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TAP DANCE THESAURUS

AUTHOR: Michelle Joannides

PRESENTED TO: Dr. McCainINFO 622, Winter 2008

DATE: March 20, 2008

Tap Dance Thesaurus Michelle JoannidesDr. McCain INFO 622 – Winter 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………3

Purpose and Scope…………………………………………………………………..3

How to use this thesaurus……………………………………………………………4

Hierarchical terms display…………………………………………………………...6

Alphabetical terms display………………………………………………………….10

References…………………………………………………………………………..25

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………26

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Introduction

There are few individuals who can resist tapping the foot, clapping the hands, or keeping time in some manner to a rhythmic beat. Tap dancing is the only form of dance where the dancer is following the exact beat of the music (Atwater, 12). Tap dancers are also known as rhythmic musicians, and their instrument is their feet.

American tap dance was born from a colliding of cultures in the New World. During the 1700 ands 1800’s African slaves brought with them fast dancing footwork, usually done to a drum beat. The African dancing was part spiritual tradition, but also became a means of communication for slaves on plantations. Around 1830 the birth of Minstrel shows became a popular form of entertainment where white dancers would cover their face in burnt cork and imitate the black dances. This lasted in popularity until the Civil War ended slavery and blacks were finally able to share the stage and imitate the white dancers imitating them. Around this time in the late nineteenth century many Irish immigrants came to America and they brought with them a fast footwork style of dance known as step dancing (also known as the Irish Jig or clogging). Both African and Irish infusions are credited with fathering what is known today as American tap dance.

By the late 1800’s, early 1900’s the Vaudeville platform was at the height of its popularity. Vaudeville replaced the Minstrel shows and became a kind of theater for singing, dancing, and comedy short acts. Vaudeville is known as the precursor to Broadway and the movie musicals, with both of the later still very popular today. Tap dancing has evolved over the centuries and will continue to do so as music technology advances, and new dancers are able to imitate and learn from past great dancing legends. The American dance form was born out of a blending of cultures and has grown to become one of the most exciting, adaptable, and long lasting dance forms in the world.

Purpose and Scope

Tap dance is a form of recreation that can be enjoyed by all; either by taking lessons and learning the dance steps, or by watching a Broadway or movie tap musical. This thesaurus was created to provide anyone with a basic vocabulary and knowledge of the individual dance steps, some significant historical dance steps, different styles of dance, and equipment needed. In addition, dance instructors and national organizations; such as the American Tap Dance Foundation and the National Tap Dance Company, could use this thesaurus as a valuable aid in teaching novice users. This thesaurus was created for indexing and retrieval use in books, websites, and teaching manuals.

The vocabulary used in this thesaurus was gathered from multiple sources; mainly through books, websites, and videos. A list of references is provided at the end of this thesaurus. This thesaurus is in no way completely comprehensive. Many individual dance steps are listed; however it is impossible to list all conceivable combinations utilizing those dance steps. Equipment and methods of instruction are included, but are not exhaustive. Also many dance styles are listed; however as music technology advances and changes new dance styles will be created. This thesaurus will need

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continuous updating in order to reflect new dance steps, techniques, and styles that will be invented as the dance form evolves.

It is recommended for any novice user to understand the basic equipment needed, and learn some of the basic dance step names and movements as a precursory step. This thesaurus will prove to be an invaluable resource for accomplishing that task. However, to actually master the step movements there are some fantastic learning videos listed at the end of this thesaurus in the appendix section. Tap dance is a fast footwork style of dance where the steps need to be seen AND heard to fully understand the correct step performance.

How to use this thesaurus

The vocabulary terms in this thesaurus are displayed by two different methods; hierarchically and alphabetically. The hierarchical display groups terms together by their relationship and likeness. The top term listed is considered a major term (also called the parent term) and any terms listed under that heading are subordinates (also known as children terms). An example is listed below:

Dance steps<single steps>Tap step

Ball tapHeel tap

In this example, dance steps is bolded and is the major group heading (called the facet term). Tap step is the major or parent term. Ball tap and Heel tap are indented under Tap Step, which means that both Ball tap and Heel tap are subordinate or children terms to Tap step. Items written in italics and <angle brackets> are for clarification of the hierarchical organization only and are not included in the alphabetical display (they are not considered part of the controlled vocabulary of the thesaurus). The hierarchical display is not in alphabetical order. The major group headings (facets) are organized in no particular manner. You can view any facet independent of another one.

The alphabetical display organizes and displays the vocabulary terms in an alphabetical list format. Below each term is a scope note (SN) which gives a brief description of the term. If there is a bolded word in the SN that indicates the definition of one term can be linked to another term in the thesaurus. This is not necessarily a reciprocal relationship, and the bolded word may or may not be a related term. Under the SN there may be other abbreviations listed. The table below explains what those abbreviations are and how to use them.

SN Scope note

Provides a brief description of the term. Words printed in bold refer to other terms in the thesaurus. The bolded terms may or may not be a reciprocal related term (check under RT).

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UF Use for Lists non-preferred terms that are closely related to the preferred term.

USE Displayed with the non-preferred term and directs the user to the preferred term.

BT Broader term

Lists the parent term in the hierarchical relationship.

NT Narrower term

Lists the subordinate (children) terms in the hierarchical relationship.

RT Related term

Lists terms that are under the same BT. From the example above, Ball tap and Heel tap are RT’s to each other because they are both under the BT of Tap step. An RT relationship can also exist outside of a BT relationship. For example, the Irish shuffle and Shuffle are RT’s to each other because the Irish shuffle fathered what today is known as the shuffle step. All RT relationships are reciprocal.

It is possible for a term to have an SN and nothing else. In this case the term is important in the knowledge of tap dance, but may not be related to the other tap dance terminology chosen for this thesaurus. It is also important to note that the individual SN for each dance step is technical in nature. The definition of the term will tell you how the step is performed. The dance steps main grouping (facet) is the only facet that will give technical definitions. All other facets will provide generic and brief definitions.

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Hierarchical display:

EquipmentApparel

LeotardsTights

Leg warmersTap shoes

Leather tap shoesStudent tap shoes

Tap shoe suppliesFoot powderPatent leather cleanerPowder rosin

Costumes

<hardware>Hard floorMirrorsMetal tapsStereo

Learning modesDance classes

<instruction by person>InstructorsChoreographers

<self taught instructional methods>Tap booksTap videosInternet web sites

Dance steps<single steps>Tap step

Ball tapHeel tap

Dig stepBall digHeel dig

Drop stepBall dropHeel drop

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Brush stepPull

CatchPullback

ScuffRiff

RiffleShuffle

Air shuffleBroadway style shuffleHoofer shuffle

FlapBall change

Shuffle ball changeStamp

StompHop

JumpLeap

Jazz kickSlideCramp roll

Forward cramp rollReceding cramp roll

<combination steps>Time step

Buck time stepStandard time stepTraveling time step

Buffalo stepWing step

Double wing stepGrapevineCincinnati stepMaxie ford

Advanced maxie fordMaxie ford break

Paddle stepPaddle roll

<turn steps>Pivot

Quarter pivotBandy turnBarrel roll

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Pump barrel rollTraveling barrel roll

Corkscrew turnPaddle turn

Dance style<type of tap dance>Rhythm tapJazz tapAcro-tapBallet tapBallroom tapTraditional tap

HoofingElectronic tapSoft shoe

<dance formation>Chorus line

Influential historic dancesCharlestonLindy hopIrish shuffle

Irish jigWaltz clogAfrican shuffleKozotskyCakewalk

Dance modesSyncopationImprovisationA capella

Tacet

VenueStudioProfessional venues

BroadwayVaudevilleMovie musicals

Novice venuesRecital

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Alphabetical display:

A capellaSN To dance without any musical accompaniment.NT Tacet

About faceUSE Pivot

Acro-tapSN Combines two entirely different dance forms; tap and acrobatics. Tap

steps and combinations are used in between and while performing acrobatic tricks.

Advanced maxie fordSN Leap right to right, shuffle alternate pullback to left, tap step right back

left, leap right to right, shuffle alternate pullback to left, heel drop right, tap step right back left, leap right to right.

BT Maxie fordRT Maxie ford break

African shuffleSN Known as tap’s father this dance style was first brought to America by

slaves on plantations. In order to produce no noise their dancing foot movements were shuffles on the floor with hip and torso movements. This style of dance blended with the Irish shuffle to define the style of tap dance now known and built upon today.

RT Shuffle

Air shuffleSN A shuffle step but the feet do not hit the floor. No sound is made.BT ShuffleRT Broadway style shuffle

Hoofer shuffle

Airplane turnUSE Barrel roll

Aluminum platesUSE Metal taps

ApparelSN Clothing that is specially designed for wear while performing dance

movements.NT Leotards

Tights

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Back to the woodsUSE Cincinnati step

Ball changeSN A quick transfer step with accent placed on the last foot. With the right

foot backward, on the ball of the right foot step forward on left, either on the ball or flat of the left foot.

NT Shuffle ball change

Ball digSN Forceful striking of the ball of the foot onto the hard floor.BT Dig stepRT Heel dig

Ball dropSN With both feet on the hard floor flex the toes of one foot and use the heel

as a pivot point with weight on the supporting leg. Then with a firm action lower the toe; weigh is transferred to the other leg.

BT Drop stepRT Heel drop

Ball tapSN Tap the ball of the foot on the hard floor with the heel raised.BT Tap stepRT Heel tap

Ballet tapSN A dance style that blends the technique of ballet with the sounds of tap.UF Classical tap

Ballroom tapSN A dance style that blends the steps and style of ballroom dancing with the

sounds and rhythms of tap.

Bandy turnSN With weight on the left, step front of left, turn to the left executing a pivot

to the left and end facing backward.

Barrel rollSN When one arm is up the other arm is down while the body does a complete

full turn. Both arms are never up at the same time. UF Airplane turn

Windmill turnNT Pump barrel roll

Traveling barrel roll

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BroadwaySN The street in New York City that is known as the center of professional

theater in America.UF TheaterBT Professional venuesRT Broadway style shuffle

Movie musicalsVaudeville

Broadway style shuffleSN Uses an exaggerated knee movement to move the foot into a shuffle step.

Made popular by theater dancers.BT ShuffleRT Air shuffle

BroadwayHoofer shuffle

Brush stepSN Strike the ball of the foot on the hard floor in any direction away from the

body.NT Pull

ScuffShuffle

Buck time stepSN Performed by a stomp right foot forward, pull right foot back, hop left

foot, step right foot back, flap right foot forward, and step right foot back.BT Time stepRT Standard time step

Traveling time step

Buffalo stepSN Starting with the right foot in front of the left knee leap right to right,

shuffle left to left, leap left backward.

CakewalkSN Originally started as an African-American slave dance on plantations,

where couples would dance with a bucket of water on their heads. Whichever couple spilled the least amount of water was awarded a cake by the plantation owner. Later on the dance stopped using the bucket and eventually evolved into a stage dance.

CatchSN A pull movement that is done on both feet.BT Pull

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RT Pullback

CharlestonSN An eight count step executed by stepping forward right, snap kick the left

forward and tilt backward, hold for 3 counts, step backward left, hold for one count, ball change right backwards, lean forward.

ChoreographersSN A director who coordinates the dancers, the dance steps and movements.UF Dance director

Chorus kickUSE Chorus line

Chorus lineSN Dancers dance in a single straight line and perform the steps and kicks in

precision.UF Chorus kick

Illustration 2: Example of a chorus line (performed by the Rockettes).

Cincinnati stepSN Performed by a pull back right, drop left heel, shuffle, step back right.UF Back to the woods

Classical tapUSE Ballet tap

Corkscrew turnSN Cross the left forward right, leaving feet in that position slowly turn to the

right and begin to squat down until you can sit on the floor.UF Spiral

Cramp rollSN Place the ball of one foot on the hard floor then the ball of the other foot

followed by the heel of the first foot then the heel of the second foot.NT Forward cramp roll

Receding cramp roll

CrossoverUSE Grapevine

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CostumesSN Special apparel worn during a show or performance.UF Dance costumeRT Recitals

Dance classesSN A forum where individuals gather to watch and learn from an in person

instructor.

Dance costumeUSE Costumes

Dance directorUSE Choreographers

Dance musicUSE Stereo

Dance surfaceUSE Hard floor

Dig stepSN A forceful tap step of one foot, executed by placing the ball, toe, or heel

of the moving foot close to the supporting foot.NT Ball dig

Heel dig

Double wing stepSN Done by executing a single wing step on both the right and left foot

simultaneously.BT Wing step

Drop stepSN A dance move that means to lower part of the foot or the entire body.NT Ball drop

Heel drop

Electronic tapSN Touted as the wave of the future, the tap moves are synthesized and can be

made to sounds like a drum, machine gun, or any other variety of electronic sound.

UF Taptronics

Flap

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SN Raise one foot in a backward position, swing that foot forward and downward making a brush sound, then step forward on the ball of the foot.

Foot powderSN A powder used inside the shoe to extend the life of the tap shoes and keep

them fresh and reduce odor.BT Tap shoe suppliesRT Patent leather cleaner

Powder rosin

Forward cramp rollSN A basic cramp roll step moving in a forward direction.BT Cramp rollRT Receding cramp roll

GraboffUSE Pullback

GrapevineSN Movement is done in a sideways direction. Step right to right, step left

back right, step right to right, step left front right.UF Crossover

Hard floorSN A tile, linoleum, or hardwood floor that is conducive for tap dancing.UF Dance surface

Heel digSN Forceful striking of the heel of the foot onto the hard floor.BT Dig stepRT Ball dig

Heel dropSN With both feet on the hard floor lift the heel of one foot keeping the ball

of the foot in contact with the floor and firmly lower the heel. There may or may not be a weight transfer.

BT Drop stepRT Ball drop

Heel tapSN Place the back edge of the heel on the hard floor in any direction with

toes flexed up.BT Tap stepRT Ball tap

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Hoofer shuffleSN A fast shuffle only using ankle movements.BT ShuffleRT Air shuffle

Broadway style shuffleTraditional tap

HoofersUSE Traditional tap

HoofingSN A style of dance using improvisation and imitating others work. These

dancers were known as hoofers and would meet at the Hoofer’s Club in Harlem, New York circa 1920’s.

BT Traditional tapRT Improvisation

HopSN Bend at the knees and on one foot spring into the air and land on the same

foot; usually on the ball or flat of the foot.NT Jump

Leap

ImprovisationSN Dancing spontaneously or without a set routine.RT Hoofing

InstructorsSN A person(s) who teaches individuals or classes the tap dance movements.UF Teacher

Internet web sitesSN Web sites devoted to tap dancing can give a person the dance movement

names and how to perform them. Some web sites provide text only while others can have a link for a tap video.

Irish clogUSE Irish shuffle

Irish jigSN The traditional folk dance of Ireland which helped style American tap

dance.BT Irish shuffle

Irish shuffle

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SN Shuffle right forward, hop left step right, shuffle right forward, hop right step left.

UF Irish clogNT Irish jigRT Shuffle

Irish step danceUSE Waltz clog

Jazz kickSN With one leg bent and knee raised kick the knee out with a sharp, swift

motion and the leg straightens out. Then return the kicking foot to the floor.

UF Snap kick

Jazz tapSN Traditional tap dancing movements but done to jazz music.

JitterbugUSE Lindy hop

JumpSN Beginning on two feet hop into the air but land on both feet

simultaneously.BT HopRT Leap

KozotskySN From the vaudeville era a style of dance that resembles break dancing

using head spins, hand spins, and chin stands but done in formal wear.

LeapSN Beginning on one foot hop into the air and land on the other foot.BT HopRT Jump

Leather tap shoesSN Tap shoes made of leather material. For younger children the tap shoes

are usually made with patent leather.BT Tap shoesRT Student tap shoes

Leg warmersSN Knitted cotton material that goes over tights or legs to keep the lower leg

and ankle warm.BT Tights

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LeggingsUSE Tights

LeotardsSN A one piece suit that is form fitting to the body.UF UnitardBT ApparelRT Tights

Lindy hopSN A dance style from the swing era that can be done with or without sound.

To execute the step with sound do the following: flap ball change right to right, ball change left back right. Without sound: step ball change right to right, ball change left back right.

UF Jitterbug

Maxie fordSN The step name is credited to Max Ford who was a talented vaudeville buck

and wing dancer. The step is executed as leap right to right, shuffle left to left, leap onto left, tap step right cross back left.

NT Advanced maxie fordMaxie ford break

Maxie ford breakSN Leap right to right, shuffle leap left, right toe back left leap right to right,

shuffle leap left, right toe back left leap right to right.BT Maxie fordRT Advanced maxie ford

Metal platesUSE Metal taps

Metal tapsSN Small metal taps (plates) affixed to the ball and heel of tap shoes that

make the tap sound when the shoe strikes the ground.UF Aluminum plates

Metal plates

Illustration 1: Metal taps affixed to the bottom of tap shoes.

Mirrors

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SN A reflective glass surface that can aid in the learning of tap dance. Dancers can watch their body and arm position as they practice the dance movements.

Movie musicalsSN Dance performances captured in film format and not in front of a live

audience.UF MusicalBT Professional venuesRT Broadway

Vaudeville

MusicalsUSE Movie musicals

Novice venuesSN Venues where dancers at a beginning level put on shows and

performances.NT Recitals

Paddle rollSN Heel dig right, pull toe heel right. Can also be executed in a double or

triple manner.UF Paradiddle

Paddle stepSN Tap step followed by a flap right to right adding three ball changes left to

right.

Paddle turnSN Execute like a paddle step but turning on the ball changes when on right

to the right and left to the left.

ParadiddleUSE Paddle roll

Patent leather cleanerSN A special cleaning solution used on patent leather tap shoes to keep the

outside of the shoes in good condition.BT Tap shoe suppliesRT Foot powder

Powder rosin

PickupUSE Pullback

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PivotSN A half turn and is classified as right or left depending on the direction in

which the dancer turns, not the foot being used.UF About faceNT Quarter pivot

Powder rosinSN A sand like substance used to sprinkle on heavily polished hard floors so

the dancer’s shoes don’t slip.BT Tap shoe suppliesRT Foot powder

Patent leather cleaner

Professional venuesSN Venues where dancers at an advanced level put on shows and

performances.NT Broadway

VaudevilleMovie musicals

PullSN A one footed slide that may be done on the ball or heel of the foot and

executed in a backward direction.BT Brush stepNT Catch

PullbackRT Scuff

Shuffle

PullbackSN A pull step on one foot that creates two clear sounds. Using the right foot

spring into the air and execute a pull step on the right foot while moving in a backwards direction.

UF GraboffPickupSnatch

BT PullRT Catch

Pump barrel rollSN A stationary barrel roll turn. Upon completing the turn sharply lower the

heel of the supporting leg and perform another barrel roll. This process keeps getting repeated and gives the illusion of a pump because the supporting leg keeps going up and down.

BT Barrel rollRT Traveling barrel roll

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Quarter pivotSN A pivot turn but only a ¼ of the way around.BT Pivot

Receding cramp rollSN A basic cramp roll step moving in a backward direction.BT Cramp rollRT Forward cramp roll

RecitalsSN Dance performances put on by students to showcase the tap movements

they have learned. Most performers will wear a costume and perform with musical accompaniment.

BT Novice venuesRT Costumes

RhythmUSE Rhythm tap

Rhythm buckUSE Rhythm tap

Rhythm tapSN A dance style that consists of complex, syncopated, and close to the floor

footwork and combinations.UF Rhythm

Rhythm buck

RiffSN A two sound step; one made by the ball of the foot, the other by the heel of

the same foot. The step can be executed by either a brush step right, scuff right; or a ball tap right, scuff right.

BT ScuffNT Riffle

RiffleSN Combination of a two count riff forward followed by a pull. May be done

in any direction.BT Riff

ScuffSN Start with the leg in a backward position then swing the leg forward

striking the back edge of the heel while passing with the foot ending in a raised position. May be done in any direction.

BT Brush step

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NT RiffRT Pull

Shuffle

ShuffleSN Start with one foot in a backward position, brush the foot forward striking

the ball of the foot on the hard floor, then pull backward.BT Brush stepNT Air shuffle

Broadway style shuffleHoofer shuffle

RT African shuffleIrish shufflePullScuff

Shuffle ball changeSN A shuffle step followed by a ball change. The moves must happen

consecutively and fast together.BT Ball change

SlideSN Skim the hard floor with part or all of the foot remaining in contact with

the floor the entire time. May be done on one or both feet.

Snap kickUSE Jazz kick

SnatchUSE Pullback

Soft shoeSN This dance style got its name for the soft shoes worn during the

performance; however the dance steps used are mainly single, double, and triple combinations of traditional tap.

SpankUSE Pull

SpiralUSE Corkscrew turn

StampSN Raise one leg and lower the entire foot forcefully to the hard floor.NT Stomp

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Standard time stepSN Performed by a shuffle right foot forward, hop left foot, step right foot

back, flap left foot forward, step right foot.BT Time stepRT Buck time step

Traveling time step

StereoSN A system that plays the music the dancers practice and perform to.UF Dance music

StompSN A stamp but carrying no weight behind the step.BT Stamp

Student tap shoesSN Tap shoes designed for a beginner with only a 1” heel.BT Tap shoesRT Leather tap shoes

StudioSN A room with a professional hard floor used for learning and practicing

dance moves.

SyncopationSN Stressing the off beat (or weak beat) of a regular full count of music.

TacetSN The part of the musical arrangement when the music comes to a complete

stop. At that time the tap dancer performs and at some point the music resumes again.

UF TacitBT A capella

TacitUSE Tacet

Tap booksSN Books that describe or illustrate the various tap movements and their

name.

Tap shoe suppliesSN Supplies that are needed for the maintenance and upkeep of tap shoe

equipment.NT Foot powder

Patent leather cleaner

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Powder rosin

Tap shoesSN Shoes that are affixed with the appropriate hardware so as to make a tap

sound when on a hard floor.NT Leather tap shoes

Student tap shoes

Tap stepSN A sound created by striking the tap on the bottom of the tap shoe to the

hard floor, usually by the ball of the foot or tip of the toe.NT Ball tap

Heel tap

Tap videosSN An audiovisual aide that a person can watch and listen to in order to learn

how to perform tap dance movements and their names.

TaptronicsUSE Electronic tap

TeacherUSE Instructors

TheaterUSE Broadway

TightsSN Skin tight material worn to cover the dancers legs.UF LeggingsBT ApparelNT Leg warmersRT Leotards

Time stepSN A combination dance step with many different variations; however there

are two main categories: a standard time step and a buck time step. A time step in essence is a combination of simple repetitive steps.

NT Buck time stepStandard time stepTraveling time step

Traditional tapSN A dancing style that isn’t influenced by jazz, ballet, or other dance forms.

Dancers rely on improvisation and work off of one another. It is also a

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style of dance that is done mainly flatfooted and is credited with creating such steps as the hoofer shuffle.

UF HoofersNT HoofingRT Hoofer shuffle

Traveling barrel rollSN Perform a barrel roll and then instead of stepping under yourself step

slightly to the left so that both feet end in a straight line. Can be done by moving left or right, inside or outside.

BT Barrel rollRT Pump barrel roll

Traveling time stepSN Traveling time steps are twice as long as a normal time step and can be

done in the standard or buck style, however instead of staying stationary the moves are done traveling in a left or right direction.

BT Time stepRT Buck time step

Standard time step

UnitardsUSE Leotards

VaudevilleSN A type of variety show that started in the late 1800’s.BT Professional venuesRT Broadway

Movie musicals

Waltz clogSN Can be done in single, double, triple, or quadruple measures. To execute

the single step: leap right, shuffle ball change left.UF Irish step dance

Windmill turnUSE Barrel roll

Wing stepSN Stand on the ball of the right foot with the right heel lifted, spring off the

supporting leg and roll the right ankle making a scrape sound. As the right foot completes the scrape pull step the right foot back into starting position.

NT Double wing step

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References:

American Tap Dance Foundation website. (2008). Retrieved March 13, 2008 from http://www.atdf.org.

Atwater, C. (1971). Tap dancing: techniques, routines, terminology. Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Company.

Fletcher, B. (2002). Tapworks. New Jersey: Princeton Book Company.

Goddertz, C. Charles Goddertz’ Tap dancing intermediate routine. [video production]. VHS (1991).

Johnson, A. (1999). Jazz tap: From African drums to American feet. New York: Rosen publishing group.

National Tap Dance Company website. (2008). Retrieved March 13, 2008 from http://www.usatap.org.

Tap Dance.org website. (2008). Retrieved February 16, 2008 ftom http://www.tapdance.org/tap/steps/glossary.html.

Theatre Dance website. (2008). Retrieved February 9, 2008 from http://www.theatredance.com/tapterms.html.

Images:

2008. Disney tapper.jpg [photograph]. http://www.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 1/20/2008.

2008. Metal taps.jpg [photograph]. http://images.google.com. Retrieved 3/11/2008.

2008. Kick line.jpg [photograph]. http://images.google.com. Retrieved 3/11/2008.

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http://images.google.com/

http://images.google.com/

http://www.wikipedia.org/

http://www.tapdance.org/tap/steps/glossary.html

http://www.usatap.org/

http://www.atdf.org/


Appendix:

The following bibliographic citation entries include resources that persons interested in learning about tap dance or dance enthusiasts in general might search for. The source formats listed include DVD, journal article, book, website, and video of a live performance. These particular entries were selected to provide a balanced range in the tap dance topic; starting with a video for beginners and ending with a video of professional dancers.

1.TITLE: Tap Dance Made Easy – Level 1 – BasicAUTHOR(S): Eli NewsomPUBLISHER: Astigmatism ProductionsPUBLICATION DATE: October 15, 2006RESOURCE TYPE: DVDDESCRIPTORS: special interests; dance; tap; instructionalABSTRACT: Each step is meticulously broken down and explains the process of creating the sounds, with an emphasis on correct body placement and accurate rhythm. Every step is taught and rehearsed with the right and left foot.

Every exercise is presented at 2 tempos: slow at first, then faster the second time through. Comments and helpful hints are given between each repetition.

Steps taught are: Step, Touch, Step Heel, Ball Change, Hop / Leap, Hop Step, Shuffle, Shuffle Ball Change, Flap, Flap Ball Change, Stamp / Stomp, Paddles, Waltz Clog, Flap, Shuffle, Hop, Buffalo, and more!

2.TITLE: Tap – the theater of soundAUTHOR(S): Max PollakPUBLISHER: Dance magazine – Thomson GalePUBLICATION DATE: September 1, 2007RESOURCE TYPE: Magazine / journalDESCRIPTORS: dance forms, tap, techniqueABSTRACT: Tap dance's artistic diversity today is one of its strongest points. It ranges from hard hitting, competitive popular street style to musical theater, from virtuosic western classical and through-composed orchestral to improvisation, world music fusion, and avant garde dance theater. Feet striking the floor like a drum and making the entire body float on its own beat is a primal experience for the audience. There are almost as many styles of tap as there are true tap professionals. Tap is a highly individual art form, born from the competitive edge of street corners, minstrel shows, and vaudeville. Even so, the basic technical elements remain the same while the philosophy behind them and the resulting technical intricacies...

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3.TITLE: The souls of your feet: A tap dance guidebook for rhythm explorersAUTHOR(S): Acia GrayPUBLISHER: Grand Weaver’s PublishingPUBLICATION DATE: September 1, 1998; 1st editionRESOURCE TYPE: BookDESCRIPTORS: performing arts, dance, tap, dance popular, entertainmentABSTRACT: Acia Gray's The Souls of Your Feet is an exciting self-paced journey into the world and creation of the art of tap dance. Whether student, professional or fan of this indigenous American dance form, this guidebook leads the reader on an exploration of the essentials and basics of tap dance composition and communication from the perspective of a career professional.

4.TITLE: Video dictionary and notation (from United Taps website)AUTHOR(S): Rod HowellPUBLISHER: http://www.unitedtaps.com/videoclips.phpPUBLICATION DATE: May 2005RESOURCE TYPE: WebsiteDESCRIPTORS: tap dance, alternative dance, techniquesABSTRACT: I decided it was time to bring back e-taps.com but in a different way. I came up with the name United Taps and decided to base this new site around video clips. You can explain a step all day long, but sometimes it’s just easier to watch it. I decided I would have a video clip of almost every step I knew. I figured I would just go into the studio, video my steps, convert it and post it.

Steps are organized alphabetically by “root step”, meaning a root step will be listed first (like pullback) after which all of its variations will be listed (like double pullback, switching pullback, etc.). I also try to list alternative names.

5.TITLE: Tap DogsAUTHOR(S): Aubrey PowellPUBLISHER: Image entertainmentPUBLICATION DATE: October 2000RESOURCE TYPE: DVD & live performanceDESCRIPTORS: live performances, special interests, tap dance, jazz dance, alternative dance, jazz tap, acro-tapABSTRACT: The energy and the synchronicity of the Tap Dogs dancers is really quite amazing. A solo plaid-shirt and denim-clad dancer opens the show, giving a hint of what is to come, then loiters stage left as we meet the rest of the troupe feet first. Each dancer gets a chance to show off his individual talents on a raised stage that looks remarkably like a boxing ring. A few moments later, the ring's sides are lifted and the floor split, giving the dancers a whole new terrain to jump and tap through. After a high-energy beginning, the dancers bring it down with a back-and-forth duet set to mysterious music,

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http://www.unitedtaps.com/videoclips.php


which then segues into an evocative, blue-lit wooden square reminiscent of a late-night street corner.

One of the most fun sequences is when the six dancers create a musical rhythm while tapping on a synthesizer built in the floor. They dance effortlessly with grins on their faces while keeping the syncopation going strong. The music picks up here to more of a rock & roll free-for-all and the Tap Dogs let loose in a dance-brawl suggesting a "who's the top tap dog" tension, relieved by small, humorous moments. Particularly amazing is the dancer suspended upside down and tapping on the ceiling--in perfect time, of course. Originated and choreographed by Dein Perry (Bootmen) and directed by Aubrey Powell, Tap Dogs impresses with its innovation (dancing on scaffolding as it's being built, for example, or on narrow stair steps) and the dancers with their fluidity, intensity, and strength. This tapping is not just dancing--it's an endurance sport. --Dana Van Nest

Dein Perry has created a dance experience like none other--crackling with blue-collar energy, these six young men from Australia steal tap forever from the world of black ties and tails, and carry it body and soul into the Nineties. Cleverly staged and danced as though their lives depended on it, "Tap Dogs" is winning the hearts of audiences around the world.

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