Extracellular and Intracellular Communication

7/26/2019 Extracellular and Intracellular Communication

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Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Rough endoplasmicreticulum

peroxisome

Golgi apparatus

Nucleolus

Vacuole

Lysosome

Nucleolus

Micro tubulus

Microflament

Chromatine

NuclearEnelope

Ribosom

e

Cell in General

Microili


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!s the cell boundary

Separate one cell "romanother

Permit cellularindiiduality

Selectie permeabilities

Protein transporter

!on channels

Exchange material #ithextracellular enironment

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Gap $unction

Exchange material #ithad$acent cells

Cell to cell interaction

%trans&membrane

Na(&)(&*+Pase pump

,orm speciali-edcompartment #ithincell %organelles' Element in excitation

response coupling Energy transduction

Plasma Membrane


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How Cell Doescommunication

Cells communicate by sending and receiingsignals.

Signals may come "rom the enironment/ or theymay come "rom other cells.

!n order to trigger a response/ these signals mustbe transmitted across the cell membrane.

Sometimes the signal itsel" can cross themembrane.

0ther times the signal #or1s by interacting #ithreceptor proteins that contact both the outsideand inside o" the cell. !n this case/ only cells thathae the correct receptors on their sur"aces #ill

respond to the signal.


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Cellular communication

!s an umbrella termused in biology andmore indepth inbiophysicsandbiochemistrytoidenti"y di2erent typeso" communicationmethods bet#een

liing cells. Some o" the methods

include cell signalingamong others.

Cell diision occurs in response to externalsignals %3'. En-ymes repair damaged 4N* %5'.Cells ma1e connections #ith their neighbors %6'.!" these connections suddenly change/neighboring cells send out an alert. Cells respectand stay #ithin tissue boundaries %7'. !" a cell is

beyond repair/ it initiates its o#n death %8'http9::learn.genetics.utah.edu:content:begin:cells:badcom:


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Various Cell Signalling

Synaptic signaling


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Signal +ransduction

Ligand bind

Receptor actiities

Signal tranducers

E"ector actiation

Signal attenued


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Signal pass "rom protein toprotein

0nce inside the cell/ the signal

continues on its #ay. Some signals traeling to the

nucleus or to other structuresinside the cell. Signals most o"tenmoe through the cell by passing"rom protein to protein/

Collectiely/ the proteins that relaya signal to its destination ma1e upa signaling path#ay.

* signaling path#ay can hae "e#or many steps.

Some signaling path#ays branchout in di2erent directions/ sendingsignals to more than one place inthe cell.

;y diiding and ampli"ying a signal/the cell can conert a small signalinto a large response

http9::learn.genetics.utah.edu:content:begin:cells:insidestory:


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Cell comunication goeswrong +he cells in our bodies are

constantly sending out andreceiing signals.

t reach its target=

* target cell does not respond to asignal/

or a cell responds een though ithas not receied a signal=

+hese are $ust a "e# #ays in #hich

cell communication can go #rong/resulting in disease.

!n "act/ most diseases inole atleast one brea1do#n in cellcommunication. *"ter "ood enters the body %3'/ it is bro1en do#n and

sugar enters the bloodstream %5'. Sugar stimulatescells in the pancreas to release insulin %6'. !nsulin

traels through the blood to other cells in the bodyand signals them to ta1e up sugar %7


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Concentration o" VariousMolecules

SubstanceExtracellular

fuidIntracellular

fuid

Na(

)(

Ca((%"ree'Mg5(

Cl&

?C06&

P076&

GlucoseProtein

37@ mmol:L7 mmol:L5.8 mmol:L3.8 mol:L

3@@ mmol:L

5A mmol:L5 mmol:L

8.8 mmol:L5 g:dL

3@ mmol:L37@ mmol:[email protected] Bmol:L6@ mmol:L7 mmol:L

3@ mmol:L@ mmol:L@&3 mmol:L

3 g:dL


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Death cells

Maintenance o" +he

Cell ;alance bet#eenintra and extraenironment is"undamental "or liing


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Membrane transport o" small molecules

Passie *ctie

Simple di2usion ,acilitated

Via arious transporter !on channel

Mainly ia *+P drien+ransporter %pump'


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Saturated "atty acid:Dnsaturated "atty acid %non polar tail'

Polar head

Non olartail


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Plasma

Membrane

Composedby9

Lipid

me

mbraneC:09

Lipid

Protein

Carbohydrate %Non Coalent ;ond'

+hermodynamically stable

Metabolically actie

Phospholipid %phosphogliceride'glicerol binding "atty acids andphosphorilated alcohol

Glycosphyngolipid

Cholesterol


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+rans"er o" Material and!n"ormation across Membrane

Cross membrane mo!ement o" smallmolecules Di#usion $assi!e% "acilitated&

acti!e transortCross membrane large molecules Endoc'tosis Exoc'tosisSignal transduction across membranes

Cell sur"ace (ecetors )* signal transduction +* signal internali,ation $ couled withendoc'tosis-

.D.& Mo!ement to intracellular recetors


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Passie transport electrochemical gradient

*ctie transport

ChannelProtein

Carrierprotein

Carrierprotein

Simple di2usion ,acilitated di2usion


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Endocytosis


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Exocytosis


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?

?SP

R

?S

P

protein

naling through steroid receptors


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Dniport Symport antiport

Co transport System


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5 )(

*+P

*4P( Pi

*ctie +ransport

6 Na(

Mg5(

outsideinside


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Glut 5

Na(glucoselumen

cytosol

Extracellular Fuid

)(

Na( )( *+Pase

Symport

Dniport

Glucose +ransport


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ins

Endocrine Model


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/den'l'lC'claseMechanism

$c/MP&

PhosholiaseC Mechanism$IP 01Ca

+2&

SteroidHormoneMechanism

3'rosine4inaseMechanis

m

Guan'late C'claseMechanis

m $cGMP&

*C+? GnR?Glucocorticoids

!nsulin

*trialnatriureticpeptide%*NP'

L? +R? Estrogen !G,&3

,S? G?R? Progesterone Endothelial&deriedrelaxing"actor%E4R,'

+S? *ngiotensin !! +estosterone

*4? %V5

receptor'

*4? %V3

receptor' *ldosterone

?CG 0xytocin3/58&4ihydroxycholecalci"erol

Nitric oxide%N0'

MS? 3Receptors+hyroid

hormonesCR?

+able I&6. Mechanisms o" ?ormone *ction


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+he End

Extracellular and Intracellular Communication

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