Safety The number one concern for passenger vehicles

Availability Meet a wide temperature range of -30 to 60

Durability Cycle and calendar life must allow for 10~15

years of battery operation

Cost Batteries for EV with large batteries require low cost

Background-Key Materials Challenges

Voltage

Range/V

Capacity /

(mAh/g)Cycle Life Cost Safety

LiMn2O4 3.0-4.2 100 120 Good Low Better

LiFePO4 2.0-3.6 130 150 Excellent Low Excellent

NCM 2.5-4.2 150 Better High Good

NCA 2.5-4.2 150 Better High Good

At least four different cathode chemistries are being considered in power battery

NCA and NCM are the choices for high energy density

LFP shows the lowest energy density due to low voltage and low material density

Cathode Chemistry in Lishen

KPI of Cathode Materials

Most cathode materials exhibit a strong exothermal reaction with the electrolyte in

the charged state which can lead to a thermal runaway of the battery

LFP is completely stable and allows the development of an intrinsically safe cell

Safety of Cathode Material

DSC of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 LiMn2O4

LiFePO4 and Electrolyte at 4.3V

Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Basic Performance

Energy Type Power Type

Items A B C D E F G H

Surface area (m2/g) 9 11 16 10 14 18 15 14

Tapped density (g/cm3) 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6

Particle size ( m) (D10) 2.2 1.5 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.75 0.2 0.2

(D50) 5.4 3.4 2.3 4.2 4.5 5.1 0.8 0.6

(D90) 9.1 5.9 11.2 10.3 12.2 16.6 4.8 5.0

Moisture (ppm) 420 800 300 500 1100 100 410 700

Discharge capacity (mAh/

g)

148 150 145 148 145 143 143 152

Processability Hard Hard Hard Hard OK OK Hard Harder

Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—SEM

A B

C D

Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—SEM

E F

G H

Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Discharge Performance

Discharge Performance:

A E B C D F

Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Cycle Life

Cycle Life( According to cycle life trend line): B C A E D

Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Discharge Performance

Discharge Performance:

G E

Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Safety performance

All the Materials are Safe!

No

Explosion

No Fire

No

Explosion

No Fire

Safety & Abuse

Testing

Nail Penetration

Nail: 3- 8mm,

Speed:10-40mm/s

Hot Oven

150 /10min

Over

Charge

1C/10V

Short Circuit

Over

Discharge

No

Explosion

No Fire

No

Explosion

No Fire

No

Explosion

No Fire

No

Explosion

No Fire

Crush

Properties of anode materials

SEM

Structure

LTO SC HC MCMB Item

Anode Chemistry in Lishen

KPI of anode materials

Particle size

D50/( m)

Capacity

/(mAh/g)

Tap Density/

(g/cc) Advantage Disadvantage

Graphite

(MCMB) 8.104 300 1.3

Low cost;

High capacity

Low temp.;

Rapid charge

Hard

Carbon 9.146 430 0.9

High Power;

Longevity

Energy; Initial

Efficiency; low

tap density

Soft

Carbon 11.216 360 0.8 Low cost; Longevity

Low energy

density; low tap

density

Li4Ti5O4 9.7 150 1.2

High Power;

Longevity

Low Temp.; Safety

Low energy

density

Charge Capacity (mAh)

An

od

e el

ectr

od

e P

ote

nti

al

(V)

1.5V Vs Li

0.1V Vs Li

LTO

Graphite

Soft Carbon

Charge curves of anode materials

Hard carbon has the excellent

specific capacity, and the charge

and discharge curve shows good

gradient, which is propitious to

estimate the SOC of the battery .

No SEI forming, which can

improve the low temp. electron

conductivity. the voltage Vs. Li is

1.5V, which can effectively avoid

the creating of the lithium

dendrites.

The properties of soft carbon

is between hard carbon and

artificial graphite.

Hard Carbon

Electrochemical performances—rated discharge

Because of the intrinsic properties,

hard carbon is benefit to be

discharged at large current. The

hard carbon displays the higher

voltage than soft carbon and

MCMB at high rate discharge.

Electrochemical performances—rated charge

Time of charging to 90%SOC (10C)

Anode Time/min

MCMB 12.8

HC 7.3

SC 5.4

LTO 5.6

LTO shows excellent high rate

charging property, which is

better than HC and SC, and the

high rate charging capacity of

the MCMB is the least.

Electrochemical performances—cycle life

Low temperature performance

Batteries are the primary barrier in making electric-drive vehicles

possible. Li-ion batteries can best meet the electric-drive challenge;

LiFePO4 is an intrinsically safe system with good cycle life. At present

LiFePO4 platform is one of the best choice for EV/HEV application in

Lishen;

MCMB and hard carbon are used in Lishen present EV/ HEV cell

products; Li4Ti5O12 has higher rate charge ability (at low Temp. vs. AG) ,

so it seems that Li4Ti5O12 is the best choice for next generation HEV

application;

Raw material is one of the key premise for good battery, but the

electrode process is a big challenge for battery maker due to the property

of LiFePO4. Lishen has sound base and enough manufacture experience

to penetrate the EV market.

Conclusions

Thank You!

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