;a&;t&aomf‚if;/ bmoma&;t&aomf‚if;/ vlrsKd; pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ukdaomf‚if; wckvkH;ukdjzpfap/ wpdwfwykdif;ukdjzpfap }uH&G,fowfjzwfjcif;ukd qkdvkd onf? *smreDwGif *sK;rsm;towfcH&r_/ &0rf'gwGif [lwlrsm;u wGwfpDrsm;ukd owfjzwfr_rsKd;jzpfonf?

(2) wkdif;&if;om;rsm;/ vlrsKd;uGJrsm;/ bmomuGJrsm;tm; cENmukd,fukdjzpfap/ pdwfukdjzpfap qif;&J'kuQ a&mufap&ef }uH&G,fvkyfaqmifjcif;onf zdESdyf!‡if;qJr_jzpfonf? bmoma&;ukd;uG,fr_ukd pepfwus csKd;ESdrfzsufqD;jcif;onf pdwfykdif;qkdif&mt& xdckdufysufpD;aponf? Oyrm c&pf,efbk&m; ausmif;rsm; ukdzsufqD;I Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm; aqmufvkyfapjcif;onf okwfoifzsufqD;r_ jzpfonf?

(3) vlrsKd;/ bmom/ wkdif;&if;om;wkd@. aexkdifpm;aomufr_ ae@pOfb0tajctaeukd zsufqD;jcif;onf vnf; rsKd;ðzwfokwfoifr_wrsKd;jzpfonf? u&ifeD&Gmaygif; 80 ausmfukd zsufqD;jcif;onf u&ifeDwkdif; &if;om;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? vlukdrowfaomfvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck. vlr_b0ukd zsuf qD;ypfvkdufjcif;yif jzpfygonf?

(4) &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh uav;arG;zGm;cGifhukd pepfwus ydwfyifaESmuf,Sufjcif;onf vlrsKd;rjyef@yGm;ap&ef }uHpnfjcif;jzpfonf? uav;zsufcsapjcif;/ tòrHjzpfatmif aq;wkdufjcif;ponfwkd@onf rsKd;ðywfap jcif;yifjzpfonf? ( w¶kwfjynfY rdom;pkpDrHudef;t& rdom;wpkv#if uav;wa,mufom arG;zGm; cGifhay;xm;onf? wcsKd@EkdifiHrsm;Yvnf; xkdokd@ rdom;pkpDrHudef;rsm; &Sd=uonf? vlOD;a& tqrwef wkd;yGm;r_tm; wm;qD;&efóud;pm;jcif;jzpfonf? arG;zGm;cGifhukd wm;qD;jcif;r[kwf? Oya'jzifh uef@owf jcif;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfr_[k owfrSwfIr&? w¶kwfwjynfvkH;ukdr[kwfyJ vlrsKd; wrsKd;ukdom &nf&G,fuef@owfonfqkdv#ifrl vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfr_[kajymEkdifonf? wzef xkdokd@ uef@ owfwm;qD;cH&onfhtwGuf

pdwfykdif;qkdfffif&mt&aum/ ¶kyfykdif;qkdif&mt&yg t}uD;tus,f xdckduf cHpm;&aponfqdkv#ifvnf; vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfjcif; jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf?

txufygjypfr_rsm;ukd usK;vGefygu EkdifiHwum jypfr_qkdif&mw&m;¶kH;. Oya'vrf;a=umif;ukdokH;I w&m;pGJqkdEkdifonf?

tcef;4/ jrefrmEkdifiH. w&m;pD&ifa&; orkdif;tusOf; u/ jrefrmbk&ifrsm;vufxuf w&m;pD&ifa&; c/ t*Fvdyfacwf w&m;pD&ifa&; */ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf w&m;pD&ifa&; C/ rqvacwf w&m;pD&ifa&; i/ rsufarSmuf etzacwf w&m;pD&ifa&;

tcef; 5/ txl;Oya'rsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;

txl;Oya'rsm;ay:aygufvm&jcif;.ordkif;aemufcHtusOf; txl;Oya'rsm;jyXmef;&jcif; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jypfr_qdkif&mtr_rsm;udk ppfaq;pD&if&mwGiff ,cif&mZowf=uD; (ac:) jypfr_qdkif&mOya'ESifh

ppfaq; pD&ifqHk;jzwf=uonf// tcsdK@aomjypfr_rsm;rSm jypfr_qdkif&mOya'wGif tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;jcif;r&Sday? xdktcg tqdkygtr_rsm; twGuf vdktyfonfhoD;jcm;jyXmef;csufrsm;udk xkwfjyefaqmif&Guf&efvdktyfvmonf// jypfr_qdkif&mOya'. tcef;2 t&yf&yfqdkif&m&Sif;vif;csufrsm; yk'fr 41wGif txl;Oya'udk atmufygtwdkif; teuft"dy`g,f zGifhqdkxm;onfudkawG@&onf// txl;Oya'qdkonfrSm oD;jcm;ta=umif; t&mwckESifhouffqdkifaom Oya'udk qdkvdkonf// xdk@a=umifhoD;jcm;ta=umif;t&mrsm;twGuf txl;Oya'rsm; oD;jcm;xkwfjyefay;&onf? txl; Oya'tajrmuftrsm;yif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jyXmef;cJhjyD;jzpfonf// wdk;wufvmaomacwfESifhtnD jyifqifajymif;vJ jyXmef;ay; &onfvnf; &Sdonf? acwfpHepfESifhrnDawmhonfhtwGuf txl;Oya'rsm;udk zsufodrf;cJh&onfvnf;&Sdonf// txl;Oya'rsm;ay:aygufvm&jcif;.ordkif;aemufcHtusOf; txl;Oya'rsm;ay:aygufvm&onfht"duta=umif;&if;rsm;wGifatmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifonf?

• EdkifiHa&;tajccHay:wGiftajccHjcif; • pD;yGm;a&;tajccHay:wGiftajccHjcif; • vlr_a&;tajccHrsm;tay:wGiftajccHjcif;

EdkifiHa&;tajccHtay:wGiftajccHjcif;

EdkifiHwEdkifiHtm;pDrHtkyfcsKyfaeonfhtpdk;&. rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;onfh tajccH vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;tay:wGifrlwnfI tpdk;&w&yf. pDrHcsufvkyfief;rsm;taumif txnfaz:aqmif&GufEdkfif ap&eftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk txl;Oya'rsm;tjzpf xkwfjyefjyXmef;ay;&onfvnf;&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmf.vHkjcHK a&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;twGuf xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJhonfh txl;Oya'rsm;vnf;&Sdonf//

jAdwdo#wdk@.udkvdkeDtjzpf usa&mufcJhpOftcgu jAdwdo#tpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf onfh rsdK;cspfolykefrsm;udk ta&;,ltjypfay;Edkfifap&ef&nf&G,fI 1875 wGif State Prisoners Regulation/ 1878 ckESpf vufeuftufOya' ponfwdk@udk jyXmef;cJhonf? 1886 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwEdkifiHvHk;

t*Fvdyf. udkvdkeDe,ftjzpf us a&mufcJh&onf// odk@aomfawmfvSefr_rsm; qufvuf&Sdaeao;ojzifh 1899 wGif &efukef&JtufOya'wdk@udk xyfrHjyXmef;onf// xdkOya'wGif aomif;usef;a'orsm;twGuf txl;jyXmef;csufrsm;/ jidrf0yfydjym;r_twGufESifh tjcm;udpPrsm;twGuf xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf&efpnf;rsOf;rsm;yg&Sdonf? 1907ckESpf aus;&GmtufOya'/ 1908ckESpf rw&m;toif;tufOya'/ 1923 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&vsdL@0Sufvkyfief;tufOya' ponfwdk@udk EdkifiHawmf. vHkjcHKa&;tajctaeESifh EdkifiHa&;tajccHwdk@ tay:wGif tajccHI xdktcsdefu vdktyfonf[k,lqum xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJh&onfh txl;Oya'rsm;jzpfonf?

=um;jzwftpdk;&umv 1947ckESpfwGif ta&;ay:wcsufv$wfOya' (ThePublicOrder(Preservation)Act trsm;jynfoljidrf0yfr_ (xdef;odrf;a&;) tufudk jyXmef;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf t*Fvdyfwdk@.vufatmufrS 1948 ZEM0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif vGwfvyfa&;&jyD; vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHtjzpf &yfwnfcJhonf? ,cift*Fvdyfvufxufu vufcHusifhoHk;cJhonfh Oya'rsm;udkyif qufvufI vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhonf?

ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufwGif EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;twGuf topfxyfrHjyXmef;onfhOya' rSmvufeuf (ta&;ay:jypf'%fpD&ifr_/ ,m,D) tufOya'ESifh 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'yifjzpfonf? xdktcsdefu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDawmcdfkjcif;/ wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vlrsdK;a&;tajccHjzifh awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm; pwifjcif;/ ppfwyf&if;rsm;tvdkufawmcdkjcif;/ a&mifpHkolykefaomif;usef;r_rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;wdk@a=umifh xdkacwftajc taet& xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJh&onfh Oya'jzpfonf? 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'onf rw&m;toif;tufOya'xuf ydkrdk us,fjyef@I tao;pdwfjyXmef;csufrsm; az:jyyg&Sdonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udkqef@usifaomjypfr_rsm;udk ta&;,l&ef &mZowf =uD;wGif jyXmef;xm;jyD;jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@rSmjypfr_qdkif&mOya' yk'fr 122/ 123/ 124 wdk@jzpfjyD; t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxufu xdkuJhodk@ ussL;vGefonhf jypfr_rsm;udk jypfr_qdkdif&mOya'yk'frrsm;jzifh ta&;,lcJhonf// odk@aomf EdkifiHawmfopPmazgufzsufykef uefr_rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfhyk'frrsm;rSm &Jta&;rydkifaomtr_rsm;jzpfI &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya' yk'fr 196 t& tpdk;&. cGifhjyK csufvdktyfonfhtjyif w&m;cHtm; 0&rf;rygyJ zrf;qD;Edkifjcif;r&Sday?

1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;t& aomif;usef;oljzpfjcif;omru/ ‚if;usL;vGefcJhonfh tzsufvkyfief; rsm;udkyg w&m;pGJqdkEdkifonhftjyif &Ju 0&rf;rygyJ zrf;qD;ydkifcGifh&Sdvmonf?

1962 wGGif ppfwyfonf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufrS wdkif;jynftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? tm%modrf;jyD; onfESifh jrefrmEdkifiHtm; jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efqdk&S,fvpfpHepf (wygwDpHepf) udk tpjyKEdkifap&eftwGuf 1964 ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udkumuG,fonfhOya' xkwfjyefum w&m;0ifwnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh awmifol v,form;toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfcJhonf// bmoma&;toif;tzGJ@rsm;rSty useftoif; tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcGifhudk uef@owfcJhonf?

1974 ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf zG@Jpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJtwnfjyKjyD; tjrLawygwDrS jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf? 1974 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 165 wGif EdkifiHawmf. tm%mydkif tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&yfwGifyg0ifaom odk@r[kwf EdkifiHawmf. tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&yf odk@r[kwf 0efxrf;wOD;OD; odk@r[kwf 0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&yfu jynfolwdk@tyfESif;xm;aom tcGifhtm%mudk tvGJoHk;pm;jyKojzifh EdkifiHom; wOD;OD;. tcGifhta&;w&yf&yfukd xdcdkufepfemapcJhvsif/ ,if;yk*~dKvf odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;udk w&m;pGJydkifcGifh&Sdonf? xdcdkufepfemr_twGuf avsmfa=u;awmif;cHydkifcGifh&Sdonf? ,if;udpPt wGuf Oya'jyXmef;xm;&rnf[k yg&SdcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 1975 ckESpfwGif jynfol@vGwfawmfOya' trSwf 2 jzifh EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya'udk xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJhonf// ,if;Oya't& rw&m; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&jcif;/ xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;ponfh udpP&yfrsm;twGuf zrf;qD; onfh 0efxrf; odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;tm; w&m;pGJqdkcGifhESifh epfemr_twGuf avsmfa=u;awmif;cHEddkifcGifh &&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf// odk@aomf wqufwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udk uef@owfonfhOya'w&yfjzpfaom EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,Suf zsufqD;vdkolrsm;.tEW&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'udk 1975 ckESpf jynfol@vGwfawmfOya' trSwf 3 jzifh xkwfjyef ausnm cJhonf? xdkOya'yk'fr (3) t& EdkifiHawmf.tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;udkjzpfap/

trsm;jynfolwdk@. at;csrf; om,ma&;udkjzpfap xdyg;rnfhtEW&m,frS =udKwifumuG,fEdkif&ef EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udk vdktyfovdk uef@owfEdkif a=umif; jyXmef;xm;onf? =udKwifumuG,fonf[laomta=umif;jycsufjzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;cHxm;&oljzpfygu EdkifiH om;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya't& oufomcGifh/ epfema=u;/ avsmfa=u;/ ponfwdk@udk w&m; pGJqdkI awmif;cHEdkifrnfr[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f apmifha&SmufonfhOya'yg jyXmef;csuf rsm;onf ay;um;ay;.r& qdkonfhoabm oufa&mufaeygonf? 1975 EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;. tEW&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'onf xdktcsdefujzpfyGm;cJhonfh tvkyform;oydwfrsm;/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;ESifh ocifudk,f awmfr_dkif; &mjynfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifyg0ifonfh ta&;ygolrsm;tm; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf‚if;/ EdkifiHa&;t&oabm xm;uGJvGJolrsm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf‚if;/ xdkOya'udk a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf// ,cktcg 1974 ckESpfwGif a&;qGJtwnfjyKcJhonfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;jyD;jzpfaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;. tEW&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'udk e0w/ etz vufxufwGif ,ae@wdkif usifhoHk;aeqJjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajccHtay:wGifay:aygufvm&onfhtxl;Oya'rsm;

EdkifiHawmftm;tkyfcsKyfonfhtpdk;&w&yftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;csrSwf&mrS vdktyf csufrsm;t& jyXmef;vm&onfh Oya'rsm;jzpfonf? 1947 ckESpfwGifa&;qGJonfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifh ESifh pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifcGifhudk vGwfvyfpGmcGifhjyKxm;aomfvnf; tcsdK@aomudpP&yfrsm;udkrl zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u cGifhrjyKcJhay? Oyrmtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif aps;uGufudk vuf0g;=uD;tkyfonfh x&yftzGJ@rsm;/ pif'Dudwfrsm;/ umw,ftzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcGifh rjyKcJhay? xdktcsdefu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Siftrsm;pkrSm wdkif;&if;om;rsm;r[kwf=uyJ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;.vuf0,f &SdaeonfhtwGuf xdkuJhodk@ uef@owfxm;jcif;jzpfonhftjyif xdktcsdefu tm%m&&SdcJhonfh jynfaxmifpktpdk;& (yxp) ESifh zqyvtzGJ@=uD;.pD;yGm;a&;pHepfrSm qdk&S,fvpfoabmw&m;tajccH pD;yGm;a&;pHepfjzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pHepfwGif obm0o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;. rlvydkif&Sifonf EdkifiHawmfomjzpfonf// xdkk@a=umifh 1953 ckESpfwGif v,f,majrEdkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;tufOya'udk jyXmef;I EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;.vuf0,fodk@ a&muf&Sdaeonfh v,f,majrrsm;udk EdkifiHydkiftjzpf odrf;,lcJhonf?

jrefrmjynf.pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufI jrefrmEdkifiH.zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk=unfhvsif tpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk qdk &S,fvpfEdkifiHjzpf&ef &nf&G,fxm;onfrSm xif&Sm;a=umif;/ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;u a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif zqyvESifh yxp udk rJay;cJh=ujcif;/ ygvDrefwGif jynfolydkifvkyfaomOya'rsm;udk axmufcHjcif;ponfwdk@rSm qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHxlaxmifjcif;udk oabmusI axmufcHonfhoabm oufa&mufa=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkfifiHa&;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;bab (b=uD;bab) onf ‚if;.tdrfY 1962ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGifðyvkyfaom owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif a0zefajym=um; cJhonf?

awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&moabmxm;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpDrHudef;rsm;udkaqmif&GufEdkif&ef ukefxkwf t&if;tESD;rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifjyKvkyf&rnf? wdkif;jynf.ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfuaomf‚if;/ or0g,rESifh pkaygif; tzGJ@rsm;uaomf‚if; ydkifqdkif&rnf? xkdydkifqdkfifr_rsm;wGif EdkfifiHawmfydkifqdkifr_onf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pHepf. t"dutajccH jzpfonf? 1962ckESpfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD tm%modrf;jyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;=uD;rsm;ESifh ajr,mtaqmuf tODrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfydkif jyKvkyf&rnf// wdkif;jynf.ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;ufdk EdkifiHawmfuaomf‚if;/ or0g,rESifh pkaygif; tzGJ@rsm;uaomf‚if; ydkifqdkif&rnf? ,if;ydkifqdkifr_rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfydkifqdkifr_onf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pHepf. t"du tajccHjzpfonf2[laom qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;t& jrefrmEdkfifiHtwGif;&Sdb%frsm;/ pD;u&ufukr`%Drsm;/ t=uD; pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ txnftvdyfpuf&Hkrsm;/ owWKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;/oGif; ukefxkwfukefvkyfief;ukr`%Drsm;/

2 EdkifiHawmf/awmfvSefa&;aumifpD.0g'oabmxm;a=unmcsuf//

owif;pm vkyfief;rsm;/ pmoifausmif;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpD.trdef@a=umfjimpmrsm;jzifh odrf;,lI EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm; tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf//

,cifpHepfa[mif;ay:wGif tajcjyKIa&;qGJcJhaomOya'rsm;onf yk*~vduydkifpHepfudk tumtuG,fay; tm;ay; onfh Oya'pHepfrsm;om jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDuxlaxmifaeonfh qdk&S,fvpfpDyGm;a&;pHepfwGif jynfolydkifpHepf onf t"dujzpf&m Oya'a[mif;rsm;rSm pHepfopfxklaxmif&eftwGuf rqDravsmfjzpfaeavonf? xdk@a=umifh Oya'a[mif; rsm;udk Oya'topfjzifh tpm;xdk;&rnf[kqdkum 1965 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pHepfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vkyfydkif cGifhrsm;tyfESif;onfhOya'udk xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJhonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH or0g,rtoif; Oya'udkjyXmef;I or0g,raumifpDudk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? trsm;ydkifor0g,rvkyfief;rsm;udk pwiftaumiftxnfaz:cJhonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDvufxufrS jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDodk@ ajymif;vJcsdeftwGif; arSmifcdkpD;yGm;a&;vkyffolrsm;udk tqdkyg qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pHepfwnfaqmufr_twGuf vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;tyfESif;onfhOya't& ta&;,lcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf aemufydkif; e0wtpdk;&vufxufwGif yk*~vdutcef;u¾udk jrSifhwifay;Edkif&ef/ acwfESifhtnD aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; t& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vduydkifvkyfief;rsm;ay:aygufap&ef Oya'rsm; topfxyfrHjyXmef;onfudk awG@&SdEdkifonf? xdkodk@jyXmef;onfhOya'rsm;teuf tcsdK@rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf//

EdkifiHawmfuom vkyfudkifcGifh&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&mOya'/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr_yfESHr_Oya'/ jrefrmEdkifiHom; rsm; &if;ESD;jr_yfESHr_Oya'/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifcGifhOya'ESifh 2002 ckESpfwGif 6§2002 t& w&m;r0ifaomenf;jzifh &&Sd onfh aiGa=u;ESifhypPnf;rsm; xdef;csKyfonfhOya'wdk@udk xkwfjyefjyXmef;I pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;twGuf aqmif&GufcJh onfudk awG@&Sd&onf? EdkifiHawmfESifhzufpyfvkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkif&mwGif yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk tmrcHonhftaejzifh jynfolydkif odrf;rnfr[kwfa=umif; Oya'jzifh tcdkiftrmtmrcHxm;onfudk awG@&Sd&onf// odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh vdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sda=umif;udk jrefrma&mifjcnfOD; rEWav;bD,mcsufpuf&Hk. zufpyfvkyfief;tm; jrefrmhpm;aomuf ukefaumfydka&;&Sif;rS odrf;,lcJhonfhtjzpftysufu oufaocHaeonf? vlr_a&;ta=umif;jycsufrsm;a=umifhay:aygufvm&onfhtxl;Oya'rsm;//

vlr_a&;ta=umif;jycsufrsm;a=umifh acwftqufqufay:aygufcJhonfhOya' trsm;tjym;&Sdonf? xif&Sm;onfh Oya'rsm;rSm 1899 ckESpf avmif;upm;r_tufOya'/ 1949 ckESpf jynfhwefqmESdyfuGyfa&;tufOya'/ 1993 ckESpf rl;,pf aq;0g;ESifh pdwfudkajymif;vJapwwfaomaq;0g;rsm;Oya'/ 1961 ckESpf jypfr_usL;vGefwwfolrsm; ajccsKyfESifhcH0eftufOya'/ 1948 ckESpf t*wdvdkufpm;r_wm;jrpfa&;tufOya' ponf wdk@onf vlr_a&;ukdtajccHI ay:aygufvmonfh txl;Oya'rsm; teuf xif&Sm;onfh Oya'rsm;yifjzpfonf?

jypfr_qdkif&mOya't& ta&;,ljcif;cH&onfhudpP&yfrsm;wGif jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk &JESifh w&m;&Hk;rsm;u vdkufemaqmif&Guf&onf? jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'wGif owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk ausmfvGefI w&m;&Hk; u r_cif;rsm;udk ppfaq;pD&ifcGifhr&Sday? usifhxHk;Oya't& w&m;cHtm;cGifhjyKxm;onfh tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk w&m;cHrS &&SdcHpm;Edkifap&ef cGifhjyKay;&onf? txl;Oya'jzifh ta&;,ljcif;cH&ygu xdkOya'wGifjyXmef;xm;onfhtwdkif;om w&m;&Hk; rsm;ESifh &Jrsm;u vdkufemaqmif&Guf&onf? omreftm;jzifh axmif'%f 3 ESpfatmuf uscHEdkifonfhtr_rsm;onf &Jta&; rydkifonfh tr_jzpfonfhtwGuf 0&rf;rygyJ vlwOD;wa,mufudk rzrfqD;&? odk@aomf txl;Oya'wGif axmif'%f 3 ESpf tjypfray;Edkifapumrl &Ju 0&rf;rygyJzrf;qD;Edkifonf[k jyXmef;xm;ygu zrf;qD;cGifh&Sdonf? axmif'%f 3 ESpftxuf &J ta&;ydkifaomtr_yifjzpfapumrl txl;Oya'u tmrcHay;udkay;&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;ygu &Jpcef;u tmrcHay;&ayrnf//

tcsdK@aomtr_rsm;wGif &Jpcef;u tmrcHray;Edkif? w&m;&Hk;uom tmrcHay;&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;yguvnf; w&m;&Hk;rsm;ESifh &Jpcef;rsm;onf xdktxl;Oya'. jyXmef;csufrsm;twdkif;om vdkufemaqmif&Guf&onf? tr_jzpf&yfjcif; wlnDonfhtwGuf jypfr_qkdif&musifhxHk;Oya'/ jypfr_qdkif&mOya'wdk@jzifh ajymif;vJta&;,lIr&ay//

pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%m

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jypfr_qdkif&mr_cif;rsm;wGif w&m;vdk odk@r[kwf pGyfpGJolbufrS vHkavmufaom oufaocHtaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjy&ef tpOfwpdkufwm0ef&Sdonf? oufaotaxmuftxm; tcdkiftrmrwifjyEdkifygu w&m;cHtm; tr_rSv$wf&efom &Sdonf// txl;Oya'wGifrl xdkodk@r[kwf? tcsdK@aom txl;Oya'rsm;wGif oufaojy&efwm0efonf w&m;cHjzpfoltay: v$J ajymif;usa&mufaeonf?

txl;Oya't& oufaojy&efwm0efonf rnfol@tay:usa&mufonf[k raz:jyxm;vsifrl jypfr_qdkif&m usifhxHk; Oya'/ oufaocHOya'ESifh w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJwdk@wGifaz:jyxm;onfh jyXmef;csufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Guf&onf? oufaocHOya'udkv$rf;rdk;jcif;

jypfr_qdkfif&mOya'yk'frrsm;jzifh ta&;,lonfhudpP&yfrsm;wGif jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'/ oufaocHOya'/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ ponfwdk@udkvdkufemI r_cif;rsm;udk ppfaq;pD&if&a=umif; txufwGif az:jycJhjyD;jzpfonf? txl;Oya' rsm;jzifh ta&;,ljcif;cH&onfhudpP&yfrsm;wGifrl xdkodk@r[kwfay? jypfr_qdkif&mOya'jzifh ta&;,ltjypfay;&mwGif (vlowfr_/ "g;jyr_ESifh EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_wdk@rSty) oufaocHOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;onfhtwdkif; óudwif=uHpnfjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ tm;xkwfjcif;ponfh t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkygrS jypfr_ajrmuffonf// jypfr_t*Fg&yfrsm; jynfhpHkjcif;r&Sdvsif oufaocHtaxmuf txm; rcdkifvHkonfhtwGuf w&m;cHtm; oHo,tusdK;cHpm;cGifhay;&aoma=umifh tr_rSv$wfypfvkduf&onf? xifa=u;jzifh tjypfay;Ir&ay? aocsmrStjypfay;ygqdkonfh Oya'rlw&yf&Sdonf? odk@aomf txl;Oya't& jyXmef;xm;onfhjypfr_w&yfudk =udKwif=uHpnf,Hkr#ESifh tjypfay;Edkifonf[k jyXmef;xm;ygu w&m;&Hk;rS tjypfay;&onfomjzpfonf? jypfr_udk usL;vGef&efjyifqifjcif;twGuf oD;jcm;jypf'%f owfrSwfxm;csuf&Sdvsifvnf; jypfr_usL;vGefjcif; r&Sdao;apumrl tjypf'%f ay;Edkifonf? TonfrSm txl;Oya'rsm;. xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf? tjypfay;jcif;

&Hzef&Hcg jypfr_qdkkif&mOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;onfhjyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh txl;Oya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm; uGJvGJaeonf udkvnf; =uHKawG@&onf// xdktcg pGJqdkxm;onfhyk'frESifhom tjypfay;&onf?

Oyrmtm;jzifh jypfr_qdkif&mOya'wGif vltrsm;oGm;vmtoHk;jyKonfh vrf;wHwm;rsm;/ &xm;vrf;rsm;udk zsufqD; jcif;/ aESmuf,Sufjcif;ESifh trsm;jynfolaomufoHk;onfha& odk@r[kwf a&ueftm; npfnrf;atmifvkyfjcif;/ tqdyfcyfjcif; ponfwdk@twGuf owfrSwfxm;onfhjypf'%fESifh 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya't& ta&;,ljcif;cH&vsif csrSwfjcif; cH& rnfhjypf'%fwdk@rSm wlnDjcif;r&Sdonfudk awG@&SdEdkifonf?

jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr 153-u trsdK;tpm;wckESifhwck &efjidK;xm;ap&ef tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufjyKr_/ jypfr_ qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr-295-u bmomomoemqdkif&mjypfr_rsm;wkd@wGif olwyg;udk;uG,fonfh bmomomoemudk apmfum;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh udk;uG,f0wfjyKaomae&mudk zsufqD;r_ odk@r[kwf ,kwfnHhapr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI jyXmef;csufw&yf&yfudk usL;vGefvsif xdkoludk 2 ESpfxdaxmif'%f odk@r[kwf aiG'%fcsrSwfEdkifonf[k jyXmef;xm;&Sdonf// 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_tuf Oya' yk'fr 5u (i). jyXmef;csufwGifrl xdkolonf 7 ESpfxd axmif'%fudk pD&ifjcif;cH&rnfhtjyif aiG'%fudkvnf; pD&ifjcif; cH&rnfjzpfonf// (,cif 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya' yk'fr 5 u jyXmef;csuftm; TtufOya' trSwf 26§58 jzifh&yfqdkif;xm;onf)

xdk@a=umifh 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'yk'frrsm;ESifh w&m;cHtm; tr_zGifhpGJqdkxm;vsif pGJqdkxm;onfhyk'fr t& omvsif w&m;&Hk;u jypf'%fcsrSwfay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh txl;Oya'yg jypf'%fjyXmef;csufrsm;onf jypfr_qdkif&m Oya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk vGrf;rdk;a=umif; awG@&onf?

txl;Oya'rsm;jyXmef;jcif;

EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGif;Y jzpfay:vmonfhtajctaersm;t& a&;qGJjyXmef;onfh txl;Oya'rsm;onf oD;jcm;jzpfaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:wGif a&;qGJjyXmef;onf[kqdkaomfvnf; xifovdka&;qGJjyXmef;I &onfr[kwf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'wGifcGifhjyKxm;onfh vlwOD;wa,muf. rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;/ w&m;Oya'qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;/ w&m;Oya'qdkif&m rlrsm;ESifhudkufnDatmif n‡dE_dif;a&;qGJ&onf? xdk@a=umifh txl;Oya'w&yfonf vlwOD;wa,muf.tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfowf +yD; uef@owfoifhonfrsm;udkuef@owfI usef cGifhjyKoifhonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;udkrl qufvufcGifhjyK&onf// zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'onf EdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif tjrifhqHk;jzpfonfhtavsmuf txl;Oya'onf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk ausmfvGefa&;qGJI r& Edkifay//

1948 jreffrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&onfhae@rSpI twnfjzpfcJhonfh jrefrmEdkifiH. 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' wGif EdkifiHawmftwGif; ta&;ay:tajctaeay:aygufvmygu EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udk uef@owfEdkifa=umif; ESifh &yf qdkif;xm;Edkifa=umif; az:jyyg&SdcJhonf//

xdkodk@uef@owf&mwGifvnf; tcsdefumvowfrSwfcsuf xm;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdjyD;aemuf a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm;/ vlrsdK;a&;tajccH wfdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefr_rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@ jzpfyGm;cJh&m wdkif; jynftm; wnfjidrfpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef ta&;ay:wcsufv$wfOya'ESifh ppfOya'udk xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJh&onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya't& umuG,f&,lEdkifaomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm; a=umif; Oya'jzifhxkwfjyefausnmxm;ygu zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'.tumtuG,fudk &,lEdkifrnfr[kwfay? xdkuJhodk@ &yfpJonfhudpPrsm;wGifvnf; ygvDrefu oabmwlnDrSom &yfqdkif;xm;Edkifonf? ygvDrefusif;yonfhtcsdefr[kwfvsif orwuom ta&;ay:wcsufv$wfOya'udkxkwfEdkifjyD; teD; uyfqHk;ygvDrefwGif oabmwlnDcsuf &,l&rnfjzpfonf// txufwGifaz:jycJhonfh tajctaersm;rSwyg; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'u tumtuG,fay;xm;onfh vlwOD;wa,muf.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ¶kwfodrf;Ekdifjcif;r&Sday//

xdk@a=umifh 1962 ckESpfrwdkifrDu jyXmef;cJhonfhtxl;Oya'rsm;onfh jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'udk vHk;0 rsufuG,fðyjcif;r[kwf? tcsdK@aom udpP&yfrsm;wGifom jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk v$rf;rdk;onfh jyXmef; csufrsm;jzpfa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf// zdESdyfonfhtoGifaqmifaomOya'rsm;

1975 ckESpf jynfol@v$wfawmfOya'trSwf 3 jzifh xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJhonfh EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;ol rsm;.tEW&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'onf txl;Oya'w&yfjzpfonf? xdkOya'ESifhtnDta&;,l&mwGif vlwOD;wa,muf . rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;teufrS vdktyfoa&G@ESifh twdkawmif;qHk;jzpfaom umvtydkif;tjcm;udkom uef@owf&rnf[k jynf xJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef=uD;Xme. 23-1-76 ae@pGJyg trdef@a=umfjimpmtrSwf 13 jzifh ‚if;Oya'ESifhywfowfaom vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rsm; tydk'f 4 wGifaz:jyxm;&Sdonf? odk@aomf vufawG@usifhoHk;aeonfhtpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;t&rlxdkodk@r[kwfay/ Oya'jyXmef;csufudktcGifhaumif;,lum jynfoltrsm;tay:zdESdyf&ef aqmif&GufvmonfudkawG@&Sd&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1988 'Drdkua&pD&Sda&;twGufv_yf&Sm;onfh ta&;tcif;umvrsm;twGif; yg0ifolrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;t&Sdeft0g&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&; orm;a[mif;=uD;rsm;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@onf txufygOya'jzifh zrf;qD;ta&;,ljcif;cHcJh&onf?

TOya'.xl;jcm;csufrSm vlwOD;wa,muftm; =udKwifumuG,f&ef[lonfh ta=umif;jycsufjzifh zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifonfhudpP&yfrsm;wGif w&m;&Hk;.cGifhjyKcsufjzifhr[kwfyJ/ oufqdkif&m0ef=uD;Xme. cGifhjyKcsufjzifh zrf;qD;xm;Edkifjcif;jzpf onf// yk'fr 10 (u) t& ta&;,lcH&oltm; w=udrfvsif &ufaygif; 60 xuf rydkapbJ pkpkaygif;&uf 180 txd csKyfaESmif xm;Edkifjcif;/ yk'fr 10 (c) ta&;,lcH&oltm; w=udrfvsif&ufaygif; 180 jzifh wESpfrS 5 ESpftxd zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;Edkifonf? odk@r[kwf uef@owf rdef@csrSwfEdkifonfudkawG@&Sd&onf? jypfr_qdkif&m usifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr 61 wGif vlwOD;wa,muftm; &Juzrf;qD;jyD;aemuf 24 xufaemufrusapyJ w&m;&Hk;odk@wifydk@&ef jyXmef;xm;onf// Ttxl; Oya'jzifh ta&;,lcH&olrsm;ukd 6 v vsifw=udrfjzihf 5 ESpftxd w&m;&Hk;odk@wifydk@p&mrvkdyJ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;Edkifonf? xdkodk@ 5 ESpftxd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&jyD;onfhaemufwGif TOya'.vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tydk'f 5 ESifh 6 wdk@t& zGJ@pnf;wm0ef ay;xm;onfhtzGJ@rsm;jzpfaom

u// jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@ c// txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;OD;pD;Xme *// wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&; ponfhtzGJ@rsm;u tydk'f 22 t& zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;oltm; &Sd&if;pGJOya'wckck/ Oyrmtm;jzifhjypfr_qdkif&mOya'/

rw&m;toif; tufOya'/ ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'ponfh Oya'w&yf&yft& w&m;pGJqdkEdkfif&ef A[dktzGJ@odk@ wifjy&rnfjzpf onf//

tydk'f 23 t& tcsuf tvufjynfhpHkygu w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJ@odk@ csufjcif;wifydk@ w&m;pGJqdkap&rnfjzpfonf?

tydk'f 24 t& EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;.ab;tEW&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya' t& jyefvnfzrf;qD;r_rjyK&bJ &Sd&if;pGJOya'rsm;jzifhom w&m;pGJqdk&rnfjzpfonf?

txufygjyXmef;csufrsm;t& vlwOD;wa,muftm; taxmuftxm;rcdkifvHkoa&G@ 5 ESpftxd csKyfaESmifxm; EkdifonfhtwGuf =udKwiftjypfay;cH&ouJhodk@jzpfaeonfhtjyif/ taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkvsifodD;jcm;Oya'jzifh xyfrHw&m; pGJ qdkjcif;ðyEkdifaoma=umifh ta&;,lcH&oltaejzifh 2 =udrf tjypfay;cH&ouJhodk@jzpfaeygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf &Hk;wif w&m;pGJqdkonfhtcgwGif oD;jcm;Oya'yk'fr jzpfaeonfhtjyif/ trdef@csrSwfjcif;cH&onfhtcgwGifvnf; rdrdcsKyf aESmifcHcJh& onfhumvudk jypf'%fwGif xnfhoGif;cHpm;apjcif;rjyKonfhtwGuf vGefpGmrS epfemvSonfudk awG@&SdEdkifonf? 19&5 EdkifiH awmftm;aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;.tEW&m,frSumuG,fonfhOya' yk'fr 20 t& A[dktzGJ@rScsrSwfonfh zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifrdef@ odk@r[kwf uef@owfrdef@tay: 0ef=uD;tzGJ@odkh t,lcH0ifEdkifonf? ‚if;tjyif yk'fr 21 t& 0ef=uD;tzGJ@. =udKwifcGifh ðycsufjzifhcsrSwfaom qufvufzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifrdef@ odk@r[kwf uef@owfrdef@tay: jynfol@w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@odk@ rdrdudk,fwdkifjzpfap/ udk,fpm;jzpfap t,lcH0ifEdkifa=umif; jyXmef;xm;onf// odk@aomf EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmuf a&;tzGJ@vufxuf 1991 wGif tqdkyg t,lcH0ifcGifhESihfywfoufonfh jyXmef;csufrsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk y,fzsufcJh onf? EdkifiHwum&Sdw&m;&Hk;rsm;wGif vufcHusifhoHk;vsuf&Sdaom pGyfpGJcH&olwOD;.tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI w&m;&Hk;rsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkrauseyfygu/ txufw&m;&Hk;tqifhqifhodk@ jyifqifr_aomf‚if;/ t,lcH0ifcGifhudkaomf‚if; w&m;cHjzpfol. tcGifhta&;w&yftjzpfcGifhjyKI vdkufemusifhoHk;=uonf? ,ck 1975 EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;. tEW&m,frSumuG,fonfhOya't& zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;cH&ol/ odk@r[kwf uef@owfrdef@csrSwfjcif;cH&oltaejzifh rnfodk@ r# ckcHacsyEdkifonfhtcGifhta&;r&SdonfudkawG@&rnfjzpfonf?

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,cktcg jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&SdtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;a=umifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&olrsm;teuf tcsdK@ aomolrsm;onf 1975 ckESpf EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;.tEW&m,frSum uG,fonfhOya'jzifh pwifzrf;qD; csKyfaESmifjcif;udkcH=u&onf? ,cifu 3 ESpf/ ,ckjyifqifcsuft& 5 ESpf jynfhonfhtcgwGif 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya' t& w&m;pGJqdkI tjrifhqHk;aomjypf'%fudk csrSwfjcif;cH&jyefonf? xdkodk@ csrSwfvdkufonfhjypf'%fudk tusOf;axmiftwGif; avsmh&ufcHpm;&jcif;r&SdyJ/ jypf'%fudk &ufjynhfcH,l=u&onf? jypf'%fowfrSwf&ufjynfhonfhtcgwGif tusOf;axmifrS jyefvnfv$wfay;jcif;rjyKyJ/ 1975 ckESpf EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;.&efrSumuG,fonfhOya'jzifhyif jyefvnf ta&;,lxm;onfudk awG@&Sd&onf? xdktcsufonf tqdkyg yk'fr 9 wGif rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk uef@owf&mwGif vdkufem& rnfh tajccHrl 8 csufudk tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udk,fwdkifuyif vdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sda=umif;udk txift&Sm;awG@&Sd&onf// tydk'fcGJ(Z)wGif zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;oltm; jyefv$wfjyD;aemuf rlvta&;,lcJhonfhudpP&yftay: tajcjyKI TOya't& xyfrHzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;rjyK&[k twdtvif;jy Xmef;xm;ygvsuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrif;udkEdkifESifh tjcm;EdkifiHa&; orm;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk ,ckxufwdkif qufvufzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;qJjzpfonf? tusOf;axmiftwGif; tusOf;us cHae&pOfumvtwGif; aemufxyfjypfr_wck xyfrHusL;vGef&ef rnfodk@r#rjzpfEdkifyg? EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;rnfh udpPudkvnf; rnfodk@r# aqmif&GufEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? tusOf;axmiftwGif; tjcm;jypfr_rsm;udk xyfrHusL;vGefonf qdkyguvnf; tusOf;axmifvufpGJwGifyg&Sdaom jyXmef;csufrsm;twdkif;om ta&;,ltjypfay;&rnfjzpfonf? óudwifum uG,fonfqdkonfhta=umif;jycsufjzifh vlwOD;tm; ESpf&Snfvrsm;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;onf rvdkvm;tyf/ r&SdtyfonfhudpP jzpfonf? tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGiff xdkuJhodk@vlom;csif;rpmemyJ/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;onfhOya'udk usifhoHk;vdrfh rnf[k rxifyg? vlwOD;wa,muf. &kyfodrf;Ir&onfhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk =udKwifumuG,fjcif;qdkonfh ta=umif;wckwnf; twGuf csKyfaESmif/ zrf;qD;/ uef@owfjcif;onf Oya'rJhvkyf&yfjzpfonf[kajymv#if rrSm;Edkifyg//

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Oya'udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&mwGif trsm;em;vnfvufcHI obm0usrSom ykdIrSefuefwwfonf? okd@rSom Oya' udk jynfoltrsm;em;vnfvufcHrnf? vdkufemav;pm;=urnf? Oya'ESifhjynfol &if;ESD;um Oya'rsm; ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;rnf? w&m;ol=uD;rsm;onf tjcm;EdkfifiHrsm;rS pD&ifxHk;rsm;udk avhvmaumif;aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@a&S@odk@ a&mufvmonfhr_cif;rsm;udk ppfaq;pD&if&mwGif r_cif;jzpfysufumv/ a'otajctae/ ywf0ef;usifvlaer_/ "avhxHk;wrf;ponfwdk@udk ppfaq;qifjcifI Oya'abmiftwGif;rS r#wrSSefuef+yD; trsm;em;vnfobm0usaomw&m;udk pD&iftyfonf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS pD&ifxHk;rsm; udk a&S@¶_udk;um;aom w&m;pD&ifa&;onf jrefrmyDornfr[kwf// jrefrmhtajctaeESifhuif;I jynfolwdk@ESifha0;zG,f&mom&Sd onf? jynfoltrsm;u em;vnfvufcHjcif;onf w&m;pD&ifa&;. t"du rSwfausmufjzpfonf?

w&m;Oya'onf xm0pOfajymif;vJaeaom vl@taqmufttHk/ vla&;vlr_wdk@wGif tjrJouf0ifv_yf&Sm;I xd a&mufpGmyg0iftusdK;ðy&onf// xdk@a=umifh w&m;Oya'onf wzufwGif Oya'abmifudk azgufausmfjcif;rðy/ xHk;wrf;vnf; nDnGwfapI wzufwGifvnf; ajymif;vJwdk;wufr_wGif tifopftm;opfjzifh wufºuGyg0ifv_yf&Sm;Edkif&rnf? vl@taqmuf ttHkwdk;wufr_/ vlr_a&;zG@Hòzd;r_wdk@ESifh udkufnDpGmjyXmef;xm;aomabmiftwGif;rS Oya'udk rSefuefr#wpGm t"dy`g,fzGifhfqdktyf onf?

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xdk@a=umifh pD&ifxHk;rsm;onf r_cif;qHk;jzwf&mwGif awG;ac:,lqjcif;vrf;nGefr#omjzpfonf? pD&ifxHk;rsm;u yHkao um;cstqHk;tjzwfudk ay;Edkifonfr[kwf odk@aomf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd w&m;&Hk;rsm;wGif pD&ifxHk;rsm;udkudk;um;I avsmufvJcsuf rsm;ay;aeonfudk ,ae@wdkifjrifawG@&onf/ w&m;&Hk;csKyfrSqHk;jzwfonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGifvnf; pD&ifxHk;rsm;udkudk;um;I qHk;jzwfonfhjzwfxHk;rsm;udkawG@ae&ojzifh vltrsm; a00g;zG,fjzpfonf? pD&ifxHk;rsm;udk ESpfzufaomtr_onfrsm;u udk;um;Iwifjy=u&mwGif tr_ESifhoufqdkifonfh pD&ifxHk;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? roufqdkifonfhpD&ifxHk;rsm;udk udk;umaz:jyxm; =uonfvnf;&Sdonf? xdktcg w&m;ol=uD;taejzifh rnfokd@aompD&ifxHk;udk trSDtaxmufðy qHk;jzwfay;&rnfqdkonfh jyoem ay:aygufvmonf? w&m;ol=uD;taejzifh rnfonfhpD&ifxHk;udkr# udk;um;&efrvdkyJ/ tr_wGifay:aygufonfh oufao cHtcsuftvufrsm;/ Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mtcsufrsm;udkom trSDtaxmufjyK qHk;jzwf&efjzpfonf? pD&ifxHk;rsm;udk vdkufem &efrvdkonfht,ltqudk w&m;&Hk;rsm;u em;vnf vufcHjyD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGif vdkufemusifhoHk;r_tm;enf; aeqJjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhenf;? odvsufESifh t*wdw&m;vdkufpm;um

3 rcifnGef@(c)rcifnGef@=unfESifhEdkifiHawmf(1970 txl;cHk&Hk;/pm-1)

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1947 tajccHOya'wGif rSwfom;p&maumif;onfrSm yk'fr 141 wGif w&m;ol}uD;tm;vHk;onf EkdifiHawmf. tajccHOya'ESifh w&m;Oya'rsm;udkom vkdufem&efvkdtyf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@.w&m;pD&ifa&;tvkyf/ 0wW&m;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifonf[k &Sif;vif;pGmjyXmef;xm;onf? ‚if;.txufwGif OD;aqmifonfhtzGJ@r&Sday? w&m;&Hk;csKyfrS emcH&rnfh t&mrSm w&m;Oya'omjzpfonf? 1947ckESpfzJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif jynfolwkd@.tajccHtcGifhta&;udk w&m;&kH;csKyfrStugtuG,fay;&efESifh w&m; ol}uD;ESifhywfoufaomvkyfykdifcGifhrsm;/ w&m;ol}uD;.pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;ESifhywfoufaom yk'frrsm;jyXmef;xm;onf? yk'fr (139-1) wGif w&m;ol}uD;csKyfonf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cH&ygu usrf;opPmusdefqkd&ef jyXmef;xm;onf? rdrdonf t*wdav;yg;okd@rvdkufbJ ukd,fpGrf;nm%fpGrf;&Sdor# w&m;r#wpGm wm0efukd au|jyGefatmifxrf;&Gufygrnf/ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyf ykHtajccHOya'ESifh w&m;Oya'rsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufygrnf[k *wdopPmðy&onf? jypfr_qdkif&mtr_rsm;wGifjzpfap/ w&m;rr_rsm;wGifjzpfap w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@. rSm;,Gif;aomqHk;jzwffcsuftay:tajcòyI epfemolrS epfemr_rsm; ukpm;Edkif&ef w&m;ra=umif;t& jyefvnfw&m;pGJqdkjcif;rS w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ukd umuG,fay;&onf? xdk@tjyif &Hzef&Hcg tr_tcif;rsm;rjyD; jywfao;cif/ r#waomw&m;cGifESifh vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;udk xdcdkufaponfh jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&ESifh wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u tumtuG,fay;&onf?

jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;& jynfxJa&;Xme. 1940jynfhESpf *sDqm=uLvmtrSwf (15) udk 1940 jynfhESpf arv 1 &ufae@ wGifxkwfjyefI Xmeqdkif&mpHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm;ESifh ppfar;jcif;rsm; rnfonfhtcgwGif jyKvkyf&rnfqdkonfudk vdkufemaqmif &GufEdkif&ef jyXmef;cJhonf? xdkjyXmef;csufrsm;onf pGyfpGJcH&oltm; xdkufoifhaomckcHacsycGifh/ a&S@ae iSm;&rf;xkacsydkifcGifh/ w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m jyefvnfoHk;oyfcGifhwdk@udk cGifhjyKxm;onfudkawG@&onf? xdkuJhodk@aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifhay; xm;rSom w&m;&Hk;w&m;ol=uD;rsm;onf tr_rsm;udkppfaq;pD&if&mwGif trSefw&m;zufrS &J0hHpGm ppfaq;pD&ifEdkifrnfjzpf onf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;ay:aygufa&;twGuf jyXmef;cJhonfhOya'rsm;jzpfaom (THE

JUDICIAL OFFICERS PROTECTION ACT 4th APRIL 1850) ESifh 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&; tufOya' jyXmef;csufrsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh

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1974 tajccHOya'onf jynfolvlxkukdtajccHonf? vlxkrS a&G;cs,fwifajrmufaom jynfol@vGwfawmf&Sd+yD; vGwfawmf rusif;yaomumvwGif EdkifiHawmfaumifpD&Sdonf? EdkifiHawmfaumifpD.atmufwGif 1? 0ef}uD;tzGJ@ 2? jynfol@w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@ 3? jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzGJ@ 4? jynfol@vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ [lI A[dktm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf; 4ck&Sdonf? 1974 . w&m;pD&ifa&;tm;enf;csufrsm;rSm w&m;a&;r¾dKifwckvHk; EkdifiHawmfaumifpD.vufatmufwGif usa&mufae onfhtwGuf vHk;0 vGwfvyfr_r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?

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