Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine May 2013

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FEATURES

ISSN-0835-605X • May/June 2013 Vol. 26 No. 3Vol. 26 No. 3 • Issued July 2013

6 Will the real environmentalists please stand up?

8 Design principles and installed costs are key considerations for specifying RC pipe

10 Innovative disinfection technology cuts high THM levels in drinking water

14 Penticton doubles its water plant capacity with a DAF retrofit

18 Dawson Creek’s reclaimed water facility is the first of its kind

20 Post-treatment stabilization of drinking water

26 Soil retaining system helps urban trees reach maturity

28 “Green” approach to dehumidification inside water treatment plants

32 How to select the correct valve for wastewater treatment applications

34 Mag meter improves water operations management

37 WaterRF releases report on enhancing the safety of water reservoirs

38 Environmental drilling made easier with direct push technology

40 Floating treatment wetlands improve stormwater quality

44 In situ treatment of a high nitrate loaded groundwater plume

48 Advanced odour control for organics management facilities

Contents

DEPARTMENTS

Product Showcase . . . . . 62-67

Environmental News . . . 68-74

Professional Cards . . . . . 68-72

Ad Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

PAGE 14PAGE 14

PAGE 8PAGE 8

Editor and Publisher STEVE DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Founding Editor TOM DAVEY

Sales Director PENNY DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Sales Representative DENISE SIMPSONE-mail: [email protected]

Accounting SANDRA DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Circulation Manager DARLANN PASSFIELDE-mail: [email protected]

Production Manager C Mac DESIGNSE-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Assistant PETER DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Technical Advisory Board

Archis AmbulkarBrinjac Engineering, Pennsylvania

Jim BishopConsulting Chemist, Ontario

Peter Laughton P.Eng.Consulting Engineer, Ontario

Bill DeAngelis, P.Eng.Associated Engineering, Ontario

Marie MeunierJohn Meunier Inc., Québec

Peter J. PaineEnvironment Canada

Environmental Science & Engineering is a bi-monthlybusiness publication of Environmental Science & Engineer-ing Publications Inc. An all Canadian publication, ES&E pro-vides authoritative editorial coverage of Canada's municipaland industrial environmental control systems and drinkingwater treatment and distribution.

Readers include consulting engineers, industrial plantmanagers and engineers, key municipal, provincial andfederal environmental officials, water and wastewater plantoperators and contractors.

Information contained in ES&E has been compiled fromsources believed to be correct. ES&E cannot be responsiblefor the accuracy of articles or other editorial matter. Articlesin this magazine are intended to provide informationrather than give legal or other professional advice.Articles being submitted for review should be e-mailed [email protected].

Canadian Publications Mail Sales Second Class MailProduct Agreement No. 40065446 Registration No. 7750

Undeliverable copies, advertising space orders, copy, artwork, proofs, etc., should be sent to: Environmental Science & Engineering, 220 IndustrialPkwy. S., Unit 30, Aurora, Ontario, Canada, L4G 3V6, Tel: (905)727-4666, Fax: (905) 841-7271, Web site: www.esemag.com 52 A historical perspective on the steel

and fabrication industries54 Containerized MBR treats wastewater at a remote mine56 Beware of buried tank buoyancy

59 Geosynthetics used to help properly close Manitoba’s Farley Mine60 BC firm honoured for its oil recovery systems

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 10:14 PM

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine6 | May 2013

Comment by Tom Davey

ist’ is used by the news media as a syn-onym for expert; all too often it is a pseu-donym for expertise, not a synonym.

The word “environmentalist” creptinto the media lexicon barely twodecades ago. Now, reporters eagerly seekout the self-designated “authoritative”sources, regardless of competence or rel-evance. It is a perfect match – a presswith insatiable appetites for sensational-ism, mating with an eloquent protest

movement brimming with moral indig-nation. Many warnings are justifiable,and engineering professionals around theworld know we are facing enormouslycomplex problems. What seldom filtersthrough to the public is the fact that tan-gible progress is being made.

Many of the apocalyptic warnings on

In celebration of Environmental Sci-ence & Engineering Magazine’s25th year of publication, we arepleased to reprint some of Found-

ing Editor, Tom Davey’s editorial com-ments.

Many of these are as relevant now aswhen they were originally published. Forexample a group of concerned citizensrecently launched an online petition anda digital billboard on the Gardiner Ex-pressway in Toronto to raise awarenessabout Ontario Power Generation’s site se-lection process and plan to construct anunderground nuclear waste dump on theshore of Lake Huron. Other provincialgroups are vociferously protestingagainst wind turbine use for power gen-eration.

Some protesters remind me of certaintelevision evangelists. Both species warnof impending catastrophes – then solicitdonations to continue the good work.Some so-called environmentalists are re-ally closet Luddites with a deep-seateddistrust of all technology. Many, how-ever, have developed impressive expert-ise which could be valuable whenprojects are being developed. But all toofrequently, their dire warnings are com-bined with an air of moral superioritythat would nauseate a pathologist at aleper colony.

If the groups did not exist, however, itwould be necessary to invent them. Weneed checks and balances in our demo-

cratic systems. Only recently has pere-stroika revealed hideous ecologicalhorrors in the former Soviet Union andother Warsaw Pact nations. Environmen-tal activism can, and should be, vital in amodern democratic society – but not asa substitute for environmental engineer-ing. But now, the word ‘environmental-

drinking water are based on anecdotalevidence rather than the scientificmethodology accepted throughout theworld. Professional advice – based onlong training, education, and experiencein engineering and science – was and isbeing largely ignored in favour of thosegroups who orchestrate politicians andthe media with great dexterity.

Some politicians compound the prob-lem. Too often they respond to complexenvironmental situations with simplisticresponses. Their statements owe more toelectoral opportunism than to honest at-tempts to solve problems. Invariably,they find willing allies in the news mediato promulgate their views, regardless ofscientific relevance.

Will the real environmentalists please stand up?

This editorial was published in Tom Davey’s

book “For Whom the Polls Tell”.

“A nation behaves well if the natural resourceswhich one generation turns over to the next are

increased and not impaired in value.” Teddy Roosevelt

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Stormwater

The trunk sewer installation addressedby the Regina specification consideredthat the area of structural soil embedmentfor flexible products extended 300mmabove the crown of the pipe. Constructionof the embedment material to a minimumof 150mm or more above the pipe crownis recommended by major thermoplasticpipe suppliers. In comparison, the struc-tural embedment for rigid products endsat the spring line of the pipe (spring lineis at the midpoint of the pipe measuredvertically).

A rigid pipe is less sensitive to instal-lation than flexible pipe products. Withrigid concrete pipe, a large portion of thesoil-pipe structure is contained within thepipe itself, thereby relying less on the por-tion of the structure provided by the soil.This is not to say that you don’t need toperform a proper design for whateverproduct you use.

The Greens on Gardiner trunk sewerincluded a 1350mm section of pipeline in-stalled with three to four metres of cover.

Rigid and flexible pipe productsare designed to react differ-ently in the field. When instal-lation specifications accurately

account for these differences, and arecombined with a cost analysis of the pipeenvelope, the result is the construction ofa cost-effective pipeline that will performas expected. The Greens on Gardinerstormwater trunk sewer in Regina is an in-stallation that demonstrates how well-written specifications for the installationof sewers result in cost-effective durableinstallations, with reduced liability placedon the design engineer.

Regina’s specification for the con-struction of storm sewers recognizes thatflexible and rigid pipe interact differentlywith the surrounding soil and have majorinherent differences that must be consid-ered in the design. Many believe thatspecifications are the same for installingflexible and rigid pipe. This misconcep-tion can lead to premature pipeline fail-ures and litigation involving the designer.

The consultant, Associated Engineering,specified reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)due to the reduced cost of installation andcontractor familiarity with it.

The Greens on Gardiner is a new com-munity in the south-east sector of Regina,covering 152 developable hectares. In-cluded in the contract materials were ap-proximately 37m of 1650mm diameterRCP, 1045m of 1350mm diameter RCP,138m of storm watermain ranging from300mm diameter to 1050mm diameter, 13manholes ranging from 2100mm to2700mm diameter, and 2 T-riser man-holes.

Wappel Construction completed theinstallation of the storm sewer in approx-imately 50 days. Product was shippedfrom Inland Pipe plants in Winnipeg andCalgary.

Derek Light, P.Eng., is with Inland Pipe. E-mail:

[email protected]

Structural soil embedment for rigid products ends at the spring line of the pipe in Regina. Photo: Associated Engineering.

Design principles and installed costs are key considerations for specifying RCP By Derek Light

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:39 PM

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:39 PM


Water Treatment

several years. Provincial drinking watersafety objectives regulated through theMinistry of the Environment (MOE) dic-tate that the level of THMs in drinking

Numerous communities throug-hout North America arestruggling to mitigate andminimize the presence of dis-

infection byproducts — specifically tri-halomethanes — in their municipaldrinking water supplies.

Trihalomethanes (THMs) can formwhen chlorine interac ts with naturallyoccurring organic materials in water andare a known carcinogen. Long-term ex-posure to THMs has been linked to cer-tain types of cancer, most notably bladdercancer. However, chlorine continues to beused as the de facto disinfectant for mu-nicipal water supplies because of its ef-fectiveness and the lack of a suitablealternative. It has been in use since theearly 1900s.

The Township of Killaloe–Hagarty–Richards, in eastern Ontario, had been ex-periencing high levels of THMs for

water should not exceed 100 μg/L. How-ever, the community’s water supply reg-ularly tested above this amount, reachingas high as 213 μg/L on occasion. The

Innovative disinfection technology cuts high THMlevels in drinking water By Norman Cato, Vanessa Greatrix and Eric Czarnecki

New chlorine monitoring system.

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May 2013 | 11www.esemag.com

Water Treatment

issue was exacerbated by the length oftime treated and chlorinated water sat inthe clearwells and distribution system.

When the measured levels of THMsapproached or exceeded the legislatedlimits, operators would flush the systemand replace water in the clearwells. Whilethis method was effective in mitigatingthe presence of THMs in the system on atemporary basis, it was inefficient, andwasted large quantities of treated water.Chemicals and electricity used to treat thewasted water were also costly.

Flushing the water system was clearlya temporary solution, but, in the absenceof cost-prohibitive plant upgrades, therewas no permanent solution in sightuntil the Ontario Clean Water Agency(OCWA), SanEcoTec, and the municipal-ity joined forces to tackle Killaloe’s prob-lem. The proposed solution used astabilized form of hydrogen peroxide todisinfect water. The idea was that elimi-nating the chlorine use for secondary dis-infection would prevent the conditionsthat led to the creation of THMs.

An alternative to chlorineWhile regular hydrogen peroxide is

well known for its disinfectant properties,it cannot maintain a residual for anylength of time. This makes it unsuitablefor use in secondary disinfection, wherea measurable disinfectant residual mustbe maintained throughout the distribution

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May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:39 PM


drinking water systems. As a pleasantside benefit, a water supply treated withHSP lacks the characteristic chemicalsmell and taste of chlorine that consumersdislike and complain about. Importantlyfor the residents of Killaloe, replacingchlorine with HSP would mean that, forthe first time in years, the Townshipwould be able to drastically reduce thelevels of THMs in, and potentially im-

prove the safety of, its water supply.HSP is also a very strong oxidizer, at-

tacking the biofilm commonly found onthe walls of water distribution systempipes. This biofilm can harbour bacteriaand has the potential to impair waterquality.

The Killaloe project was initiated in2011, when OCWA applied for fundingon behalf of the Township to the Ontario

Small Waterworks Assistance Program(OSWAP). Once the funding request wasapproved, OCWA worked closely withSanEcoTec, the Township and the MOEto lay the groundwork for this innovativeproject.

The SanEcoTec technology has beenused successfully in smaller regulatedsites in Ontario since 2011, and, also, fornearly a decade in Europe. Implementing

Water Treatment

Hydrogen peroxide residuals. Hydrogen peroxide injection point.

May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:42 PM


this technology in Killaloe would repre-sent the first application of HSP disinfec-tion on a municipality-wide basis inNorth America.

One of the hurdles to overcome, how-ever, was that Ontario drinking water reg-ulations do not currently recognize theuse of hydrogen peroxide as a disinfect-ing agent for municipal water supplies.

The project team was able to complywith provincial regulations for primarydisinfection in Killaloe by maintainingthe use of chlorine followed by ultravioletdisinfection in the treatment process. Forsecondary disinfection requirements,HSP was then introduced into the treat-ment process after the UV units, replac-ing chlorine.

OCWA and SanEcoTec also workedclosely with the MOE to develop appro-priate safeguards that enabled the MOEto grant regulatory relief for the use ofHSP as a secondary disinfectant, insteadof chlorine.

The team worked to install the HSPtreatment system in Killaloe. This in-cluded peroxide feed systems and perox-ide residual monitoring equipment, at the

treatment plant and in the distributionsystem. OCWA’s Killaloe operations staffwas also trained to ensure the new systemwas up and running smoothly. There wereno adverse changes or impacts to the mu-nicipality’s water quality during thechangeover process.

Results of the Killaloe projectAfter initiation of the new HSP sec-

ondary treatment in November 2012, lev-els of THMs in the water supply droppedto approximately 25-26 μg/L, with the lat-est test showing 20-21 μg/L, far belowprovincial and federal limits. In addition,HSP residual levels have consistentlybeen maintained throughout the distribu-tion system.

“I think it’s fair to say that this is oneof the most significant innovations in mu-nicipal drinking water since the introduc-tion of chlorine as a primary disinfectantmore than a century ago,” says Andy Val-ickis, P.Eng., OCWA’s director (A) of en-gineering services. “This technologyrepresents a new, viable disinfection alter-native for communities that are grapplingwith the potentially adverse health impli-cations associated with trihalomethanesand other chlorine-related byproducts.”

Norman Cato, Vanessa Greatrix andEric Czarnecki are with the Ontario

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Water Treatment

budgets, the City contracted AECOM todevelop a comprehensive and affordablesolution. Taking into account capital andoverall life cycle costs, AECOM and theCity’s engineers decided that a high-rateDAF (Dissolved Air Flotation) systemretrofit of the existing lamella plate set-tlers represented the best and lowest coststrategy for treating the combined sourcewater from the lake and creek.

A Leopold Clari-DAF® Dissolved AirFlotation system uses micro bubbles thatcarry particulate floc to the surface,where it is mechanically skimmed off, al-lowing clarified water to be drawn offfrom laterals at the tank bottom. It couldbe housed in the existing building, reduc-ing construction cost and time.

Taking advantage of the LeopoldClari-DAF pilot system, the City under-went a month-long testing on a 50/50blend of lake and creek water. The pilot

In 2003, the City of Penticton facedproblems that required it to upgradeits potable water treatment plant, toaccommodate an increasing sea-

sonal demand in the area. Its Indianname is Pente-hik-ton, meaning "ever",or "forever", and refers to the constantsteady flow of the Okanagan River out ofOkanagan Lake. The City is a resort des-tination in the Okanagan Valley, situatednearly 400 km east of Vancouver, BritishColumbia.

With 35,000 permanent residents on9,000 connections, the summer monthssee water demand nearly quadrupling dueto tourism and lawn care. In 2003, de-mand reached 55 million litres per day(MLD), which was very close to the plantcapacity of 60 MLD.

The plant draws its water from Okana-gan Lake and from Penticton Creek. Con-structed in 1996, it was intended to treata 50/50 blend of the two sources. How-ever, given the higher colour and season-ally high turbidity of the creek, theexisting lamella plate settler had provenproblematic at elevated flows. In order tomeet increasing demand, the plant had toswitch to 100% lake water to avoid solidsexiting the clarifier and to improve filter-ability.

Plant design and pilotingAs an expansion exceeded municipal

performed extremely well on the blendand was able to meet the hydraulic load-ing rate of 38 M/hr, based on the Clari-DAF’s collector area. This was required tomeet the 115 MLD (30 MGD) capacitywithin the existing clarifier footprint. Thepilot averaged 0.36 ntu at this elevatedsystem hydraulic loading rate and pro-vided excellent filterability at a filter load-ing rate of 14.7 M/hr (6 gpm/ft2.) The highquality clarified effluent from the systemallowed for a 50% increase in filter load-ing rate, meeting the 81 MLD capacity,without any additional expansion to thecurrent plant’s filtration process.

ConstructionThe final design called for two Clari-

DAF basins, operating in parallel, withinthe existing footprint of the single lamellaplate settler. Construction began in 2008and the system was commissioned in2010. Construction also included an up-grade to the current creek intake system,and to the existing residual handling fa-cility. The existing plate settler walls andflocculation basins were utilized with thenew design. Minimal civil works wereneeded to accommodate the basins. Awall was constructed to separate the twobasins and baffling was added.

Existing basin depth of approximately

In 2003, demandreached 55 million

litres per day (MLD),which was very close to the plant capacity

of 60 MLD.

Penticton doubles its water plant capacity with aDAF retrofit By Martine Warda and Robert L Wiley III

A Leopold Clari-DAF® Dissolved Air Flotation system.


May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:40 PM

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six metres (21.5 ft) was more than suffi-cient to allow for the high system loadingrates to be utilized, even with water tem-peratures averaging less than 5ºC yearround.

Performance of the DAF systemThe DAF system upgrade provides for up

to 115 MLD of clarified water, which is pro-jected to meet demand until 2025. It hasproven capable of treating the creek sourcewater to a higher standard during all flow con-ditions. Even with cold water conditions, the

system was able to produce 0.6 ntu at the peaksystem loading rate, without floc or bubblecarry-over to the effluent. Its effluent turbidityaverages approximately 0.3 ntu year roundand has allowed the plant to operate filtrationto a rate of 14.7 M/hr as tested during piloting.

The plant can now meet high seasonaldemands, and can add additional filtra-tion in the future to meet demand through2025. The increase in filterability has alsohad other benefits. The quantity of back-wash water has been significantly re-

duced due to longer filter runtimes. Con-sequently, the plant no longer has an issuewith residuals handling. The plant cannow be operated on the creek sourcealone, should problems ever be encoun-tered with the lake intake, or supply pip-ing from the lake source.

Martine C. Warda is with Xylem Water Solutions Canada.

Robert L. Wiley III is with Xylem.E-mail: [email protected]

Water Treatment

The pilot performed extremely well on the blend and wasable to meet the hydraulic loading rate of 38 M/hr.

The City of Penticton.

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Water Supply

rather than potable water, for industrialoperations. After conducting feasibilitystudies, environmental impact studies andstringent water quality testing, it was de-termined that using reclaimed water wasindeed a viable and cost-effective alterna-tive.

The technology selected is a combina-tion of biological treatment, wastewaterfiltration, and disinfection. A new tech-nology that is designed for northern cli-mates was also used. The SubmergedAttached Growth Reactor (SAGR) uses a

horizontal trickling filter. Although thesetechnologies have been available for anumber of years, the Urban Systems teamdiscovered a unique way of combiningthem to allow reclaimed water to meetregulatory requirements for both munic-ipal and industrial water uses.

When the City of DawsonCreek, British Columbia,implemented a stage fourwater restriction in re-

sponse to extreme drought conditions,Shell Canada had a challenge on itshands. Significant volumes of water arerequired to sustain hydraulic fracturingat the company’s Groundbirch naturalgas development.

The City, with approximately 12,500residents, draws its drinking water fromthe Kisatinaw River. Extreme droughtconditions in the area had left the riverwith exceptionally low water levels.

Urban Systems has worked with theCity to monitor and maintain their drink-ing water treatment facilities for over 30years and was invited to help find a solu-tion to the community’s ongoing droughtissues. The challenge was to ensure thatthe City’s drinking water needs could befully met first, and, then, to meet thewater resource needs of local industry, in-cluding farming, logging, mining, and oiland gas operations.

Shell’s Groundbirch facility, which islocated approximately 48 kilometresfrom Dawson Creek, has five natural gasprocessing plants and over 300 wells. Hy-draulic fracturing is used to release shalegas by pumping large volumes of highlypressurized water underground. Varioussources are used, including truckedpotable water, which can be very taxingon community supplies.

With so much natural gas activity inthe region there was an urgent need to

find a viable alternative to the use ofpotable water for hydraulic fracturing andother high volume industrial water uses.Urban Systems partnered with the Cityand several industry stakeholders to ex-plore the potential of using reclaimedwater (i.e., treated municipal effluent)

City of Dawson Creek Reclaimed Water Facility.

Dawson Creek’s reclaimed water facility is the first of its kind

In addition to managing the designteam and construction of the new watertreatment facility, Urban Systems helpedto facilitate an innovative funding agree-ment between the City of Dawson Creekand Shell Canada. In exchange for a fi-nancial contribution to the project, Shellis entitled to receive 3,400 cubic metresof water per day for a period of 10 years,with an option to renew for another 10years. Shell constructed a pumping sta-tion next to the water treatment plant andpipes the reclaimed water 48 kilometresto their Groundbirch facility.

The reclaimed water facility is de-signed to produce 4,000 cubic metres ofwater per day, so the excess 600 cubicmetres of reclaimed water, not being usedby Shell Canada, is being sold to otherlocal industries. It is considered the firstof its kind in Canada, because of the typeof effluent that it treats, and has been inoperation since May 2012.

For more information, E-mail: [email protected]

With so much natural gas activity in the region there was an urgent need to find a

viable alternative to the use of potable water for hydraulic fracturing

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:40 PM

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:40 PM

Water Treatment

post-treatment applications, three pri-mary concerns must be addressed:1. Ensuring the additives are high-quality,do not introduce contaminants and areconsistent from load to load.2. Chemical dosages are accurately con-trolled.3. Unwanted chemical reactions areavoided. (Mixing concentrated acids andbases at the same feed point withoutproper mixing can cause precipitation).

Water plants can safeguard the qualityof the additives by ensuring chemicalspecifications are strict, checking the de-livered product against the specifications,and rejecting suppliers who do not con-form. Municipalities should also includereferences in the chemical specificationsand work with companies that use desig-nated tankers and have quality manufac-turing standards in place (ISO 9000).Most post-treatment chemicals will doseaccurately with standard tanks and meter-ing pumps; however, there are a fewchemicals that need special attention.

Adding lime or calcium hydroxide inpost-treatment applications can be diffi-cult. Operators should pilot calcium hy-droxide feed technology to make sure thedose is accurate and the equipment doesnot require excessive maintenance. En-

Post-treatment stabilization ofdrinking water is important forboth public health and cost-ef-fective facility operations. Im-

proper or inadequate post-treatment canresult in corrosion events, lead and cop-per rule impacts, DBPs, taste and odourcomplications, pH instability, disinfec-tion residual variability, white/red waterevents, colour increase, and biological re-growth.

Effective disinfection treatment lowersthe risk of bacterial or viral infection tothe public. Properly treating aggressivewater lowers the leaching of lead and cop-per into the water system from old pipes,ensuring compliance with regulations.

Proper post-treatment methods canalso extend the life of the distribution sys-tem and lower operating cost by reducingcorrosion and its damaging effects. Be-yond damage to the distribution system,water that is non-compliant with govern-ment standards for lead and copper cancost the municipality thousands of dollarsand generate unwanted publicity.

Stabilization is required to improve theaesthetics of the water. However, im-proper stabilization can cause finishedwater to smell musty, taste bitter, andstain bathtubs and laundry, and even dis-colour blonde hair. Balanced and natu-rally stable water eliminates many of thecommon causes of customer complaints.

The roadmap to stable waterWater stabilization is arguably one of

the most important steps in water treat-ment and can be one of the most chal-lenging. Every source of water is differentand every treatment process is unique.Post-treatment technology, chemicals anddosages must be tailored to meet theexact corrosion control needs of eachplant.

Three parameters which operators cancontrol to generate more stable water arepH, alkalinity and hardness. Each pos-sesses unique properties that can enhancethe quality and stability of the water as ittravels from the treatment plant throughthe distribution system.

When adjusting pH and alkalinity in

sure chemicals such as hydrofluoric acidand calcium hydroxide have separate dos-ing points with adequate mixing at eachdelivery point. Separating acids and baseswill lower the likelihood of a chemical re-action, causing unwanted precipitation.

The role of pH in post-treatment stabilization

One of the most common measure-ments in water treatment is pH. Greaterunderstanding of how the equilibrium ofpH affects other chemical equilibriums inthe water can shed light on its role inpost-treatment.

For example, as the pH of water risesabove 8.4, the bicarbonate-carbonateequilibrium begins shifting from the sol-uble bicarbonate, to the insoluble carbon-ate. The shift in solubility is the reasonhigher pH values achieve a higher LSI orCCPP values. The higher the pH risesabove 8.4, the more carbonates precipi-tate out of the water, which affects metalion dissolution potential. Raising the pHhas been found to lower the dissolutionpotential of metal ions, which in turn re-duces the corrosion of iron pipes in thedistribution system.

Understanding the finished waterchemistry is important because the pH

Plant trial stabilizing a post-treatment flow of 1 MGD low alkaline water. Thepilot unit utilizes CAL~FLO and CO2 dosing technology.

Post-treatment stabilization of drinking waterBy Dallas Burnett and Teresa Znajewski



May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM

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value must be one that limits ferrous ionsfrom dissolving, but does not cause ex-cessive carbonate scale. Although in mostcases higher pH lowers metal ion disso-lution in low alkalinity environments, itcan actually increase the dissolution rate.Higher pH values have been shown to in-crease copper pitting in waters with lowalkalinity. Therefore, while higher pHvalues can help lower corrosion, the al-kalinity and other factors must also betaken into consideration.

Another equilibrium affected by pH isone that exists between corrosion in-hibitors. Finished water pH can affectwhether a polyphosphate, or orthophos-phate corrosion inhibitor, is successful inreducing corrosion. An AWWA survey inthe early 1990s showed that polyphos-phate corrosion inhibitors could actuallyincrease lead release at certain pH values.Overall, the study demonstrated that thevalue of corrosion inhibitors increasedwith low pH in low-alkalinity waters. Ifmunicipalities have low alkalinity andlow pH, corrosion inhibitors offer munic-ipalities the greatest benefit. However, aspH and alkalinity increase, the effective-

ness of corrosion inhibitors can diminish.Finally, pH can indirectly affect chlo-

rine residual levels and their effectivenessin the distribution system. Studies haveshown that raising the pH of water over 7.8– 8.0 greatly diminishes the effectivenessof chlorine as a disinfectant. However, am-monia-oxidizing bacteria’s optimum pH isbelow 8.0.

Studies have also demonstrated thatsupplying a distribution system withwater pH values higher than 8.5 will in-hibit nitrifying bacteria. For example, aNova Scotia water plant demonstratedthat adding calcium hydroxide post-fil-tration was more effective than adding 3– 4 mg/L of chorine residual. This wasdue to the rise in pH in controlling certainbacteria in the distribution system.

Understanding the role of pH in dis-infection could influence the decision onwhether a municipality needs to shift pe-riodically from a chloramine to a free-chlorine treatment process, to purge thedistribution system of bacteria that causenitrification. If the water plant produceswater with an average pH of 9.0 orhigher, the likelihood of a biofilm growth

is less and periodic treatment with freechlorine may not be required. However,if the pH is consistently below 8.5, thenchloramines could provide the neededammonia for nitrification. Then a sea-sonal purge using free chlorine may be awise option.

The role of alkalinity and hardnessAlkalinity is a measure of the general

buffering capacity of water and is criti-cally important to water stabilization. In-creasing alkalinity increases water'sbuffer capacity, which in most cases mit-igates large pH swings in the distributionsystem. Alkalinity (as CaCO3) over 80mg/L has shown a strong correlation toreducing the release of colour in the dis-tribution system in unlined and galva-nized iron pipes.

When municipalities in the studymaintained higher values of alkalinity,they saw a decrease in customer com-plaints of red water. Iron corrosion ratesat a fixed pH have been shown to de-crease as total alkalinity increases. In onestudy, when alkalinity levels were de-creased from 30 – 35 mg/L to 10 – 15mg/L at a constant pH, the results demon-

Water Treatment

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM


Water Treatment

strated an immediate increase of 50 –250% in iron release.

Conversely, low alkalinity can be aproblem even in high-pH waters. Studieshave demonstrated that one of the mostaggressive types of water related to pit-ting of copper pipes is water with low al-kalinity, high chlorine residual and highpH. Higher alkalinity allows municipali-

ties to take advantage of conditions wheresome of the calcium bicarbonate is con-verted to calcium carbonate coatings inthe distribution pipes.

Some of the earliest studies on corro-sion control showed how an increase in pHformed a thin protective layer of carbonatearound the metallic surface of the pipe.This acts as one additional safeguard to re-

duce corrosion in the distribution system.Consequently, municipalities shouldclosely watch alkalinity levels whenchanging source water, or treatmentprocesses. If alkalinity levels drop due toraw water or treatment process changes,negative impacts in the distribution systemmay occur years later with no warning.


CAL~FLO and CO2 systems installed at a water plant. Piloting proved it was possible to raise the alkalinity over 40 ppmwhile keeping pH constant and turbidity low.

May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:39 PM


End-user changes in the distributionsystem can also affect water stability. Forexample, in areas where solar panels areused for heating water for homes, circu-lating water can be exposed to increasedflow rates, higher temperatures and di-verse piping materials. This can dramati-cally affect the corrosiveness of the water,or change the effectiveness of phos-phates, the level of chlorine residual, bac-teria growth and other factors that couldcause a higher rate of corrosion.

Alkalinity is a tremendous weapon ina municipality’s arsenal to combatchanges outside the water plant. Insuffi-cient alkalinity changes in the distributionsystem can dramatically affect corrosionrates, surfacing later as customer com-plaints or compliance violations.Case study: South Blount, Tennessee

South Blount Municipality’s 5.5 mil-lion gal/day water treatment plant wasconstructed in 2004 and is the first mem-brane plant in the state of Tennessee. Theplant used liquid caustic for final pH ad-justment and added 3 mg/L of orthophos-phate for corrosion control. No problemswere detected in the distribution systemfor a few years after the plant was com-missioned. All the samples of lead andcopper came back within compliance.

However, in the summer of 2006, themunicipality noticed a rise in lead andcopper levels. Then in 2007, the plantbegan failing lead and copper sampletests and was cited as being out of com-pliance. The utility superintendent wasvery surprised, because the plant and dis-

tribution system were so new and had notbeen abused or neglected. The municipal-ity decided post-treatment stabilizationwas needed.

Several options were proposed. In2007, five different corrosion inhibitorswere piloted, but did not produce the de-sired control. The plant’s next option in-cluded pairing post-treatment chemicalsto achieve and increase both pH and al-kalinity. The reviewed chemical pairs in-cluded liquid caustic/sodium bicarbonate,CAL~FLO® Slurry/CO2 and liquid caus-tic/CO2 as potential options.

Initially, the municipality chose to runa trial of sodium bicarbonate and liquidcaustic. However, due to dust and safetyconcerns, the operators chose not to man-ufacture sodium bicarbonate slurry fromdry bags inside the water plant. The trialwas never performed because feed equip-ment was difficult to operate. Then, inDecember 2009, the municipality choseto run the CAL~FLO Slurry and CO2trial. CAL~FLO Slurry is a high-gradecalcium hydroxide slurry.

The results of the trial were positive.Not only did the pilot unit easily dial inthe precise pH, but it effectively raisedand accurately controlled alkalinity. Thepilot successfully raised the finished al-kalinity from 0 – 3 mg/L to 51 mg/L andraised pH from 7.3 to 8.4. Results al-lowed the municipality to achieve accept-able values in its corrosivity index. Afterreviewing data on all three available op-tions, the municipality chose to install aCAL~FLO System and a CO2 system.

Water Treatment

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The municipality chose the slurry overcaustic because it was non-hazardous, didnot gel in the feed lines, and addedneeded calcium to the water, while ad-justing the pH. CO2 was chosen oversodium bicarbonate, because the cost wassubstantially less and it is easier to storeand feed.

The municipality installed both theCAL~FLO and CO2 systems in 2011.Positive reduction in lead and copper werenoticed after the first sample was col-lected. After collecting the second leadand copper sample, South Blount movedback into compliance, and has experi-enced no more corrosion-related issuessince the installation. Raising the pH andadding needed alkalinity to SouthBlount’s water dramatically decreasedcorrosion, increased the life of the distri-bution system, and moved the municipal-ity out of non-compliance.

Whether a plant is brand-new, haschanged raw water sources or treatmentprocesses, or just struggles with issueslike lead, copper, red water, bacteria, chlo-rine residuals or nitrification, an evalua-tion of the post-treatment strategies isimportant. Even small changes to the fin-ished water can make all the difference.

Dallas Burnett is with Burnett Inc. E-mail: [email protected].

Teresa Znajewski is with General Chemical Co. E-mail: [email protected].

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM


Public Education

issue to the public’s attention because webelieve that Canadians and Americans de-serve the opportunity to learn more andvoice their opinion on an issue that willaffect generations to come.”

To date, OPG has paid out $10.5 mil-lion to the municipality of Kincardine andfour adjacent municipalities in an effortto secure local support before approval toconstruct the dump has even been re-ceived. If OPG can secure federal govern-ment approval for its plan, they will pay

Agroup of concerned citizenslaunched an online petitionand a digital billboard on theGardiner Expressway in

Toronto to raise awareness about OntarioPower Generation’s site selection processand plan to construct an underground nu-clear waste dump in the municipality ofKincardine, on the shore of Lake Huron.

The dump would be approximatelyone kilometre from shore, extending un-derground to approximately 400 metresfrom the lake. The group said some nu-clear waste remains toxic and radioactivefor over 100,000 years. Federal govern-ment approval is anticipated within ninemonths.

“This dump puts at risk the fresh waterof the Great Lakes, which contain 21 percent of the world’s surface fresh waterwhich is relied upon by forty-million peo-ple in two countries,” said Beverly Fer-nandez, member of Stop The Great LakesNuclear Dump Inc. “We are bringing this

Canadian citizens oppose OPG's plan to bury nuclear waste close to Lake Huron

the five municipalities in excess of $35.7million over a 30 year period. The catch:the municipalities must not waiver fromconsistently “exercising best efforts tosupport the construction and operation”of the dump.

University professors, physicians andindividuals intimately familiar with gov-ernment processes are speaking out.

For more information, visit www.stopthegreatlakesnucleardump.com

May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:39 PM


Sustainable Ecosystems

Green infrastructure and sus-tainability goals are of in-creasing importance, andachieving them requires tech-

nical knowledge and training in variedfields. Integration of soil and trees intourban areas substantially improves sus-tainability and helps alleviate some of ourmost pressing ecological challenges.These include air and water quality, risingtemperatures, flooding and erosion fromdaily rainfall events.

The West Don Lands, in Toronto, On-tario, is a community that is people fo-cused, family friendly, environmentallysustainable and beautifully designed forliving. It has a Stage 1 LEED ND GOLDcertification under the pilot program es-tablished by the U.S. Green BuildingCouncil.

One notable sustainable component,utilized in the design of the area’s streets,is a soil retaining system called SilvaCells™. Typical urban trees in the citycore die after approximately seven years.However, Silva Cells help extend theirlife spans, thus promoting the growth ofmature street trees.

Although the City of Toronto had pre-viously used Silva Cells as part of astormwater management pilot program inThe Queensway, their use as part of site

Installation of Silva Cells in Mill Street.

Soil retaining system helps urban trees reach maturity By Eric Keshavarzi

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development is new. In fact, the West DonLands streets are the first in a Torontosubdivision to be designed with this sys-tem installed under parking lay-bys andsidewalks.

Mill Street was the first subdivisionstreet in Toronto to be designed to includethis soil retaining system. As the leadengineering consultant, R.V.AndersonAssociates coordinated all plans and spec-ifications with the landscape architect.

About Silva CellsSilva Cells are a plastic/fiberglass

structure of columns and beams that sup-port paving above un-compacted planting

soil. The structure has 92% void spaceand is a stable surface for the installationof vehicle loaded-pavements.

When properly installed, they canachieve an AASHTO H-20 load rating.Canadian Highway Bridge Design Codeloading can also be achieved through ap-propriate design. This is the required loadrating for structures such as undergroundvaults, covers and grates in areas of traf-fic including sidewalks and parking lots.The cell structure transfers the force to abase layer below the structure.

Soil within the cells remains at lowcompaction rates, thereby creating ideal

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM


Sustainable Ecosystems

growing conditions for tree roots. Thecells are designed to allow use of a widerange of soils. Even native soil at a proj-ect site may be suitable if sufficient com-post is added. The use of recycled orreused soil makes this an extremely sus-tainable approach.

Silva Cells are a solution to many soilrelated development issues. They are

filled with quality, un-compacted soil tohelp trees grow, manage the rate, qualityand volume of stormwater, and restoreecological function to developed sites.The modular design can be sized to treatthe water quality volume of surroundingimpermeable surfaces while accommo-dating utilities and traffic loading.

By combining on-site stormwater

Silva Cells under pavement. Mill Street after completion of civil works.

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The Waterra FHT-45 high turbidity filter offersthe most surface area available in a capsule designedspecifically for groundwater monitoring.

management with expanded rooting vol-umes for large healthy trees, Silva Cellscreate a unique opportunity for stormwa-ter management and achieving maturetrees in an urban environment.

Eric Keshavarzi, P.Eng., is with R.V. Anderson Associates Limited.

E-mail: [email protected]

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM

T

Td


Plant Management

and the availability of residential andcommercial grade systems. However, thistype of system consumes more energythan the desiccant wheel system.

Desiccant wheel dehumidificationsystems are quite different from refriger-ation systems. Instead of cooling the airto condense moisture, desiccants attractmoisture from the air by creating an areaof low vapor pressure at their surfaces.Pressure exerted by the water in the air ishigher, so the water molecules move fromthe air to the desiccant and the air is de-humidified.

However, the desiccant wheel systemcan be prone to fungus germination whennutrients are present along with conden-sate and frost. It also does not work effec-tively when room temperature is risingdue to sensible heat gain from solarthrough windows, or heat dissipationfrom equipment.

Alternative control using process water

Using process water is an alternativemethod of controlling humidity that re-quires less energy than conventionalmethods. Process water is readily avail-

In most water treatment plants, tem-perature and humidity control iscrucial. When moisture condensesonto cold pipes, valves and pumps,

a number of destructive effects can occur.High humidity can cause metal corro-sion, paint deterioration and failure ofelectrical components. Moist locationsalso act as breeding grounds for bacteria,fungus and molds. To prevent excessivecondensation, a dedicated dehumidifica-tion system is essential.

Typically, water treatment facilities aredesigned to avoid contamination and cor-rosion on the pipe surfaces to protect thepotable water supply. However, the sur-face temperature of the piping may varydepending on water temperature androom condition. Condensation will occurwhenever the surface temperature of thepipe or valve is below the dew point ofthe surrounding air. In general, conden-sation occurs during the spring, summerand fall months. In more humid climates,it may be throughout the year.

Conventional methods to prevent condensation

Two conventional methods can beused to avoid condensation:

1. Insulate all cold surfaces. Coldsurface insulation is a best practice tosave energy. However, inconsistent main-tenance practices can reduce the effec-tiveness of insulation, as it is necessary tokeep and/or replace the insulation on pip-ing and valves to prevent condensationfrom occurring. The payback period forinstallation of insulation is around threeto five years, depending on the amount ofcold surface area.

2. Provide a dehumidification sys-tem. The two types of dehumidificationsystems commonly implemented are re-frigeration and desiccant wheel. Refrig-eration systems consist of a typicalrefrigeration DX cooling coil, compres-sor and condenser. Air is passed throughthe DX cooling coil to reduce air temper-ature below the dew point, in order to re-move moisture from the air and reducehumidity. Refrigeration systems are ini-tially attractive, due to low start-up costs

able in a water treatment plant or pump-ing station. If its temperature remainsfairly steady throughout the year, it canbe utilized for cooling purposes. It is nec-essary to review temperature data of theprocess water to verify that it can main-tain room temperature between 18°C to25°C throughout the year. Process watercan then be reused, provided that refrig-erant materials are totally isolated from itto avoid any chance of contamination.Coil, piping and valve material must alsobe NSF61 certified to meet potable waterstandards.

This approach to condensation controlis far more “green” and sustainable thanconventional methods. It may result inmajor energy savings and a reduced car-bon footprint for two key reasons:

1. There is no potential for condensa-tion if the supply air dew point tempera-ture is maintained below the surfacetemperature of water piping, or other coldsurfaces. Typically, the surface tempera-ture of the water piping stays above 8°Cfor lake water, though this would need tobe confirmed. As indicated by the Phy-

Air handling unit.

“Green” approach to dehumidification inside watertreatment plants By Piyush Patel


May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM

May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:39 PM


chrometric chart, condensation will beautomatically avoided if supply air re-mains below the 8°C dew point. Require-ments for additional insulation or

dehumidification systems are reduced,saving costs and energy.

2. If the system is properly designed,the supply air will absorb heat dissipated

from equipment and gained from thebuilding envelope. In short, it will main-tain room temperature at 18°C, minimiz-ing the need for additional cooling

Case study: Halton RegionR.V. Anderson Associates was re-

tained by Halton Region to design twonew water booster pumping stations forZones 4 and 5. The design utilized the al-ternative dehumidification approach tosave energy and reduce the carbon foot-print, in accordance with the region’scommitment to achieving sustainability.

Air handling units (AHU) at thesepumping stations were designed to useprocess water, running through a coolingcoil, to absorb sensible heat released bythe process equipment, prior to using arefrigeration type cooling and dehumidi-fication system. This approach reducesair temperature and humidity before it en-ters the DX coil, reducing the amount ofactive cooling required.

A water-cooled condenser was builtinto the AHU, instead of an outdoor air-cooled condenser to increase perform-ance efficiency in cold weather. A doublewall cUL listed heat exchanger (suitablefor potable water) was used for the con-denser to maintain double wall separationbetween the refrigerant and water. Thisprotected the water supply and allowedprocess water to be reused.

Only limited outdoor air is required tobe brought in through the intake damperof the AHU to comply with ASHRAEStandard 62.1 and local standards. Thishelps reduce the dehumidification load,further reducing energy requirements.The system was designed so that the tem-perature of the outdoor air and return airmixture will never reach below freezing.Built-in freeze protection controls pro-vide additional safety.

The ultimate energy savings seen atthe booster pumping stations will dependon the amount of heat dissipation and air,solar heat gain, water temperature, airtemperature, and outdoor and indoor at-mospheric conditions.

Piyush Patel, P.Eng., is a LEED Green Associate with

R.V. Anderson Associates Limited. E-mail: [email protected]

The design utilized the alternative dehumidification approach.

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Plant Management

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM

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May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM


Valves

materials. In general, sizes available forbutterfly valves range from 50 mm to1200 mm.

The butterfly valve is considered to bea high recovery valve, since only the discimpedes the valve flow path. The Cv iscomparatively high and pressure dropacross the valve is comparatively low.

Although butterfly valves are econom-ical, they tend to foul up when used onsludges with solids/stringy materials and,therefore, do not handle slurry applica-tions well. Especially vulnerable are thecavities around the disc stem, which canpotentially entrap fluids and slurries. Dueto this, unwanted contamination is possi-ble in slurry services. These valves arenormally not rated as bubble-tight, al-though some high performance butterflyvalves may meet ASME leakage ratings.

2. Gate Valves: Gate valves have awedge or disc that travels up and down toeither block or allow the flow of water.They are mainly used for isolation (shutoff) for wastewater applications. The stemof a gate valve can be either rising or non-rising. Rising stem requires clearanceabove the valve to move up when thevalve is opening. This will provide a vi-sual indication of open/close position. Ifspace is limited (e.g., underground appli-cations) or in areas where safety is a con-cern, a non-rising stem can be used.

In general, gate valves are less expen-sive for smaller size valves (<300 mm).However, larger valves can be costly and

Wastewater treatment plantvalves must be selected tooperate safely, efficiently,and consistently to avoid

unnecessary maintenance. In addition, se-lection should focus on accuracy, repeata-bility, and feedback requirements forautomated control valves. The followingcriteria should always be considered:1. Purpose of the valve: Isolation, orthrottling/modulating.2. Process parameters: Flow, pressure,and temperature.3. Chemical compatibility: Concentra-tion, percentage of solids, media, anddensity.4. Process requirements: Frequencyof operation, allowable leakage rate,cleanliness, available space, and struc-tural considerations.

The common valve types used inwastewater treatment facilities for variousservices (isolation/throttling) are shownin Table 1.

1. Butterfly Valves: Butterfly valveshave a circular disc mounted on a shaft inthe centre of the valve. They are generallyused in wastewater treatment for air sup-ply systems. Butterfly valves are an eco-nomical alternative for larger valve sizes(>200 mm), because of the compact valvedesign, and lighter mass compared toother valves. Furthermore, they have rel-atively high coefficient of flow (Cv),standard face-to-face dimensions, andcan be produced using chemical resistant

require adequate clearance for the valve. 3. Knife Gate Valves: Knife gate

valves are similar to gate valves; however,the knife edge of the gate can cut throughaccumulated solids. Knife gate valves areused in wastewater systems for handlingabrasive slurries or sludge applications.They are available from standard castconfigurations as small as 50 mm to spe-cially fabricated valves up to 1,800 mm.Knife gates for sludge applicationsshould be specified with by-directionalpressure rating, making them suitable forunplugging the pipe lines in either direc-tion.

Knife gate valves can cut throughslurries, scale, and surface build ups.Since they have an unobstructed flowpath, they provide high flow capacity(Cv). They also have small face-to-facedimensions, which assists with weight re-duction of the valve and facilitates pipingdesign.

Knife gate valves are not suitable forrelatively low pressure applications. Twoof the drawbacks are an inability to pro-vide bubble-tight shut-off, and cavity for-mation. Hence, they are not recommendedfor high purity applications.

4. Globe Valves: Globe valves have around body with two cavities separatedby a circular opening that is smaller thanthe pipe size. In general, the sizes avail-able for globe valves are from 50 mm to200 mm. Valve operation is a linear ris-ing-stem, with a multi-turn hand-wheel.

How to select the correct valve for wastewater treatment applications By Jega Jeganathan

Table 1: Valves for Various Services.

Purpose Size Isolation Throttling (mm) (most common) (most common)

Air Services ≤ 50 Ball GlobeAir Services > 50, 75 Ball, Gate GlobeAir Services ≥ 100 Butterfly Butterfly Sludges with Solids/Stringy Materials ≤ 250 Plug or knife gate PlugSludges with Solids/Stringy Materials ≥ 350 Knife Gate Knife GateWater ≤ 50 Ball GlobeWater > 50, 75 Gate GlobeWater with No Stringy Materials ≥ 100 Butterfly Butterfly

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM


Valves

Globe valves can be used for precisethrottling and control services in waste-water treatment applications, since theycan easily be automated and are availablewith positioners, limit switches, and otheraccessories. In general, control valvemanufacturers provide the software forcontrol valve sizing, since it is muchmore complex than isolation sizing.

Globe valves are relatively low Cv,and are unable to handle slurries. Theyare relatively expensive. For these rea-sons, they are not usually specified forcontrol in high purity services or slurryservices. Also, the low Cv causes a rela-tively high pressure drop across the valve.

5. Ball Valves: Ball valves have aball-shaped plug with a hole boredthrough its centre. They are normallyused in chemical applications, and forisolation purposes for air and water atsmaller diameters (<50 mm). They areavailable from service type valves to highperformance valves and readily obtain-able in a wide variety of configurations,such as top entry, end entry, and three-piece. In general, the sizes available arefrom 25 mm to 300 mm.

Some of the pertinent features of ballvalves are ease of operation, high pres-sure and temperature capacities, highflow capacity, and ability to handle severechemicals. Ball valves are also consid-ered as high recovery valves (relativelyhigh Cv,), similar to butterfly valves.

Ball valves are not suitable for slurryapplications. As well, the weight of thelarger size ball valve is much higher thanother similar size valve types.

6. Plug Valves: Plug valves are simi-lar to ball valves. The moving part of aplug valve consists of a tapered plug in-stead of a ball. Plug valves are mainlyused on pipes carrying raw sewage,sludge, and grit. They are also used fordigester gas systems.

Plug valves can seal well and they dohave tight shutoff. However, some plugvalves are made with a reduced portwhich means that the flow passagewaythrough the valve is smaller than the ad-joining pipe’s cross-sectional area. Thisleads to higher pressure drop. Therefore,look for full bore plug valves if you needthem. Plug valves are heavy and requiremore space, but are reliable and durable.

In some cases, plug valves are used forthrottling purposes.

SummaryBased on the application, selection of

the correct type of valve should be car-ried out with the following in mind:• Butterfly valves are high recoveryvalves but not rated as bubble tight. • Gate valves are less expensive forsmaller size valves. • Knife gate valves have the ability to cutthrough slurries and have very low flowresistance. However, they are not suitedfor high purity applications.• Globe valves are good for throttlingpurposes, but have relatively high headloss.• Ball valves allow quick, quarter turn on-off operation but have poor throttlingcharacteristics. • Plug valves can seal well, and they dohave tight shutoff.

Jega Jeganathan, Ph.D., P.Eng., is withthe Municipal Infrastructure GroupLtd. E-mail: [email protected]

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ISU is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer, and we are seeking candidates who share this mission of advancing diversity.

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM

34 | May 2013 Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

Water Metering

was required. Additionally, the open na-ture of the distribution system allowed forwater to flow in either direction in thepipelines. Therefore, bi-directional meter-ing capability was needed.• Startup and calibration assistance.Since the distribution system had no bulkwater metering, nominal flow rates withinthe pipes were unknown. The city neededa partner on this project that would helpit establish initial flow rates and calibra-tion ranges.• Aesthetics of solution. Geneva neededto find a metering solution that maxi-mized siting options. As a scenic, residen-tial community, it had to find locationsfor above-ground meter reading stationsthat were close to primary electrical serv-ice, but would not compromise the aes-thetic appeal of its properties.

The solutionAfter reviewing a number of technol-

ogy options, the Water Works Departmentultimately decided that an electromag-netic flow meter would provide the accu-racy and reliability needed. Differentelectromagnetic technologies were con-sidered, but the department concluded theMcCrometer FPI Mag™ was one that ad-dressed its challenges:• Budget impact. Spool-type electro-magnetic meters would require large

Founded in 1816 and home to7,000 residents, the City ofGeneva, Ohio, is located inAshtabula County, east of

Cleveland, along Lake Erie. Its WaterWorks Department is responsible formanaging a 350,000 gpd drinking wateroperation, which has a unique historyand structure. In 2003, Ashtabula Countybought its water system from a privateutility. It includes booster stations andstorage facilities, but no treatment plants.

The county purchases finished waterfrom the private utility’s treatment plant.In 2004, the city bought its water system,which is a distribution network connectedwithin the county system. This systemhad no bulk metering to measure actualconsumption. The city has been billed byAshtabula County, according to an agreedformula that apportions an amount of theoverall county consumption to the city.

The challengeGeneva’s Water Works Department

determined that eight individual meteringlocations were needed around the city.City management had several primaryconsiderations when selecting a meteringsolution:• Budget impact. As a smaller munici-pality, Geneva has a limited budget. Thiscompels smart investment in affordable,operational efficiency improvements. Se-curing the operational efficiency gainswould depend on finding a very cost-ef-fective solution. Most of the city’s watermains are in the road or right-of-way. Aninstallation solution that could supportthe weight of vehicles was required, sincere-routing pipelines away from traffic wasfinancially unfeasible.• Ease of installation, minimal disrup-tion. Geneva needed flow meters thatcould be installed without the need for aline shutdown. Each of the metering sitesis a connection to a county distributionartery that serves both city and countyconsumers. Shutting down these lines fora meter installation was not acceptable.• Meter performance and bi-direc-tional capability. To meet Geneva’s cost-saving goal, a minimum of 1% accuracy

vaults that would have to be installedaway from traffic because they could notsupport vehicle loading. Re-routing waterlines would greatly increase the cost andimplementation time.

The FPI Mag flow meter’s compactinsertion design is particularly cost-effec-tive for retrofit applications. Geneva usedsmall manholes with “doghouse” cutouts.These manholes are fitted with metalcovers designed to support the load ofresidential traffic. This installation tech-nique avoided the expense and time of re-routing pipelines away from traffic.

This flow meter can also be removedfrom pressurized pipes for easy inspec-tion, cleaning, calibrating or verificationwithout an expensive shutdown andrestart sequence. This minimizes theownership cost.• Ease of installation, minimal disrup-tion. Installation can occur without inter-rupting service, dewatering lines, cuttingpipe or welding flanges.

Geneva spent approximately five daysinstalling each of the eight meters in linesranging from 6 to 16 inches. This in-cluded four days to install the manholesand electrical service to the new, above-ground meter-reading stations. Installa-tion of the FPI Mag full-profile sensorand electronic converter only took a com-

City of Geneva above ground meter reading location.

Full-profile insertion mag meter improves water operations management By Jerry Stultz and Curt Worlund

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM


Water Metering

bined half-day. This included pullingwiring from the sensor to the converter atthe meter-reading station.• Meter performance and bi-direc-tional capability. Accuracy was criticalto meeting Geneva’s primary objective.The FPI Mag delivered on the accuracyrequirements. Its streamlined sensor fea-tures multiple electrodes across the entirepipe diameter. Its highly stable profile

provides accuracy of ± .5% of reading,from 1 to 32 ft/sec velocity range.

Additionally, the availability of the bi-directional model fit the city’s needs, al-lowing it to account for water regardlessof the flow direction in the distributionsystem.• Startup and calibration assistance.Due to the absence of bulk metering,Geneva was unable to provide McCrom-

eter with confident flow ranges for thefactory calibration. Consequently, it usedits NIST-certified, full-flow test facility tocalibrate the units to a reasonable maxi-mum flow velocity for each pipe size,down to a minimum velocity reflectingvery low flows.

Once the meters were installed,Geneva and McCrometer worked to-

FPI Mag installation. FPI Mag flow meter graphic.


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Water Metering

gether to confirm the calibration in thefield, using hydrant flows and individualconsumer readings collected.• Aesthetics of solution. With the FPIMag meters requiring such little installa-tion space, Geneva gained multiple sitingoptions that were aesthetically satisfying.

The resultsThe Geneva Water Works Department

concluded that McCrometer’s FPI Magfull-profile insertion flow meters met itsaccuracy, reliability and bi-directional re-quirements with an installation approachthat satisfied cost, siting and uninter-rupted operation needs.

All eight flow meters were installed inaesthetically pleasing locations, in mini-mal time, with minimum investment andno operational interruptions. They are allcurrently performing successfully, andthe city’s goal of transitioning to actualmetered billing will soon be realized.Geneva anticipates operational cost sav-ings of 8–12% per year, as a direct resultof its investment in the system.

FPI Mag technologyAll magnetic flow meters, including

the FPI Mag, operate under the principle

of Faraday's law of electromagnetic in-duction to measure water velocity. Theprinciple of operation states that a con-ductor, such as water, moving through amagnetic field produces a voltage that isdirectly proportional to the velocity of thewater moving through the field.

The FPI Mag’s multi-electrode sens-ing provides accurate measurement with-out long upstream and downstreamstraight pipe runs. The sensor designcompensates for variable flow profiles,including swirl, turbulence and low-flowconditions. Multiple electrodes placedacross the entire sensor body continu-ously measure and report the averageflow rate over the full pipe diameter forgreater accuracy and repeatability.

Choosing the flow meter best suitedfor an application will result in improvedaccuracy, repeatability, lowered mainte-nance costs, and will promote a long lifefor the flow meter.

Jerry Stultz and Curt Worlund are withMcCrometer. For more information,

visit www.mccrometer.comFPI Mag – pipe cross section graphic.

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 10:15 PM


Cover Story

climate change showed no significantchange in safe yield of the Catawba-Wa-teree River Basin due to the influence ofthe region’s low inflow protocol (LIP).The high impact scenario for climatechange did indicate a measureable changein safe yield for this river basin despitethe influence of the LIP. As such, thisproject illustrates the critical importanceof incorporating potential future climatechange impacts on water supply availabil-ity in multi-use, multi-reservoir systems.

Three climate change scenarios werealso modeled to quantify their impact onsafe yield against baseline operations. Inaddition, each safe yield enhancementstrategy was put through a screening levelanalysis to identify fatal flaws and assessthe feasibility of implementation specifi-cally related to financial/cost issues, en-vironmental/permitting issues, and publicimpacts.

Some general observations made fromthese analyses include the following: • It is critical to understand the opera-tional logic of a multi-use, multi-reservoirsystem, its water use hierarchy, and theimpact of any drought management pro-tocol. • Yield enhancement strategies can

Many areas are struggling tomatch future water de-mand projections with theestimated safe yields of

current water supplies. Even traditionallywater rich areas such as the southeasternUnited States have struggled through re-cent droughts that have spawned newlegislative activity, an increased focus onregional water supply planning, and a re-newed interest in identifying sustainablewater supplies.

In the midst of this heightened focuson water supply, traditional methods andtechniques for determining safe yields arenow under review. These methods rangefrom simple arithmetic spreadsheets tocomplex river basin models with numer-ous input criteria. Further, the potentialimpact of climate change on water supplyavailability has many water utilities fac-ing an uncertain future.

Defining and Enhancing the SafeYield of a Multi-Use Multi-ReservoirWater Supply, the Water Research Foun-dation’s Research Project #4304, focuseson the Catawba-Wateree River Basin inNorth and South Carolina, but the find-ings have wide application well beyondU.S. borders.

To complete this project, the researchteam worked closely with the Catawba-Wateree Water Management Group(CWWMG), WaterRF’s Project AdvisoryCommittee (PAC), and a Technical Advi-sory Panel (TAP) made up of water sup-ply professionals from around the world.

There was great diversity among the20 river systems surveyed as part of thisproject. Some, but not all, have made ef-forts to calculate water (i.e., safe) yield.Significant research and modeling hasbeen completed on potential climatechange impacts to water supplies. Theimpacts of potential future climatechange can have both supply-side and de-mand-side impacts on water availability.

For the purposes of this project, vari-ous existing climate change modelingscenarios were used to test for sensitivityof safe yield to future changes in climate(e.g., precipitation, temperature – evapo-ration, etc.). The low impact scenario for

work to either increase the safe yield of awater supply, or extend the availability ofthe water supply. These strategies mayvary depending on the water supply sys-tem. • Future climate change has the poten-tial for impacts, but some of these im-pacts may be mitigated with an effectivedrought management plan. • Regional collaboration is necessary inmulti-use, multi-reservoir systems to im-plement safe yield enhancement strate-gies and ensure a long-term sustainablewater supply.

This project provides practical guid-ance (i.e., best practices) for identifyingand extending safe yields in multi-use,multi-reservoir water supplies. In partic-ular, this research effort is applicable toall areas where continued populationgrowth and climate change strain limitedwater supplies.

Moreover, this research enables waterresource professionals to streamline thecosts and schedule for defining and ex-tending water availability.

For more information, visit www.waterrf.org

WaterRF releases report on defining and enhancing the safe yield of a multi-use reservoir

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM


Groundwater Management

and final approval of, successful cleanupof the contamination.

For environmental drilling activities, itis important to know and understand thesite facilities, underground utilities, havea work plan or job specification, use ap-plicable standard operating procedures(SOPs). It is possible that the entire proj-ect will be a combination of all SOP con-tributors.

Work plan and worker health and safety plan

As with all drilling and subsurfacecontamination, there is a risk of danger tohuman health and safety. All potential

One of the main goals of envi-ronmental drilling is to pro-tect and restore groundwaterresources.

It is not adequate just to know thatthere is contamination in the subsurface.The contamination type and concentrationmust be specifically identified. Also, theexact vertical and lateral extent of the soiland/or groundwater that has been affected,the type of soil, and the characteristics ofthe groundwater must be determined.

Once a sample is brought to the sur-face, it is best to perform field extraction,extrusion, and preservation, so that whenit arrives at the laboratory, it will not bediminished due to improper preparation,preservation, and/or transport duration.

The main purposes of environmentaldrilling include:• Identify the type, level/concentrationand extent of contaminated soil.• Determine details regarding the subsur-face lithologic condition.• Evaluate if groundwater has been im-pacted, or has the potential to be impactedby contamination.• Sample groundwater and/or installlong-term groundwater monitoring wells.• Successful cleanup/remediation ofcontaminated soil and groundwater.• Site closure – the documentation for,

dangers, conditions, and considerationsmust be identified.

A work/sampling plan should containany prior information that will help inves-tigators. Valuable information could beany history of the site, including thesource and age of release of previous sub-surface contaminants on or adjacent tothe subject site. Proposed soil boring andgroundwater monitoring well locationsshould be included.

The work plan should also include de-tails about overhead and undergroundutilities, along with how to cut concreteor asphalt, the sample collection plan

Environmental drilling made easier with direct pushtechnology By Thomas Dalzell

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May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM


Groundwater Management

(depth, interval, quantity to initially besubmitted, volume for analysis requires,quality control), field monitoring, andlaboratory analysis.

Soil samplingSoil sampling with direct push can ei-

ther be single tube, dual tube, piston sam-pler, telescopic drill and sample, or other,depending on the scope of work and sub-surface conditions.

Direct Push Drilling Technology (di-rect push) allows for a wide variety of di-rect push tooling (DP tooling) andinstrumentation to be advanced into asubsurface lithology. This is conductedusing a combination of the static weightof a direct push rig, hydraulic down pres-sure, and rapid hydraulic hammering.For some direct push instrumentation,such as CPTu, rapid hydraulic hammer-ing is not used.

Groundwater samplingPrior to installation of direct push

wells, groundwater samples can be col-lected through a variety of direct pushtooling. There are several types of re-tractable groundwater samplers for con-taminants dissolved in the upper/highestlevel of the groundwater table. There arealso samplers for determining the condi-tion of the groundwater, when a contam-inant is possibly sinking within it.

If it is not possible or practical tosample through DP tooling, temporarygroundwater monitoring wells can be in-stalled. If a long-term groundwatermonitoring program is needed at thesite, direct push wells can be installed.

Where it is not possible or practical toinstall long-term groundwater monitoringwells, temporary wells can be installed.

Direct push groundwater monitoring wells

Direct push wells are approved andaccepted by regulatory agencies. ASTMInternational has several methods and/orprocedures directly related to their useand installation. The sizes of direct pushwells range from ½” nominal inside di-ameter (ID) to 2” ID. The practical

achievable depth is based on lithologyand the desired well ID size, but in gen-eral, less than 80 feet below ground sur-face (BGS) is the average depth. It ispossible, however, to install direct pushwells over 100 feet BGS.

These wells can be secured exactlylike conventional wells, and developmentof the pre-packed section can be a simplesurging. They can be used to calculategradient magnitude and direction. A va-riety of small diameter instrumentationcan take depth measurements accurately,measure useful parameters, and collectsamples.

Once a subject site has been properlycharacterized, a precise and strategic re-medial investigation can be conducted.Depending on the contaminant type, sub-

surface lithology, and applicable regula-tory requirements, a remedial action plancan be drafted, based on the initial site in-vestigation alone. If a pilot study needsto be conducted to determine the radiusof influence for a particular remedial ac-tion, is can also be conducted with a di-rect push drill rig.

Once a remedial action has beencompleted, verification borings can bequickly and accurately conducted with adirect push rig to confirm the success of

cleanup, or if additional remedial activ-ities need to be conducted to clean thesite up.

ConclusionIn general, the only limitations are in-

efficiency in direct push activities atdepths greater than 100 feet BGS, andlithology. Direct push should not be usedin bedrock and other consolidated sub-surface lithologic formations.

Ultimately, the entire project is con-ducted to represent actual subsurfaceconditions in order to provide data to de-velop a remediation strategy. Lack ofproper preparation and planning leads topoor performance.

Thomas D. Dalzell is with AMS Inc. E-mail:[email protected]

There are several types of retractable groundwater samplers for contaminants dissolved in the upper/highest level of

the groundwater table.

May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:39 PM


Stormwater Treatment

expected to increase treatment efficacy.• Allow for more detention within apond that has been modified to drawdown its level between rain events. Beingable to do this will allow pond owners tomeet volume reduction goals that are be-coming the regulatory norm.

To test whether FTWs provide a ben-efit for nutrient and total suspendedsolids (TSS) removal, two ponds inDurham, North Carolina, were moni-tored, pre- and post-FTW installation.The first, the DOT pond, had 9% of itssurface area covered, while the second,the Museum pond, had 18% coverage. Atleast 16 storm events were sampled fromeach pond in each period.

FTWs improved performance of bothponds, with the Museum pond having sta-tistically significant improvement forboth total phosphorus (TP) and TSS.Fraction of coverage appears to be an im-portant variable. Root length was approx-imately two feet below the pond surface,which has the benefit of reducing watervelocity and increasing sedimentation.

A very small fraction of N and P wasalso taken up by the plants. Mean effluentconcentrations of total nitrogen (TN)

Floating treatment wetlands(FTWs) have significantly re-duced nutrient and solids levelsin stormwater ponds and have

been approved as stormwater best man-agement practices (BMPs) in several ju-risdictions.

They have been shown to enhancecontaminant removal in stormwaterponds in studies by Floating Island Inter-national (FII) and other researchers, andusers are now given a numeric credit fortheir removal. FTWs can significantlyimprove runoff water quality and reduceits environmental impact.

BioHavens® are passive islands con-sisting of post-industrial polymer fibresand foam for flotation, and vegetated withnative plants. BioHavens and naturalfloating islands are essentially biofilm re-actors with plants. Plant roots hang be-neath the floating island and provide alarge surface area for biofilm growth,which forms an important part of thetreatment reactor.

Studies have shown that approxi-mately 80% of an island’s nutrient cyclingability comes from biofilms, while plants,although they are the most visible com-ponent of an island, are responsible foronly about 20%.

Case study: North CarolinaAn independent research project con-

ducted for the North Carolina Departmentof Environment and Natural Resources(NCDENR) directly compared contami-nant removal from ponds with and with-out FTWs. The BioHaven FTWs used inthis study mimic and enhance the abilityof natural wetlands to clean water bybringing a “concentrated wetland effect”to stormwater ponds. FTWs are an attrac-tive retrofit to “wet ponds” (those that per-manently contain water) because they:• Do not require earthmoving.• Eliminate the need for additional landto be dedicated to treatment.• Float, so they will not add to the stor-age volume required for wet ponds.• Allow for a smaller detention basin/wetpond BMP footprint.• Increase plant survivability, which is

were reduced at one pond from 1.05mg/L to 0.61 mg/L. Mean TP effluentconcentrations were reduced at bothponds (0.17 mg/L to 0.12 mg/L at theDOT pond, 0.11 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L at theMuseum pond). Post-retrofit concentra-tions are similar to those observed forbioretention cells in other studies.

Importantly, both the pre- and post-FTW retrofit ponds performed well froma pollutant removal perspective. The Mu-seum pond had extremely low TN efflu-ent concentrations (0.41 mg/L and 0.43mg/L) during the pre- and post-FTWretrofit periods, respectively. Both pondsregularly exceeded the assigned NC-DENR pollutant removal credits for TN,TP and TSS, as hoped. The final projectreport recommended offering additionalcredits, when FTWs are incorporated atvarious levels.

Removal results for the DOT pond(large pond, 9% coverage) for nitrate, TN,TP and TSS are shown in Figure 1 forpre-FTW and post-FTW conditions. Re-moval improved with FTWs for all pa-rameters except TSS. This was likely dueto factors other than the FTW. Removalresults for the Museum pond (small pond,

DOT pond with mature FTWs (photo by Rob Crook, FISE).

Floating treatment wetlands improve stormwaterquality By Mark Reinsel

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM



18% coverage) are shown in Figure 2.With higher coverage, removal withFTWs was much higher for all parame-ters except nitrate. FTWs improved re-moval of TP and TSS to a statisticallysignificant degree.

Case study: Montana In November 2008, the City of

Billings, Montana, constructed a pond totreat a portion of stormwater discharging

from Metra Park, a 174-acre drainagearea dominated by light industrial andcommercial properties. A large BioHavenFTW was installed in the Metra pondshortly after its construction, along witha smaller FTW in the preceding channel.

The FTW was installed in late 2008and planted with native grasses and othervegetation in early 2009. This vegetationbecame established in 2009 and 2010.

Billings has an arid climate, so stormwa-ter flow occurs infrequently. Three sam-ples taken in 2009 showed little removalof the eight contaminants measured.However, two samples taken in late 2010and early 2011, after the FTW vegetationhad matured, showed dramatic contami-nant reductions between the stormwaterpond inlet and outlet.

Figure 1. DOT pond results. Figure 2. Museum pond results.


May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM



Metra stormwater pond with FTW, June 2011 (photo by FII).

The FTW installed in the Metra Parkstormwater pond has very effectively re-moved the eight contaminants monitored.Removal percentages from the last twosampling events range from 63% to 98%.The FTW’s effectiveness substantially

improved after its vegetation had maturedfor two growing seasons. The extendedroot system likely provided more surfacearea for TSS removal and biofilm growth.The large jump in treatment effectivenessfrom the first year of operation shows the

effect of the FTW, compared to the pondby itself.

Stormwater treatment reviewAn extensive literature review of FTW

effectiveness in treating stormwater waspublished by Headley and Tanner in2012. Their conclusion was that FTWsoffer potential advantages for treatinghighly variable flow rates and concentra-tions encountered with stormwater. Ad-vantages include the ability of FTWs totolerate widely fluctuating water levelsand the large surface area provided by theFTW structure and plant roots for attach-ment of microbial biofilm, which willperform the bulk of the contaminant re-duction.

Although they note that further studiesare needed to confirm the effectivenessof FTWs treating stormwater at full scale,the authors provide data from mesocosm(experimental water enclosure) and pilotstudies, showing substantial removal oforganics, suspended solids, nutrients andmetals

Similar to the NCDENR study, a con-trolled experiment in New Zealand exam-ined the effect of retrofitting an FTW to

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a stormwater pond. The study differedfrom the one in North Carolina in thattwo parallel ponds were studied (one withan FTW and one without), rather thancomparing data from the same pond be-fore and after FTW installation.

It showed that the FTW pond removed41% more TSS than the “control” pond,with 40% higher removal of particulatezinc and 39% higher removal of particu-late copper. All these differences werestatistically significant. Metal particulateremoval is likely associated with TSS re-moval.

Best management practice statusIn Florida, FTWs that cover more than

5% of the surface area of a wet pond nowreceive an additional 12% “credit” for TNand TP reduction. This means wet pondsreceive an additional credit of 12% to-wards their watershed nonpoint sourcereduction goals.

In June 2013, FTWs will be formallyrecognized by NCDENR as an approvedBMP. The North Carolina numbers arenot official until the announcement ismade. However, Floating Island Interna-tional anticipates that adding a BioHaven,covering less than 17% of the surfacearea of a wet pond, will receive an addi-tional 5% credit for TN and TP reduction.Wet ponds with BioHavens that covermore than 17% surface area will earn anadditional 10% credit. These credits arein addition to the 25% credit that properlyconstructed wet ponds currently earn inNorth Carolina.

In 2011, the Chesapeake Bay Pro-gram’s Urban Stormwater Workgroup ini-tiated four independent research effortswith leading universities to assess FTWsas a watershed water quality managementtool. At the workgroup’s July 2012 ses-sion, research results were presented and

the group recognized FTWs as an ap-proved BMP. A subgroup was formed toassign rates or credits later in 2013.

Most recently, the City of Philadelphiarecognized FTWs as an approved BMPand added FTWs to its best managementpractice website.

Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. is with Apex Engineering, PLLC. E-mail:

[email protected]

Table 1. Average removal rates for FTWs.

Parameter Removal rate Areal (g/m2/day) Volume (g/m3/day)

BOD 7.3 16.9

Ammonia-N 1.0 3.1

Total N 1.3 3.7

Total P 0.3 0.9

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May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM


Groundwater Protection

organic carbon as an energy source) orautotrophic (derive energy from inorganicmaterial). In each case, an electron donoris required to complete the oxidation-re-duction reaction. The transport of organicmatter through soils is largely governedby diffusion. However, its diffusive rate isless rapid than oxygen, nitrate and nitrousoxide. As such, there tends to be consid-erable spatial variability in undisturbedsoils. This is because denitrification tendsto occur in concentrated areas, where ox-idisable organic matter is readily availableand primarily controlled by the availabil-

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs)have been shown to be lowmaintenance, cost-effective op-tions to reduce concentrations of

dissolved phase nitrates or other contam-inants in groundwater. A PRB designedto remove nitrates through the denitrifi-cation process is often referred to as adenitrification wall. Recently, a clientneeded to prevent a groundwater nitrateplume from reaching sensitive offsite re-ceptors, while not disrupting site opera-tions. After a detailed site assessment anda cost-benefit analysis of all feasible re-medial and risk management options byPinter & Associates Ltd., design and in-stallation of a PRB was undertaken.

The PRB (or denitrification wall) wasconstructed in Northern Alberta clayswith hydraulic conductivity values of be-tween 10-6 to 10-8 m/s. Pre-constructionassessments consisted of a detailed PhaseII environmental site assessment, includ-ing delineation of both soil and ground-water nitrate impacts. Results from thepre-construction assessments indicatedgroundwater nitrate concentrations ashigh as 1,350 mg/L.

The effectiveness of the PRB wasevaluated by Pinter using groundwatersampling transects established up-gradi-ent, within, and down-gradient of thePRB. Short term results indicate an aver-age 99% reduction of nitrate concentra-tions within the PRB, when compared toconcentrations immediately upstream.

Denitrification is a multi-step processinvolving bacteria to reduce nitrogen ox-ides (nitrite, NO3 and NO2) under anaer-obic conditions to their gaseous oxideforms (nitric oxide NO and nitrous oxideN2O) and finally to inert nitrogen gas(N2). In essence, oxygen in the nitrogenoxides serves as a supplement source formicrobial respiratory function, once thedissolved oxygen in the groundwater hasbeen depleted (NO3 → NO2 → NO →N2O → N2).

There are several variations of denitri-fying bacteria, which contribute to the re-duction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Theyare classified as either heterotrophic (use

ity of nitrates and the absence of oxygen. Historically, denitrification walls have

been constructed of a mixture of an or-ganic carbon source with native soils.Horizontally flowing groundwater passesthrough the carbon source within thePRB, promoting the denitrificationprocess. Recent studies have primarily fo-cused on evaluating the effectiveness ofvarious carbon sources and their abilityto reduce nitrate concentrations over sev-eral years. Laboratory studies have ex-plored a variety of carbon sources,including wood chips, soybean oil, corn-

In situ treatment of a high nitrate loaded ground-water plume using a large-scale denitrification wall By Ryan Riess, Matthew Hiltz and Michael Edmonds

From June 4-8, 2012, Pinter oversaw construction of the denitrification wall,along the south end of the property.

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM



stalks, cardboard fibers, coconut coir,bamboo powder, charcoal, alfalfa, com-post, newspaper, sawdust, and wheatstraw. Field studies have been aimed atmore practical applications to analyzewood chips and sawdust, which are read-ily available, fit within economic con-straints of large scale projects and havebeen proven to provide a stable long-termsource of carbon. Field studies haveshown wood chips still promoting deni-trification, decades after installation.

A key aspect to optimal operation ofa PRB is to ensure hydraulic conductivityafter construction is greater than that ofthe surrounding aquifer. If hydraulic con-ductivity is observed to be lower, the pos-sibility exists that groundwater will flowunder or around the PRB, defeating thepurpose of the installation.

Environmental factors and PRB design

The study was undertaken on a fertil-izer distribution facility in Alberta. An-nual precipitation in the region isgenerally within 400-450 mm, with typi-cal seasonal temperatures between -25and 25 degrees Celsius. The site has beenin operation since 1978 and has experi-enced an accumulation of nitrate levels inthe shallow groundwater table of up to1,350 mg/L. The areal extent of the ni-trate plume was determined through col-lecting groundwater samples, from anestablished groundwater monitoring wellnetwork on the site and adjacent propertyto the south.

Soil electrical conductivity (EC) wasmeasured at 28 locations over a grid pat-tern, utilizing a direct push rig fitted withan electrical conductivity probe. Soilsamples were collected at multiple lateral

and vertical points at each location, to en-sure a complete representation of ECranges. EC data was shown to be a usefulmethod for estimating nitrate concentra-tions in soils.

From June 4-8, 2012, Pinter oversawconstruction of the denitrification wall,along the south end of the property deter-mined to be down gradient of the nitrateplume. Excavated soil was mixed with500m3 of 100% pine shavings (50% pinevol.) and placed into a 120m x 4m deep

Groundwater sampling transects.


May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM


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x 2m wide trench. The amount of pineshavings used was determined through amass balance, for a 30 year design life forthe denitrification wall. The location forthe PRB was based on the presence of anaturally occurring drainage ditch. Sur-face water was allowed to accumulateover the surface of the PRB, to aid in re-ducing oxygen diffusion within the wall.

A monitoring well network comprisedof three transects was established west,center and east along the denitrificationwall. Each transect consists of wells up-stream, within and downstream of thedenitrification wall. The wells were con-structed of 50 mm diameter, schedule 40,polyvinyl chloride (PVC) threaded cas-ing. The screened portion consisted of

0.25 mm slotted PVC casing installed atdepths between 1 to 4 metres belowground level (mbgl). This meant that theywere installed within the shallow aquifer,typically encountered at a depth of lessthan 2 mbgl.

Groundwater monitoring programswere completed at one, 5, 12, and 21 weekspost construction. Samples were analyzedby a third party accredited laboratory fornitrate, nitrite, dissolved organic carbon, al-kalinity and sulphate. Static groundwaterelevations were measured using a HeronSm.OIL oil/water interface meter. Ground-water flow direction was determinedthrough vector maps and groundwater andtopography elevation data inputs. Averagegroundwater temperature over the sam-pling period was 12.2 °C.

ResultsField data indicated migration of the

dissolved phase nitrate plume is southward.Hydraulic conductivity values within thePRB were higher on average compared tothe undisturbed areas surrounding it.Therefore, groundwater should flowthrough the PRB without restrictions.

Nitrate removal expressed as a per-

Nitrate plume prior to PRB.

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centage was greater than 99% in the No-vember monitoring event. Nitrate re-moval within a PRB is based on thedifference between the upstream nitratevalue and the value within the PRB. Up-stream nitrate values averaged 612 mg/L,while values within the PRB were lessthan 1 mg/L.

Although a decreasing trend in nitrate

concentrations in downstream wells is an-ticipated, it has not yet been apparent.Horizontal groundwater velocities in thearea of the PRB are approximately 3m/year. This means reductions within thedownstream wells were not expecteduntil at least one year after construction.Downstream wells are approximatelythree metres south of wells within the

Four months after construction.PRB area after construction.

PRB. Early results suggest that the PRBis effectively removing nitrates from in-coming groundwater.

Ryan Riess and Matthew Hiltz are with Pinter & Associates.

Michael Edmonds is with Viterra Inc.For more information,



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May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM


Odour Control

carbon adsorption, masking, ozonationand plasma treatment. Biofiltration grewrapidly with the introduction of advancedmedia and system designs.

Common applications include sewagetreatment, solid waste management, petfood production, animal byproducts ren-dering, tobacco processing, etc. Biofiltra-tion is also used for the treatment ofvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) pres-ent in industrial exhausts from automo-tive manufacturing, petroleum refining,wood processing and other manufactur-ing facilities.

Media is the heart of a biofilter, as itprovides a favourable environment formicrobial growth. Important features of agood biofiltration media include readilyavailable nutrient content, adsorption ca-pacity, buffer action and porosity to retainmoisture. In addition, the media shouldhave high specific surface area, and lowpressure drop, and should be structurallystable.

Organic media such as bark and com-post replaced soil in early biofilters. Al-though organic media continues to beused in many installations, disadvantagesinclude long residence times, resulting inlarge biofilters. The media can settle overtime, requiring replacement every two tofour years. Settling often leads to unevenair distribution and poor treatment effi-

Disposal of solid wastes con-tinues to pose significantchallenges in large urbancentres. As landfills run out

of capacity, and finding locations for newones becomes difficult, focus has shiftedto reduction, source separation, recyclingand new methods of treatment and dis-posal.

Meanwhile, municipalities are strivingto meet waste diversion goals defined byprovincial governments. Thermal oxida-tion is not considered to be waste diver-sion under these objectives, so greentechnologies are being used for the treat-ment of the organic fraction of solidwastes.

Most large urban centres in Canadaseparate food and other organic wastes atsource. This stream is called source-seg-regated organics, or SSO. They must befurther processed prior to reuse or dis-posal, and composting is a commonmethod of converting these into soil.

Anaerobic digestion is also gaining in-creasing acceptance, as it producesmethane gas as a byproduct. Digestedsolids then have a reduced level of organ-ics, and composting for final stabilizationbecomes simpler. In either case, odoursare created throughout this cycle andneed to be treated prior to discharge.

Advanced biofiltration technologiesand systems are now available for treat-ment of odours at organics managementfacilities.

Biofiltration and biofiltersBiofiltration is a process in which air-

borne contaminants are oxidized by mi-croorganisms grown on a solid media intoharmless and odourless byproducts. Itwas first used more than 50 years ago forsewage odour control by passing odorousair through open soil beds, which wereapproximately one metre deep. The airwas pre-humidified and periodic irriga-tion of the biofilter was provided to main-tain optimum moisture level.

These early biofilters demonstratedsignificant cost and environmental bene-fits over physical-chemical technologies,such as chemical scrubbing, activated

ciency with aging.Biorem was the first company to in-

troduce an inorganic media, Biosorbens®,to the North American market. Over 500biofilters now use this media throughoutthe world. Biosorbens almost halved thetime required for treatment of odoursfrom sewage plant exhausts over organicmedia. It also made it possible to buildvery large systems, with capacities ties ashigh as 500,000 m3/h. More recently,Biorem introduced XLD, a media tar-geted for sewage and sludge odours thatfurther reduces residence time by a factorof two over Biosorbens. Key to this per-formance is its shape, size, surface areaand superior coating.

A broad range of microorganisms areinvolved in the treatment of odorous con-taminants. Chemi-autotrophic bacteriause energy from the oxidation of hydro-gen sulphide for growth, while operatingat pH of 1.5–2, They produce sulphuricacid as a byproduct. Heterotrophic bacte-ria oxidize VOCs and organic sulphurcompounds at, or near, neutral pH condi-tions to carbon dioxide, salts and water.Fungi are particularly suited to VOC re-duction in open biological systems, andare present in well-functioning biofilters.

Figure 1 shows thriving microbiologyon the surface of a highly efficientBiosorbens media biofilter in a compost-

Figure 1. Thriving microbiology in a Biosorbens media biofilter.

Advanced odour control for organics managementfacilities

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:42 PM


Odour Control

ing application. It consists of a diversemicrobial consortium, with a preponder-ance of bacteria and fungi. Typically, abiofilter is inoculated by compost orsewage sludge, but a “designer” inocu-lum can be used for air streams with dif-ficult-to-oxidize contaminants.

Dufferin SSO Anaerobic Digestion Facility

The City of Toronto’s Dufferin Anaer-

obic Digestion Facility is a city-owned,contractor-operated SSO treatment facil-ity. It was designed in 1997 as a mixedwaste and SSO processing research facil-ity and was commissioned in 2002. Initialcapacity was 25,000 tonnes per year (tpy)SSO. It was upgraded to 55,000 tpy in2012 by adding a digester and ancillaryequipment. The organic media biofilterwas replaced with a Biosorbens biofilter

to handle a greater volume of air. SSO is preprocessed by hydro-pulp-

ing. Light and heavy inert fractions areseparated and sent for disposal. Pulp istransferred to one of the two anaerobicdigesters, where most of the organic mat-ter is converted to methane and carbondioxide. Residual sludge, called diges-tate, is then sent to a different location for

The Dufferin facility with anaerobic digesters in the fore-ground and biofilter/stack in the background.

Decommissioned organic biofilters with new Biosorbensbiofilters in the background at Dufferin Facility.


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May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:39 PM


Odour Control

composting. The anaerobic digestionprocess is mesophilic, with a residencetime of 16 days. Digesters are loaded onweekdays and are continuously mixed.

Biogas is flared, but different optionsfor its utilization include generation ofpower and heat, and conversion to

pipeline-quality gas for fueling garbagecollection vehicles.

The facility is located in a denselypopulated area with the nearest residentsabout 100 metres away. Therefore, greatcare is taken to prevent the escape ofodours from buildings and equipment.

All odour sources such as waste receivingand processing are enclosed, and vesselshandling odorous materials are sealed.Partitions and doors are used to separatebuilding areas to minimize cross-drafts.Dedicated ventilation pickups are pro-vided at odour release points, such as themain feed conveyer, pulper, digestate de-watering, digester solids loading and thecoarse contaminant residue compactor.

To contain odours further while keep-ing the volume of air low, air is collectedunder suction from the enclosed processtrain and ducted to the biofilter in a 2-meter diameter duct.

Initial installation consisted of an or-ganic media biofilter. Due to space re-quirements for capacity expansion, aninorganic filter using Biosorbens mediawas selected.

This biofilter is designed to treat45,000 m3/h of air. Incoming air containsprimarily volatile organic compoundswith small concentrations of reduced sul-phur compounds and is first humidified.The biofilter consists of two cells, each14 m long and 10 m wide, with a mediadepth of more than 1.8 m. Irrigation is

The two biofilter cell and exhaust system at Dufferin facility.

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Odour Control

performed daily to maintain media mois-ture content within an optimum range. Atwo meter diameter, 100 m high exhauststack is used for final air dispersion.

The biofilter started operation in early2012. Due to the adsorptive capacity ofBiosorbens, odour remediation was im-mediate. Treatment efficiency improvedover the first month of operation, as bio-mass grew on the media. The biofilterwas designed to achieve odour concen-trations of less than 1,500 odour units/m3

(ou/m3) at design flow. Tests conducted by Pinchin Environ-

mental on August 4, 2012, measured arange of 410–532 ou/m3 in the exhaust,indicating that the biofilter was perform-ing better than design. With the aid offinal dispersion in the stack, the systemcontinues to achieve an odour-free envi-ronment in the vicinity.

Biorem has also installed its odourcontrol systems at a number of SSO fa-cilities to help achieve odour free envi-ronment. Dispersion modeling usingAermod software is used for evaluatingsystem design parameters and for opti-mizing stack design. Typically, the sys-tems are designed for an exhaust odourconcentration of less than 1500 ou/m3 toachieve MOE criterion of 1 ou/m3 atpoints of impingement.

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Industry-led electronicwaste stewardship plan approved by Newfound-

land and Labrador

The Multi-Materials StewardshipBoard announced today approval of anindustry-led electronic waste steward-ship plan for the management of cer-tain e-wastes in Newfoundland andLabrador. The plan is set to launch onAugust 1, 2013, and will divert itemssuch as computers, televisions, DVDplayers, printers and other types of e-waste from the province’s landfills.

The electronic waste recycling pro-gram will allow residents, businessesand governments of all levels to prop-erly manage their e-waste and advancethe province a step forward in achiev-ing the 50 per cent goal of waste re-duction in the provincial wastemanagement strategy. It is estimatedthat more than 2,600 tonnes of e-wasteis generated annually in Newfound-land and Labrador. This program willsee manufacturers take responsibilityfor their products, manage the end-of-life disposal and take an active role inwaste diversion in the province.

The approved plan was submitted

by Electronic Products Recycling As-sociation, an electronics industry or-ganization that currently is operationalin six provinces across Canada.

SK buys 2.3 million trees to renew forests

The Saskatchewan Ministry of Envi-ronment has signed a contract with aSaskatchewan nursery to grow andstore 2.3 million tree seedlings, whichwill be planted in 2014 to renew theprovince’s publicly owned forests. PRTGrowing Services will grow the pineand spruce seedlings this year andstore them for the winter. The ministrybuys trees from PRT each year undera long-term agreement. The value ofthis year's contract is $975,000.

In Saskatchewan, forest companiesmust renew all of the areas they har-vest, under current licence agree-ments. The province’s renewalprogram addresses harvesting that isoutside the areas covered by theseagreements or that predates them. Theprovincial government has plantedabout 168 million trees since 1939 torenew provincial forests.

www.gov.sk.ca

May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:39 PM

A diverse range of case histories and new developments is reviewed in ES&E’sES&E’s

semi-annual look at tanks, containment systems and spill management.


A historical perspective on the steel and fabricationindustries By John R. Curry

fine grain properties. Fine grain steel iseasy to cut, form, and weld. These prop-erties, along with the higher tensilestrength, have made A-516-70 the steel ofchoice for carbon steel pressure vesselstoday.

Fabrication methods in the PostWorld War II era

A century ago, welding, as we knowit, had not yet been developed. Greatstructures, such as the Eiffel Tower andgiant steamships, were held together withrivets. Arc welding was developed in the1930s and was in wide use in World WarII. With a very few exceptions, all largediameter pressure vessels manufacturedtoday are made using flat plates, rollformed into cylinders or shell cans andwelded together.

The metal fabrication industry in theUnited States reached its zenith during thelate 1970s. The third world was not yet athreat to the supremacy of the Americangrip on the world’s fabrication needs. Thecompany I founded grew from 6,900 ft.²and 15 shop employees in 1973 to over40,000 ft.² and 90 shop employees by1980. Expansion was the rule of the day.

The bust of the 1980sThe pendulum began to swing in the

early 1980s. Business was booming in

Steels of the late 19th centuryand early 20th century were notwhat we have in use today.Early steels were simply molten

iron with a small amount of carbonmelted in the heat. Hence the term car-bon steels. The carbon gave the steelstrength, hardness, and the ability tostand stresses. However, it also gave thesteel a course grain structure and, withtoo much carbon, a brittleness.

Early steels contained impurities, suchas sulfur and phosphorus that adversely af-fected the quality of the finished product.

Prior to World War II, two major steelswere used in pressure vessels. The firstwas A-285C, a 55,000 psi tensile steel,that was easy to weld and fairly “soft” tofabricate. Forming was easy and this steelfound wide use in the industry. The otherwas A-212B Firebox, a 70,000 psi tensilesteel with a course grain structure andhigh hardness. It had the tendency to suf-fer brittle fracture in thicker materialsduring severe service.

Both of these steels were essentiallyreplaced by A-516-70 in the mid-1960s.A-516-70 is a fine grain, 70,000-psi ten-sile steel that is silicon-killed in the ladle.The addition of a small amount of siliconduring the melting process promotes the

1981, but the signs of a major downturnwere beginning to show up. Inventorieswere growing. Lead times were dropping.An economic correction was at hand.Major contractions in the demand for allthings associated with oilfield productionand supply rapidly spread through the in-dustry in the early 1980s. The recovery and decline of the 1990s

In the early 1990s, conditions withinthe industry were favorable. New refineryand chemical plant expansions and off-shore production platform work grewsteadily. The remainder of the fabricationindustry began to recover from the bustof the previous decade. The industry wasin good health until 1998, when a declinein the price of crude oil took its toll onthe construction budgets of the major oilcompanies.

Strong growth from 2004-2008The year 2004 saw a dramatic re-

bound in the fabrication industry due toseveral factors. The first was an ever-in-creasing price for crude oil, due mainlyto greatly increased consumption inChina and India. The second was a 104%increase in the price of steel. This too wasfueled by demand from China. World-wide steel production had flattened out.The cruel steel market of the last few

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:43 PM


Rolls of sheet steel.

years had done things that no one wouldhave ever considered possible twentyyears ago.

Bethlehem Steel is no more andUnited States Steel no longer makes plateof any kind. It sold its last plate mill tothe International Steel Group (ISG) inearly 2003 in exchange for a sheet mill.ISG was purchased by Mittal, Inc. whichbecame Archelor Mittal, the largest steelmill in the nation. As the price of crudeoil climbed to $147.00 per barrel in July2008, the industry boomed.

The fabrication industry prospereddue to ever higher energy prices. The col-lapse in late 2008 was not felt by manyfabricators in the industry because ofstrong backlogs going into 2009. By theend of 2009, a bust was in full swing.There were some strong contractionswithin the industry, but most fabricatorsweathered the storm. By mid 2010, crudewas once more climbing and generatingever stronger business.

Metal fabrication1. Field fabrication and construc-

tion. Fifty years ago, any vessel or tanklarger than 12’ 0” in diameter was consid-ered to be a field erection and construc-tion job. Most highways, bridges, andunderpasses were not designed for the

movement of large, heavy objects. For aprocess column 14’ 0’’ or larger in diame-ter, the approach was to roll the plates inarc segments and assemble the vessel inthe field just like a jigsaw puzzle. Sincelabor was still relatively inexpensive, ver-sus steel, this was a cost-effective ap-proach to constructing a large vessel.

As field labor became ever more ex-pensive, larger and larger vessels beganto be manufactured in vessel shops. Shoplabor rates are much cheaper than fieldconstruction rates and shop fabrication isnot subject to weather related delays.

2. Sheet metal fabrication. Sheetmetal fabrication is generally a precisionoperation using press brakes, roll form-ing, punching, plasma burning, and lasercutting tools. Typically, sheet metal shopswork to a maximum thickness of .250’’ orless. It is a rare sheet metal shop that doesASME Code fabrication.

3. Structural fabrication. This in-cludes skids, various structures madefrom beams, channels, angles and laddersand platforms. Generally, the labor ratesin a structural shop are less than a vesselshop. Therefore, ladders and platformsare subcontracted to structural shops.

4. Atmospheric tanks. The steel tankindustry builds non-pressure, non-ASME

Code, flat or cone bottom or top tanks.Typically, the thicknesses are .375’’ or lessand the tanks are made with commercialquality steels, such as A-36. The laborrates in this industry are much less than apressure vessel shop.

5. Pressure vessel and exchangers.The pressure vessel industry manufac-tures almost all of their products asASME Code items, designed andstamped to the ASME Boiler and Pres-sure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div. 1.Their principal pieces of equipment areplate-forming rolls, vessel turning rolls,and heavy welding machines and ma-chine tools in exchanger shops.

6. Fabricated piping. The pipe shopsemploy the most highly skilled and expen-sive welders. Pipe shops have jigs and fix-tures and use a wide variety of weldingprocesses. Their work is generally moreprecise and subject to tighter tolerancesthan vessel shops. Most of their work ispipe size up to 24’’ diameter, and 100% ra-diography of their welds is often required.

John R. Curry is a pressure vessel, steel fabrication industry and

metallurgical expert, with almost 50 years experience. E-mail:

[email protected]

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:43 PM


microns submerged membranes providea real physical barrier by removing allparticulate suspended solids and mi-crobes. The membranes are made of poly-thersulfone with module sizes from 50 to400 m2.

A containerized wastewater treatmentsystem integrating this technology wasproduced for the Labrador mining site inSeptember 2011, and installed and com-missioned in January 2012. The plant ismodular and includes all associated an-cillary equipment, such as primary de-canter, equalization tank and phosphateprecipitation system. All these compo-nents are placed in an insulated andheated 40-ft high cube container.

The system is pre-assembled, pre-piped and pre-tested to allow “plug andplay” installation. It is designed to allowmodular expandability and includes acomplete remote monitoring program,ensured by telemetry software and PLCcontrol panels. The plant meets effluentdischarge criteria required by the New-foundland and Labrador Regulation(Schedule “A”).

Acontainerized membrane bio-reactor recently installed at aremote mining site inLabrador has achieved supe-

rior treatment of industrial wastewater.Implemented rapidly without major in-stallation work, the system can treat lowor high-strength wastewater. It has a smallfootprint, only needs to be connected to apower supply to initiate wastewater treat-ment, and has been operated for over oneyear now, with an average flow rate of 62m³/d.

System installation involved waste-water characterization, startup, operationand evaluation of the effluent quality ac-cording to the local water reuse standards.Average removal efficiencies were 98%BOD5, 99% TSS, 85% ammonia, 99.9%total phosphorus and 100% fecal col-iforms.

Results show that effluent quality com-plied with most national and internationalreuse criteria. However, some modifica-tions are needed to optimize removal effi-ciency, especially for simultaneous organicmatter and nutrient removal. Further inves-tigations into long-term monitoring arenecessary.

System detailsThe Ecoprocess™ MBR combines the

use of biological process and membranetechnology to treat wastewater. After thesoluble biodegradable matter is removedthrough a biological process, the biomassformed needs to be separated from theliquid stream to produce the required ef-fluent quality.

In conventional processes, a second-ary settling tank is used for such solid/liq-uid separation and this clarification isoften the limiting factor in effluent qual-ity. With the MBR ultrafiltration, 0.04

The containerized Ecoprocess MBRwas selected because of its small foot-print and ability to treat wastewater tovery high levels. In 2013, a second sys-tem was added to accommodate increas-ing site population.

Operation and discussionIn the Ecoprocess MBR, formation of

biofilm layer at the membrane surface en-hances oxygen mass transfer. Periodicmembrane backwashes and air scouringare employed to control biofilm accumu-lation and maintain steady-state condi-tions. Excessive biofilm accumulation canresult in transport limitation of oxygen andnutrients, plugging of membrane pores,decline in biomass activity, metabolite ac-cumulation deep within the biofilm, andchannelling of flow in the bioreactor.

Backwashing successfully removesmost of the reversible fouling, due to poreblocking, transports it back into the biore-actor, and partially dislodges loosely at-tached sludge cake from the membranesurface. Key parameters in the design ofbackwashing are frequency, duration, theratio between those two parameters, and

A containerized wastewater treatment system integrating this technology wasproduced for the Labrador mining site.

Containerized MBR treats wastewater at a remote mine By Mohamad Ghosn

Parameters/effluent criteria (mg/L) Ecoprocess MBR Schedule A

BOD5 <2 20 TSS <5 30 Nitrogen (ammoniacal) <2 2 Total phosphorus <0.4 1 Fecal coliforms (CFU/100ml) <1 1,000

Table 1. Ecoprocess MBR performance vs. Schedule A criteria.

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:43 PM


its intensity. Different combinations ofthese parameters have proved to be moreefficient in different installations.

Since the Ecoprocess MBR was oper-ated at high SRTs, high biomass concen-trations were maintained in the bioreactor.Consequently, higher-strength wastewatercan be treated and lower biomass yieldsare realized.

The system has three operatingmodes: E (Economic mode), Cycle1(Normal mode) and Cycle 2 (Acceleratedmode), producing rates of 0, 15 and 25L/m2.h respectively. The key flux ratesthat determine the number of membranesrequired are associated with peak flowrates. The MBR was operated with mixedliquor suspended solid (MLSS) concen-trations of more than 8,000 mg/L, andoften in the range of 10,000 mg/L. As afirst approach, bio-augmentation wasused for the startup period, providing aMLSS concentration of 2,000 mg/L. Nobiomass was removed from the reactorsfor the first three months of operation.

Fouling on the surface of the mem-brane sheet and the frame module is con-trolled through tangential flow along themembrane surface by fine air scouring.The trans-membrane pressure differenceis provided by the water head above themembrane.

BOD5 and TSS were almost com-pletely removed in the reactors and the

average BOD5 and TSS concentrations inthe effluent were 4 and 2 mg/L, which isthe lowest detection level. An averageNH3 removal efficiency of 85% was at-

Figure 1. Effluent characteristic profile. Results shown were obtained at wastewater temperature below 10°C. Two mechanical failures that temporarilystopped the system are responsible for the loss of nitrification shown in thisFigure.

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tained and total phosphorus was almostcompletely removed with coagulant ad-dition. No fecal coliforms were detectedin the effluent, which is a good indicationof system performance.

This study indicates that the sub-merged MBR is suitable for wastewatertreatment at mining worker camps. Theycan be satisfactorily operated under localconditions with low and high influentpollutant concentrations that can rangefrom 100 to 600 mg/L of BOD5. It is nec-essary to provide satisfactory permeatequality for different reuse options. In ac-cordance with the results, treated watercan be adequately reused for toilet-flush-ing as well as cleaning and irrigation pur-poses.

The system requires operational opti-mization for better water permeate quality,especially for ammonia removal. It is rec-ommended that various cycle schedule ad-justments be examined in a further studyto reach sufficient nitrification levels.

Mohamad Ghosn, P.Eng, is with Premier Tech Aqua. E-mail:

[email protected]

May2013_ES&E_Final_2010 13-05-30 8:39 PM

tank with a mildly sloped base slab, pres-sure-relief valves (PRVs) installed in thebase slab, perimeter subdrains connectedto manholes, and a granular drainagelayer placed underneath the slab.

As the liquid level in the tank wasbeing lowered for regular maintenance,hydrostatic uplift pressure on the under-side of the base slab (due to the surround-ing groundwater) exceeded the weight ofthe slab and the water remaining insidethe tank. As a result, the slab heaved byover 400 mm.

The first issue was that the mid-floorPRVs failed to function as intended. Theyshould have prevented differential pres-sure from building up as the liquid levelwas being lowered. During previous tankmaintenance, the PRVs were functionaland no damage occurred. However, thefilter fabric surrounding each valve hadbecome clogged, preventing the free pas-sage of water into the tank. This was de-spite significant hydrostatic pressureunderneath the base slab.

The second issue was that, prior topumping down the liquid in the tank, fa-cility operators did not check the ground-water elevation or lower it to a safeelevation. Had this been done, the failuremight not have occurred.

Another failure happened to a tankthat was constructed with PRVs, butno subdrains or any mechanism to

Concrete tanks are commonlyused in water and wastewatertreatment plants and reser-voirs. Depending on process

requirements and site considerations, theymay be fully or partially buried, coveredor uncovered, and frequently have bothfull and empty liquid levels throughoutoperation. An individual tank can be usedfor storage, aeration, filtration, clarifica-tion, digestion, sludge holding, or one ofmany other treatment stages.

Buried concrete tanks can be damagedby groundwater-generated buoyancy force.Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by afluid that acts on an immersed object. Overtwo millennia ago, Archimedes of Syra-cuse developed the Archimedes Principle,which states, “any object, wholly or par-tially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up bya force equal to the weight of the fluid dis-placed by the object.”

A buried tank can fail due to the buoy-ancy force, when the groundwater exertsmore pressure upward on the undersideof the base slab than can be counteracteddownward by any of the following: • The self-weight of the tank.• The weight of soil supported by the tank. • The weight of any liquid in the tank at the time of failure.• Any additional groundwater mitigation system, or GMS.

There are two commonly encounteredfailure mechanisms for buried tanks dueto the groundwater-generated buoyancyforce: structural failure of the base slab,and complete tank flotation. For one ofthese to occur, either the effects ofgroundwater were not properly quantifiedor part of the groundwater GMS failed.

It is important for designers, contrac-tors, owners and operators to understandthe buoyancy force. Otherwise, costly andinconvenient repairs may be required dur-ing the construction, or design life, of anyburied tank.

Recent tank failuresThere have been several tank failures

in the past few years. One example was aburied, open-topped, circular concrete

check/lower groundwater elevation. Inthis case, the PRVs were installed incor-rectly by being cemented shut with aconcrete floor topping. During the firstdewatering for maintenance, the baseslab heaved. In addition, facility opera-tors were not aware of the dangers ofgroundwater and had not taken any pre-cautions when draining the tank.

Basics of groundwater mitigation systems

Buried concrete tanks are susceptibleto structural failure when being drainedand subjected to a high groundwatertable. This is despite having a GMS in-corporated into the design. The ground-water table does not have to be very highto cause structural failure. Ultimately, anytank can fail if the GMS has been im-properly designed, installed, operatedand/or maintained.

The designer should choose a suitableGMS that meets the needs of the clientand carries a minimal risk against failure.It is the responsibility of the contractor toinstall the system properly and ensurethat it is functional during commission-ing. It is the responsibility of the own-ers/operators to be aware of, activelyoperate, and maintain the systems as re-quired.

Listed below are five GMSs com-monly used to help alleviate buoyancyforce. They differ in initial capital cost,


Beware of buried tank buoyancyBy Mark Bruder

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:43 PM


simplicity of installation, lifecycle func-tionality and risk of failure.

Tank dead weightThe tank dead weight can be increased

by thickening the base slab and/or walls.This downward permanent dead weightdirectly counteracts the upward buoyancyforce.

Pros: Full restraint against flotationcan be achieved. No maintenance or ac-tive operation by plant staff is required.The system is simple to design and con-struct.

Con: This approach can be uneco-nomical if the slab/wall thicknesses be-come excessive.

Soil on the toes Additional dead weight can be found

within the wedge of soil that is supportedon the toes of the base slab. The wider thetoe, the larger the soil wedge that be-comes activated when subjected to uplift.

Pros: Full restraint against flotationcan be achieved. No maintenance or ac-tive operation by plant staff is required.The system is simple to design and con-struct.

Cons: This can be uneconomical if the

toe width becomes excessive due to in-creased excavation volume. The excava-tion method, type of backfill, andproximity to existing structure must beconsidered prior to construction. The baseslab must be capable of spanning the tank.

SubdrainsSubdrains can be installed around the

perimeter of the tank walls, or underneaththe base slab. Typically, the walls arebackfilled with free-draining granularmaterial. Subdrains are wrapped with fil-ter fabric (to prevent fine soil particlesfrom clogging the perforated pipe), and adrainage layer may be installed under-neath the base slab. The subdrains are tiedinto a manhole, so the groundwater tablecan be monitored and lowered to any el-evation by pumping.

Pros: This is effective at lowering thegroundwater table. Installation is straight-forward and not overly expensive.

Cons: The system requires activemonitoring, operation and cleaning. Fa-cility operators may rely too heavily onthe continued performance of the system.Settlement of nearby structure may occur

Buried concrete tanks are susceptibleto structural failure when beingdrained and subjected to a highgroundwater table.


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when the groundwater table is lowered.This approach may not be practical forsites with a very high groundwater table.

Pressure-relief valvesPRVs can be installed in the base slab

or walls depending on the process re-quirements and structural design. Thevalves open one-way into the tank whenthe pressure outside is greater than thepressure inside. As water slowly seepsinto the tank, groundwater pressure is al-leviated.

Pros: This system is effective at alle-viating groundwater pressure, and ishighly economical.

Cons: It requires occasional cleaningto prevent blockage. If not properly in-stalled, content of the tank may leak out.The PRVs may not be able to fully drainthe tank, when the groundwater elevationbalances inside the tank.

AnchorsAnchors can be installed to fully re-

strain the tank. Options include screwpiles that activate a wedge of soil, rockanchors that mechanically grip a rocklayer below, and caissons that rely ondead weight. A successful design in-cludes economic pile spacing and aproper connection to the base slab.

Pros: Full restraint against flotationcan be achieved. No maintenance or ac-tive operation by plant staff is required.The anchors are simple to design andconstruct.

Cons: This can be uneconomical with-out an optimized design, or if costly ex-tras arise during construction. It is not anoption for sites with unfavourable soiltypes.

Installation and operationFor a GMS to function, all components

must be properly designed, installed, op-erated and maintained. The system is onlyas strong as its weakest link. Typically, itcosts far more to repair a tank after it hasfailed, than to spend time and money dur-ing the design or construction phases toimplement a suitable GMS.

Components that require active oper-

ation and/or maintenance by plant staffinclude subdrains, manholes, pumps andPRVs. When a tank needs cleaning andmust be emptied, plant staff should firstcheck the groundwater elevation in themanhole. If it is too high, then a pump islowered into the manhole. By means ofthe free-draining granular backfill and/orbase slab drainage layer, water travelsthrough the subdrains into the manholeand is pumped away. Eventually, ground-water elevation is brought down to a safelevel. Occasionally, PRVs require clean-ing to ensure they are not clogged. Anycomponent that requires active operationor maintenance includes a life cycle costand increased risk of failure.

Avoiding structural failures defini-tively and economically has no all-inclu-sive answer. All available mitigationsystems should be considered for each in-dividual tank design and site-specificconditions. This can ensure optimal per-formance, without excessive capital orlife cycle costs.

Mark Bruder, P.Eng., is with R.V. Anderson Associates Ltd.


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May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:43 PM


• Construction of a rainwater and meltwater diversion ditch around the ETMA(completed).• Installation of a trial permeable reactivebarrier to treat contaminated groundwater(completed).• Revegetation trials (completed).• A review of options for covering thetailings.• Installation of an engineered wetland toremove contaminants from the ETMArunoff (ongoing).

Capping the siteOne of the primary purposes of an en-

gineered capping system is to preventrainwater incursion into the polluted soilzone. Soil-only caps are permeable to liq-uid and subject to erosion. Clay-only capscan crack and create channels for infiltra-tion and polluted runoff.

Because of this, geotechnical engi-neers incorporate geosynthetic technolo-gies in a capping system to greatlyimprove barrier properties, provide long-term security, and reduce the requiredthickness of the system. The latter also re-duces cost, heavy truck and equipmentusage/pollution, and site labour time.

The engineering firm Arcadis provideda multi-layer design for containing thesite’s polluted soils, including the installa-tion of geomembrane, geosynthetic clayliner (GCL), and geotextile. This combi-nation of materials provides a strong bar-rier to liquids. The high-swelling bentoniteclay within the GCL “self-seals” when hy-drated, providing defense against potentialpunctures in the system

The geotextile provides protection forthe geomembrane and provides filtrationand soil separation characteristics withinthe cap and additional frictional strength,for slope security.

To construct the cap’s geosynthetic lay-ers, the general contractor Hazco (Tervita)worked closely with Titan EnvironmentalContainment, which is certified by the In-ternational Association of GeosyntheticInstallers (IAGI).

Geosynthetic installations, particularlywhen they involve barrier systems, areoften very sensitive. Each product is en-

Mining is a vital activity formodern life. The metals,minerals, and other rawmaterials extracted enable

the production of the goods each of usutilizes directly and indirectly on a dailybasis. But the legacy of mining, particu-larly for those that were started before theadvent of today’s containment materials,can present very difficult environmentalchallenges.

Remediation of Farley Mine at LynnLake, Manitoba, provides an example ofhow geosynthetic systems are being usedin larger geotechnical work to properlycap old mines.

Originally developed as a nickel mine,the Farley Mine began production in 1953and deposited tailings in an unlined zone,now referred to as the East Tailings Man-agement Area (ETMA). After 1976, thenickel operation was expanded, with themill also producing zinc, copper and goldat various times. This went on under themanagement of different operators until2002, when mining ceased.

The former tailings cells, area soils andgroundwater were evaluated from 2001 to2006, after which, in coordination with themining firm Viridian, Inc. (a subsidiary ofAgrium Corp), a remediation scheme, in-cluding funding, was developed for properclosure of the ETMA land.

Rehabilitation of the ETMA has beendirected by the Province of Manitoba’sOrphaned/Abandoned Mine Site Reha-bilitation Program. Launched in 2000, theprogram has identified 149 former minesites as orphaned or abandoned. Five ofthese sites have been listed as “high-pri-ority.” The former Farley Mine site inLynn Lake is one of them.

Seeking closureMore than 550 acres of tailings (to-

taling 25 million tons) have been identi-fied for rehabilitation, with an overallinvestment of $25 - $60 million neededthrough 2016. This is roughly divided50/50 between the province and the min-ing company.

Major geotechnical and environmentalengineering work includes:

gineered to perform specific functionsand care must be taken to ensure that it ishandled and installed very carefully. In thecase of geomembranes, this is vitally im-portant. Geomembranes provide an ex-ceptional barrier against liquid migration.They must not be damaged—or if dam-aged, left unrepaired—during installation.Improper handling may lead to leakage,and require expensive corrective action.

Seams between the geomembranepanels must also be tight to prevent leak-age. High-density polyethylene (HDPE)geomembranes, such as those used inLynn Lake, are known for their durabilityin aggressive environments and long-termperformance. HDPE is the most commonmembrane used in critical waste manage-ment and highly sensitive applications.However, HDPE is a more rigid geomem-brane, which means its panels must bewelded in the field, rather than pre-fabri-cated into large flexible panels in the con-trolled environment of a factory.

Titan’s team installed 749,000 m2 of60-mil textured HDPE from GSE Envi-ronmental and 720,000 ft.2 of BEN-TOMAT® CL geosynthetic clay linerfrom CETCO. In addition to thegeomembrane’s heightened chemical re-sistance and endurance characteristics,texturing on the geomembrane providesincreased resistance to friction. To furtheremphasize the site’s security concerns,the GCL specified is a reinforced mate-rial, consisting of a layer of sodium ben-tonite between two geotextiles. These areneedle punched together and laminatedwith a thin flexible membrane liner foradditional liquid/gas barrier properties.

Bringing it all together was challeng-ing in Lynn Lake’s remote, windy anddusty environment. With the geomem-brane, great care needed to be taken tokeep the seams clean during welding, sothat firm bonds could be achieved be-tween the panels.

For more information, visit www.titanenviro.ca. Chris Kelsey

writes for Geosynthetica.net. E-mail: [email protected]

Geosynthetics used to help properly close Manitoba’s Farley Mine By Titan Environmental Containment and Chris Kelsey

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:43 PM


a critical issue. Aqua-Guard’s RBS TRITON™ oil

skimming technology won the 2012 In-novation Award from the North Vancou-ver Chamber of Commerce. It was also a

With more and more oil ex-ploration, production andrefining, the need toclean large volumes of

water in the event of a spill has become

finalist in the Innovation category at the2013 Offshore Support Journal Awards inLondon, UK.

With oil recovery efficiency of up to98% oil and only 2% water, its rotatingbrush skimming system with patented oilrecovery and removal technology hasbeen proven in thousands of applicationsof recovering light to extremely heavyoils such as diluted bitumen (dilbit).

The firm’s oil skimming systems havebeen used in 104 countries around theworld in situations requiring the removalof surface oil from ponds and API sepa-rators, as well as in oil spill response op-erations in locations onshore, near shoreand offshore. They were used by BurrardClean Operations (now WCMRC), to re-cover heavy dilbit from Burrard Inlet,during a pipeline spill in 2007.

Each system consists of a floating oilskimmer head, powered hydraulicallyfrom an external diesel/hydraulic ordiesel electric power system. Heavy-dutylobe pumping systems are mounted oneach oil skimmer head and are able totransfer large volumes of light to ex-tremely heavy oil products.

RBS TRITON 35 and 60 modelskimmers are effective at recovering oilin industrial processes. At the Chevronrefinery in Vancouver, they have been op-erating constantly for the past five years,with very little maintenance. Installed inthe primary API separator basins, they re-

BC firm honoured for its oil recovery systems

The stricken Costa Concordia.

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:43 PM

move most surface oil and, in turn, pumpit back for reprocessing. This not only hasfinancial benefits for the customer, butalso has a positive impact on the environ-ment by reducing the hydrocarbon con-tent of effluent wastewaters.

Larger RBS TRITON 150 systems arealso being used extensively to recoversurface oil from large oil ponds in theMiddle East, Venezuela, Panama, Cubaand Northern Canada. These skimmingsystems are able to recover large amountsof ultra heavy oil, which can be reclaimedby the oil company.

Even larger RBS TRITON URO 300and URO 600 systems are designedspecifically for the offshore support ves-sel (OSV) market. These massive systemsare mounted onboard the OSVs and areused to recover high volumes of oil in theevent of a major offshore spill, such as theBP Horizon Macondo spill in the Gulf ofMexico in 2010. Aqua-Guard now has a

fleet of these URO offshore systems onstandby in Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil,Japan and Korea. These machines havethe highest oil recovery capacity in exis-tence and are able to recover up to 600m3/hour, according to Aqua-Guard.

At the Costa Concordia cruise shipgrounding in Italy in 2012, Aqua-Guard’sRBS TRITON 300 skimmers were onstandby and ready to intervene in theevent of an oil spill.

More recently, RBS TRITON 150 sys-tems were used extensively to recover1,850 m3 of oil over a 10-day period (120m3/h oil) at a pipeline spill of heavy oil inPanama. The internal pumping systemsalso transferred the heavy oil an addi-tional 140 metres to storage tanks.

For more information, visit www.aquaguard.com


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Denso

Proven worldwidefor well over 100years, DensoPetrolatum Tapesoffer the best,most economical,

long-term corrosion protection for allabove and below ground metal surfaces.Requiring only minimum surface prepa-ration and environmentally responsible,Denso Petrolatum Tape is the solution toyour corrosion problems in any corro-sive environment. For applications inmines, mills, refineries, steel mills, pulp& paper, oil & gas, and the waterworksindustry. The answer is Denso!Tel: 416-291-3435, Fax: 416-291-0898E-mail: [email protected]: www.densona.com

Denso Petrolatum Tapes

Duperon

The Duperon®FlexRake® FPFSmodel features Thru-Bar™ technology,which ensures scrap-ers fully penetratebars and eliminatesthe issues of wrap-ping and clinging de-bris. Energy-efficientoperating speed of .5rpm; discharges onceper minute to reducehead loss and slot ve-locity.

Tel: 800-383-8479, Fax: 989-754-2175E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.duperon.com

Innovative bar sceen

Memosenssensor tech-nology andthe new digi-tal Liquilineplatformmake "plug& play" on-line analyzers

and samplers a true reality. Modular de-sign allows for any combination of in-puts (DO, TSS, pH, conductivity,chlorine, nitrate, Ion Selective and blan-ket level). All are easily customized toyour specific process. E-mail: [email protected]: www.ca.endress.com/analysis

New Liquiline CM44x

Endress+Hauser Canada

Improve terti-ary effluentquality by50% or morewith “Mi-crofiber” PileCloth Media.OptiFiber

PES-14® Microfiber cloth filtrationmedia is engineered to remove sus-pended solids, turbidity and fine parti-cles up to 50% better than other filters ormicroscreens. Microfiber cloth media isproven to reduce total phosphorus to 0.1mg/l or less.

Tel: 905-856-1414Web: www.envirocan.ca

Filtration media

EnvirocanEndress+Hauser Canada

The new combined pH/ORP electrodes,Memosens CPS16D, CPS76D andCPS96D from Endress+Hauser, nowmake customers’ processes even moretransparent. Two parameters measured atthe same time or alternatively - pH plusextra sensor check - don’t leave room forinterpretation. And for the first time, onesingle sensor is able to deliver the rH-value! E-mail: [email protected]: www.ca.endress.com/memosens

Combination pH/ORP electrodes

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Process mixing system

The HYDRAULIXmixing systems featurea unique double nozzledesign which allows foreven energy distribu-tion. This process opti-mizes solids suspensionand contact to promoteefficiency in a widerange of wastewaterand bio-fuels applica-tions.E-mail:[email protected]:www.greatario.com

Greatario Engineered Storage Systems

With no down time and no pipe cutting,accurately measure flow from the out-side of metal or plastic pipes. The newGreyline TTFM 1.0 Transit Time Flowmeter includes clamp-on ultrasonictransducers for easy flow measurementof liquids, including water, oils andchemicals.Tel: 888-473-9546, Fax: 613-938-4857E-mail: [email protected]: www.greyline.com

Ultrasonic flow meter

Hanson Pipe & Precast

C303 Bar-wrapped pipe combines thephysical strength of steel with the struc-tural and protective properties of highstrength cement mortar. C303 consists ofa steel cylinder, steel joint rings, a ce-ment mortar lining, reinforcing steel bar,and a cement mortar coating. The pipe ismanufactured in accordance withAWWA C303 Standard; Tel: 888-497-7660, Fax: 905-640-5154Web: www.hansonpressurepipe.com

Huber Technology

The Huber RoFAS Septage ReceivingStation is designed to handle environ-ments that would cause standard septagereceiving stations to fail. It easily han-dles large rocks and debris and protectsheadworks from unpredictable septage.Its design allows for rapid offloading oftanker trucks.Tel: 704-990-2055, Fax: 704-949-1020E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.huberforum.net/rofas

Septage receiving station

Hoskin Scientific

Indachem

Utilizing 150 plus years of combined ex-perience selling, designing, manufactur-ing, installing and servicing onsitehypochlorite generation equipment, theteam at PSI have implemented innova-tions to ensure equipment reliabilitymatches the operational benefits ofswitching to a MicrOclor On-SiteHypochlorite Generation system.MicrOclor is distributed in Ontario byIndachem Inc. Tel: 416-743-3751Web: www.indachem.com

Hypochlorite generationequipment

H2Flow

H2Flow offersPinnacle’s revo-lutionary Zenithozone systems,producing up to600 lbs/day (5%wt.) per unit.With their highlyefficient design,they can be

turned up/down for 100% dosage vari-ability. They are built with solid compo-nents, are rugged, proven, extremelycompact, and water cooled, with noyearly maintenance.Tel: 905-660-9775, Fax: 905-660-9744E-mail: [email protected]: www.h2flow.com

Ozone systems

Huber Technology

The Strainpress® Inline Sludge Screenfrom Huber Technology is designed toeffectively screen sludge in pressurizedlines. Reduces maintenance costs andincreases the operating reliability ofdownstream sludge treatment systems.The Strainpress is precision manufac-tured of stainless steel. There are morethan 700 installations. E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.huberforum.net/ESE

Sludge screen

The Son Tek-IQ Series was developedfor use in irrigation canals, culverts,pipes, rivers and streams. It can collectflow and volume data in as little as 8 cm(3 in) of water. It offers 4-Beam velocitymeasurement, easy installation and inte-gration and total volume data.Tel: 604-872-7894, Fax: 604-872-0281E-mail: [email protected]: www.hoskin.ca

Hoskin Scientific

Greyline

Flow measurement systemWater temperature data logger

The tiny TidbiT v2 from Onset has 12-bit resolution and a precision sensor for±0.2 °C accuracy over a wide tempera-ture range. The rugged TidbiT is water-proof to 300m (1,000 ft). Data readout isavailable in less than 30 seconds via theOptic USB interface.Tel: 604-872-7894, Fax: 604-872-0281E-mail: [email protected]: www.hoskin.ca

Wrapped concrete cylinder pipe

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Kusters Water

The ACAT screw press is now availablein Canada, the US and Mexico, exclu-sively through Kusters Water, a divisionof Kusters Zima Corporation. It is an ef-ficient and reliable way of dewateringsludge. The slow rotational speed, lowmaintenance, low noise level and lowenergy consumption are significant ad-vantages over other technologies. Tel: 864-576-0660Web: www.kusterswater.com

Screw press

KSB Pumps

KSB haslaunched the lat-est generation ofits popularEtanorm series.

With more than 1.5 million units soldsince 1936, it is a best-selling standard-ized water pump. Offering improved ef-ficiency, the 2013 Etanorm line-upcomes in 43 different pump sizes withmany optional material and impellerchoices. Matching size and featuresclosely to application requirements en-sures long service life and economicalpump operation.Tel: 905-568-9200E-mail: [email protected]: www.ksb.ca

New versions of an oldfavourite

IPEX Management

New technical reference blog

IPEX has launched ABetterSewer.com,a new blog for wastewater engineers,designers and operators. It will covertechnical issues related to drop struc-tures, sewer hydraulics and odor control,and will inform on technology and opin-ions of industry experts with a specificfocus upon the Vortex Flow Solution. Tel: 905-403-0264E-mail: [email protected]: www.abettersewer.com

Wastewater pumpstations are facingan influx of sewerclogging rags anddebris, so JWC En-vironmental engi-neers developed abreakthrough verti-cal Auger Monster®screening system tofit inside crampedpump stations andprovide complete

pump protection.Tel: 800-331-2277, Fax: 949-833-8858E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.jwce.com

Screening system

JWC Environmental

Interpreter register

Master Meter'sInterpreter Regis-ter System, basedon proven Dia-log® 3G technol-ogy, is a universalAMR upgradethat replaces theexisting register

on almost any brand of meter in min-utes, without service interruption. It de-livers AMR technology without wires orconnections.Tel: 514-795-1535E-mail: [email protected]: www.mastermeter.com

Master Meter

Ultrasonic meter

Octave® offers the latest in ultrasonicmetering technology and is anexcellentalternative to mechanical compound,single-jet, and turbine meters with nomoving parts. Octave excels at maintain-ing sustained accuracy for the life of themeter while providing smart AMRcapabilities.Tel: 514-795-1535E-mail: [email protected]: www.mastermeter.com

Master Meter MSU Mississauga

MSU MG Safety Hatches set the standard in Canada for fall-through protection. They withstand pedestrian and occasional traffic loads. With single,double and multi-door configurations inaluminum and stainless steel, they aremade in Canada. Tel: 800-268-5336, Fax: 888-220-2213 E-mail: [email protected]: www.msumississauga.com

Safety hatches

The NETZSCHTORNADO® posi-tive displacement,self priming, valve-less pumps, offerhigh performance

and are selected and configured for therequirements of each application. Theyare designed for intermittent or continu-ous operation, provide gentle pumpingof the pumped product and are ideallysuited for transfer, process and dosingapplications. There are highly abrasionresistant and replaceable protectionplates on both faces of the housing. Tel: 705-797-8426, Fax: 705-797-8427E-mail: [email protected]: www.netzsch.ca

Rotary lobe pump

NETZSCH Canada Inc.

Hi-Tech/Kusters Wateroffers a com-plete line ofDissolved AirFlotation unitsfor use in mu-

nicipal and industrial wastewater appli-cations. Each DAF mechanism isequipped with the necessary pressuriza-tion and recycle components requiredfor efficient and effective separation ofsuspended solids, fats, oil and grease.Tanks are offered in either circular orrectangular configurations.Tel: 205-987-8976, Fax: 205-987-8996E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.kusterswater.com

Dissolved air flotation

Kusters Water

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Noble

Noble is one of Ontario’s largest suppli-ers of pipe, valves, fittings and acces-sories for the wastewater and watertreatment industries. The Noble Advan-tage:• 40 branches in Ontario• 200 delivery trucks• 500,000 sq. ft. distribution centre• Pipe cutting & grooving servicesTel: 800-529-9805Web: www.noble.ca

Equipment supplier

ORIVAL

Orival’s Automatic Self-Cleaning WaterFilters are simple to install. They provideuninterrupted downstream flow whilecleaning themselves only when needed,based on a pressure differential betweenthe inlet and outlet. With models from¾” to 24” and filtration degrees from 5to 3,000 microns, Orival filters are avail-able in many configurations and con-struction materials.Tel: 800-567-9767E-mail: [email protected]: www.orival.com

Water filters

The Enviro-Gard Micro-cystins PlateKit is a quanti-tative labora-tory test forthe detectionof micro-

cystins residues in water. The Enviro-Gard Microcystins Plate Kit is calibratedwith a non-toxic microcystins-LR surro-gate at levels equivalent to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4,0.56, 0.8 and 1.6 ppb microcystins-LR.

Tel: 800-560-4402, Fax: 877-820-9667E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ospreyscientific.com

Microcystins detection

Osprey Scientific

Praher’s K6PVC WaferCheck Valve isengineeredand moldedwith improvedhinge andspring design.It is rated to150 psi. Thedisc design isnew, with con-

ical sealing surface for highest reliabilityand maximum operating cycles. Sizesrange from 2” to 8”. Tel: 705-720-2753, Fax: 705-725-0444E-mail: [email protected]: www.prahervalves.com

Check valves

Praher Valves

Flow meter

ProMinent Fluid Controls

DulcoFlow® flowmeter is based onthe ultrasonicmeasurementmethod. Opera-tion withoutmoving partsguarantees a long

service life and wear-free operation. Itsmeasurement range is between 0.1 and50 litres per hour. A unique feature isthat, for the first time, pulsed flow andthe amount of liquid which has beendispensed by each pump stroke can bereliably and precisely measured andmonitored.Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca

ProMinent Fluid Controls

Metering pump

The award-winning delta® with optoDrive®

provides di-verse controland operatingcapabilities ina capacity

range of 7.5 - 75 l/h, 362 psi - 29 psi.The delta from ProMinent has many ad-vanced features: pulsed or continuousdosing; automatic detection of airlock,low pressure and high pressure; and anautomatic degassing option.Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca/delta

Schneider Electric

Solution architecture

Schneider Electric is the only global spe-cialist providing EcoStruxure, an inte-grated systems architecture unifyingprocess management, energy manage-ment and security management for waterand wastewater. Our solutions can saveup to 30% in operating and design costs.Tel: 800-565-6699E-mail: [email protected]: www.schneider-electric.com

Schonstedt Instrument Company

Schonstedt’s new MPC Kit (Multi-Pur-pose Combo) replaces the discontinuedMAC-51BX and includes both a GA-92XT magnetic locator and an XT-PC pipeand cable locator. These locators are themost portable, versatile, and accurateway to find it all underground.Tel: 800-999-8280, Fax: 304-725-1095E-mail: [email protected]: www.schonstedt.com

Underground locators Automation solution

The simple combi-nation design ofthe Smart ServoPackage allows foran extremely highlevel of flexibilitywith various ex-tension products,which can be op-

tionally combined to meet the require-ments of the application, communicationand automation structure.Tel: 905-791-1553E-mail: [email protected]: www.sew-eurodrive.ca

SEW-Eurodrive

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Grit removal system

Smith & Loveless

PISTA®Works™ is a packaged all inone headworks and grit removalscheme, offering a compact footprintand speedy/efficient installation. Thesystem features a fully automated con-trol system, an integrated screening sys-tem for solids retention, a PISTA® GritConcentrator, a PISTA® TURBO™ GritWasher and a PISTA® 360™ GritChamber.Tel: 913-888-5201, Fax: 913-888-2173E-mail: [email protected]: www.smithandloveless.com

Obtain discrete zone groundwater datausing a Solinst CMT® Multilevel Sys-tem. Inexpensive and easy to install, de-sign flexibility allows port locations andmonitoring strategy to be finalized righton site. Monitor up to seven zones inone well; three in the 1.1" diameter sys-tem. Tel: 905-873-2255, Fax: 905-873-1992E-mail: [email protected]: www.solinst.com

Flexible multilevel monitoring

Solinst Waterloo Barrier

Waterloo Barrier is alow permeability cutoffwall for groundwatercontainment and con-trol. It is a new design ofsteel sheet piling, fea-turing joints that can besealed after the sheets

have been driven into the ground, andwas developed by researchers at the Uni-versity of Waterloo. It has patent/patentpending status in several countries.Canadian Metal Rolling Mills assisted indeveloping the product. Tel: 519-856-1352, Fax: 519-856-0759 E-mail: [email protected]: www. waterloo-barrier.com

Controlling contaminated groundwater

The portable,electrically oper-ated Hydrolifthas been one ofthe most popularmechanical actu-ators for the Wa-terra InertialPump, and we'vebeen working tomake it better.

Today, the improved Hydrolift is moredurable and easier to use and most im-portantly, more affordable than ever.

Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

New and Improved Hydrolift

Waterra Pumps

The Waterra Inertial Pumping System isthe most widely used pump for monitor-ing wells in Canada. For developing,purging and sampling — nothing elsecomes close. Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

Inertial pumping system

Waterra Pumps

The Waterra Clear PVC EcoBailer andWeighted Polyethylene EcoBailer areboth eco-friendly products. A betterweight distribution allows these bailersto sink straighter, and the efficient valvedesign makes them the fastest sinkingbailers available.Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

PVC or Polyethylene

Waterra Pumps

The EcoPlug™ offers the latest in wellplug design and is the only well capmade from recycled materials. If you'relooking for a durable, tamper-proof wellcap that will withstand repeated use (andabuse) over many years, the EcoPlug isan excellent fit for your requirements.This well cap is available for 3/4", 1", 2"and 4" monitoring wells. Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

EcoPlug Wellcaps

Waterra Pumps Xylem

Xylem’sWEDECO EC-ORAY® ultravi-olet lamps offersignificant sav-ings in opera-tion and lifecycle costs. The UV lamps incorporate anew long-life coating and improvedoverall stability and performance. Aninnovative gas and amalgam mixture inthe lamp utilizes up to 80 percent lessmercury. Corresponding electronic bal-last cards have been fine-tuned to thespecific requirements of ECORAY lampaging characteristics.Tel: 514-695-0100, Fax: 514-697-0602Web: www.xylemwatersolutions.com/ca

Amalgam UV lamps

Xylem

WEDECO Ozone Generators fromXylem eliminate pollutants, colouredsubstances, odours and micro-organismswithout creating harmful byproducts.They are compact in design to reduceoverall footprint, and provide reducedenergy consumption per unit of ozoneproduction.Tel: 514-695-0100, Fax: 514-697-0602Web: www.xylemwatersolutions.com/ca

Chemical-free water treatment

May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:44 PM


Montreal faces its largestboil water advisory

Over one million Montrealers were af-fected by a 36 hour boil-water advisory,issued by the city last month after an inci-dent at its Atwater water filtration plant.

The boil-water advisory applied tomost of Montreal Island and is believed tobe the largest one in recent history. Resi-dents were advised to boil their water forat least a minute, or to use bottled water.They were also asked to avoid brushingtheir teeth with tap water. However, tapwater could still be used to wash dishes,take a shower or wash clothes.

The 95 year old Atwater plant has beenundergoing extensive renovations. Reportson the incident stated that water levelswere periodically lowered in the plant’smain treated water reservoir during therenovations. On this occasion, the waterlevel went far lower that it was supposedto and the reservoir was almost emptied.This stirred up sediments deposited on thebottom of the reservoir, which were thenpumped into the distribution system.

Sometime after this happened, a num-ber of residents reported brownish watercoming from their taps. Though the waterin question was filtered and disinfectedwith chlorine, it was feared the sedimentcould contain bacteria. Hence, the advi-sory was issued to protect public health.

Québec creates a new national park

While visiting the Abitibi Témiscamingueregion, Québec Premier Pauline Maroisannounced the creation of the d’Opémicannational park.

D’Opémican will be the second parkcreated since the current government tookoffice. Marois said it demonstrates thegovernment's will to develop every regionof Québec and support local economic andsocial development. 40,000 visitors are ex-pected annually, generating approximately$7.5 million in economic spinoffs. Thistranslates into some 30 regular or seasonaljobs in the region and will be a significantshot in the arm for the tourism industryand the regional economy as a whole.

The creation of the national park willmake it possible to protect and develop anarea about 250 km2 in size, bordered onthe West by Lake Témiscamingue and on

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the East by Lake Kipawa. The park is lo-cated at the junction of the deciduous andboreal forests and includes a diversity ofhabitats that are home to wildlife andfloristic species that are typical of Témis-camingue landscapes.

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First-ever recipients of Excellence in Water Stewardship Award

announced

The Council of the Federation has recog-nized Canadian organizations, businessesand institutions, for outstanding achieve-ment, leadership and practices in waterstewardship. The Council established thisaward in recognition that water is criticalto human and ecosystem health. This ispart of the Council's Water Charter whichwas adopted by Canada’s premiers in Au-gust 2010.

The recipients of the 2013 Council ofthe Federation Excellence in Water Stew-ardship Award are: Alberta Urban Munic-ipalities Association – Alberta; OkanaganWater Stewardship Council – British Co-lumbia; Lake Winnipeg Foundation –Manitoba; City of Moncton AutomatedWater Meter Reading Project – NewBrunswick; Atlantic Coastal Action Plan(ACAP) Humber Arm – Newfoundlandand Labrador; Sambaa K’e Dene Band –Northwest Territories; Clean AnnapolisRiver Project – Nova Scotia; Centre forWater Resources Studies – Nunavut; Cityof Kitchener Impervious-area BasedStormwater Utility and Credit Policy –Ontario; Winter River-Tracadie Bay Wa-tershed Association – Prince Edward Is-land; Regroupement pour la protection duGrand lac Saint-François – Québec; LowerSouris Watershed Committee Inc. –Saskatchewan; Yukon River Inter-TribalWatershed Council – Yukon.

Each recipient receives a glass award,a monetary prize and a certificate signedby the Premier of their province or terri-tory.

www.councilofthefederation.ca

CWWA appoints new Executive Director

Robert Haller has been selected as the newexecutive director of the Canadian Water

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and Wastewater Association. Haller hasworked with the City of Ottawa, the Town-ship of Goulbourn, the Town of Prescott,Tay Valley Township, and as a municipalconsultant.

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Meat processing plant fined $15,000

A Cookstown, Ontario, company wasfined $15,000 for failing to comply with aministry approval for an industrial sewageworks.

“Polluters should be aware that theministry’s investigations and enforcementbranch will vigorously pursue chargeswhen our environmental laws are broken,”said Jim Bradley, Ontario's Minister of theEnvironment.

1291675 Ontario Corporation operatingas Holly Park Meat Packers Inc., owns ameat processing plant in the County ofSimcoe. Ministry staff conducted a file re-view of the company that revealed a num-ber of non-compliance issues with theirministry approval relating to the sewagesystem. The company was responsible forfailing to prepare an operation manual asper its approval, failing to notify the districtmanager one week prior to start-up of theworks, and failing to prepare and submitannual performance reports to the ministry.

The company was fined a total of$15,000 plus victim fine surcharges of$3,750.

Company fined after operator by-passes

treatment equipment

When residents of a private island com-munity in Lefaivre, Ontario, complainedthat they had no water, water treatment op-erator Rosaire Lalonde by-passed thewater treatment equipment after he wasunable to identify the problem. The resultwas untreated water being sent to users ofthe drinking water system. The commu-nity is overseen by Prescott CondominiumCorporation No. 1.

Mr. Lalonde failed to ensure watertreatment equipment was in operationwhenever water was being supplied. In ad-dition, the company failed to immediatelyreport the observation that the water sys-tem had not been disinfected to the min-istry.

The company was fined $8,000 plus

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victim fine surcharges of $2,000. Mr.Lalonde was given a suspended sentence.In addition to the fine, a court order wasissued to the company requiring a protocolbe developed to report adverse water re-sults and ensure at least one person havetraining as a certified operator.

Ontarioʼs air quality continues to improve

Ontario's annual air quality report showslevels of many air pollutants have droppedacross the province and air quality contin-ues to improve. Measures the governmenthas taken to improve air quality are: re-placing coal-fired generation with cleaner,renewable energy sources; lowering emis-sions from cars and trucks and investingin public transit; stronger regulations to re-duce greenhouse gases and other industrialemissions; and, working with the federalgovernment and the United States to ad-dress trans-boundary air pollutants thatimpact Ontario.

There are 40 air quality index monitor-ing stations across the province that pro-vide around-the-clock information on airquality. Over the past decade, levels of airpollutants such as fine particulate matter,nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbonmonoxide and summer time ground-levelozone have declined.

Environmental groupsrequest federal action

over Suncor spill

After a Suncor Energy Inc. oil sands op-eration leaked 350,000 litres of toxicwastewater into the Athabasca River, Eco-justice, on behalf of five environmental or-ganizations, is calling on the federalgovernment to investigate and potentiallylay charges against the energy giant.

“The information available thus far in-dicates that there is sufficient evidence toestablish that a violation of the FisheriesAct has occurred,” said Melissa Gorrie,staff lawyer at Ecojustice. “The federalgovernment has the legal authority to holdSuncor to account for polluting one of Al-berta’s biggest rivers, but whether it has thewill to actually do so remains to be seen.”

Ecojustice submitted a letter on April25 to Environment Canada and the PublicProsecution Service of Canada on behalf


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of Council of Canadians, GreenpeaceCanada, Keepers of the Athabasca, PublicInterest Alberta, and Sierra Club Prairie,requesting that charges under the FisheriesAct be laid against Suncor. Section 36 ofthe Fisheries Act prohibits the depositionof deleterious substances into fish-bearingwaters; the Athabasca River is home tomore than half of Alberta’s fish species.

Alberta Environment and SustainableResource Development (AESRD) con-firmed that the toxic wastewater releasedin Suncor’s March 25 spill, “did not meetall parameters of the Alberta SurfaceWater Guidelines, and did not pass thestandard 96-hour rainbow trout acute tox-icity test...”

In a blog post on its website, AESRDstated that pyrene was present at twice thechronic guideline for aquatic life, with am-monia, chloride and various trace metals(e.g., arsenic, cadmium and zinc), alsopresent above the chronic aquatic lifeguidelines.

“Incidents like this illustrate the veryreal risks associated with oil sands opera-tions. Canadians have the right to knowhow oil sands production impacts our air,water and land,” said Gorrie. “The federal

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Order issued to improvewater quality in BCʼs Elk

Valley

BC's Environment Minister Terry Lake is-sued a ministerial order on April 15 toTeck Coal Ltd., requiring the company tosubmit a plan to address high levels of se-lenium and other contaminants in the ElkValley watershed as a result of decades ofcoal mining activity.

The order covers the Elk Valley water-shed, including Fording River and LakeKoocanusa, and establishes a process forTeck to take immediate steps to stabilizeand reverse water quality concentrations

for selenium, cadmium, nitrate and sul-phate.

The order will result in a plan to iden-tify long-term concentration targets in-cluding: current contaminant concen-trations; current and emerging economi-cally achievable treatment technologies;sustained balance of environmental, eco-nomic and social costs and benefits; and,current and emerging science regardingthe fate and effects of contaminants.

Specific environmental objectives andoutcomes defined in the order include pro-tection of aquatic ecosystems, protectionof human health and protection of ground-

government must do a better job monitor-ing and tracking oil sands pollution, andwhere necessary, the federal governmentmust be ready to enforce its laws and en-sure that our health isn’t being put at risk.”

www.ecojustice.ca

Unlocking BC's blue carbonopportunities

The British Columbia government is part-nering with Vancouver Island Universityand the Comox Valley Project WatershedSociety to better understand how coastalcommunities can combine action on cli-mate change and improvements to coastalecosystems and at the same time potentiallybenefit economically from these activities.All three have signed a memorandum ofunderstanding and identified opportunities,starting in the Comox Valley, for blue car-bon projects in BC.

To contribute to the success of theagreement, the BC Ministry of Environ-ment is providing $30,000 to commissiona first phase of scientific research plan-ning.

Blue carbon is the carbon stored in themarine environment, shellfish, plants andsediment. Healthy estuaries remove andstore carbon dioxide, possibly even moreeffectively than plants on land. Blue car-bon projects have climate change reduc-tion and adaptation benefits, as well aseconomic and environmental opportuni-ties for communities and First Nationsalong BC's 27,200 km of coastline.

The parties have agreed to:• Identify additional eligible projectareas for blue carbon project activitiesalong the BC coast.• Evaluate the reasonable cost per tonneto undertake various blue carbon projects,including key variables in forecastingcosts (i.e., accessible vs. inaccessiblecoastline).• Undertake projects involving a widerange of shoreline and estuary protectionand habitat restoration activities on privateand public lands that can be designed, de-veloped, quantified and verified to meetdomestic and international quality stan-dards.• Undertake the necessary research andanalysis to support the creation and sale ofgreenhouse gas offsets from blue carbonprojects that will be recognized as qualityoffsets in international markets.


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water. Teck will develop the plan in col-laboration with stakeholders, First Nationsand various levels of government.

A technical advisory committee toguide development of the plan is also es-tablished by the order. Representatives willbe invited to participate from Teck, theprovincial and federal governments, theU.S. government, the government of Mon-tana, the Ktunaxa Nation Council, and anindependent third-party qualified profes-sional scientist.

Spirit of innovation leads tobetter products

Endress+Hauser applied for 230 patentslast year. More than 240 innovators fromthe company gathered at the 2013 Innova-tors’ Meeting in Basel, Switzerland, to in-troduce their developments and share theirexperiences.

Four highly-successful patented solu-tions received awards. Three teams werealso recognized for significantly improv-ing business processes. To recognizegranted patents of particular commercialimportance, four Patent Rights IncentiveAwards, each worth 15,000 euros, weregiven to innovators from several produc-tion centers.

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Experts stress Arcticʼs vulnerability to spills

Experts say it is crucial that northern na-tions strengthen response capabilities toshipping-related accidents foreseen innewly-opened northern waters, as well asto more-common local emergencies, suchas floods, forest fires and rescue situations.

Despite having the world’s longest Arc-tic coastline and second-largest territory inthe region, Canada’s far northern marineand aviation infrastructure badly lags byinternational comparison, according to ex-perts with the Munk-Gordon Arctic Secu-rity Program. This is an initiative of theCanada Centre for Global Security Studiesat the Munk School of Global Affairs,University of Toronto and the Walter andDuncan Gordon Foundation.

Northern emergency flight rescue op-erations today originate from the RoyalCanadian Air Force base in the southernOntario city of Trenton and involve at leasteight hours of flying. The Canadian Coast

Guard aims to respond to requests for ice-breaking services within 10 hours.

However, weather and distance oftenresult in response times measured in days.By contrast, Russia is building 10 searchand rescue stations along its Northern SeaRoute, expected to open in 2015.

In a May 2012 report, the Munk-Gor-don Arctic Security Program said that eventhough Canada is the second largest Arcticnation, it is the only one without a deepwater port. The report recommendedCanada “make the necessary strategic in-vestments in Canadian Arctic air and ma-rine infrastructure to enable it to implementthe Arctic Council’s negotiated accord onsearch and rescue” and be able to meet itsinternational agreement obligations.

Hurricane Sandy caused 11billion gallons of sewage

overflows and $3 billion ininfrastructure damage

Months after Hurricane Sandy left parts ofthe U.S. East Coast leveled and underwa-ter, a new Climate Central report says 11billion gallons of partially or untreatedsewage leaked into rivers, lakes and water-ways in the storm's aftermath.

Analysis based on data reported to stateagencies by municipalities, found 94 percent of the spilled sewage was from stormsurge. Despite the best efforts of plant op-erators, Sandy’s floodwater simply over-whelmed plants, leading to majordiversions of sewage into receiving waters.

Thirty-two per cent of the overflow wasuntreated sewage, with 93 per cent of theoverflow volume taking place in New Yorkand New Jersey. New York and New Jer-sey officials estimate the cost of repairingdamaged sewerage infrastructure at about$3 billion.

In Washington D.C., five inches of rainproduced the sixth largest Sandy-relatedoverflow — 475 million gallons of un-treated sewage and contaminated runoff.

“Sandy showed the extreme vulnerabil-ity of the region’s sewage treatment plantsto rising seas and intense coastal storms,”said Alyson Kenward, lead author of the re-port. Most experts expect seas to rise be-tween two to four feet by the end of thecentury even if aggressive actions are takento control emissions of greenhouse gases.

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine May 2013

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Transcript of Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine May 2013