Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine March 2008

March 2008

The danger of liability for cross-border pollution

What did that watermain leak actually cost?

BC resort installs flexible MRBwastewater treatment system

Spring conference previews

Official CANECT 2008 Showguide -Page 88

www.esemag.com

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:51 PM

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:51 PM

FEATURES

ES&E invites articles (approx. 2,000 words) onwater,wastewater, hazardous waste treatment andother environmental protection topics. If you are in-terested in submitting an article for considerationin our print and digital editions, please contactSteve Davey at [email protected]. Please notethat Environmental Science & Engineering Publi-cations Inc. reserves the right to edit all text andgraphic submissions without notice.

DEPARTMENTS

Environmental News . . 98-105

Product Showcase . . . . . 82-86

Professional Cards . . . . 99-105

Ad Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

ISSN-0835-605XMarch 2008Vol. 21 No. 1Vol. 21 No. 1Issued March 2008

CCAANNEECCTT Official CANECT 2008Showguide - Page 88

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine presents the 16th Annual Canadian

Environmental Conference and Tradeshow, April 21-22, 2008, Toronto . . . . . . . . . . 87

CANECT Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 91Exibitor Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-97

7 Why low-bid systems are bad for Canada’s environment - Editorial comment by Tom Davey

10 Ontario to change how e-waste is processed12 Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine celebrates two decades of publishing16 Richmond, BC’s innovative grease discharge initiative20 What did that watermain leak actually cost?22 Asset management and life cycle cost analyses combine to abate water main failures24 York Region initiates water and wastewater sustainability strategy28 Meeting the challenges of upgrading aerated facultative lagoons32 The danger of liability for cross-border pollution - Cover Story34 Senator Tommy Banks addresses 2007 WCWWA conference36 Ontario MOE faces contaminated site clean-up standards dilemma39 BC resort installs flexible MBR wastewater treatment system40 Proper impeller selection for wastewater pump performance42 Time for Canada to take the plunge on stormwater system “washout” claims46 Designing to meet current river intake environmental requirements 50 Vegetative solutions to landfill closure problems53 Reviewing Water For People’s work in Bolivia55 Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated sites60 The future of clean transportation66 Permanent turf reinforcement mat helps protect old Saskatchewan River bridge70 Experimental process removes endocrine disruptors from wastewater73 In situ restoration of water pipes in high-rise buildings74 Spring conference previews, OWWA, WEAO, BCWWA77 CAEAL awards its 2007 scholarships78 Best management practices for testing chemical properties during first response80 One-pass trenching method used for Alberta sour gas plant groundwater remediation project

Page 78Page 78 6Page 46

ContentsMarch 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:06 PM Page 4

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:51 PM

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March 2008 | 7www.esemag.com

Comment by Tom Davey

the media moguls do, by seekingout the best available product or tal-ents for their various projects.And not just environmental

spending is involved. Even advertis-ing agencies are suspect if they areawarded any contract not put out totender; yet such subjective factorsas creativity, graphics and art direc-tion – the very essence of the adver-tising world – defy computation bynormal buying practices.Likewise, many factors go into

value engineering. In consulting en-gineering, for example, there aresome firms which, because theyhave heavy investments in bothR&D and staff upgrading, have de-veloped great expertise in certaindisciplines. Indeed, because someforeign governments insist on thebest available technology, Canadianengineers are frequently sent thou-sands of miles to remedy seriousenvironmental problems.Scientific and technological ex-

pertise cannot be measured usingthe same marketplace tools as thoseused for the purchase of sand andgravel. Similarly, many governmentbuying practices actually stifle in-novation in the development of new,improved or more durable treatmentequipment and processes.Service too is a vital component

of environmental purchasing, yet istoo often ignored by the tenderingsystem.Environmental treatment plants

are often large and extremely com-plex operations.Year in, year out,they have to work unceasingly fordecades. As public health is atstake, clearly after-sales service is avital ingredient in treatment sys-tems.Yet equipment suppliers whoprovide exemplary service, who

“Nowadays, people know the priceof everything, and the value ofnothing.”– Oscar Wilde

The low bid system isrooted deeply in govern-ment buying practices.Any variance from the

tendering system is viewed withgreat suspicion by the news media.Seldom is it seriously consideredthat the value of certain goods andservices simply cannot be deter-mined by purchase price alone.Yet the services of television

commentators and editorial writersare obtained by the very opposite ofthe low bid system. Publishers,quite sensibly, pay what is neces-sary to get the best, or most appro-priate, talent for their needs. Indeedit is commonplace for televisionnetworks to boast of spending as-tronomical sums of money for “an-chors”, some of whom simply readlines written by other people. I haveyet to hear of any network puttingout tenders for their talking heads,or newspapers seeking low bids fortheir columnists.Incidently, many environmental

articles and TV commentaries dolook as if they were written byscribes hired under the low biddingsystem; but that is a subject for laterdiscussion.While news media salaries are

based on talent, experience or “rat-ings’, many of these same commen-tators will hint darkly of ill-doing ifany government agency buys itsgoods and services the same way

Why low bid systems are bad forCanada’s environment

support seminars and conferenceswhich do so much to advance thestate of the art, who do R&D to im-prove and upgrade their products,these are the very firms which areat a disadvantage when bidding onprice alone.Although private sector compa-

nies are very cost-conscious, theyknow the real value of product rep-utation and service. While privatefirms exist in an extremely compet-itive universe, many are quite will-ing to pay for quality, withouterecting wearisome layers of bu-reaucracy. The private sector valuesproduct innovation, reliability andservice, so the reputation of theirsuppliers is highly regarded. Theyknow only too well that the truevalue of reliability and service isnot always reflected on purchaseprice alone.Sad to relate, but many fine

equipment suppliers have left or re-duced their involvement in the mu-nicipal markets. Their withdrawal isa blow to both the Canadian envi-ronment and economy. Mediocreequipment and processes will exacttheir own price, both economic andenvironmental, in the not too dis-tant future.We have made some dazzling

progress in the research and devel-opment of many environmentalproducts and processes. Perhaps itis now time to develop an aware-ness of value engineering amongmunicipal and provincial purchas-ing staffs and elected officials. Inpurchasing, there simply are no freelunches to be had.

[email protected]

Reprinted from ES&E’s first issue in January/February 1988

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:52 PM

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine8 | March 2008

Environmental Science& Engineering

Editor TOM DAVEYE-mail: [email protected](No attachments please)

Managing Editor SANDRA DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Sales Director PENNY DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Sales Representative DENISE SIMPSONE-mail: [email protected]

Circulation Manager VIRGINIA MEYERE-mail: [email protected]

Production Manager CHRIS MAC DONALDE-mail: [email protected]

Publisher STEVE DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Technical Advisory Board

Jim BishopStantec Consulting Ltd., Ontario

Bill Borlase, P.Eng.City of Winnipeg, Manitoba

George V. Crawford, P.Eng., M.A.Sc.CH2M HILL, Ontario

Bill DeAngelis, P.Eng.Associated Engineering, Ontario

Dr. Robert C. LandineADI Systems Inc., New Brunswick

Marie MeunierJohn Meunier Inc., Québec

Environmental Science & Engineering is a bi-monthlybusiness publication of Environmental Science & Engi-neering Publications Inc. An all Canadian publication,ES&E provides authoritative editorial coverage ofCanada's municipal and industrial environmental controlsystems and drinking water treatment and distribution.

Readers include consulting engineers, industrial plantmanagers and engineers, key municipal, provincial andfederal environmental officials, water and wastewaterplant operators and contractors.

Information contained in ES&E has been compiled fromsources believed to be correct. ES&E cannot be respon-sible for the accuracy of articles or other editorial matter.Articles in this magazine are intended to provide infor-mation rather than give legal or other professional ad-vice. Articles being submitted for review should bee-mailed to [email protected].

Canadian Publications Mail SalesSecond Class MailProduct Agreement No. 40065446Registration No. 7750

Undeliverable copies, advertising space orders, copy,artwork, film, proofs, etc., should be sent to:Environmental Science & Engineering, 220 IndustrialPkwy. S., Unit 30, Aurora, Ontario, Canada, L4G 3V6,Tel: (905)727-4666, Fax: (905) 841-7271,Web site: www.esemag.com

Printed in Canada. No part of this publication may bereproduced by any means without written permission ofthe publisher. Yearly subscription rates:Canada $75.00 (plus $3.75 GST).

Hello Tom,

Re: the Don River and article"The day the earth was moved"

I am writing with regards to aphoto you took back in 1969, thesame photo that appears in "The daythe earth was moved". CurrentlyPollution Probe is doing some workon the Don River in collaborationwith the Toronto and Region Con-servation Authority. In bringing to-gether background material andcontext for this work we would liketo use your photo in a project report.

For now the report is essentiallyan internal document, though it mayin part be reworked into somethingmore public in the future.

It was a real pleasure to chat withyou today. Some of the best thingsin life are those that arrive unantici-pated.

Matthew RetallackSenior Project ManagerPollution Probe

Tom Davey

Re: Mercury in compactfluorescent light bulbs- January 08

I enjoyed your article. I have beentelling people about this for yearsnow. In fact I’ve told them to staywith conventional light bulbs untilLED light bulbs come out for homeuse. So thanks for pointing this out.It backs up my rant. A guest speakerI had in class (an engineer) told theclass that, yes, conventional lightbulbs do waste a lot of energy but inCanada that heat is not lost but usedto warm the home. Interesting. So itseems to me that once GE, Sylva-nia, Philips and others have usequipped with compact fluorescentlight bulbs they will come out withLED bulbs. That’s my suspicionanyhow.

Best regards, Brian Christianson

Dear Tom & Steve,

I want to send our sincere apprecia-tion for the cover story in the Sep-tember 2007 issue of EnvironmentalScience & Engineering Magazine,in regards to the global environmen-tal conference held in Moncton inJune 2007.

As a follow up to the June 2007Moncton conference, we have cre-ated an International Biosolids Net-work web site www.international-biosolidsnetwork.org

The web site is intended to central-ize and be a one-stop site of all thelinks, globally, relating to wastewaterbiosolids. The web site is, and willcontinue to be, a work–in –progressproviding links to associations,users, operators, academics, govern-ment and regulatory agencies to thebenefit of the global community.

We are also in the process of pro-ducing the “Second Edition” of theGlobal Atlas of Wastewater Sludgeand Biosolids Use and Disposal,originally produced in 1996. TheUnited Nations – Habitat hasagreed to fund this update.

Last, but by far not the least, weare continuing efforts to establish aCanadian Biosolids Partnership inorder to try to bring some focus tothe management of wastewaterbiosolids in Canada. As it standstoday there is no coordination of re-search, resources, knowledge, bestpractices, etc.

Ronald J. LeBlanc,Chairman/ Greater MonctonSewerage Commission

Ronald LeBlanc has been appointed by theCanadian Water and Wastewater Associationas its 10th Honorary Member. This distinc-tion is given to persons who have made anoutstanding contribution to the municipalwater and wastewaster sector and the objec-tives and activities of CWWA. Mr. LeBlanchas been the principal force behind the moveto develop a Canadian Biosolids Partnership,has forged links with other such Partnershipsaround the world, and has contributedsignificantly to the examination of munici-pal liabilities in respect to the Fisheries Actand for flooding events.

Letters to the Editor

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Regulations

The threat of e-wasteLandfills contain all sorts of materi-

als - from your old desk chair, to thatworn out mattress - much of which isbenign. But televisions, computer mon-itors and other high tech electronic de-vices are particularly unsuitable forlandfill, because they are full of heavymetals. Some of these metals are toovaluable to throw away. Others, such aslead, cadmium and mercury, are tootoxic to put in the ground, where theyleach into ground and surface water.One quarter of the glass in CRT moni-tors, for example, is typically made ofthe potent neurotoxin, lead.

What is being done?Over the last year, government-

owned Waste Diversion Ontario hasbeen working on a plan for an industry-funded waste diversion program forWaste Electronic and Electrical Equip-ment (WEEE). A draft of Phase I of thePlan was released for public commenton January 14, 2008; a link to it is avail-able at http://envirolaw.ca. The Planmust be finalized by March 31, 2008.

As directed by the Minister of Envi-ronment, Phase 1 will cover desktop andnotebook computers, peripherals, moni-tors, printers/fax machines and televi-sions. They hope to recover 48% ofPhase I e-waste the first year, increasingto 65% by 2013. Phase II will deal with

Each year, Canadians spendmillions of dollars on the lat-est electronic devices. Fromdigital cameras and laptops to

video game systems and televisions,Statistics Canada estimates that in 2004,this figured topped $880 million.

As we replace more and more ofthese devices in favour of newer,quicker and fancier products, we are in-creasingly challenged to find safe andsmart ways of disposing of the olderequipment.

For instance, a few years ago, con-sumers were replacing their computersevery three or four years. Now, a quarterof computer owners replace their sys-tems every year. The average Canadianhome computer is 2.5 years old, downfrom 2.7 in 2006. While this may begood for businesses and manufacturers,there is the problem of what to do withall those "old" items.

The United Nations says that e-wasteis growing and estimates that 20 to 50million tonnes of electronic waste aregenerated every year worldwide. InCanada, we send nearly three-quartersof our annual discarded electronic prod-ucts to the local landfill; much of therest is exported overseas. This amountsto over 140,000 tonnes of e-waste eachyear, with over 70,000 tonnes being pro-duced in Ontario alone.

Ontario to change how e-waste is processedBy Dianne Saxe

telephones, stereos, PDAs, copiers, ra-dios, speakers and cameras; Phase IIIwill cover other electronics.

Where will the money come from?Funding for the Plan is likely to be

provided by electronics manufacturersand vendors through a new non-profitcorporation called Ontario ElectronicStewardship. The total cost is expectedto be at least $48 million per year. Theymay recover the cost through an extracharge when electronics are sold.

If commodity prices stay high, it isalso possible that the metal in old elec-tronics could be worth enough to payfor their collection. Many devices con-tain copper and precious metals such asgold and silver. In a single year, roughly1,600 tonnes of copper, 35 tonnes of sil-ver, 1.5 tonnes of palladium, and 3.4tonnes of gold could be recovered by re-cycling 100 million cell phones.

These metals are valuable since theycan be easily re-captured and have alreadybeen refined. In fact, electronic scrapmet-als can be cheaper andmore valuable thantraditional scrap metals found in otherproducts like cars. As a result, mininggiant Xstrata PLC has become the world'slargest consumer of e-scrap; Teck Com-inco is also considering refining e-waste.

Dianne Saxe is an environmental lawspecialist. For more information visit

www.envirolaw.ca

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The first issue also carried an articleby Ontario Environment Minister JimBradley about the Municipal IndustrialStrategy for Abatement (MISA) pro-gram.The objective was the virtual elim-ination of persistent toxic substancesentering the environment. It called forstrict monitoring and testing programsand resulted in a surge of spending in theenvironmental industry. Unfortunately,government emphasis on the MISA pro-gram was short-lived, when the LiberalParty lost to the New Democrats, in the1990 election. Many analytical laborato-ries, which had geared up for an antici-pated demand for their services due tothe MISA program either went out ofbusiness, or abandoned the environmen-tal market.

One key component of the Ontariogovernment’s plan to deal with toxic sub-stances, such as PCBs, was the creationof the Ontario Waste Management Cor-poration in the early 1980s. Unfortu-nately, the OWMC became endlesslystymied by public opposition and activistgroups against the use and location of itswaste incineration facility and disposalsite. Ultimately, after spending some$120 million in studies, the OWMC wasabandoned, without ever treating asmuch as a handful of waste.

In the late 1980s, ES&E carried manystaff-written articles advocating the useof PCB contaminated wastes as fuel forcement kilns. The articles stressed thatthe rotary kilns were a good idea becausethey could harness the thermal proper-ties of the wastes while making cement;that the PCBs had a long residence timein the flame, leading to almost total de-struction; and that there was a saving invaluable fuel used instead of conven-tional incineration. However, publicopinion was against the use of PCBwastes as fuel and this option was aban-doned. Much of Canada’s PCB wastesultimately were directed to the UnitedStates.

Leak detection from undergroundstorage tanks also became an importantissue in the late 1980s. In the July 1991

issue of ES&E, an article by RichardRush and Keith Metzer, of XCG Con-sultants, reported that there were ap-proximately 70,000 retail gasolinestorage tanks in Canada. Studies hadshown that 20-25% of these were foundto be or were suspected to be leaking.“The remediation cost could be manytens of billions of dollars – the sameorder of magnitude as the annual Cana-dian federal deficit,” stated the authors.

The fearsome “hole in the ozonelayer”, caused largely by chlorofluoro-carbon emissions, dominated the newsin the 1980s. ES&E published severalarticles on methods to recapture CFCs,including those by Dusanka Filipovic,who played an active role in the devel-opment of an innovative technology torecapture CFCs from refrigeration andair conditioning equipment when serv-iced or decommissioned. Ms. Filipoviclater won several awards for her engi-neering work, including the EngineeringMedal for Research and Developmentfrom Professional Engineers Ontario.The ozone layer, which once dominatedmedia coverage, is no longer as news-worthy since its recovery seems to bewell underway.

Early on, after its launch in 1988,ES&E reported on the increasingly im-portant role of environmental laborato-ries and how labs could now measuretoxins to parts per quadrillion. This wasanalogous to one second in 32 millionyears, surely space age achievements,yet laboratories were, and still are, toooften the forgotten profession in envi-ronmental remediation.

Non-point pollution sources, such asoil contamination in stormwater, beganto be tackled in the early 1990s. In re-sponse, sophisticated catchment systemswere developed to separate and retain oilin catch basins. One Canadian company,Stormceptor, has been at the forefront ofthis technology and has designed andsold thousands of stormwater separationunits, throughout Canada and manyother countries around the world.

In the 1990s, new and improved treat-

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazinecelebrates two decades of publishing

Many things are conceivedat parties and, appropri-ately, it was at a pub-lisher’s party in 1987 that

the idea of a new environmental maga-zine was raised by a friend: “Why don’tyou launch your own environmentalmagazine?” he enquired. He knew thatboth of us had been editors of Water &Pollution Control Magazine (W&PC),and that the Davey family workedclosely with both theWater EnvironmentAssociation of Ontario and the OntarioWater Works Association.

It seemed like a good idea and duringWEFTEC’87 in Philadelphia we formallyannounced the launch of EnvironmentalScience and Engineering Magazine. Thereaction was most favourable.

The first issue rolled off the pressesin February 1988 and was immediatelyembraced by the industry. The very firsteditorial comment byTom Davey was ti-tled: “Why low-bid systems are bad forthe Canadian environment”, a themewhich touched a nerve in both consult-ants and suppliers. This issue also car-ried an article by Federal EnvironmentMinister Tom McMillan, which echoedthe magazine’s stance on under-priceddrinking water. He argued that pricedrove consumption.When water was un-dervalued, it would be wasted, leading toenvironmental neglect and pollution.

By Tom and Steve Davey

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 11:58 AM

www.esemag.com

As the Ontario governmenthad closed down its opera-tor training facility in themid ‘90s, mandatory opera-tor certification has createdan opportunity for privatesector operator training.

Another victim of the Walkertontragedy has been acceptance of the landapplication of biosolids, with manylandowners and municipalities denyingpermission to do so in order toplay it safe. Following a fire at asoon to be commissioned sludgepelletization facility, the biosolidsdisposal situation in Toronto be-came so desperate that the city cur-rently trucks its biosolids to alandfill in Michigan. The city re-cently purchased a landfill site nearLondon, Ontario, where its biosolidswill eventually be landfilled.

In the January 2008 issue ofES&E, Phil Sidwa, of Terratec Environ-mental, wrote that “ considering the ac-ceptance of recycling by society, therejection of landfills and the overwhelm-ing evidence of climate change, the ar-guments raised against the landapplication of biosolids that have metstrict quality standards are not real-istic.”

Infrastructure manufacturing hasbecome a very high-tech operation inrecent years. On one field trip in 2006ES&E staff saw an advanced, totallyrobotic operation where concrete,sand, water and gravel were convertedinto huge concrete pipes which couldbe installed the next day. Other infra-structure technologies have also shownsignificant engineering advances whichmake their products more versatile, per-manent and fiscally competitive.

The issue of global warming, firstraised by Tom Davey in a 1968 Water &Pollution Control Magazine editorialcomment, again took centre stage inCanada, with the government ratifyingthe Kyoto Accord in 2002. The cost/benefit debate surrounding this issuestill rages.Who could have predictedthatAl Gore, a formerVice Presidentof the United States, would be hon-ored with a Nobel Prize in 2007 forhis environmental activities focus-ing on global warming?

ment processes emerged. Membranetechnology for both drinking water andwastewater developed at an astonishingrate. Ozone, probably first used inCanada in Québec, is now used in drink-ing water plants in Ontario and otherparts of Canada. Ultraviolet (UV) disin-fection, too, is increasingly used in bothdrinking water and wastewater manage-ment.

The same decade brought greatchange to Canada’s consulting engineers.In the November 1995 issue of ES&E,George Powell, of CH2M Gore & Stor-rie, stated that “as the consulting indus-try in Ontario downsized from about13,000 in 1990 to under 10,000 in 1995to react to the slowdown in the domesticmarket, the need to develop opportunitiesinternationally grew.” He went on to saythat “international design/build/own/op-erate/transfer, BOOT projects as they areoften called, are becoming the norm.”

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, theout of sight, out of mind attitude towardswater mains and sewer lines resulted ingross neglect of cleaning, repairing andreplacing this infrastructure.

In 2001, this attitude changed wheneight people died and some 2,000 weremade seriously ill, some perhaps perma-nently, from E. coli 0157:H7 contamina-tion in Walkerton, Ontario’s drinkingwater supply. Stan and Frank Koebelwere workers at the Walkerton PublicUtilities Commission at the time of thetragedy. Frank worked as the water fore-man while Stan worked as the Commis-sion's supervisor. Both would eventuallyplead guilty to falsifying reports andwere formally sentenced in December2004, with Stan receiving a year in jailand Frank, nine months of house arrest.Reaction to their sentencing was mixed.Some felt it was justice served, whileothers believed the tragedy was the resultof many other factors, and that it couldhave happened elsewhere at any time.

In 2002, Justice Dennis O’Connor re-leased The Walkerton Report, whichmade some 93 recommendations andadded new vigour and commitment to re-vitalizing Canada’s water and wastewaterinfrastructure. Among its many recom-mendations was mandatory certification,which has created a new level of profes-sionalism among water plant operators.

Tom Davey(left) with EnvironmentMinister LucienBouchard

Penny Davey with Onta

rio

Environment Minister

Norm Sterling

Tom Davey with Ontario Environment

Minister BrendaElliot

Tom Davey (centre)receives his AWWA award

Sandra Davey with George Powellof CH2M HILL Ltd.

Denise Simpson (left) with

Penny Davey at ACE07

Steve Davey (left) receives hisBedell Award fromWEFpresident Joe Stowe

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:53 PM

Global water supply is an ever-in-creasing problem and ES&E has stronglysupported Water For People. This chari-table organization was set up to provideclean drinking water to Third Worldcountries using appropriate, inexpensiveand sustainable technology. Outbreaks oflethal diseases which haunted Europeand the Americas for centuries have ei-ther been vastly reduced in Third World

The Water Environment Federationhas also recognized global warming as akey issue facing both the water andwastewater industries. Last summer wasone of the driest on record and manyareas of Canada experienced drought-like conditions. In 2007 ES&E ran an ar-ticle about Victoria, BC’s imaginativepublic relations campaign to reducewater consumption by 20-30%.

countries or eliminated thanks to Waterfor People. Many ES&E articles havepostulated that environmental engineershave perhaps done as much for publichealth as the medical profession.ES&E’s Sales Director, Penny Davey,serves on the board of Water for PeopleCanada.

When we launched ES&E in 1988,our goal was to make it a voice forCanada’s water, wastewater and environ-mental protection professionals. Duringthat time, ES&E staff have been exten-sively involved with and have wonawards from the Water EnvironmentFederation, the American Water WorksAssociation, Environment Canada, theWater Environment Association of On-tario and the Canadian Business Press.

ES&E intends to provide a vigorousforum where issues affecting environ-mental professionals can be debated andwhere new technologies, projects andpolicies can be introduced.

Tom Davey is Editor, and Steve Daveyis Publisher of Environmental Science

& Engineering Magazine.


Thank you!The publishers of Environmental Science &

Engineering Magazine would like to thank thefollowing companies who advertised in our

inaugural issue of January/February 1988 and whocontinue to advertise with us to this day:

Dusanka Filopovic, standing, with Tom Davey, ES&E co-founder and editor.

"Canada's premier biosolids company managing municipal andindustrial non agricultural source materials. 25 years of experience.State of the art equipment. Nutrient management specialists andCertified Crop Advisors on staff. Beneficial re-use through landapplication, including our exclusive high solids injection system,pelletizing and other "Class A" technologies. Municipal and industrialdigester, tank, lagoon and routine pumping station cleanout specialistswith Canada's only mobile inorganics screening and grit removal anddewatering equipment. Mobile dewatering innovators offeringmechanical, geo-synthetic and blending methods."

"Congratulations to Environmental Science and Engineeringon 20 years of great environmental journalism!"

www. amwa t e r. c om

Ainley & AssociatesR.V. Anderson Associates

AnthrafilterAssociated Engineering

Can-Am InstrumentsDavis Controls

DelcanDillon

Gartner LeeGeneq Inc.

Gore & Storrie (CH2M HILL)Gorman-Rupp

ITT FlygtKnox Martin Kretch (KMK)

MacLaren Engineers(GENIVAR)

Marshall Macklin MonaghanProctor & Redfern

(Earth Tech Canada)

March 2008 Final:2008 3/24/08 10:26 AM

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:53 PM


says Jim Young, the City’s Manager ofEngineering Design and Construction.

The cost of greaseSanitary sewer overflows are a signif-

icant threat to public health and the en-vironment. Essentially, liquid grease(often from restaurants) enters the sewersystem, cools and solidifies in the sewerpipe. This leads to a reduced hydrauliccapacity, and grease attaches to the pipewalls – the "arteries" of the system. Re-moval of the grease is expensive but nec-essary.Without removal, the system willexperience blockages, resulting in flood-ing, a serious hazard for the municipality.

In coastal regions, there is additionalconcern. Grease-related overflows canend up in the Pacific Ocean and com-promise fragile ecosystems.

This year, restaurants in Rich-mond, British Columbia, canexpect to be visited by a dedi-cated sanitary sewer bylaw en-

forcement officer, offering in-deptheducational materials – and a friendlywarning. If a restaurant continues to im-properly dispose of grease, City Councilwill consider rescinding its business li-cense.

This coastal city’s innovative greasereduction plan also includes exploring aGrease Recycling Program to sendgrease to a facility that can recycle it intovarious end-products such as animalfeed and biodiesel fuel.

"Our approach is focused on the long-term environmental sustainability ofRichmond, the region, and the coastline,”

"Proper grease control can help pre-vent overflows from happening in the firstplace," notes Young. "We want food es-tablishments to understand that they areaccountable, and that sustainability is anecessary part of their business practices."

Sustainable business practices notonly protect the environment, they savetaxpayers money. The City of Richmondestimates that removal of grease fromsanitary sewers has been costing ap-proximately $311,000 annually in oper-ations and maintenance. In addition, theGreater Vancouver Regional District(GVRD) has been spending $40,000 to$50,000 annually to remove grease fromRichmond that ends up at the GVRDwastewater treatment plant.

The City is taking a preventative ap-proach that targets food establishments,as it seeks new recycling options thatbenefit the community and the environ-ment.

Sustainability on the coastLocated in Metro Vancouver (20

minutes from downtown), Richmond iscomprised of 17 islands at the mouth ofthe Fraser River. With a population ofmore than 185,000 (and more than 750restaurants) it has been experiencingrapid growth. Once a rural community, itis now an international centre, com-prised of urban spaces, bedroom com-munities and surviving rural lands,including many family farms.

It is where the river meets the ocean.Here is the Pacific Flyway, where birdsmigrate between the Arctic and South

Richmond, B.C.'s innovative greasedischarge initiative

continued overleaf...

By Penh Tov, P.Eng

Minoru Park, Richmond, BC.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:53 PM

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:54 PM


Wastewater

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America. The shores are an estuary bor-der, essential for fish, birds and protectedwildlife. When it comes to stormwaterand wastewater management, the habitathangs in the balance. And developmentis always a challenge.

Continuing development of the City,as well as construction for the 2010Winter Olympics (including RapidTran-sit and a Speed Skating Oval), have ne-cessitated that Richmond take lastingaction to prevent wastewater-related pol-lution. During the games, food estab-lishments will be inundated withleftover oil, grease and solids, the lead-ing cause of sanitary sewer overflows.

The Vancouver 2010 Committee’sSustainability Report calls upon commu-nities to “develop wastewater manage-ment plans that focus on leading-edgetechnologies and practices.” As a result,food establishments throughout the re-gion have been replacing their traditionalgrease traps with more comprehensivegrease interceptor systems that use grav-ity separation technologies to segregateoil, grease and sediment fromwastewater.

A city's "triple bottom line"Richmond's Grease Discharge Edu-

cation and Enforcement initiative hasbeen developed in alignment with itsCorporate Sustainability Initiative,which "promotes, facilitates and coordi-nates action by departments that willhelp create a more sustainable Richmondat the corporate and community level.”

The City has been working towards"a triple bottom line", where all plan-ning, new projects and existing practicesconsider environmental, social and eco-nomic impacts, rather than the "singlebottom line" – immediate economics –which has tended to dominate politics inmost cities.

It has developed a central sustain-ability team and embraced new andemerging green technologies. Rich-mond’s goal is to become a municipalleader in sustainability, with the partici-pation of the community, business andother sectors. Dealing with grease dis-charge is a big part of that equation.

Preventative educationWith their budgets stretched tight,

many cities do not allocate the resourcesto adequately monitor grease disposaland provide information on grease con-trol. As a result, restaurants do not have

regular contact with enforcement offi-cers, and they may pay little attention totheir environmental impact. Further-more, many restaurants are equippedwith under-sized and ineffective greasetrap systems, which could be replacedwith high-capacity grease interceptors.

Richmond is in the process of hiringa dedicated sewer bylaw enforcementofficer. The officer will be trained andequipped with educational resources,presented in a non-confrontational,easy-to-understand style. And the offi-cer has plenty of time to answer ques-tions and provide resources.

“The goal is not to penalize, but toeducate," says Young. "Many food es-tablishments say they want to do theright thing but they need the informa-tion. We’re providing it.”

A broader public education campaignis another component of the program.The City will be educating the publicthrough a series of creative advertise-ments which address the proper disposalof household grease, as well as grease inthe workplace.

A radical enforcement modelMany cities levy fines on non-com-

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:54 PM


Wastewaterpliers (and gain revenue from thesefines). But while the non-compliers pay,they don’t necessarily clean up their act.

In contrast, Richmond's approach toenforcement reflects the triple bottomline approach. “We’re not interested inusing fines as a revenue-generatingstrategy," saysYoung. "Our goal is to in-crease long-term compliance."

The City has implemented a four-step model:

Step 1: The sewer bylaw officervisits the business, providing easy-to-understand information and the opportu-nity to ask questions.

Step 2: Follow-up inspection. Thebylaw officer provides verbal warning ifno grease interceptor is on the premisesor if the existing interceptor is not main-tained.

Step 3: After the food establishmenthas an opportunity to make changes, theofficer follows up again. In the case ofnon-compliance, the City issues pro-gressive fines.

Step 4: If all else fails, the CityCouncil may refuse to renew the non-complier’s business license.

Step 4 is a more serious penalty than

most municipalities' enforcement struc-tures, and it serves as a powerful deter-rent strategy. It sends a clear message tonon-compliers: when it comes to clean-ing up and enacting sustainable businesspractices, it's now or never.

Recycling: biodieseland animal feed

The City is investigating the recy-cling and reuse opportunities for restau-rant grease – often called "yellowgrease" – to include recycling it intobiodiesel and mixing it into animal feed.The City's goal is to establish a GreaseRecycling Program where grease col-lected from grease interceptors can bepicked up and re-used as various otherend-products. A report on recycling op-tions has been drafted and is scheduledfor presentation to City Council.

In standard municipal grease recy-cling, yellow grease is sent to renderingplants, where it is processed and usedfor animal feed and other products.Some municipalities also use anaerobic"digesters" to break organic materialdown into biogas that can be burned toproduce energy.

Richmond is one of the first cities in

Canada to explore recycling some of itsyellow grease into biodiesel. Biodiesel ismade by converting resources such as an-imal fats and plant oils into methyl esters,the chemical term for biodiesel. Accord-ing to a joint US Department of Energyand Department of Agriculture study,biodiesel reduces net CO2 emissions by78 percent compared to petroleum diesel.It is becoming an increasingly popularalternative energy source worldwide.

Grease recycling is a sensible solu-tion from both an environmental and aneconomic standpoint. Many private re-cycling stations pay top dollar forgrease; in a sense, dollars are beingdumped down the drain when munici-palities don't recycle grease. As theNorth Carolina Department of Environ-ment and Natural Resources states:"Fats, oils, and greases are commoditiesand should be treated as valuable re-sources that can and should be recycledwhenever possible."

Penh Tov, P.Eng., is with Green TurtleTechnologies.

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:54 PM


Infrastructure

and pinpointed a leak on a 100mm, 100-year-old cast-iron water main in the City’ssouth end, using the methodology de-scribed.

In this case, the water did not surface.However, two years ago the City did re-pair a sinkhole near the curb at the leaklocation with approximately two cubicmetres of crushed gravel. Costs to repairthe leak were less than $2,000, but whatwere the actual costs associated with thelost water?

The City of St. Thomas is located20 kilometres south of London,Ontario, and has a populationof 35,000. The City is a proac-

tive municipality encouraging their oper-ations staff to use the latest equipmentand methodologies to identify areas ofleakage within their distribution system.With the tools and knowledge learned,they have detected and repaired manyleaks to date.

Recently, during a routine leak detec-tion exercise, city crews placed leak noiseloggers (Permalogs) on strategic valveswithin the distribution system. Permalogslisten for leaks during the night-time anddetermine if there is a leak within a 200-metre radius. If a leak is detected, thePermalog will transmit an alarm signalwirelessly. City crews then patrol the areawith a Patroller, and receive the alarmsignals, identifying areas of possible leak-age, which are then investigated with theuse of water leak correlators and elec-tronic sonic leak detectors.

In March 2006, City crews detected

After crews uncovered the leak, it wasfound that the leaking water was escap-ing into an unplugged sanitary sewer lat-eral, thus never surfacing.

By having an active leakage detectionprogram, such costly leaks can be locatedearly and can save thousands of dollarsfor the municipality. This can defer costlyexpenditures for plant expansion.

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What did that leak actually cost?Actual CostsLeak (estimated for at least two years) on 100mm cast-iron water main equates to:

VolumeDaily Waste (L) Monthly Waste (L) Yearly Waste (L)81764 2452946 29844186

Water Rate per Litre$0.0004977 $40.69 $1,220.83 $14,853.45 Sewage Rate per Litre$0.001150 $94.03 $2,820.89 $34,320.81

Daily Monthly YearlyTotal Water & Sewer $134.72 $4,041.72 $49,174.272 Year Period $98,348.53

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:54 PM

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:27 PM


Infrastructure

making. Asset management provides aframework for handling both short andlong-range planning.”

The asset management philosophyviews infrastructure elements as com-munity investments and, as such, effi-cient use of capital is elemental.Whether in government or industry,good business practice always involvesevaluating alternatives to determinewhich will meet the intended service re-quirements for the least cost over its ex-pected service life.

“Life Cycle Cost Analysis”, “LifeCycle Costing” and “Value Analysis“–all introduced some five decades ago –

Asset management, a time-honored tool for decision-making in the businesssector, has more recently

found its way into public works man-agement. Quite likely the most effectiveway to improve the cost-efficiency ofvirtually every expenditure, the rele-vance of asset management for publicworks infrastructure was revealed in themost recently revised government ac-counting standards which now considerinfrastructure elements (water and sewerservice, roads, bridges and such) asmanageable assets. This new paradigmand the subsequent use of asset manage-ment practices has resulted in substan-tial economic benefits to municipalgovernments across Canada, the UnitedStates, Australia and many others.

Asset management benefits inpublic works management

The significance of asset manage-ment in public works administration be-came evident when the US GeneralAccounting Standards Bureau issued itsStatement No. 34, Basic FinancialStatements – and Management's Dis-cussion and Analysis – for State andLocal Governments in late 1999. One ofits requisite items required municipalgovernments to financially account forcapital assets in a manner equivalent toprivate industry practices. Given the his-torical absence of particulars, publicworks managers were then poorlyequipped to accurately plan future needsand budget expenses.

Asset management techniques pro-mote more astute decision-making fornew and/or rehabilitation projects sothat they provide the most favorablelong-term economic benefits. Considerthis definition of asset management bythe US Federal Highway Administra-tion: “… a systematic process of main-taining, upgrading, and operatingphysical assets cost-effectively. It com-bines engineering principles with soundbusiness practices and economic theory,and it provides tools to facilitate a moreorganized, logical approach to decision-

are worthwhile evaluation techniquesfor estimating the total ownership cost(initial cost plus predictable operat-ing/maintenance expenses) for the lifeof a system, thereby assisting with de-cisions about how to invest limited re-sources. As a component of assetmanagement practices, these are thehighly effective ways to evaluate alter-native products/systems. In the courseof such analyses, historical data for thevarious life-cycle elements – such asmaintenance costs, repair frequenciesand longevity – for systems in similaroperating conditions are essentialpoints.

Asset management and life cycle cost analysescombine to abate water main failuresBy David Beck

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:54 PM

www.esemag.com

InfrastructureThe maintenance cost

of old water mainsThe asset management viewpoint is

especially important for underground in-frastructure such as sewer and water serv-ices. Repairing water main failuresusually involves substantial emergencyattention, extensive excavation and equip-ment. Moreover, these almost always re-sult in traffic disruption and significantlost water revenues.About a decade ago, the National

Research Council of Canada (NRCC)attempted to survey over 30 majorCanadian municipalities in order toquantify the types and consequences ofwater main breaks. Perhaps not surpris-ingly, nearly one-third did not keeprecords of the number of water line fail-ures nor the repair costs. Nearly two-dozen cities did respond, however, andprovided enough information to developa reasonably good estimate of the na-tionwide effects of water line failures.The data showed that water line

breaks were costing Canadian munici-palities $82 million annually (based onan estimated labour and material cost of$2,500 per failure in 1995 dollars). Fur-thermore, the Federation of CanadianMunicipalities estimated that these re-sulted in some $650 million dollars inlost water revenues nationwide.More recent information is available

from the City of Winnipeg (www.win-nipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/main-breaks.stm#10). They report that theircurrent cost for repairing a water mainbreak is approximately $4,000 per in-stance. By applying this repair cost to theforegoing analysis, the estimated annualpresent-day cost of water main breaks in-creases to about $1.3 trillion nationally.Further, by estimating that water valuesincrease proportionally with cost of liv-ing indices, lost water revenues associ-ated with these breaks rise to $910million. By these estimates, water mainbreaks are costing Canadian municipali-ties over $2 trillion dollars annually.

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Association estimates that PVC pipecurrently accounts for approximately 70per cent of the footage installed forburied potable water distribution andtransmission systems. Municipalitiesworldwide have reduced their water lineoperating and maintenance costs withPVC pressure pipe.

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:54 PM


Long Range Planning

sions about growth management andmunicipal responsibilities that better in-tegrate the economy, environment andcommunity. The Region refers to this in-tegration of economy, environment andcommunity as its “triple bottom line”.Taking the United Nations Brundt-

land Commission’s definition of sus-tainable development as a starting point,that is "development that meets theneeds of the present without compro-

mising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs”,York Region’sStrategy sets out eight guiding princi-ples that are intended to inform and im-prove all Regional policies, initiativesand operations:1. Provide a long-term perspective

on sustainability.2. Evaluate using the triple bottom

line elements of environment,economy and community.

York Region initiates water and wastewatersustainability strategy By G. Zukovs and H. Hatami

How can increasing demandsbe imposed on the environ-ment without reducing theenvironment’s capacity to

support future generations? This is acentral issue confronting the RegionalMunicipality of York, one of the fastestgrowing areas in Canada.York Region’sanswer: adopt strategies that emphasizesustainability as the hallmark for man-aging growth.Located in south central Ontario,

York Region covers 1,776 square kilo-metres, and includes farmlands, wet-lands and kettle lakes, the Oak RidgesMoraine and over 2,070 hectares of for-est. The Region is a mix of urban andrural communities, and is currentlyhome to over 950,000 residents. By theyear 2026, estimates suggest there willbe 1.3 million people inYork Region, anincrease of almost 40%. Right now29,000 businesses provide more than465,000 jobs in the Region, and em-ployment is increasing at a rate of15,000 - 20,000 jobs annually. Forecast-ers predict that employment will doubleto almost 700,000 jobs in the Region by2026.The human and economic growth

that York is experiencing has and willcontinue to put enormous pressure onthe Region’s environment and its infra-structure. The issues the Region is grap-pling with range from ways and meansto achieve a balance between intensifi-cation and greenfield development,matching employment to populationgrowth, maintaining and enhancing thequality of life residents enjoy, to ensur-ing that the timing, costs and approvalsfor infrastructure delivery, includingsufficient fiscal resources, closely mir-ror the forecast demand.Recognizing these challenges, the

Region has initiated a multi-faceted ap-proach to managing its growth. The firstelement is articulated in the York Re-gion Sustainability Strategy "Towards aSustainable Region", endorsed by Re-gional Council in 2007. This documentcontains a corporation-wide, long-termframework for making smarter deci-

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:54 PM


Long Range Planning3. Create a culture of continuous

improvement, minimizing impactand maximizing innovation.

4. Identify specific short-termachievable actions that contributetowards a sustainability legacy.

5. Set targets, monitor andreport progress.

6. Foster partnerships and publicengagement.

7. Raise the level of sustainabilityawareness through education,dialogue and reassessment.

8. Promote sustainable lifestyles andre-evaluation of our consumptionand expectations.

The second element of the Region’sapproach deals directly with the infra-structure needs of the expected growth,and includes the development of spe-cific “sustainability strategies” formajor infrastructure master plans.

Master planning for water and waste-water services in York Region presentsunique challenges, and not just due to thehigh rate of growth. Water and waste-water servicing is a multi-jurisdictionalundertaking, based on the Region’s loca-tion and municipal governance structure.York Region comprises nine area munic-ipalities, with the result that it acts as awater “wholesaler” supporting supply,treatment, storage, pumping and trans-mission mains. In turn, the area munici-palities are responsible for distributingthe water to local customers.

Potable water is provided from anumber of surface and groundwatersources. Through partnership agree-ments with the City of Toronto and theRegion of Peel, water is supplied fromLake Ontario to area municipalities inthe southern part of the Region. Thenorthern portion of the Region takeswater from Lake Simcoe and severalcommunities rely, in whole or in part,on groundwater supplies.

A large area ofYork Region is takenup by the Oak Ridges Moraine. Themoraine's underlying geology makes itan important source of groundwaterrecharge and it is the source for head-waters for 65 river systems. Given itsimportance, the Ontario ProvincialGovernment has enacted legislation andplanning directives aimed at protectingthe ecological and hydrological in-tegrity of the Moraine area.York Regionmust abide by these as part of the water

and wastewater master planning effort.Responsibility for wastewater serv-

icing is similarly divided between thearea municipalities, (wastewater collec-tion and local pumping) and the Region(major pumping stations, trunk sewersand treatment facilities).

Wastewater treatment in the northernpart of the Region is provided by facil-ities that are located either on LakeSimcoe or on one of Lake Simcoe’s trib-utaries. Lake Simcoe and its tributariespresently exceed Ontario water quality

standards for nutrients, principally ni-trogen and phosphorus, limiting theirassimilative capacity. In December,2007, the provincial government an-nounced its intent to develop legislationand programs for Lake Simcoe that willprotect the health of the lake and ad-dress all sources of phosphorus.

In the southern part of the Regionwastewater is primarily treated in facil-ities discharging directly to Lake On-tario or its tributaries. York Region’s


March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM


main wastewater treatment facility,jointly owned with the Regional Mu-nicipality of Durham, discharges di-rectly into Lake Ontario and has a ratedcapacity of 630 ML/d.

Two-tier ownership and operation ofwater and wastewater systems, alongwith inter-regional supply and treatmentarrangements are two of the features thatpresent challenges to sustainable waterand wastewater servicing in York Re-gion. Other aspects include the limitednature of some receiving waters and areamunicipality jurisdiction over stormwa-ter runoff. These factors must all be ac-counted for as the Region strives towarda goal of “total water management”.

Early in the water and wastewatermaster plan development process, YorkRegion determined the need to investi-gate practices and experiences of otherjurisdictions. The purpose of this inves-tigation was to (1) take advantage oflessons learned elsewhere about sus-tainable water and wastewater servic-ing; and (2) identify those best practicesthat would benefit its unique featuresand circumstances.

The investigation considered experi-ences from Canada (Edmonton, Hamil-ton, Vancouver), the United States(Chicago, Phoenix), the United King-dom, and Australia. A number of com-mon themes were identified, including:• Treatment and operations of water

and wastewater systems that meet orexceed regulatory requirements;

• Preventive water resource protectionstrategies and multi-source pollutioncontrol strategies on a watershedbasis;

• Resource conservation throughdemand management, coupled withwater reuse and recycling;

• Integrated land use planning thatemphasizes the natural environmentand identifies specific naturalresource goals; and,

• Collaboration with neighbouringjurisdictions, open communications,and public involvement.Armed with lessons learned from

other jurisdictions, a raft of well-definedexisting Regional policies and programs,and using theYork Region SustainabilityStrategy "Towards a Sustainable Region"

as the overall guide, the Region begantaking the first steps in development ofa master plan for sustainable water andwastewater servicing.

At its core, sustainable water andwastewater facilities planning in YorkRegion is integrated with growth man-agement and other planning activities toensure well-coordinated future develop-ment that will respect the natural envi-ronment, protect public health, andensure ongoing economic vitality in theRegion. Partnerships with adjacent mu-nicipalities are being actively sought toprovide cost-effective services and toenhance security and reliability of waterand wastewater services.

The master planning strategy itself,titled Water and Wastewater Sustain-ability Strategy, is comprised of tenthemes. The themes, shown in Figure 1,address a wide range of issues dealingwith public health, the environment,economy and finance, as well as com-munications, performance measure-ment, and adaptation. Some issues areaddressed by a number of the themes;for example, public health is covered by

Long Range Planning

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM


the themes of Safe and Clean DrinkingWater, Healthy Watersheds, and to alesser degree in other themes, such asClimate Change and Energy Efficiency.

Guiding principles have been devel-oped for each theme. These provide theRegion’s “mission statement” for eachtheme and describe the commitmentsthe Region is making toward sustain-able water and wastewater servicing.

The ability to define, measure andevaluate each theme against objectivecriteria is crucial to the success ofYork’ssustainability strategy. Accordingly, ob-jectives, performance indicators and tar-gets have or are being developed foreach theme. For example, under theMaintain Healthy Watersheds theme,York Region has proposed the objectivethat wastewater effluents will be treatedto reduce where possible the release ofemerging pollutants such as endocrinedisrupting compounds. Similarly, underthe theme of Protect Community Well-Being, the Region has proposed the ob-jective of designing and operating itswater and wastewater systems so thatservice interruptions are minimized andthe risks of surface and basement flood-ing are limited.

The objectives for each theme have,in turn, been assigned measurable per-formance indicators for which targetsare being developed. For example, forthe Wise Use of Water theme, the Re-gion is proposing indicators that focuson parameters associated with waste-water volume and the measurement ofwastewater reuse and recycle:• Per capita residential water use;• Per capita employment water use;

• Per capita wastewater generation;• Fraction I/I remaining;• Volume wastewater reuse;• Mass or volume of wastewater

by-products recycled.Development of specific targets for

each indicator is well underway. Targetsfor some indicators, such as drinkingwater quality, wastewater effluent re-quirements, water use and service levels,have already been developed. In other in-

stances the approach at this point in thesustainability program is to apply adap-tive approaches developing monitoringprograms based on present indicators,examining trends over a period and set-ting targets or adjusting indicators, orboth. In yet other cases, programs arebeing developed to address a particulartheme and, once complete, will be addedto the sustainability framework.

All of these activities illustrate theevolutionary nature of York Region’ssustainability efforts. Throughout themaster planning process, it has activelyengaged the many stakeholders whohave an interest in water and wastewaterservicing within the Region. Extensiveinternal and external consultation is ahallmark of its master planning exer-cise. And it will continue to be so as theRegion moves forward with develop-ment of the plan, which is expected tobe completed in mid-2008.

G. Zukovs, M.Eng., P.Eng., isPresident, XCG Consultants, and

H. Hatami, PhD., P.Eng., is with YorkRegion. Contact: [email protected]

Long Range Planning

Figure 1.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM


Wastewater

washout of ammonia oxidizing bacteria.Questions remain, however, as to

where in the treatment process the optimallocation for these support media wouldbe, how tomanage them and, to put it sim-ply, would this type of solution work?Other options that have been investigatedinclude adding sludge recycling to createan “activated sludge” within the lagoonsand bioaugmentationwith bacteria boughtfrom a commercial supplier. Comparingthe different technologies and evaluatinghow they would perform in the context ofa given plant, however, can present sig-nificant difficulties.

As we know, lagoons are complexecosystems whose performance can be

Aerated facultative lagoonprocesses are being operatedfor wastewater treatment inthousands of municipalities

across Canada. Traditionally this tech-nology has been chosen in mainly ruralor semi-rural settings where sufficientspace is available for construction. In-deed, when compared with the space re-quirements for a conventional activatedsludge process, the footprint of a waste-water treatment plant operating lagoonsis very large.

Lagoons remain a very attractivetreatment technology, however, becausethey offer reliable removal of BOD5,natural disinfection of pathogens, andthey can be used for chemical phospho-rus removal; and all this with minimaloperating costs. One of the chief rea-sons for this is that sludge can accumu-late inside the lagoons for many yearswithout any need for sludge disposal,which would otherwise be a major op-erating cost.

New challenges are now emergingfor lagoon operators due to the need forupgrades to keep up with populationgrowth but also increasingly strict efflu-ent discharge permits. Increasing treat-ment capacity is not as simple as addingextra volume to existing lagoons at manyplants where adjacent land is not avail-able for new construction. And perhapseven more difficult is a new focus onammonia removal which was instigatedin part by the recent guideline publishedby Environment Canada (2004).

The problem is that reliable year-round ammonia removal is not possiblein conventional lagoon processes oper-ated in our cold Canadian climate. Thisis because ammonia oxidizing bacteriaare washed out of lagoons during ourwinters when temperatures in lagoonsbecome frigid.

In such cases, innovative solutionsare necessary to adapt existing lagoonsto meet new challenges. Introducingsupport media for growing biofilmswithin existing lagoons or in separatereactors is one promising way to in-crease treatment capacity and avoid

affected by many factors. Effluent sus-pended solids concentrations, for in-stance, can be affected by difficult topredict phenomena such as algal bloomsin summer or overturn in spring and fall.Temperatures within the lagoons canvary from mid-20s in summer to tem-peratures approaching 0°C in winter –with correspondingly extreme effects onbiological activity in the lagoons.

Other complexities are non-idealflow patterns and BOD and nutrientloads released from years of sludge ac-cumulated at the bottom of the lagoons.

Design approaches have tended tosimplify all of this using, semi-empiri-

Challenges of upgrading aerated facultative lagoonsBy Dwight Houweling, Ph.D.

The author takes a sludge sample from the lagoon.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM


Mechanistic modeling using simula-tion software such as BioWin™ hasbeen used as a tool to investigate the roleof various factors in determining theonset and loss of nitrification in lagoons.Growth rates of ammonia oxidizing bac-teria, dissolved oxygen availability, mix-ing regime, seasonal temperaturevariation and heat loss, as well as otherfactors, are taken into account and eval-uated according to their relative impor-tance. The effect of increasing dissolvedoxygen availability or even bioaugment-ing with commercial bacteria can thusbe evaluated.

An interesting outcome of thesetypes of modeling studies has been toreveal in one case that dissolved oxygenwas limiting the extent of the nitrifica-tion period by several weeks or thatbioaugmentation is a promising way tohasten the onset of nitrification inspring, but not to extend the nitrifica-tion period in fall. Mechanistic model-ing studies are able to evaluate thesetypes of scenarios because they accountfor the interaction of many processes,both physical and biological, occurringin the lagoons as well as accounting for

time-lagged effects such as the rela-tively slow process of biomass washout.

In another case, modeling studies re-vealed that proposed baffle installationsto increase BOD removal capacity inexisting lagoons could have the effectof eliminating seasonal nitrification al-together. Other interesting applicationsof mechanistic modeling, which onecould suggest, are to evaluate the effectof baffles on heat-loss, temperaturevariations and oxygen demand.

One of the main drawbacks of la-goon systems is that their large size andlong hydraulic retention times meanthat a lot of heat loss occurs during coldweather. Temperatures approaching thefreezing mark in winter limit biologicaltreatment severely. At one plant insouthern Québec, it was observed thatsamples taken in January from the ef-fluent of the first lagoon of a series ofsix, froze in a funnel as they werepoured into a sampling bottle.

Biological removal of BOD and espe-cially nitrification must, therefore, occurupstream in the process where suffi-ciently high temperatures exist. This hasled to suggestions for installing attached

Wastewater

cal equations and rules of thumb. Thesedesign tools are not useful, however, forexplaining why a lagoon’s observedtreatment performance is better or worsethan expected or how new technologiescan best be adapted to improve the per-formance of existing lagoons. Engineersand operators need better tools to un-derstand how lagoon processes workand to evaluate what the best approachesare for upgrading them.

Tools for evaluating upgradesAlthough year-round ammonia re-

moval through nitrification cannot beexpected in conventionally operated la-goons in Canada, reliable seasonal am-monia removal can. Onset of seasonalnitrification is typical in early or mid-summer and can last well into the fall.This is significant because the seasonalnitrification period overlaps to a largedegree with the period of highest sensi-tivity of receiving waters to ammoniatoxicity. So it is of interest to knowwhether receiving waters can be pro-tected by simply ensuring that seasonalnitrification takes place in existing la-goon installations, without the need formajor upgrades.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM


growth reactors, such as moving-bedbioreactors or trickling filters, upstreamof the lagoon series. In this type of sce-nario, downstream lagoons are effec-tively converted into polishing lagoons.This solution may be unattractive to

many operators, however, because thenewly converted “polishing” lagoonsmay be seen as redundant or, even worse,a liability in the process chain. This is be-cause sludge accumulated in the lagoonsundergoes digestion which results in therelease of both oxygen demand and nu-trients. The result could be that a processwith full nitrification in the upstream at-tached growth reactors could still releasehigh ammonia concentrations to the re-ceiving waters due to nutrient loads fromthe lagoon sludge layers.This was investigated in a modeling

study on municipal lagoons operated inQuébec and indicated that ammoniaload from the sludge layer could be re-sponsible for as much as 50% of theoverall ammonia load in the plant afteronly three years of sludge accumula-tion. Another study on the oxygen de-mand load from the sludge layerindicated that the same could be true re-

garding the BOD load on the lagoons.In the case of predicting BOD re-

lease from the sludge layer, however,there is the difficulty of having to eval-uate the amount of oxygen demandwhich is transformed into methane gas,which is not an easy task. So it is notpossible to characterize the BOD loadfrom the accumulated sludge layer with-out first quantifying the amount ofmethane generation. This is an issue ofinterest because large quantities ofmethane gas are generated by munici-pal lagoons during at least the summerperiod and possibly year-round. Thismethane gas should then be accountedfor when municipalities calculate theirgreenhouse gas emissions.Or, looking at the issue from another

point of view, municipalities could belooking at this methane generation as apotential source of renewable energythat should be collected. This is alreadydone in some agricultural effluent la-goons and could be considered inCanada if engineers had access to toolsthat helped evaluate how much gas isbeing generated. Covering the lagoonsto capture this methane, at least par-

Wastewater

tially, could have the additional benefitof limiting heat loss in winter.To properly investigate these possi-

bilities there is a need to better evaluateand quantify the digestive activity of la-goon sediments and mechanistic model-ing would be central to this investigation.There are many questions about how

to upgrade lagoon plants for increasedcapacity and ammonia removal whilestill retaining some value from the orig-inal lagoons. Finding good solutions tothese questions must involve a study ofhow to manage heat loss and tempera-ture profiles in the lagoons as well as la-goon sludge accumulation. Mechanisticmodeling using a commercial modelsimulator is the best platform for per-forming these types of studies becauseit provides a simple way to set-up andinterface the model while accountingfor the numerous, relevant physical andbiological processes.

Dwight Houweling, Ph.D.,is with Envirosim.

E-mail:[email protected]

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM


At one point, the practice ofenvironmental engineeringcould be summarized as fol-lows: negotiate one set of

permits; know all of your allowableemissions and immissions; then designaccordingly. This is no longer the caseas Canadian companies have to face anuncomfortable new reality: even if theyhave a bullet-proof set of Canadian per-mits, the long arm of the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) canreach them if their activities cause ad-verse effects south of the border. Withmany industries and municipalitiesbeing located less than 300 km from thelongest unprotected border in the world,potential U.S. liability now has to befactored into design choices.The risk arises either if a facility is lo-

cated in an area that shares a watershedwith the U.S., or if there is a genuinechance of air pollution migrating south.Precipitating the new liability frame-

work is a very recent decision of the U.S.Supreme Court, which on January 7,2008, refused to hear an appeal from aprecedent-setting Court of Appeal deci-sion that held that the U.S. SuperfundLaw (the Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and LiabilityAct) could be applied to companieswhich are located in Canada, but whoseCanadian activities result in pollution inthe United States.The Superfund Law, in a manner

similar to most Canadian environmen-tal statutes, allows the EPA to issuemandatory clean-up orders to compa-nies that have caused pollution in the

past, based on the “polluter pays” prin-ciple. Where the EPA cannot issue suchan order (e.g., in a case where the com-pany that caused the pollution no longerexists), the Superfund Law also has aregime to qualify certain sites for reme-diation paid for by public funds.The issue of extraterritorial applica-

tion of the Superfund Law was a non-issue until 1999, when the ColvilleTribes, a native group in the State ofWashington whose land is located about15 km south of the border, noted thattheir land was polluted and petitioned theEPA to qualify it for Superfund remedia-tion. The contamination was the result ofTeck Cominco, a Canadian operator of alead-zinc smelter close to the border, hav-ing released slag into the Columbia Riverfrom 1906 until 1995. During the entiretime of the releases, Teck Cominco wascomplying with the British Columbia en-vironmental laws then in place. The re-leases were not illegal.Rather than qualifying the land of the

Colville Tribes for Superfund remedia-tion, the EPA decided in 2003 to issue anadministrative clean-up order againstTeckCominco in Canada.With both parties un-sure of whether such an order could bevalidly issued against a company outsidethe United States, Teck Cominco ignoredthe order and the EPA, in turn, took nosteps to enforce it. However, unhappywith that state of affairs, two members ofthe Colville Tribes decided to bring a pri-vate citizen suit to enforce the order. Asnoted, they succeeded all the way to theU.S. Supreme Court.The District Court decided that the

clean-up order against Teck Cominco re-sulted in the extraterritorial application ofa domestic U.S. statute. However, theCourt reasoned that even though U.S. lawcontains a presumption against the extra-territorial application of domestic law, theSuperfund Law overrides this presump-tion and the order was validly issued.Following the decision of the District

Court, the EPA and Teck Comincoreached an out-of-court settlement.However, because there were other is-sues that hinged on the validity of theorder, and because the two private indi-viduals were not parties to the settlementand thus not bound by its terms, the de-cision was appealed to the Court of Ap-peal for the 9th Circuit.Like the District Court before it, the

Court of Appeal upheld the validity ofthe order. However, it did so for differentreasons. Rather than holding that theorder was a valid extraterritorial appli-cation of U.S. law, it reasoned that theorder was based on the “release” of acontaminant in the U.S., and not on the“disposal” of a contaminant in Canada.Because the former is an issue solely ofU.S. jurisdiction, and the latter an issuesolely of Canadian jurisdiction, theCourt of Appeal found that there was noextraterritorial aspect to the order and itwas a perfectly valid exercise of the do-mestic jurisdiction of the EPA.It is noteworthy that the Court of Ap-

peal’s decision has received a lot of crit-icism for creating a legal fiction bytrying to separate the release of contam-inants in the U.S. from the disposal inCanada. However, this criticism does not

The longest unprotected border no more?– The danger of liability for cross-border pollution

Cover Story

By Sven Hombach and Ralph Cuervo-Lorens

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:55 PM


Cover Story

change the fact that for now the ruling isthe last word on liability for cross-bor-der pollution. On January 9, 2008, theU.S. Supreme Court refused to recon-sider the Court of Appeal’s decisionwithout providing reasons, which iscommon procedure for most cases it re-fuses to hear. That means the Court ofAppeal’s decision is now binding lawacross the land.The lesson to take from the Teck

Cominco decision is that just because asystem of Canadian permits is in place,a company or municipality located any-where close to the border is not neces-sarily shielded from liability.While overthe past 20 years the Canadian environ-mental law regime has become signifi-cantly more sophisticated, and manypractices deemed acceptable twentyyears ago would no longer receive a per-mit today, design decisions still have totake into account the possibility of un-wanted cross-border effects. As thiscase makes clear, the EPA can issue aclean-up order even if there is a validCanadian discharge permit. One shouldavoid giving it the opportunity to do so.What remains to be seen in the wake

ofTeck Cominco is whether the EPAwillever attempt to also issue an order againsta Canadian regulator for having granted apermit in the first place, or whether acompany faced with an EPA order willtry to sue the Canadian regulator that is-sued the company’s permit. If EPA ordersagainst Canadian companies becomemore frequent in the future, we expect tosee further development in this area.Conversely, it should become clear

shortly whether U.S. polluters can alsobe held accountable for causing pollu-tion in Canada. The Ontario-based Wa-terkeepersAlliance, a non-profit agencywith a mandate of protecting Ontario’slakes and rivers, has recently launched aprivate prosecution under the federalFisheries Act against U.S.-based DTEEnergy Co. The lawsuit deals with twocoal-fired generating plants in Michiganthat have released mercury into the airat a rate of approximately 300 kg/yr formany years. The Waterkeepers Alliancealleges that the mercury settled in the St.Clair River on the Canadian side of theborder, leading to health advisoriesagainst eating fish from the area andforcing the Walpole Island First Nation

to abandon its commercial fishery.The facts of this case are very similar

to those in Teck Cominco, involvingcross-border pollution as a result ofpurely domestic activity and a nativegroup affected by this pollution. Whilethe case has not gone to trial yet, the On-tario court in January issued a subpoenato DTE, requiring it to submit to Cana-dian court proceedings.If the Waterkeepers Alliance suc-

ceeds in its prosecution, the case will set

an important precedent, showing that li-ability for cross-border pollution flowsboth ways. At that point, the borderwould be unprotected no more.

Sven Hombach is an associate andRalph Cuervo-Lorens is a partner with

the law firm of Fraser MilnerCasgrain LLP in Toronto, Ontario.

Contact: [email protected] [email protected]

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:56 PM


The 2007 Western CanadaWater andWastewater Associ-ation’s Conference attracted alarge turnout at the Shaw Con-

ference Centre in Edmonton. SenatorTommy Banks, O.C., A.O.E., L.L.D., aJuno Award-winning musician, provedhe was also one of Canada’s most ver-satile entertainers as a Keynote Speaker.His address was a wide-ranging de-

scription of the past and present ofdrinking water, and he gave some pow-erful recommendations to address Cana-dian water resource problems andopportunities.

“One of the things I’ve learned isthat water, and how much of it we have,and how we use it, aren’t the simplematters that I once thought. In fact,they’re very complicated and more im-portant and more immediate than I oncethought.

“Another thing I have learned in thepast seven years as a Senator, is howmuch the Government of Canada usedto pay attention to questions of ourwater supply – to measuring it, and toknowing how it worked – and how thatattention has waned in the past coupleof decades.“You are the leaders in your commu-

nities on questions having to do withwater; and you can help to change andto form public opinion and public pres-sure. I want to urge you to do that, evenmore often and more strongly than youalready do.Why do I want to urge moreefforts in the interests of water research?Because I have learned that politiciansof all stripes are intensely sensitive toconstituents’ pressure.“The Government of Canada, in co-

operation with the provinces and uni-versities and other agencies, used to paya lot of attention, at least to surfacewater and some groundwaters. It used toprovide reasonably good funding to helpmake sure that we had a pretty goodhandle, given the science of the time, onwhat was going on with water.

“For example, the Prairie Farm Re-habilitation Administration (PFRA)used to carry out very valuable work on

water. If you ask prairie farmers for alist of federal government institutionsfor which they have a universally highregard, it’s a list of one – and that one isthe PFRA. It can be argued that their ef-forts in some cases and in some areas,saved prairie farming. But the PFRAhas been downgraded. It no longer oc-cupies the prominent position it oncedid, and that’s a shame, and it has to becorrected.

“How did this come about? Well,Canada was in trouble financially. TheWorld Bank and the IMF were startingto tell us how to run the country.We hadto go quickly from huge annual deficitsto balanced budgets, to surpluses if wewere lucky, and make a start on payingdown the long-term debt. There’s onlyone way to do that when you’re in “theglue,” you raise taxes and cut expendi-

tures. And that’s what we did and itworked.“However inconvenient and difficult

it might be, we can live without oil; wecan live without coal; we can live with-out wheat. But we cannot live – therecannot be life – without water. But theGovernment of Canada, whether it isLiberal or Conservative, can’t tell us,because it doesn’t know, how muchwe’ve got; how much the measurableflows of surface water are down, ifthey’re down; where the water tables arein much of the country; where ouraquifers are; how big are they; wherethey go; and whose jurisdiction are theyin.

“In the 1970s and 1980s there weremore than 2,500 stations in a federal-provincial-territorial network of moni-toring stations across Canada,monitoring stream flow. There are nowjust over 1,500. We need to have moreand better information so that we canaddress the exponential growth of de-mand for water, particularly in this partof Canada. We need to pay more atten-tion to conservation of our most pre-cious natural resource, more attention tothe efficient use of it, more attention to

WCW&WA Convention received a powerful messagefrom Keynote Speaker Tommy Banks

Conference Report

(Left to right ) Gary Mak, WCWEA WEF Delegate, Senator Tommy Banks, AndyBebbington, WCWWA Conference Chair, Chris Ward, WCWWA President2006/2007, Don Poon, WCS AWWA Director, Luis Aguiar, AWWA Vice President,Rick Corbett, WEF Trustee.

In Canada, domesticwater consumption in

residences supplied frommunicipal sources in2004 was 329 litresper person per day.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:56 PM


a more responsible use of it. We need toknow the real costs of water; to makesure that consumers of water, industrial,agricultural, and domestic, pay some-thing closer to the real cost of that water.

“In Canada, domestic water con-sumption in residences supplied frommunicipal sources in 2004 was 329 litresper person per day. Consumption in theprairie provinces was below that nationalaverage; it was 271 litres per person perday in Alberta; 303 in Saskatchewan,and 219 in Manitoba. But in British Co-lumbia, where fewer than a third of res-idential clients had metered, pay-per-usewater systems, (compared to between88% and 98% in the Prairies) usage wasabove the national average, at 426 litresper person per day.

“There were five Recommendationsthat were made to the Government ofCanada in the November 2005 Report ofthe Senate Standing Committee on En-ergy, the Environment, and Natural Re-sources. I was then the chair of theCommittee and one of the authors of thereport.

Recommendation 1The Government of Canada should

take the necessary steps to ensure thatall of Canada’s major aquifers aremapped by 2010. This data should bemade available in the national ground-water database and supported by a sum-mary document assessing the risks togroundwater quality and quantity.


work with industry and with other ordersof government to develop a standardmethodology for the collection and re-porting of water-related data. The Gov-ernment of Canada should take on theresponsibility for the creation of a cen-tralized depository for water statistics.

Recommendation 3The Government of Canada must re-

store funding for longitudinal waterstudies. Such studies are essential to en-suring the sustainability of Canada’swater resources.


bolster its support for the National WaterResearch Institute and the Prairie FarmRehabilitation Administration so thatthese institutions can better address West-ern Canada’s growing water challenges.


create a National Water Council. ThisCouncil, composed of representativesfrom industry, research institutes and allorders of government, would be taskedwith identifying the key water issuesthat require attention from the federalgovernment and proposing strategies foraddressing them.

“I believe that these are good recom-mendations, that they are prudent, and

Conference Report

that attention should be paid to them. Ireiterate my plea – that you use everymeans at your disposal, including theleadership in this area that each of youhave in your respective communities –to increase public awareness of the ur-gent necessity of attention to these ques-tions and to bring pressure to bear on allorders of government.”

Excerpted from Senator Banks’ speechat the 2007 WCW&WA Conference

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:28 PM


The Ministry’s policy dilemma

Site Remediation

between the MOE’s Standards Develop-ment Branch and the rest of the MOE inadvancing these standards.

If the new generic standards are toostringent, many remediation projects willbe unable to apply them, with the resultthat smaller remediation projects orproperties may not be cleaned up be-cause it will be economically unfeasiblefor owners to undertake risk assess-ments. There are added costs and timedelays in submitting a risk assessment toMOE regulatory oversight. Additionally,

the timelines for many corporate com-mercial and real estate purchase and saletransactions are usually too short to acc-ommodate a risk assessment approach.

Owners may decide against filingrecords of site conditions (RSCs) unlesslaws compel them to do so. They mayundertake their own form of risk assess-ment without involving the MOE, a situ-ation that occurs with some frequencytoday. That may be cause for concern,particularly if all of the regulatory re-quirements for the risk assessment havenot been adhered to.

Risk assessment is not an exact orperfect science. Only certain "qualifiedpersons" are authorized under OntarioRSC Regulation 153/04 to file RSCsbased on risk assessment. Although thequalified person has to provide a certifi-cation regarding human health or eco-logical risk, that opinion is based onexperience, judgment, assumptions and,in some cases, recommended risk man-agement measures. A risk assessment isalso only as good as the data on which itis based and the judgment, assumptionsand conclusions of the risk assessor. Par-ties reviewing risk assessment reports

frequently have very justifiable concernswith the adequacy of investigation workundertaken on a property, extent of con-tamination delineation and assumptionsthat went into the report conclusions.Municipalities and citizen groups mayhave concerns with such an approacheven if a landowner or theMOE considerit appropriate.

The MOE must take care not to un-wittingly bias the standards towards riskassessments because everyone is not pre-pared to accept a risk assessment ap-

proach in all contaminated lands cases.The proposed standards should giveowners the option to decide if risk as-sessment is an appropriate solution, notpush them to it by overly stringent stan-dards. Moreover, from a practical per-spective, unless the MOE is given newresources to process more risk assess-ments, existing staff will be unable to re-view an increased number of riskassessments in a timely manner.

The degree of concern with the pro-posed revisions to the standards and thesheer volume of comments the StandardsDevelopment Branch has received sinceMarch 2007, suggest that there is a needfor a second EBR posting. This writer isof the view there should be a furtherposting, not only of a notice of decisionon the standards but also a public con-sultation of sufficient length to enablemunicipalities, interested public andcommunity interest groups, business rep-resentatives, landowners, brownfield de-velopers and legal advisors to expresstheir views to the MOE, to each otherand to the government as a whole. TheMOE should produce a black line com-

It has been almost a year since theOntario Ministry of the Environ-ment (MOE) posted on the Envi-ronmental Registry (EBR) proposed

revisions1 to the standards for assessingand restoring contaminated properties.No update or decision on the status ofthese has yet been released, nor is thereany clear idea of when that may occur.

The MOE Standards DevelopmentBranch hopes to complete its review ofpublic and technical comments in thenear future2.Will there be a second EBRposting? It does not appear that decisionhas yet been made. Much may depend onwhat the standards will ultimately looklike and the MOE policy and decision-makers’ perspectives of the potential im-pact of the changes.

The MOE faces a real dilemma. Howdoes it revise clean-up standards thathave not been updated since 1996 with-out impeding redevelopment of contam-inated properties? Would the newstandards push many more properties torisk assessments with all the costs, un-certainties and lengthy time-frames ac-companying that regulatory process?How does the MOE ensure that the stan-dards are conservative enough to mini-mize risks to the public and the naturalenvironment? This is a difficult balanc-ing act that calls for the wisdom andforesight of Solomon.

It is in the public interest to ensurethat the MOE gets the standards righttechnically and that there be a fulsomediscussion of the ramifications of thestandards not only on developers, prop-erty owners and lenders but also on theinterests of the community at large.

Some lawyers and consultants havecommented that the proposed revisionswere published with minimal outsideconsultation. Others queried the justifi-cation for some of the new standards,were concerned that some are too con-servative, and pointed to some mistakesand errors in calculation or transcriptionof the new standards. Others have com-mented that the new standards may en-courage risk assessments which may bethe best way to assess and address envi-ronmental issues on brownfield sites.Still others were concerned there may bea lack of coordination or cohesiveness

By Madeleine Donahue

1 The 2 documents that propose revisions are entitled “Rationale for the Development of Generic Standards for Use at Contaminated Sites in Ontario” datedMarch 7, 2007 and “Soil, Groundwater and Sediment Standards for Use Under Part XV.1 of the Environmental Protection Act” dated March 28, 2007.2 Soil and Groundwater and Sediment Standards for Use Under Part XV.1 of the Environmental Protection Act dated March 9, 2004 which is part of OntarioRegulation 153/04.

MOE needs to produce technicallydefendable numeric soil andgroundwater clean-up standards soas to ensure implementation ofbest science and engineeringprinciples and practices that willprotect the public and the environment.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:56 PM

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:56 PM


parison between the existing and pro-posed standards so that the changes arereadily apparent.

There are important pros, cons andtrade-offs to implementing new clean-upstandards in Ontario. If some soil clean-up standards drop below a parts-per-million threshold and can now bemeasured in parts-per-billion, does ratch-eting down of standards make sense? Arethe standards practically achievable and,if yes, at what cost? While some of theseissues are very technical and complex,the public needs to understand the trade-offs and the risks involved. The MOEshould engage the public by explainingits rationale for changes in standards, andthe risks/benefits and factors it consid-ered in arriving at revised new standards.

The recent discussion and debates onclimate change make it clear that thepublic is very interested in major envi-ronmental issues that affect their healthand well-being. Contaminated landsshould be no different. The public shouldbe given the opportunity to hear debatesabout how to manage contaminatedlands, how to undertake urban renewal inan economically feasible manner, whatthe legal liability risks are and how tocreate safe, vibrant communities. If

tougher standards are needed to ensurethat protection, then the private sectorwill adapt as it always has when toughnew regulations are introduced.

What the private sector needs is a rea-sonable degree of certainty, predictabil-ity, clearly understood standards, and asufficient period of time to transition tothe new standards. For its part, MOEneeds to produce technically defendablenumeric soil and groundwater clean-upstandards so as to ensure implementationof best science and engineering princi-ples and practices that will protect thepublic and the environment.

Even if it takes another year to engagestakeholders and the public on the re-vised standards it will be well worth-while. Ultimately, the goal of revisedstandards should be aimed at reducingrisks to the public and the environment,improving performance and also reduc-ing overall remediation costs and sched-ules. There should be another EBRposting and consultation round on theproposed new standards.

Madeleine Donahue is an environmental law expert and partnerat Macleod Dixon LLP. Contact:

[email protected]

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:28 PM


Wastewater Treatment

mer tourists to British Columbia’s beau-tiful Cultus Lake. The harsh Canadianwinters minimize tourism during thecold season, and consequently, the se-lected wastewater treatment systemwould have to be flexible enough tohandle a wide range of hydraulic de-mands.

Using the concept of biohydraulics,the Enviroquip system was designed toexceed biological treatment objectivesover the range of expected operating con-ditions. The Cultus Country WWTP iscomprised of two independent processtrains that include one anoxic zone andone MBR zone and uses the Storm Mas-terTM configuration. With Storm Master,the plant is capable of transforming intoa sludge thickening system during thelow flow winter months. This capabilityminimizes hauling requirements and willthus save the plant thousands of dollarsin hauling costs.

The Storm Master design is an im-portant feature of the Cultus CountryResort WWTP because it further re-duces overall plant operating costs byputting off-line membrane capacity tobeneficial use. During extremely lowflows, one of the process trains is usedto treat incoming wastewater while an-other is used to digest and thicken solidsto 3% before further treatment. As flowsincrease, the plant computer brings alltrains on-line to treat peak flows.

FFlexibility and reliabilityUsing Kubota submerged membrane

units, the Enviroquip system is designedto handle average daily flows of 200m3/day (~53,000 gpd) with the ability toexpand to 300 m3/day (~80,000 gpd)with the addition of two more KubotaES-200s. Additionally, because tourismin this region of Canada is at its apex inthe summertime, an unusual step wastaken to incorporate the proprietary fluxenhancing polymer MPE50TM duringthe summer time to increase membraneflux as opposed to more typical scenar-ios that see higher flows during thecolder months (rainy seasons).

Because Eimco Water Technologies

Due to the growing tourism in-dustry in British Columbia,Cultus Country Resort, lo-cated just 60 miles east of

Vancouver, is in need of wastewatertreatment. For water systems and utilitiescompany Corix, an opportunity to buildand operate a wastewater treatment plantin their native Canada was too good toturn down.

Corix has extensive experience in thewater treatment industry and has nowturned its interests to designing, building,and operating their own membrane biore-actor (MBR) plants in Canada. BecauseEimco Water Technologies is also inter-ested in the Canadian market, the twocompanies started talking. Some of thefactors considered in the decision-makingprocess included current and future per-mit compliance issues, fluctuating load-ing conditions, and treatment capacity.

After considering bids from severalvendors, including at least two Cana-dian companies, Cultus Country Resortselected the team of Corix and EimcoWater Technologies to install an MBRsystem using Kubota submerged mem-brane equipment. Cultus is EimcoWater Technologies’ first fully designedEnviroquip™ MBR system for a waste-water treatment plant in Canada.

When asked about some of the rea-sons that led to the selection of this sys-tem, Corix Engineer John Sainas stated,“in BC all developers must complete anenvironmental study. The environmen-tal study mandates what treatment qual-ity is required. For this developer thefact that there were water wells in thearea was key in setting low effluentspecs (BOD/TSS < 10/10 and 2.2 FC).While there are other ways to achievethis, membranes are in vogue and theirdependability is proven.”

Additionally, because Corix will op-erate the facility, Mr Sainas adds, “itwas really our ability to work on anOEM basis with Eimco Water Tech-nologies that was the key.”

The processCultus Country Resort serves sum-

can take advantage of membrane thick-ening capabilities, extreme ranges oflow and high flows are handled withease.

The ability to accommodate such awide range of operating conditionsgives operators time and confidence tomanage system upsets. Additionally, theability to operate the plant manually, inthe event of an emergency, provides an-other level of reliability that can be in-valuable.

Christopher Lewis is with Enviroquip, a Division of Eimco

Water Technologies.E-mail: [email protected]

BC resort installs flexible MBR wastewater treatment systemBy Christopher Lewis

www.abanaki .ca

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:56 PM


Wastewater

From the operator’s point of view,blockages or pump failures can causeserious and costly interruptions. Clear-ing blockages or swapping out damagedcomponents is dirty, time-consuming

work. At the same time though, energycosts are a significant (and growing)part of most plant budgets, so thatpumping efficiency remains an impor-tant consideration.

Impeller optionsMajor pump manufacturers offer a

variety of impeller designs. Choosingthe ‘right’ impeller for the job dependson having a clear understanding of theoperating environment, the nature of thewaste stream and the relative strengthsof the various designs.

There are broadly three types of cen-trifugal pump impellers on the market:closed impellers, with single, double ormultiple vanes; open impellers, againwith one or more vanes; and specializeddesigns.Closed or shrouded impeller designs

Closed impellers offer very good en-ergy efficiency, especially with multi-vane designs. What’s also important,closed impellers still deliver good effi-ciency while operating under low-flowconditions or when operating with anenlarged sealing gap (due to wear). Sin-gle vane closed impellers typically pro-vide large clear passages, which reducesthe danger of blockage due to large ob-jects in the waste stream.

Unfortunately though, closed impellerdesigns can be more prone to clogging

Single-stage centrifugal pumpsare the reliable workhorses ofthe water and wastewater in-dustry. However, while their

versatility makes these pumps the logi-cal choice for many applications, spec-ifying the right impeller for the job canhave an important impact on how wellthey perform in the field.

The problemsPumps in sewage treatment plants

and other wastewater management fa-cilities have a tough job to do. Not onlydo they have to move huge volumes ofwastewater, efficiently and reliably, butthey must also cope with a wide varietyof solids and other contaminants thatfind their way into the waste stream.These can include chunks of plastic,rubber, wood or other materials; fibres(e.g. pieces of cloth or sanitary prod-ucts); and sand. When they show up inthe waste stream, problems can arise!Solid chunks block passages or evenjam the impellers. Fibrous materials canbuild up around the throat of the im-peller, blocking the flow. Sand and otherabrasive materials act over time, erod-ing impeller vanes and degrading the ef-ficiency of the pumps.

Operators are finding that theseproblems are getting more serious.Low-flow toilets and other water-effi-cient appliances are helping to reducethe per-capita water consumption, butwith higher solids content in the re-maining flow. (In Europe, per-capitawater consumption has gone down 40%in the past 15 years.)

due to fibres in the waste stream. Thistends to take place in two areas: at theleading edge of the impeller, and in thenarrow gap between the outer surface ofthe impeller and the inner surface of the

volute casing. Accumulation of fibrouswaste in these areas will reduce flows oreven stall the pump.

Open impeller designsThere are several open impeller de-

signs on the market that promise greatlyreduced sensitivity to clogging with fi-bres, thanks to specially contoured lead-ing edge shapes and the elimination ofthe troublesome gap between the im-peller shroud and the volute casing.These impellers typically have generousclear passages, so that they can pass rea-sonably large chunks of solid materialswithout blocking. The principal disad-vantage of this type of impeller is thattheir pumping efficiency is lower thanthe best closed-vane designs, especiallyunder low flow conditions. These typesof impeller are also less than ideal whenpumping wastewater with significantsand content, since erosion of thevanes(s) will increase tip clearances andreduce pumping efficiency.

Specialized designsSeveral pump manufacturers offer

special free-flow or vortex type im-pellers. These impellers have muchshorter vanes than conventional open-type impellers and work by inducing avortex in the pump casing. Pumping ac-tion depends on the difference betweenthe low pressure at the centre of the vor-

Impeller selection for wastewater pumpsBy Majid Hadavi

Solids and fibres can cause seriousproblems.

Closed vane Open vane Free-flow(vortex)

Pumping efficiency ��

Solids (in chunks) � ��

Fibrous solids ��

Sand and abrasive solids � ��

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:56 PM


Wastewater

tex and the relatively high pressurearound the outer edge. Because of thestubby vanes and large clearances, thistype of impeller is extremely resistantto blocking or clogging. Since there isonly limited contact between the im-pellers and the pumped fluid, thesework well with waste streams that con-tain significant amounts of sand orother abrasive materials. They also workwell when there is gas in the fluid.

The principal drawback to free-flowimpellers is their relatively poor pump-ing efficiency. These designs typicallyhave efficiencies in the 40 to 50%range, compared to 75 to 80% effi-ciency for the closed-vane impellers.

Some pump manufacturers also offerso-called cutter impellers. These havespecial blades or shearing elements that

are designed to cut long fibrous objects(sticks, pieces of cloth, etc.) into smallerpieces. These impellers are optimizedfor specific types of solid debris and, aswith the free-flow impellers, pumpingefficiency may be compromised.

And the winner is…What’s the best pump/impeller com-

bination for your application? The an-swer is, of course, “it depends”. Therecommended approach here is to con-sider the full life-cycle cost of the pumpinstallation. Different impeller designstypically don’t change the purchase priceof the pumps very much, so initial costis not a major concern. However, the costof energy to drive the pumps can be asignificant part of the equation, and herethe superior pumping efficiency ofclosed-vane designs makes them a goodchoice – at least when fibrous solids arenot a significant concern.

As the quality of the waste streamdeteriorates, reliability becomes thedriving force. Experienced plant opera-tors know that the cost of correcting un-expected blockages or equipmentfailures can be very high – higher per-haps than the initial cost of the equip-ment. When fibrous solids can causeproblems, the more clog-resistant open-vane designs emerge as a better choice.And, when things get really ugly, the so-called free-flow or vortex impellersmight fill the bill.

Working closely with a specialistfrom your pump supplier can help makesure that you get the pump/impeller com-bination that is best for your application.

Majid Hadavi, P.Eng., is with KSBPumps, Mississauga, Ontario.

E-Mail: [email protected]

KSB ‘D-Impeller’ – single-vane, opentype of impeller for high-fibre waste-water.

Free-flow or vortex type impeller.

Closed or shrouded impeller.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:57 PM


Stormwater

Time for Canada to take the plungeon‘washout’By RobertY.G.Andoh

being installed in an effort to prevent wa-tercourses from being polluted. As sup-ply has risen to meet demand, a variety ofproprietary, chamber-based systems hasemerged, including hydrodynamic sepa-rators, which are designed to settle outand store sediments and associated pol-lutants, preventing them from being dis-charged to the natural environment.

However, recent research suggeststhat some systems may not be as effec-tive as might be claimed. Some systemsare subject to “washout,” or “scour,”whereby captured and stored pollutants

In June 1991, the Ontario Ministryof the Environment (MOE) pub-lished a report entitled StormwaterQuality Best Management Prac-

tices. The report documented experi-ence with structural and non-structuralStormwater Management Practices(SWMPs) and concluded that theyshould be implemented in conjunctionwith new urban development and rede-velopment.

Guidance, and a procedure for se-lecting appropriate SWMP types, wereprovided by the original manual. The re-port stated, however, that "integratedwatershed planning is the preferredmeans of defining uses of the receivingwater and hence the basis for SWMP se-lection." Recognition of the importanceof watershed and subwatershed-basedplanning has continued to grow sincethe release of the 1991 study.

Although an update to the MOEStormwater Management Planning andDesign Manual was released in 2003 tofacilitate better and easier design ofproper stormwater management sys-tems, one key stormwater Best Manage-ment Practice was missing – designingstormwater treatment systems that willnot “wash out”.

WashoutThroughout the world, thousands of

stormwater pollutant removal systems are

are flushed from a system during ex-treme wet weather. As Canada revisesand updates its stormwater regulations,washout and its appropriate treatmentsolutions should be considered as an in-tegral part of the future plan.

Finding a solutionIt is important to consider washout

in the selection of stormwater separa-tors.Yet, it is currently not taken into ac-count in the design or verification ofmany proprietary systems. Those re-sponsible for selecting the best solu-tions to meet particular site needs are

Fluid particle velocity vectors demonstrate that the internal components in thisstormwater treatment structure isolate the sediment storage sump (blue areaat bottom) from the active sediment separation zone (rainbow area at top).

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:57 PM


faced with an array of technological op-tions and an array of performanceclaims. However, the process of identi-fying the “performers” from the “fail-ers” is not as complicated is it mightappear.Washout is a particularly important

phenomenon, as stormwater treatmentdevices are typically maintained on aninfrequent basis. In addition to remov-ing pollutants, these systems must alsoretain and store them for later removalduring maintenance visits.A device that is effective at remov-

ing pollutants under low-flow condi-tions but is prone to re-suspending andwashing out previously captured mate-rials when flows increase does not servethe functions it purports to. It providesvery little overall environmental bene-fit. It also provides a false sense of se-curity to those relying on it to keep theirwater clean.With increasing urbanization, the

problems of stormwater run-off fromimpermeable surfaces have becomemore apparent. Run-off often carries ahigh sediment load, and this, along withother associated pollutants, can have adetrimental impact on receiving water-

courses. Government has created regu-lations designed to curb the impacts ofstormwater run-off, and the industry hasresponded with a generation of “flow-through” stormwater treatment devicesthat remove sediment and other pollu-tants from the outflow.While these treatment devices tend

to be effective at removing pollutantsunder low-flow conditions, they don’talways hold what they catch. Whenflows reach moderate or high levels,run-off has been known to re-suspendand discharge previously captured pol-lutants and carry them downstream.In recent years, various configura-

tions of proprietary “flow-through”stormwater treatment devices haveevolved, designed with the intention ofremoving sediment, trash, oils and otherpollutants from stormwater run-off, es-pecially in urban hot spots. These de-vices can be broadly classified asfollows:

• Gravity Sedimentation Devices,such as standard catch basins, relyon simple gravitational settlementto perform their treatmentfunctions.

Stormwater


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March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 11:25 AM


• Simple Vortex Separators rely onenhanced gravitational settlementto perform their function, throughthe use of a rotating flow field.Flow rotation results in extendedparticle residence times, andincreased opportunity forsettlement to take place.

• Advanced Vortex Separatorsoperate in a similar manner toSimple Vortex Separators, bututilize specially-designed internalcomponents to control and enhanceperformance and provide isolatedstorage zones for capturedpollutants.

Studies of proprietary treatmentchambers have tended to focus on per-formance in terms of pollutant removalefficiency under conditions up to their“design” flow rates. However, the ques-tion of overall performance, includingability to retain previously captured ma-terial when operated within and beyondtheir design flow ranges, has generallybeen neglected.

Though removal efficiency is a goodindicator of a device’s effectiveness interms of separating pollutants fromstormwater, particularly under low-flowconditions, it does not provide a com-plete description of device efficacy, es-pecially in terms of its ability to retainpreviously captured pollutants undermoderate or high flows.

In a recent study at Liverpool Uni-versity in the United Kingdom, the ef-fect of chamber design on performancewas considered, focusing particularly onthe ability of chambers to “retain” storedpollutants.

Making the case forretention efficiency

Retention efficiency has rarely beengiven full consideration, probably be-

Stormwater

Sediment particle velocity lines demonstrate that the internal components inthis stormwater treatment structure prevent sediment from exiting the device.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:57 PM


Stormwater

cause the focus has been on removal ef-ficiency and also possibly due to a com-bination of a lack of awareness andappreciation of its significance. This sit-uation may have been sustained due to ageneral lack of well-defined protocolsfor determining retention efficiency inthe field. Difficulties associated with de-termining this arise due to the fact thatretention efficiency is dependent notonly upon hydraulic loading rates, whichin practical operation are time-depen-dent, but also on the quantities and char-acteristics of the stored pollutants.

Earlier studies, using an analyticalmodel in a similar system to those ex-amined experimentally here, clearlyshowed that, in a well-designed vortexseparator, the storage region was effec-tively decoupled from the main flowand could be described as a “slow-ex-change region.” More recently, studieshave utilized computational fluid dy-namics (CFD) simulation to evaluatedifferent treatment chamber designs,looking at both removal and retentionefficiencies. The main findings confirmthe relevance of retention efficiency asa performance parameter, highlightingthe importance of sheltering the pollu-tants storage region in such systems.

The principal observation and infer-ence from earlier studies and the currentwork is that stormwater treatmentchambers which utilize sedimentationand inertial separation effects need to becarefully designed to minimize thescope for re-suspension (re-entrain-ment) and washout of captured pollu-tants. This study confirms that chamberconfiguration and placing of internalflow modifying components has amajor bearing on device efficacy.

Finally, it must be emphasized thatthere is the need for extreme care andcaution in the tendency for generalizationin the categorization of device types. Forexample, devices that have tangential in-lets with induced rotary flow regimeshave tended to be broadly classified ashydrodynamic separators. However, asdemonstrated from the results of thisstudy, different chamber designs do showmarkedly different efficiency vs. flowrate profiles when operating under thesame conditions. In this study it wasshown that only the advanced vortex sep-arator with fully developed internals of-

fered substantially more than 50 percentretention efficiency.

Conclusions about “washout”The Liverpool study revealed the fol-

lowing:• The phenomenon of poor retention

leading to the washout ofpreviously captured solids fromstormwater treatment chambersmust be taken into account insystem selection for practicalapplication.

• In the worst cases, washoutcommences almost immediately atflows likely to be encountered evenin the early stages of a storm event.

• The rate of stored pollutantswashout is extremely sensitive tochamber design. In the currentstudies, re-entrainment ratesranged from zero to 100 percent.

• The best performing chamberswere found to be those that hadinduced rotary flows and internalarrangements and flow modifyingcomponents that resulted in thesediment storage region beinghydraulically separated from themain treatment region.

The City of Toronto should belauded for the recent attention it hasgiven to washout. Toronto is currentlyundergoing an exercise to rewrite andrefine its wet-weather regulations. Forthis interim period, Toronto has adoptedthe same stormwater regulations as theNew Jersey Corporation for AdvancedTechnology. The NJCAT stormwatertreatment verification protocols areamongst the only stormwater protocolsin the world that require manufacturersof structural stormwater treatment de-vices to measure a device’s washoutperformance in addition to measuringremoval rates.

While Toronto rewrites its new regu-lations, it is imperative that a washouttesting requirement be retained. Thetime for action is now, while stormwaterregulations and guidelines are still fluidin Canada.

Bob Andoh is with Hydro InternationalE-mail: [email protected]

Hydro International is represented inOntario by ACG Technology.

For more informationE-mail: [email protected]

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:57 PM

The intake structure has a coarsetrash rack.Water is piped to an on-shorescreen house and pump house throughtwo 1,500 mm diameter pipes. Two 9.5mm mesh traveling water screens re-move fish and debris. However, there isno provision for fish caught on thescreens to be safely returned to the river.

Environmental regulationsSince the initial construction of the

E.L. Smith WTP in 1976, additional,more stringent regulations have beenimplemented to ensure increased pro-tection for aquatic life, wildlife, landand the environment. These new regula-tions cover:• Any harmful alteration, disruption

Environmental regulations arebecoming increasingly strin-gent for development and con-struction of river intakes. In

order to ensure specific requirementswill be met, it is advisable for a projectteam to meet with regulators early in theproject. This will help ensure a more ef-ficient design process and help to keepthe project on schedule.Fish protection requirements will de-

pend on the species present in the sourcewater. The preferred solution is to de-flect fish away from the intake in-stream. However, there are numerousother criteria that must be consideredsuch as the river hydrology, bank condi-tions, navigable waters requirements, ac-cess and hydraulics. Sometimes anin-stream solution is not viable. In thosecases where screening must be doneaway from the river, fish deflection fromthe screens, capture and return to the en-vironment must be provided.

New river intakeThe E.L. Smith Water Treatment

Plant (WTP) in Edmonton is owned andoperated by EPCOR which suppliesdrinking water to over one million peo-ple in the Edmonton Capital Region. Re-cent upgrades to E.L. Smith weredesigned to meet the needs of growth inthe region and ensure a secure high qual-ity supply of drinking water. Part ofthose upgrades included the construc-tion of a second river intake, screeningand low lift pumping.At the project start, the plant’s firm

capacity was 180 ML/d. The initial plantupgrades increase firm plant capacity to400 ML/d in order to meet the projecteddemand for the next 15 years. However,the new river intake is sized for a net rawwater flow of 800 ML/d to provide forfuture needs.

Existing facilityThe original intake is a bed style

prism-shaped structure located in a thal-weg (a low point that remains stablethroughout the year) on the NorthSaskatchewan River. It is designed todraw up to 400 ML/d at an intake veloc-ity of 0.9 m/s and a screen velocity of0.3 m/s.

or destruction of fish habitat.• Deposition of deleterioussubstances in a water frequentedby fish.

• Construction of any work throughor in any navigable water.

• Environmental impact screeningassessment to the development ofall public land.

• Avoid killing species or damagingresidences of listed species.

• Limited construction windows andlimits on the amount of the river’swidth that can be obstructed duringconstruction.In Alberta, further clarification of

these regulations requires working


Water Supply

Designing tomeet current river intake environmentalrequirements By Ian P.D.Wright,P.Eng.and Karen Crews

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 11:30 AM


Water Supply

closely with a number of regulatoryagencies such as the Department ofFisheries and Oceans (DFO), TransportCanada, Alberta Environment (AENV)and Alberta Sustainable Resource De-velopment (ASRD). This cooperativeeffort allowed the E.L. Smith projectteam to propose initial designs, refinethem through positive feedback, and toachieve a final design that satisfied allregulatory bodies and the environmen-tal concerns. In other provinces, thesame federal agencies would be in-volved along with the relevant provin-cial agencies.

Establishing the design andconstruction criteria (Step 1)The project team contacted DFO and

Transport Canada very early in theprocess. Transport Canada providedspecific height requirements for the in-take structure. DFO representatives out-lined the agency’s requirements andprovided input into evaluation of the al-ternatives. Modeling of the intake forthe selected alternative to validate thedesign was required to obtain initialconsent by DFO.

Fish management criteriaA Fish and Fish Habitat Assessment

Study was conducted on the affected por-tion of the river. Based on the fish speciespresent, DFO recommended screen de-sign criteria for the fish size and the re-commended screen approach velocity.

Design criteriaAlthough the water treatment plant

upgrade required a raw water capacityof 428 ML/d, consideration was givento the relatively high intake and pipingconstruction costs for the in-river workrelative to the material costs and alsothe extensive work needed to meet allthe regulatory requirements. It was thusdecided to provide in-river infrastruc-ture that would be expandable to 800ML/d for future needs.DFO required a 95% or better fish

survival rate for the species present.This entailed using 2.5 mm screen meshand designing a screen approach veloc-ity to be less than or equal to 0.1 m/s.

Construction requirementsTransport Canada Navigable Waters

required that the top of the intake struc-ture be at least 1.2 m below the mini-mum water level at a river discharge of


Temporary bridge built into the North Saskatchewan River.

Intake during construction.

Construction of the four intake pipes and two fish return pipes.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 11:31 AM


Water Supply

100 m3/s. Limitations were also set onthe construction activities by both Trans-port Canada and ASRD, in which notmore than two-thirds of the river couldbe blocked off during construction. Allconstruction work extending beyond100 m from shore was required to becompleted between a period from Octo-ber 31 and March 15 (typically duringriver freeze conditions).

Evaluating intakealternatives (Step 2)

Finding an intake style that could rejectfish while still in-stream was preferred.The alternatives that were considered in-cluded:• Infiltration gallery – Rejected due to

its massive size, construction logisticsand risk of future clogging.

• Left bank (plant side) intake -Rejected due to shallow bedconditions. Deepening the bed orcreating a channel to an intakeforebay were also discounted asimpractical.

• Right bank intake – The best locationhydraulically, but rejected due torestricted access and difficulty sitingthe facility below the steep rivervalley escarpment.

• In-stream screens and pump house –Rejected due to aesthetic impact onthe river valley and restrictedmaintenance access.

Selected intake alternativeThe selected intake had the following

characteristics:• Low profile bed style prism-shapedstructure located in the same thalwegas the existing intake structure.

• 1,000 ML/d intake capacity(800 ML/d net).

• Louvered debris and fish deflectingtrash screens.

• Four 1,500 mm diameter intake pipesto convey water to the on-shorescreen house and low-lift pump house(LLPH).

Selected screening alternativeTwo 2.5 mm mesh traveling water

screens were initially provided to re-move debris at the pump house. No fishbaskets were attached to the screens. In-stead, the traveling screens were angledto the flow and arranged to provide acrossflow velocity that would deflectand carry fish away from the screens.The crossflow velocity was created byproviding an anterior raw water returnpump system to return approximately20% of the design flow to the river usingscrew centrifugal pumps to minimizefish mortality. The return flow was

Intake physical model during testing.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 11:31 AM

routed back to the intake structurethrough two 600 mm diameter returnwater pipes.

CFD modelingComputational fluid dynamics (CFD)

modeling was performed by NorthwestHydraulic Consultants on the LLPH andfish return system prior to the physicalmodel being built.The CFD modeling showed that flow

conditions within the initial proposedarrangement of the pump house forebaycould lead to excessive velocities alongthe upstream face of the travelingscreens. This discovery led to an in-crease in the outlet size of the conductorpipes to reduce the velocities enteringthe forebay. The centre pier leading tothe fish return pump bay was also re-moved to improve flow patterns.

Physical modelingThe river intake and low-lift pump

house were modeled by Northwest Hy-draulic Consultants. A 1:6 scale modelof the LLPH and a 1:30 scale model ofthe intake mobile bed flume were con-structed. Tests were conducted on theintake model to evaluate the perform-ance from a hydraulics and fisheriesperspective.Themodel allowed for optimization of

the location of the fish return dischargepoint, as well as ensuring vertical louverslats would act as a deterrent for fish.Tests were performed on the LLPH

model to identify any adverse flow con-ditions to the low-lift pumps and evalu-ate the hydraulic performance of thepump sump forebay and fish return sys-tem. The model was shown to DFO rep-resentatives to demonstrate the designwould meet their requirements. Themodel also allowed for the optimizationof several design factors including:• Inlet and fish bay geometry.• Confirmation that the flow sweptalong the screens and entered in thefish bay at a higher velocity and thatno dead spots (fish lounge areas)were present.

• Confirmation that there were alwaysa current and sweeping flows in theinlet well.River intake construction (Step 3)The intake and intake pipes were

constructed between January 2006 andJune 2007. It involved construction of atemporary bridge and piling sections

from the bank to the intake location.In order to meet regulatory restric-

tions/limitations on construction activi-ties, the work was initially planned to becompleted in two phases. However, dur-ing construction, difficult soil conditionswere encountered. Thus, the plan was re-vised and broken out into three phases.

SummaryCurrent DFO standards set stringent

limits on design and construction ofriver intakes. Discussing requirementswith the regulators early in the project

Water Supply

is important for an efficient designprocess and meeting a schedule. Theuse of computer modeling and physi-cally modeling helps to demonstrate theperformance of the selected river intakedesign while also improving the overalldesign.

Ian Wright is VPWater,Associated Engineering, E-mail:[email protected]. Karen Crews is aProject Manager with EPCOR.E-mail: [email protected]


March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:58 PM


by actual root stabilization.3.Transpiration/volatilization: These

functions are sometimes referred to as a“biological pump and treat system”. Soilmoisture, including some contaminants,is drawn up through the root system andevaporated (transpired) through theleaves. Transpiration rate is a function ofthe plant species, leaf surface area, ex-tent of the root system, temperature,wind, and relative humidity. A dry windysite will generate a higher transpirationrate if adequate soil moisture is present.

Small molecular weight contami-nants that may be in groundwater aretaken up and moved through the plant.There may be some metabolism anddegradation within the plant, and thesecompounds can also be volatilized. Forexample, in the case of trichloroethyl-ene (TCE) several processes are at workat the same time: degradation in the soilor groundwater; metabolic uptake bythe plant; and volatilization.

Poplar, willow, and a number of othertrees can tolerate some level of contam-ination, and can take up and transpirelandfill leachate and contaminatedgroundwater. They have some of thehighest known transpiration rates innorthern climates, which is why they arethe first choice for many remediationand reclamation projects. Transpirationrates can be monitored by using a sapflow meter which provides accurate, on-site determinations, regardless of thespecies. A managed willow plantationcan remove up to 10 litres/sq.m/day dur-ing the growing season. Transpirationvolume of individual trees will increaseas they get larger.

Poplar and willow can also be usedto intercept groundwater plumes to pre-

Controlling undesirable out-comes of water movement inand on landfills is a commonelement of landfill closure ef-

forts. Trees, shrubs, and other plants canbe added to the engineer’s tool kit aspart of the remediation strategy forclosed landfill sites. Vegetation can as-sist with typical issues such as slope sta-bility, erosion control and leachatemanagement, but choosing to recreatenatural plant communities also provideshabitat for animals and future recre-ational opportunities for the public.

Designing vegetation covers forspecific functions

The biological functions of plants in-clude stabilization, interception, tran-spiration and volatilization.

1. Stabilization: Plant roots stabilizesoil from wind erosion and slopes fromrill- and gully-forming water erosion.The roots of prairie grasses such asswitchgrass, big and little bluestem, andprairie cordgrass provide dense matsthat stabilize shallow and deep sub-strates. Prairie grass root systems maybe 3-4 metres deep. Trees and shrubssuch as hybrid poplar and willow de-velop woody structural roots that pro-vide stability on a coarser scale.

2. Interception: Leaf surfaces, and inthe case of trees and shrubs, branchesand stems, intercept and slow down rainbefore it hits the ground. High velocitysheet runoff is prevented. The greaterthe plant surface area above ground, thehigher the interception rate. Some waterstays on leaf surfaces and is evaporatedwithout reaching the ground surface. A“closed canopy” forms as vegetationmatures, providing erosion control bothby protecting the soil surface, as well as

vent off-site migration as the plantationtranspiration rate can be integrated intothe design to match groundwater flux.Costs per hectare are also lower thanoff-site transport and treatment, as thereis a one time installation cost for a sys-tem that will function for decades.

All of these processes occur at thesame time, so that vegetation providesan integrated approach to water man-agement. Some plants perform somefunctions better than others, and not allplants will find ideal growing condi-tions in the landfill environment. Thefactors of function and site suitabilitymust, therefore, be taken into accountwhen selecting species to revegetatelandfills.

Creating habitat and passiverecreation areas

Residents of many communitieshave generated a widespread public in-terest in habitat restoration with speciesof local origin – native species. Theyvalue this approach because it allowssociety to replace what was removedhistorically through agriculture, urban-ization and resource development. Therevegetation of landfill caps providesthe perfect opportunity for naturaliza-tion; species representative of marshes,prairies and forested communities maybe used.

Native plant species, in turn, providefood and shelter to animals, and even-tually, a pleasant and interesting placefor the public to stroll, appreciate natureand the viewshed provided by the ele-vated landscape. Plantings can be de-signed with a park-like setting in mind,with a vision for the future, incorporat-ing the wealth of experience in naturalarea design and management.

Vegetative solutions to landfill closures By Cheryl Hendrickson

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:58 PM


Habitat restoration demands vegeta-tion professionals that have knowledgeof native species that are compatiblewith existing landscape conditions.They must also be able to assess the de-veloping vegetation community so thatthey can manage succession – the eco-logical maturation of a plant community- to desirable end points.Mark Peterson and Associates, and

LandSaga Biogeographical have workedtogether at the Regional Municipality ofWaterloo (RMOW) landfill towards thatend. In 1997 the Region added the natu-ralization of closed landfill cells to theirroster of green management initiatives.The approach has been to install a se-lection of nursery-grown native treesand shrubs incrementally over the last10 years.The total planted area to date is 2.7

hectares with an average installed costfor the 10,000 plus shrubs and trees ofabout $4.85 per square metre or $48,500per ha. The 1m clay cap is covered witha planting layer comprised of a 75 cmmixture of daily cover (on-site silty andsandy soil), peat and compost, althoughother cells received woodland soil sal-vaged from a local development site.Costs to create a favourable plantingsubstrate vary, as may actual installationcosts depending on the size and form ofnursery stock and its planting density.At theWaterloo landfill, before plant

material is installed, the planting cell istopped with 15-25 cm of choppedwoody mulch processed from woodwaste received at the landfill. Mulchhelps to control weeds and conservemoisture while the plants become es-tablished. Either bare root or container-ized stock can be used, although

container stock has some advantages interms of drought tolerance and survivalin unmanaged conditions.Weed control,especially after the third year, greatlyimproves long-term success.In a similar naturalization project at

New York’s Fresh Kills landfill, fieldmonitoring indicates that woody rootsdo not penetrate the landfill cap. Thesefindings reinforce other investigationsin northeastern US landfills that showthat roots generally stayed in the upper50 cm of substrate in the presence of

water and air. In the unlikely event ofroot penetration, the anticipated effectwould be more than offset by the knowninterception and evapotranspiration ofwater that mature plants provide withtheir leaf canopy.Once shrubs and trees have been

planted, other desirable and unwantedplants begin to arrive.Annual weed man-agement is necessary to control aggres-sive weedy competition so that the desirednative species can become established.


Phase 1 and 2 panorama of maturing habitat. All photos by Mark Peterson.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:58 PM


Weed control in naturalization projectsdemands vegetation professionals whocan distinguish native, planted speciesfrom unwanted weeds. At the Waterloolandfill LandSaga provided this service,while also identifying and saving “volun-teers”– desirable native plants that camein on their own. This has proven to be acost-effectivemanagement technique thathas contributed to the success of theplanting.

In the case of older landfills, a botan-ical assessment of existing vegetationshould be done. Through forensicbotany, a rapid assessment of site condi-tions affecting current and future plantcommunities can be made, includingsoil conditions, groundwater location,leachate breakouts, and site history.Veg-etation characteristics can then guidewhich plant species are likely to be mostsuccessful for their determined function,whether it be leachate control, stabiliza-tion, interception, and/or habitat restora-tion. Species identified may or may notbe recommended in the literature, sincenot all plants have been evaluated.

Colonization by other native plantsfrom adjacent natural areas via rabbits,

birds, deer and wind, is an indicator ofa thriving installation. This is the “suc-cessional” restoration that was the goalof the Region of Waterloo at the outset,which describes an evolving, self per-petuating ecological system, and onethat also works passively to manage theunproductive effects of water. The pres-ence of predators like coyotes andhawks reflects the successful develop-

ment of the ecological community.Future residents of Waterloo enjoy-

ing the view of the city from a forestedhilltop will reflect on the successful clo-sure of this landfill.

Cheryl Hendrickson is the Presidentof LandSaga BiogeographicalIncorporated. E-mail: hendrick-

[email protected]

Landfill Remediation

Typical planting with trees and shrubsplanted into wood mulch.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:58 PM


The author, (right) with Wilmer Aguilar, WFP Bolivia staff member (far left) andtwo villagers.

about four million US dollars.WFP partners with local govern-

ments, the private sector, and othertrusted nongovernmental organizationsto ensure broad support for their work,their most important partner being thepeople they serve. To create lastingchange, community members must be atthe centre of their own water and sanita-tion solutions.WFP also provides healthand hygiene education in each commu-nity so that people learn basic hygienepractices like hand-washing and properfood handling that can prevent disease.

Water For People Canada wasfounded in 1995. Its board is composedof representatives from all AWWA sec-tions in Canada. It has been focusing itsattention and resources for the past fewyears in Bolivia and is currently spend-ing about 75 per cent of its revenuesthere. Being a member of the Board, Iwas naturally interested in knowing thesituation in Bolivia and how our finan-cial resources were helping providewater and sanitation in that country. Ijoined theWWC and in November 2007embarked on a gruelling, yet rewarding,two-week monitoring trip in theCochabamba department of Bolivia.

The World Water CorpsThe WWC is very active with more

than ten trips planned for 2008. Its mis-

Few organizations dealing withinternational development areable to provide data and infor-mation in order to determine

whether their actions are sustainable.Water for People (WFP) decided itneeded to answer that important ques-tion for its supporters and to keep grow-ing. That quest is what led to the creationin 2006 of the World Water Corps(WWC), which is its overseas volunteerprogram.

Water For People?Water For People was first founded in

1991 by members of the AmericanWaterWorksAssociation (AWWA). Themain objective of the organization is torelieve the water crisis that is affectingbillions of underprivileged peopleworldwide. The approach is simple, yeteffective: helping people help them-selves. WFP is committed to helpingcommunities by developing sustainablewater resources and sanitation solutions.

It is well established in Bolivia,Guatemala, Honduras, Malawi, andIndia. It is currently expanding its scopeof action over the next five years to in-clude five new countries: Rwanda,Uganda, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Do-minican Republic.

Last year, WFP was able to helpnearly 130,000 people with a budget of

sion is to support the specific objectivesof WFP programs in each country. TheWWC sends teams of volunteers, oftenwater and wastewater engineers, forshort-term assignments of two weeks, toassess the baseline for future develop-ment (mapping), to monitor the status ofexisting water, and sanitation projects(monitoring), or to evaluate the overalleffectiveness of a program (evaluation).

My experiences in BoliviaThe monitoring trip I went on was

based in Cochabamba, Bolivia, a townwith a metropolitan population of morethan 900,000. Bolivia is located in thecentre of SouthAmerica and is crossed bytheAndes, whichmakes it a mountainouscountry. The city of Cochabamba is lo-cated southeast of LaPaz, the largest cityin the country. We went to remote placeswhere very few go, living everyday likeBolivians.That is what themonitoring ex-perience feels and looks like. Exhaustingwork but exhilarating at the same time.

Our expedition consisted of fourteams, each composed of one or twovolunteers from North America, oneWFP Bolivia staff member, one memberof the NGO that built the project, andone translator/driver. In the rural areas,most villagers speak only Quechua orAymara (La Paz region). We would typ-ically drive many hours in a 4x4 truck,on dirt roads, reaching and visiting be-tween one and three remote villageseach day. The highest village I went towas at an elevation of 4300 metres.Some of these villages have no phonesor electricity. Most of the time we wereable to come back to Cochabamba to ourcomfortable hotel, but some of us had tostay on site, in local hostels.

In total, we visited 58 communities.Our visits consisted of interviewingusers and community leaders about theirsystem and their use of water, locatingsystems using GPS, and taking photo-graphs to assess their condition. Basedon the information collected, a report isbeing completed.

The systems we visited were verysimple and rustic and were designed sothe villagers could operate and maintain

Is international development always sustainable?ByAnnie Carrière,P.Eng.,M.A.Sc.

Water Supply


March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:58 PM


order. In general the systems that werestill functioning had an active watercommittee, and each family paid a smallmonthly fee (approximately twenty-fivecents) to the committee for system up-keep. This allowed the purchase of toolsand repair parts. These communitiesheld monthly meetings where watercommittee business could be discussed.

The poorly functioning systems usu-ally did not have committees. Thisseemed to be due either to apathy by thevillagers, feuding between neighbors, orsimply because the committee membershad left the village or died. Sometimes,there was simply no one with the tools ortraining to maintain the system. A gen-eral observation I made is that good man-agement and plumbing training seem tomake a huge difference in the sustain-ability of the systems.

ConclusionsThis experience allowedme to witness

the impacts of the projectsWater For Peo-ple Canada funds. I was surprised inmanyregards. Some villages had excellent sys-tems, while others had management orequipment problems. Notwithstanding, ineach village, the villagers had smiles on

them.There were a lot of gravity fed sys-tems with springs, concrete tanks andpressure reducing chambers, equippedwith floats. We saw wells and elevatedtanks. We also visited sanitation facili-ties, which were mainly water toilets.

Overall, the vast majority of the sys-tems were still functional. But, unfortu-nately, some systems were already out of

their faces because their life was made somuch easier with access to water.

This exercise was very useful inmany ways: it allowed us foreigners tosee the impacts of the projects we fundand made us become real WFP ambas-sadors; it helped WFP Bolivia staff tolearn from past experience and improvetheir program, and it also boosted com-munities' interest in maintaining theirsystems, because they know they will bevisited in the future.

This monitoring trip to Bolivia was apilot program and the organization wasgood.As comments from the volunteersare integrated into the organization, itshould become even more efficient andsatisfying for the volunteers. PersonallyI was very pleased with the experienceand went home with a sense of accom-plishment.

Annie Carrière is a Member of theBoard of Water for People Canada, arepresentative of the Québec Section of

Water for People. For moreinformation, please visitwww.waterforpeople.org

Water Supply

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:59 PM


O.Reg.153/04 and the proposed criteriaof the new regulation 153/04.

The treatment performance effi-ciency of these types of bioreactors willplay an important role in the pre-treat-ment of contaminated soil and ground-water as it pertains to the LDR (LandDisposal Restriction) filed with the reg-istrar of Regulations as Ontario Regula-tion 461/05.

For the most part BioDOT bioreac-tors have been used generally for the re-mediation of gas station sites; however,with the realization of the impacts ofBill 133, the bioremediation of contam-inated soils and groundwater in petro-chemical and petroleum processingplants has seen a significant increase ofthe presence of this type of bioreactoron major corporation sites.

In considering contaminated gas sta-tion sites, the sources of contaminationcomponents on these sites is not alwaysrelated to BTEX and hydrocarbon frac-tions, particularly when these sites arelocated within downtown boundariesand are subject to on-site contaminationsources, which inmany cases containchlorinated hydro-carbon components,

Bioremediation is a fairlyyoung science in itself; how-ever, as with most recentyoung technologies, it has

evolved rapidly into a respected scienceby the involvement and integration ofscience branches such as microbiology,biochemistry, chemistry, geology andsoils and groundwater engineering.

The present day state-of-the-artbioremediation systems are totally com-puterized with remote communicationand control and can include more thanone remediation system.

The BioDOT™ bioreactor system isan example of one of these systems withcombined technologies for contami-nated site remediation, being able tocombine or individually select aerobic,anaerobic and chemical oxidizationtreatment processes. The combinationchoice of these three technologies isdictated by the site’s contaminationcomponents profile.

BioDOT bioreactors are typical of anew breed of soil and groundwater re-mediation technologies whose resultshave shown, by the utilization of indi-vidual or selective combination of tech-nologies, that they can produce rapidtreatment to meet the present criteria of

usually PCE, sourced from dry cleaningoperations that were historically or arepresently located in the close proximityto the gas station.

In some cases, where there is thepresence of hydrocarbon and chlori-nated hydrocarbons, a combined tech-nology approach can be strategized bythis type of bioreactor system.

Prior to the installation of theBioDOT bioreactors it is imperative thatthe Phase II Environmental SiteAssess-ment establishes the full vertical andhorizontal extent of contamination in allenvironmental media (soil and ground-water at a minimum), and that the phys-ical and geochemical characteristics ofsubsurface materials, including thelocal hydrology and geology, should bedefined so that the fate and transport ofthe contamination will be understood.

An evaluation of the hydrogeologicsetting based on the specific geologic for-mation and lithology affecting ground-water flow beneath the facility and thecharacteristics of the impacted aquifer

Computerized bioremediation and chemicaloxidation of hydrocarbon and chlorinatedhydrocarbon contaminated sites By Bryan Ball

Remediation

In order to maintain the most efficient aerobicbiological contaminant removal, large massesof oxygen are required.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:59 PM


Remediation

should be performed. Information, suchas lithologic characteristics of the soil andbedrock, permeability of the formationdepth to groundwater, thickness of thesaturated interval(s) and the real extent ofthe aquifer(s), hydraulic conductivity ofthe aquifer(s) and an interpretation of thehydraulic interconnectivity between sat-

urated zones, is needed to evaluate thehorizontal and vertical extent of contam-ination and help determine contaminantmigration characteristics.

The type and amount of informationgathered is dependent largely on the com-plexity of the subsurface environment.This information is required to perform

the remediation system modeling.Groundwater contour maps are re-

quired for each saturated zone to deter-mine local groundwater flow patterns.Care should be taken to ensure that po-tential man-made influences on ground-water flow, such as french drains, un-lined ponds, septic systems, stormwateroutfalls, permitted wastewater dischargeoutfalls, or groundwater productionwells, are reflected in the groundwaterlevel contour maps.

This information is used in conjunc-tion with other site-setting informationin evaluating contaminant migrationpathways, establishing potential expo-sure scenarios and assisting in modelingthe injection well matrices and recoverywell locations. Once these are installed,then the bioreactors can be programmedto select specific treatment technologyand to combine or individually selectaerobic, anaerobic and chemical oxi-dization treatment processes in order toaddress the individual or combinationnature of the contaminant componentspresent at the site.

Max-Ox oxygenation system ON!Currently, the most used bioremedia-

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:59 PM


Remediationtion process in treating contaminatedsites such as gas stations is in an aerobicmode. Aerobic reaction is the biodegra-dation of organic contaminants utilizingoxygen, as the electron acceptor oxygenis the primary limiting factor for mostaerobic bioremediation efforts. Stoichio-metrically, petroleum compounds typi-cally require an approximately 3:1 ratioof oxygen:petroleum for aerobic biolog-ical degradation oxidation (i.e. one mgof gasoline requires 2.5 mg of oxygen.)

In nature, groundwater contains lowconcentrations of oxygen due to theminimal re-aeration from its laminarflow and the aqueous solubility of oxy-gen. Even modest biological activitywill readily deplete the oxygen in thegroundwater.

Therefore, in order to maintain themost efficient aerobic biological con-taminant removal, large masses of oxy-gen are required. Unfortunately, mostconventional remediation systems (i.e.air or oxygen sparging), cannot keeppace with the demand for oxygen in bi-ologically active conditions.

To remedy this, the BioDOT systemutilizes its Max-Ox™ oxygenation sys-

tem where dissolved oxygen is diffusedinto the water at concentrations greaterthan 110 ppm. Losses of dissolved oxy-gen prior to the subsurface on a site-wide or plume specific-wide scale arelimited by a series of in-line one-wayvalve systems, thus the delivery of acustomized microbial oxygenated solu-tion directly to the plume area in themost efficient manner leads to fast andeconomical site remediations, mostly inless than nine months.

With aerobic bioremediation, themass balance is a function of the stoi-chiometry of the oxidation-reduction re-actions that govern the biologicalutilization of a particular compound.For example, oxidation-reduction reac-tions for the aerobic utilization of ben-zene are as follows:

Oxidation Reaction: C6H6 + 12 H2O→ 6 CO2 + 30 H+ + 30 e-

Reduction Reaction: 7.5 O2 + 30 H+

+ 30 e- → 15 H2O

Overall Reaction: C6H6 + 7.5 O2 →6 CO2 + 3 H2O

The O2 requirement for this reactionis that 1 mole of C6H6 requires 7.5moles of O2. Converting to the appro-priate mass ratio results in the following:

One unit C6H6 : 7.5 x (32/78) unitsof O2, or 1 unit C6H6 requires threeunits of O2.

Therefore, aerobic biological degra-dation requires three pounds of dis-solved oxygen to degrade one pound ofbenzene in the subsurface.

This customized microbial solution,aside from oxygen, contains a numberof nutrients that are also necessary forthe success of the metabolic process ofthe microorganisms including iron,magnesium, sulfur, nitrogen, and phos-phorous. Although most subsurfaces al-ready contain an abundance of therequired minerals, the most common ad-ditional nutrients injected along with thesource of oxygen are nitrogen and phos-phorus. Nitrogen is typically in the formof ammonia or nitrate while phosphorusis typically in the form of phosphate. Ageneral rule for nutrients is to maintaina C:N:P ratio of 100:13:3 to 100:10:1.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:30 PM


Remediation

Max-Ox oxygenation system OFF!The BioDOT anaerobic technology

addresses the critical parameters thatcontrol the efficiency of any in situ re-ductive dechlorination process.

In the dechlorination of chlorinatedhydrocarbons using anaerobic reductive

reactions, specific microbial solutionswith a customized substrate are injectedinto the contamination plume throughthe injection matrix.

This technology has shown thatmany groundwater contaminants can becost-effectively biodegraded in situ by

providing a source of biodegradable or-ganic substrate. The technology is noteffective unless the following criteriacan be met:

a) The contaminants are anaerobi-caly biodegradable; such that stronglyreducing conditions can be generated.

Specific microbial solutions with a customized substrate are injected into the contamination plume through theinjection matrix.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:59 PM


Remediation

b) A microbial community capableof driving the process is present or canbe introduced.

c) An organic substrate can be suc-cessfully distributed in the subsurface.

BioDOT Chemical Oxidation, Max-Ox oxygenation system OFF!

Chemical oxidation system ON!The system is designed for the appli-

cation of potassium permanganate forthe oxidation of chlorinated hydrocar-bons, in particular perchloroethylene(also known as tetrachloroethylene,perc, PCE), which is an organic, com-pound that is part of a class of chemicalscalled chlorinated hydrocarbon solventsor chlorinated solvents.

Chemical oxidation is an effectiveprocess for treating chlorinated hydro-carbons such as PCE in both soil andgroundwater.

The BioDOT system is capable ofbeing programmed to adhere to thebasic stoichiometric equations summa-rizing the oxidation of PCE and TCE bythe permanganate ion as presented inthe following:

PCE conversion equationC2Cl4 + 2MnO4- ==> 2CO2 +

2MnO2 (s) + Cl2 + 2Cl-

TCE conversion equationC2Cl3H + 2MnO4- ==> 2CO2 +

2MnO2 (s) + 3Cl- + H+

The BioDOT system has a MobileCertificate of Approval with the Min-istry of the Environment for Contami-nated Soil and Groundwater Site

Remediation for Hydrocarbon andChlorinated Hydrocarbon contamina-tion components.

The BioDOT Mobile Certificate ofApproval permits site remediation tocommence without the normal 8-12months delay experienced for a site spe-cific C of A Application.

Bryan Ball, M.Sc., is Vice President ofBluewater Environmental Inc.

E-mail: [email protected]

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Major US water utilities form climate

change coalition

Eight of the US’s largest water utilitiesrecently formed a coalition to improveresearch into the impacts of climatechange on water utilities. The WaterUtility Climate Alliance (WUCA) wasformed by Denver Water, the Metro-politan Water District of Southern Cal-ifornia , New York City Department ofEnvironmental Protection, PortlandWater Bureau, San Diego CountyWater Authority, the San FranciscoPublic Utilities Commission, SeattlePublic Utilities and the Southern Ne-vada Water Authority.

Together, the WUCA members sup-ply drinking water for more than 36million people throughout the UnitedStates.

The WUCA has identified severalkey research needs that would improvethe water supply sector’s ability to de-velop strategies to cope with potentialimpacts of climate change.

NEWS

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:31 PM


Transportation and the Environment

Only in the last few years hasthere been a wider global ac-ceptance of the fact that thetransportation industry is a

major contributor to the generation ofgreenhouse gases (GHGs) that are con-tributing to global warming. With thenumber of vehicles on the road forecastto increase from around 700 milliontoday to 2 billion by 2015, it is vital thatthe auto industry embarks on a paradigmshift towards embracing cleaner trans-portation technologies. This is especiallyimportant in the case of the rapidly in-dustrialising countries of India andChina that will provide the future mar-kets for the majority of new vehicles.

A wake-up callIt seems that only in the last few

years have the governments of theworld, driven by public outcry, acceptedthe fact that environmental concerns area real threat to our civilization. Climatechange, long derided as pseudo-scienceby the US government, is now at the

that depend on oil have to be preparedto fight for it.”

The year 2007 saw some major land-marks in the automobile industry. First,oil prices topped the $100 per barrel,with some analysts predicting that itwill only take another serious terroristincident or a natural disaster in one ofthe oil regions to push the price to $150.Meanwhile, some government think-tanks are predicting that climate changeis a larger threat than terrorism and thatmajor lifestyle changes will be required.One of these major changes will un-doubtedly be in the area of personaltransportation, meaning the automobile.

The other major landmark was in thespeech by General Motors PresidentRick Waggoner at the opening of the2008 Detroit Auto Show, where henoted that Peak Oil has already beenreached and that electrification of theautomobile is now inevitable.

The problem is quite simple: theglobal population is forecast to increasefrom its present 6.6 billion to around 10billion in the next 30 years and, eventhough most of this growth will be in thepoorer regions, it will still create an enor-mous increase in the demand for energy,specifically fossil fuels. But it is now anaccepted fact that oil reserves have al-ready peaked and that in the future wewill see the shift from a world with an in-creasing supply of low cost oil to one

The future of clean transportationByDr.Bernard Fleet,Dr.Shibani Chaudhury and James K.Li

forefront of every government’s policyagenda and there is now a frantic shuf-fling of the deckchairs on the Titanic totry and avoid global catastrophe. At thesame time, the world is facing increas-ing oil prices, with the war in Iraq rein-forcing the old maxim that “countries

Tata Industries $2,500 Car the “Nano”.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:59 PM


with a decreasing supply of high cost oil. Inevitably, part ofthis demand will need to be met from less accessible oilsources such as tar sands, oil shale or coal, that create aneven higher environmental impact than traditional oil sup-plies.In the West, over 50% of oil is used in transportation

and this year has seen a dramatic rise in gas prices, a trendthat is likely to continue. The environmental effects of thegasoline/diesel internal combustion engine (ICE) are wellknown with their major contribution to greenhouse gasgeneration, climate change, and damage to public healththrough increased incidence of respiratory problems inpeople, especially children, living in urban areas. Yet it isonly when motorists feel the pain at the gas pump thatthere is a call for action. This has been seen most visiblyin the US, where, last year, sales of SUVs were down 50%,while sales of hybrid electric vehicles were up by a simi-lar amount.The search for cleaner, more sustainable transportation

solutions has been going on since the 1960s and ‘70s yet itis only in the last few years that the major auto companieshave begun to show serious interest. Back in 1990, the Cal-ifornia Air Resources Board (CARB) forced the US au-tomakers hand by taking the bold step of establishing aZero-EmissionVehicle (ZEV) program.This mandated that2% of all vehicles produced for sale in California had tobe ZEVs and this number had to increase to 5% in 2001and 10% by 2003.The automakers immediately stepped up with some

half-hearted electric vehicle and alternative fuel programs,while at the same time joining forces with the oil compa-nies to wage a multi-million dollar lobbying and advocacycampaign to fight the CARBmandates.With their massiveresources they were able to defeat CARB and also “prove”that the few battery-powered electric vehicles that they in-troduced were impractical. As an aside, the few Californi-ans who managed to get their hands on one of these electricvehicles are so happy with their low cost motoring that theyare now fighting a huge legal battle to stop them being re-possessed and sent to the crusher. This story is very welldocumented in the recent film “Who Killed the ElectricCar”.As the situation in Iraq clearly shows, it is necessary to

fight to maintain North America’s appetite for oil. Thejump in prices at the gas pump in the wake of HurricaneKatrina also showed the vulnerability of oil prices to ex-ternal events whether natural disasters or terrorist attacks.Finally, with oil reaching over $100 per barrel, even themainstream auto industry has accepted the fact that cleantransportation may be our only solution.

Vehicle electrification – hybrids,fuel cells or battery?

There are basically four major directions that cleantransportation can take. One is low-emission vehicles (orLEVs) based on smaller, more fuel-efficient internal com-bustion engines. Smaller cars have long been favoured inEurope which also has a strong affinity towards diesel ve-


March 2008 Final:2008 3/18/08 11:59 PM



is their complexity and level of techni-cal sophistication. Having the two drivetrains, electric and gasoline motors,doubles the possibilities for technicalproblems.

But the undoubted success of HEVsis clear and Toyota alone has now soldover 1 million vehicles. They have alsomade some major contributions to thetechnology of electric vehicles. It is alsoimportant to note that, from the main-stream automobile company (OEMs)standpoint, HEVs are not a disruptivetechnology and hence the OEMs still re-tain control of the industry and do notface the possible loss of the trillions ofdollars of intellectual property that hasbeen invested in the ICE over the lastcentury. HEVs are also well suited forspecific niche markets such as the mil-itary, where the ability to switch be-tween electric and gasoline drive trainscan be of real benefit in some battle-field situations.

Plug-in hybridsPerhaps the most important contri-

bution of hybrid EVs is that it finallydispelled the myth, long put out by theauto majors, that electric vehicles werenot practical either technically or eco-nomically. After the success of Toyotaand Honda, all of the US automakers(the Detroit three) scrambled to playcatch up and introduce their own hybridmodels.

But then consumers soon began toask the next question. If the battery isgood and improves fuel efficiency whycan’t we have a bigger battery? Andmaybe while we are at it, why can’t wehave one that we can plug in to themains for overnight recharging? Again,the OEMs derided this idea saying itwas inconvenient, there was no market,etc., but soon there was a dedicatedgroup of HEV owners who were pre-pared to pay up to $20,000 for a customconversion to have their hybrid con-verted to a plug-in hybrid (PHEV).

A similar scenario was then played outand the major OEMs suddenly discov-ered PHEVs and several new PHEVmodels were announced at the 2008 De-troitAuto Show. It is now clear that of the50 or so HEVs that are scheduled to enterthe market by 2010, a good proportionwill be plug-in versions. In all respectsthe PHEV is similar to a standard hybrid

Figure 1. Well-to-Wheel Analysis for Battery (top) vs. Fuel Electric Vehicle.(note that compared to a battery EV, the fuel cell require 2 ½ times more energy toget same amount of energy to the wheels)

hicles. Similarly, the rapidly growingauto industries in China and Indiamostly favour small cars, where themarketing motto is eco vs. ego. The re-cent launch by Tata in India of theNano, a 2-cylinder, 600cc gasoline ve-hicle that sells for $2,500 is surely abeacon for the future of the auto indus-try.

But small LEVs, even if the vehicleemissions are low, will become a majorpollution problem within a very fewyears when many millions of vehicleshit the roads in China and India. Amuch more effective approach to cleantransportation is achieved by introduc-ing some degree of electrification intothe auto drive train. There are manyvariations on this theme, but the mainstrategies are essentially hybrid electricvehicles (HEVs), fuel cell electric vehi-cles and pure battery electric vehicles,(BEVs) or zero emission electric vehi-cles (ZEVs). The basic approach is tointroduce some level of electric power,either alone or in combination with aninternal combustion engine.

Hybrid electric vehiclesHybrids, the auto industry’s most re-

cent success story, are based on a com-bination of a gasoline engine with anelectric motor. This idea, again, is notnew and, in fact, dates back to the dawnof the auto industry in the early 1900s.Hybrids combine the benefits of eachpropulsion system while minimizing thelimitations.

In the various HEV designs, the elec-tric motor can operate alone or in tan-dem with the ICE, in a parallel or aserial arrangement where either one orboth motors can drive the wheels. Themajor attraction of the HEV is that itimproves overall fuel efficiency and re-duces toxic vehicle emissions since, incity or urban driving, the vehicle will berunning mostly on the electric motor.

But vehicle price is an issue, thequestion being whether the additionalpremium for buying a HEV is offset bythe cost savings from improved fuel ef-ficiency? This question has been in dis-pute since improvement in fuelefficiency for a HEV will dependmarkedly on driving profile, whether itis mostly city or highway driving or typ-ically a combination thereof.

One obvious limitation with hybrids

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:00 AM



where the battery is charged by a gener-ator powered by the gasoline engine, butin the plug-in option the small 1 to 2 kilo-watt hour (kW/h) battery is increased to 4to 5 kW and an external power cord al-lows this to be charged from the mainssupply (see Figure 2).

The picture is now becoming clear.If electric drive vehicles are good andalso pollution free, why do we need thegasoline motor? What’s wrong withhaving a pure battery vehicle? But be-fore we look at that question we need tolook at another idea that has obsessedthe auto industry for the past severaldecades, the fuel cell electric vehicleand the hydrogen highway.

Fuel cell vehicles- the hydrogen highway

During the past decade the Canadiangovernment as well as the US has in-vested many billions of dollars in fuelcell technology with the ultimate goalof developing commercial fuel cell ve-hicles supported by the hydrogen high-way; this is all a part of the so-calledhydrogen economy. Yet, despite thismassive investment and the even moremassive hype that surrounds fuel cells,the industry has yet to come up with aviable product.

The reasons for this are not difficultto understand. A fuel cell, despite itshype as a space-age technology, is sim-ply another version of a battery. A “gasbattery”, as the English inventor SirCharles Grove described it 150 yearsago, uses hydrogen gas along with air asthe energy source. So, essentially a fuelcell, car, bus or truck is an electric ve-hicle powered by a device that operateslike a refuelable battery!

The fuel cell vehicle has some simi-larity to a hybrid vehicle except that thegas tank is replaced with a hydrogenstorage unit, typically a high-pressuretank similar to the type used forpropane/LPG vehicles. Hydrogen isthen fed to the fuel cell power unit that,in turn, provides power that feeds anauxiliary battery that drives an electricmotor.

Despite all of the massive investmentand development efforts, the fuel celltransportation industry faces severalmajor barriers both technical and eco-nomic. While fuel cell technology stillhas several problems that remain to be

solved, a bigger barrier is the lack of in-frastructure to supply the hydrogen fuel.But the biggest barrier of all is simplyeconomics, what the energy industryexperts call EROI or Energy Return onInvestment.

Figure 1 shows what is called aWell-to-Wheels analysis. It analyses the effi-ciency levels at all stages from theenergy from the grid right through topowering the wheels of a vehicle. Thisschematic compares a Well-to-Wheel

for a pure battery vehicle and a fuel cellvehicle. The best possible scenario isused where a renewable energy sourcesuch as solar or wind is used as the pri-mary input.

This shows the various efficienciesin each stage of the process from energygeneration through the transmission toeither a battery or a fuel cell. What itshows quite clearly is that in order todeliver 60 kW of power to the vehicle’s


March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:00 AM



the last decade of the 19th and the earlyyears of the 20th century, electric vehi-cles occupied a prominent place along-side steam and gasoline enginevehicles. Despite the many early advan-tages of the electric vehicle over thegasoline internal combustion engine, bythe early 1920s the gasoline vehicle,following Henry Ford’s genius break-through, established a stranglehold onthe market.

The reason for this state of affairs isthat the Achilles heel of the EV car hasalways been battery performance. Bythe late 19th century the lead acid bat-teries delivered an energy density of 10-Watt hours per kilogram (Wh/kg). By1910 this had improved to nearly 25Wh/kg. However, this trajectory of de-velopment stalled once gasoline vehi-cles assumed control and it was only bythe end of the 20th century that energydensity had doubled to around 45Wh/kg.

But, in the last decade, battery tech-nology has made some giant strides.First was the shift to nickel metal hy-dride chemistry that doubled the energydensity, but the big breakthrough hasbeen the introduction of lithium-basedbattery chemistry. Spurred by the in-creasing demands for portable powerfrom the high-tech industries such asportable computers, IT and aerospace,a whole generation of lightweight, high-energy batteries has emerged. These aremainly lithium-technology based andthe best of them can now deliver morethan five times the energy at less than

one quarter of the weight of a compara-ble volume of lead acid battery.

As a result of this breakthrough,electric vehicles which were formerlygolf-cart type, low speed vehicles car-rying a deadweight of a ton of lead, nowhave the opportunity to achieve similarif not superior performance to gasolinevehicles, with one important difference:operating cost. The electricity costs foroperating a pure battery electric vehicleare less than one-tenth the costs of op-erating a similar size gasoline vehicle!

The most advanced lithium battery-powered EVs now have a driving rangebetween charges of well in excess of200 km. The issue of charging time hasalso been resolved with the introductionof new nanotechnology battery sciencethat enables the battery to be rechargedin minutes rather than hours. Alterna-tively, the battery unit can be chargedovernight using low-cost, off-peakpower.

Moreover, battery prices, formerlythe limiting factor, are rapidly decreas-ing as the economies of mass produc-tion kick in and costs of $0.50/Watt willsoon be available, down from last year’sprices of $2 to $3 per Watt.

Battery EVs now cover a wide rangeof vehicle types from low-speed vehicles(LSVs) to conventional mass-market orhighway-capable EVs (referred to asfull-performance BEVs). They also havefound applications for commercial vehi-cles that include light commercial, heavygoods vehicles, especially kerbside de-livery vehicles, buses and coaches.

wheels, a fuel cell requires 200 kWh ofenergy input compared to 80 kWh for abattery vehicle. This means that theEROI for a fuel cell is two and a halftimes greater than for a simple batteryvehicle and hence, pure battery tech-nology is approximately 2 ½ times moreefficient than a fuel cell. The fuel cellpathway involves the use of a gaspipeline, purification and compressionsteps, all of which lose energy, beforethe fuel enters the fuel cell.

The simple fact is that the thermo-dynamics cannot lie. On simple EROIgrounds, fuel cells don’t make eco-nomic sense.

Even though there are reportedlyaround 600 prototype fuel cell vehiclesundergoing trials worldwide and Hondarecently announced the launch of lim-ited numbers of market ready fuel cellvehicles, the rest of the industry contin-ues to push back into decades the datewhen FCEVs might be available in thedealers showroom.

Battery electric vehicles – thetechnology breakthrough

At the dawn of the automobile age in

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Figure 2. Schematic of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle(g = gas tank, B = battery, C = charger, EM = electric motor, T = transmission and ICE =internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel)

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:00 AM


BEVs would seem to be the ideal solution for the modernmotorist, with zero-pollution and low operating and mainte-nance costs. Low-speed vehicles especially are a new class ofvehicle that is especially suited to the urban environment. Butincreasingly BEVs are seen to be entering the mainstreamautomobile market. Just in the past year there have been an-nouncements from three major OEMs that they plan tolaunch full-performance battery vehicles.

Electric vehicles may also benefit from the use of renew-able energy. In California, for example, where there are nowover 20,000 EVs on the road, many dedicated owners haveinstalled solar panels on their homes or carport roofs that areable to provide all domestic power requirements, charge theirelectric vehicle battery and live almost totally energy andgasoline free.

Today there are several unknown factors that will affectthe future direction of clean transportation technology. Thefirst is that, given the trend of increasing sales of hybrid ve-hicles, what fraction of this market will be captured by eitherplug-in hybrids or pure battery electric vehicles? The sec-ond and more profound question revolves around the upsurgein the auto market in the developing countries where bothIndia and China are now putting close to 4 million new carson the road every year. This number is already greater thanthe forecast for North America, while sales in these two re-gions will soon surpass the numbers for North America andEurope combined. If these new cars continue to pollute, andeven if they are low-emission gasoline or diesel vehicles, thecumulative emissions will far outweigh any benefits that theWest can generate through all of its greenhouse gas reduc-tion efforts.

Governments globally have to act and create the optimummarket conditions for clean transport options to be imple-mented. These efforts may include public policy options suchas road pricing and congestion charges that are in place inLondon and Singapore and will probably be copied by othercities. Financial instruments such as tax incentives or grantsto help with the purchase of a zero pollution vehicle have alsobeen used and are important.

The way aheadAs Thomas Homer-Dixon points out in his visionary

book, “The Upside of Down”, when complex systems areunder stress, the future directions they might take are oftenimpossible to predict. How both governments and industryin the industrialized world and the poorer countries respondto the threat of climate change will have a major impact onthe future direction of the transportation industry. At thispoint all we can say is that electrification provides a real op-portunity for pollution-free, zero emission driving.

Dr. Bernard Fleet is an environmental scientist,E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Shibani Chaudhury is at Viswa Bharati University,E-mail: [email protected]

James K Li is a Ph. D student at the University of Toronto,Email: [email protected]

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:00 AM


Erosion Control

Permanent turf reinforcement mat helps protect oldNipawin Bridge

turbid water could potentially createwater quality as well as wildlife habitatproblems.

The original site plans drawn by theconsultants called for the use of rock-filled gabions placed over a geotextilefabric. After evaluating the cost ofgabions and realizing that no contrac-tors would bid on the project due to lim-ited equipment access, hand placementlabour costs, and lack of available rock,Saskatchewan Highways decided tolook into alternatives to hard-armour onthe slope. They contacted Nilex Inc., lo-cated in Saskatoon, for advice on othererosion and sediment control optionsavailable for the project conditions.

Nilex representative, Lee Jaboeuf,recommended the use of one of NorthAmerican Green’s permanent turf rein-forcement mats (TRMs) as a vegetatedsoft-armour solution to replace therock-filled gabion baskets.

Given the flow values and other proj-

ect data from Saskatchewan Highways,Jaboeuf analyzed the project in the Ero-sion Control Materials Design Software(ECMDS) in order to find a suitableTRM that would stabilize the harsh con-ditions. A one metre wide channel with1:1 side slopes was analyzed with NorthAmerican Green’s P550 TRM, a high-performance, permanent reinforcementmat. The three-dimensional nettingstructure of this TRM is designed tooffer permanent reinforcement of thesoil and vegetation, and the polypropy-lene fibre matrix offers immediate ero-sion and sediment control protectionduring vegetation establishment.

During evaluation of the project pa-rameters, which expected to generate adischarge of 0.067m3/sec stress andflow velocities reaching 2.7 m/sec, theP550 (rated for 7.6 m/sec maximumpermissible velocities, vegetated) wasshown to be stable in the vegetatedstage, but unstable in the unvegetated

Abridge spanning the NorthSaskatchewan River in Ni-pawin, Saskatchewan, wasunder careful watch due to

excessive slope erosion near the bridgeapproach. The gully located immediatelyadjacent to the bridge approach wouldpose highway stability concerns if theerosion continued at its current rate.

In addition to the slope’s highlyerodible sandy silt soil type, the 60metre long slope averaged a steep gra-dient of 1.2:1 (H:V). This steep slopewas channeling runoff from an area en-compassing approximately 3,000 m2 ofessentially impervious ground that ex-hibited high runoff velocities afterstorm events. In addition to stormwaterrunoff, a natural spring also feeds thegully with water year round.

Besides the highway stability, therewas also the concern of large amountsof unwanted sediment being washedinto the river, creating turbid water. This

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stage due to the steepness of the slopeand the shear stress impact it producedon the liner.

SolutionAfter contacting North American

Green about additional options to createa stable vegetated design, it was sug-gested that GeoRidge® synthetic per-meable check dams be used in thechannel to increase channel/sloperoughness and slow water velocities dur-ing the initial vegetation establishmentphase. These permeable check damsallow for a smoother and less damagingrelease of water, by distributing and re-tarding flow velocities through theberm, rather than over the berm.

It was calculated that installingGeoRidge at one metre intervals downthe channel, perpendicular to water flow,would reduce the velocities by 40%.After re-evaluating the project in the de-sign software with the newly calculatedvelocities, the P550 and GeoRidge com-bination proved to be a stable designduring all project phases. This combina-tion provided an extra factor of safety,given the soil type and the sensitivity ofExcessive erosion was creating slope stability concerns along the bridge

approach. continued overleaf...

Erosion Control

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:31 PM


the upper section of the slope.The final design by the consultants,

Golder Associates, included a sevenmetre long rock-filled gabion basket atthe uppermost portion of the slope toact as a scour protection area from theculvert outfall, followed by the combi-nation of TRM and ditch checks contin-uing the rest of the way down to theriver.

InstallationInstallation started in July 2005 and

was relatively easy after hand-shaping

Erosion Control

Georidge permeable check dams were installed at one metre intervals to helpreduce the velocities on the vegetated portion of the channel.

The annual rye established in the channel withina few months, increasing the erosion protection

and helping to blend the site into its natural surroundings.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:00 AM


25 mm of rain each. Additional stormsin September and October brought thetotal rainfall to over 225 mm betweenlate July and early October. The chan-nel held through these storm events,even with the site in only a partiallyvegetated condition.

Overall the project went well. Only20 metres of the 60 metre channel werecompleted in 2005, with the remaining40 metres slated to be completed at alater date. The cost savings on this proj-ect were substantial. By replacing theoriginally designed rock-filled gabionswith a soft-armoured design consistingof the P550 TRM and the GeoRidgecheck dam, Saskatchewan Highwayssaved three quarters of the originallyquoted price. Besides materials costsavings, the installation time was re-duced by 75%.

Now the Old Nipawin bridge approachis stable, and the North SaskatchewanRiver is protected from additional sedi-ment pollution.

For additional information, contact:[email protected]

Erosion Control

the existing one metre wide channel.Work on the steep slope did prove chal-lenging, with issues of keeping materialand excavated soil from sliding downthe slope. After the channel was cut toits final dimensions, it was seeded witha mixture of fall rye, and other peren-nial and annual grasses. The fall rye wasselected to provide quick vegetativecover soon after project completion,while the mix of other perennial and an-nual species was included to offer a nat-ural long-term vegetative cover.

The P550 was installed three rollswide under the seven metre long gabionbasket. One mat was installed down thecentre of the channel, while additionalmats were installed flanking the twosides. A combination of eight inch wirestaples, along with specially designed18 inch staples, were used to secure theP550 turf reinforcement mat in place.The mat was secured using a staplingdensity of seven staples per squaremetre. As an extra safety precaution,polypropylene twine was installed in aweb configuration to add extra rein-forcement and mat to soil contouring inthe areas between staples.

After completing the installation ofthe P550, the GeoRidge permeablecheck dams were installed along thebottom of the channel and partially upthe channel side slopes at one metre-spacing. Installation simply required se-curing the A-framed structures with 12inch long heavy-duty soil nails. The ini-tial installation of the erosion controlmat and ditch checks was for 17 metresbelow the gabion. Even though this wasthe steepest section of the slope, totalinstallation of the TRM and checks tookonly six hours. This was compared tothe four days it took to install the sevenmetres of rock-filled gabions.

ResultsThe fall rye seed emerged very

quickly along the bottom of the channel,though the sides of the channel were a bitspotty due to the inability to broadcastseed on the steep 1:1 side slopes. The sideslopes were reseeded with the same seedmixture later that fall in hopes of gettingmore vegetation on the side slopes.

Since the July 2005 installation, thesite has experienced considerable rainevents, with two separate rain eventsthat following August producing over

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:00 AM


Wastewater Chemistry

Designed experiment optimizes methodfor removing endocrine disrupters

An endocrine disruptingchemical (EDC) is a syn-thetic chemical that, whenabsorbed into the body, ei-

ther mimics or blocks hormones anddisrupts the body’s normal functions.EDCs can pass through wastewatertreatment systems that are not currentlydesigned to remove them.

A team of researchers recently per-formed a designed experiment to evalu-ate potential methods for removingthree common endocrine disrupters. Theresearchers treated solutions containingthe EDCs nonlyphenol (NP), bisphenolA (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) with anenzyme preparation from the white rotfungus Coriolopsis polyzona.

“We used a designed experiment tooptimize the temperature and pH atwhich the removal levels were the high-est,” said J. Peter Jones, Professor of theDepartment of Chemical Engineering,University of Sherbrooke, Québec.“The optimized conditions that we de-veloped with the designed experimentremoved 100% of the NP and BPA and65% of the TCS in four hours.”

Potential risk posed by EDCsThe endocrine system is a complex

network of glands and hormones in-cluding the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testes.The endocrine glands release preciseamounts of hormones into the blood-stream that serve as chemical messen-gers by controlling many bodilyfunctions, including growth, develop-ment and maturation, as well as the wayvarious organs operate. Examples ofhormones include insulin which con-trols blood glucose, and estrogen andtestosterone which affect female andmale reproductive functions respec-tively.

Endocrine disrupters can reduce theproduction of hormones in, or affect therelease of hormones from, endocrineglands. They also mimic or counteractthe action of hormones in target tissuesand speed up the metabolism of hor-mones, reducing their action. Previous

research has established that exposureto endocrine disrupters during early de-velopment may cause permanent harm-ful effects. Whether EDCs can havenegative effects at the low levels atwhich such compounds are currentlyfound in the environment has not beenconclusively proven or disproven.

NP, BPA and TCS are EDCs that arefrequently detected in waters down-stream of wastewater treatment plants.NP comes from biodegradation in STP

of nonlyphenol ethoxylates which aremainly used as non-ionic surfactants indomestic and industrial applications.BPA is used as a raw material for theproduction of polycarbonates and epoxyresins. TCS is an antimicrobial agentthat has been incorporated into personalcare products such as toothpaste, de-odorant sticks and soaps. Research hasdemonstrated that NP and BPA can bindto estrogen receptors, interfering withthe action of estrogen while TCS can in-teract with thyroid hormones.

Recently, there has been a consider-able amount of interest in white rotfungi (WRF) as a means of removingEDCs from the wastewater stream.

White rot fungus produces oxidative en-zymes such as laccase, lignin, and man-ganese peroxidase that are relativelynonspecific biocatalysts. However, nostudies prior to the current one have ad-dressed the potential mechanism ofelimination nor has there been a precisedetermination of the byproducts formedduring enzymatic treatment.

Study designed to advanceEDC removal methods

The two goals of this study were toevaluate the effectiveness of the re-moval of NP, BPA and TCS with WRFenzymes and to assess the transforma-tion mechanisms by identifying themetabolites that were produced. Theresearchers also wanted to be sure thatthe elimination of the EDCs did notproduce metabolites with estrogenicactivity.

The researchers were well aware thatthe effectiveness of the removal of theEDCs could be affected by factors suchas temperature and pH. This meant thataccurate assessment of the effectivenessof the enzymes in removing EDCs re-quired determining the effect of thesefactors and evaluating EDC removalwith the factors optimized. The conven-tional approach to optimizing the fac-tors would be to run a series ofexperiments while varying a single fac-tor. The problem with this approach isthat it does not detect interactions be-tween factors or second order effects.

As a result, the researchers decidedto use the design of experiments (DOE)method that varies the values of all vari-ables in parallel so it uncovers not justthe main effects of each variable butalso the interactions between the vari-ables. This approach makes it possibleto identify the optimal values for allvariables in combination. It also re-quires far fewer experimental runs thanthe one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) ap-proach.

“Designing experiments and analyz-ing the results using DOE can be time-consuming and error-prone whenmanual methods are used,” Jones said.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:00 AM



because it is very easy to use, yet pro-vides very powerful capabilities includ-ing a wide range of experimentaldesigns and powerful statistical meth-ods to analyze the results.”The researchers decided to look at

the following factors:A) Temperature (20˚C vs. 40˚C vs.50˚C)B) pH (3 vs. 4 vs. 5)Design-Expert software generated a

Fig 1. Effect of temperature and (■) pH 3, (■) pH 4 and (■)pH 5 on the degradation of BPA after a 4-hour treatmentwith 10 U/l of laccase of C. polyzona.

Fig 2. 3D graph view of the effect of temperature and pHon the degradation of BPA.

“General purpose statistical tools cando the job but tend to be unintuitive andlimited in their choice of experimentaldesigns and results analysis techniques.We used Design-Expert® DOE soft-ware from Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, continued overleaf...

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full-factorial experiment with nine runsfor each substance to be removed. Eachcombination was replicated three timesin a randomized run plan. The re-searchers mixed 5 mg/1 of each NP,BPA or TCS, 5 U/1 catalase from As-pergillus niger, crude enzyme prepara-tion from Coriolopsis polyzona, citric

acid/di-sodium hydrogen phosphatebuffer, and 1% v/v methanol. NP, BPAand TCS were extracted from the mix-ture and analyzed on a high perform-ance liquid chromatography system.The estrogenic activity of the treatedsystem was compared to the system be-fore treatment. Mass spectroscopy wasused to identify high molecular weightmetabolites. The results of the experi-ment were entered into Design-Expertand the software analyzed the statisticalresults.

DOE results identify optimal EDCremoval conditions

A statistical analysis of variance(ANOVA) of the model highlights thesignificant impact of temperature andpH on the enzymatic transformation ofNP, BPA and TCS. This analysis wasused to determine the best conditionsfor enzymatic transformation of thethree EDCs. The results showed that50˚C was the best temperature for theremoval of NP and TCS, while the re-sults for 40˚C and 50˚C were not sig-nificantly different in the case of BPA.A pH of 5 gave the best results for allthree compounds studied. These resultscan be explained by the higher stabilityproduced by a higher pH and the highercatalytic activity resulting from a highertemperature.

The coefficient of determination(R2) value provides a measure of howmuch variability in the observed re-sponse values can be attributed to theexperimental factors and their interac-tions. The R2 values of 0.995 for NP,


0.996 for BPA, and 0.994 for TCS sug-gest that the fitted linear-plus interac-tions models can explain 99.5%, 99.6%and 99.4% respectively of the total vari-ation. The F-values were 426.0 for NP,622.5 for BPA and 361.3 for TCS.Those values, together with a p value of<0.001 for all eliminations, indicatedthat the present models are statisticallysignificant and can predict the experi-mental results well.

The half-life of laccase activity wasestimated to be 4 hours, 6 hours and 16hours at a pH of 3, 4 and 5 respectivelyand a temperature of 40˚C. The elimi-nation of NP and BPA was directly as-sociated with the disappearance ofestrogen activity. Mass spectrometryanalysis showed that the enzymatictreatment produced high molecularweight metabolites through a radicalpolymerization mechanism of NP, BPAand TCS.

“The design of experiments methodplayed a critical role in this study by ex-ploring the entire design space andhelping researchers identify the optimalconditions for removal of the endocrinedisrupting chemicals,” Jones concluded.“This work may in the future lead to in-dustrial-scale methods for the removalof EDCs as part of the wastewater treat-ment process.”

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Water Supply


Restoration of domestic water pipes inhigh-rise buildings By Wolfgang Osada

restoration of water systems in buildingscompared with the budgets needed forplumbing work and masonry repair workof the interior shows direct savings of 30

- 50%. Using the example of a 17-storeybuilding with 185 apartments, copperpipes, along with plumbing work for thesystem replacement, amount to approx-imately $350,000 to $400,000. The ad-ditional cost for plastering and pipeinsulation can conservatively be bud-geted at $30,000 to $50,000.

An epoxy method alternative for thesame size building is approximately$206,000 with a contingency budget of$15,000 to $20,000 for the new valvesand pipe section replacements.

The immediate savings are only thebeginning. Since this application comeswith a 10 year warranty against corro-sion and leaks in the system, it is possi-ble to estimate the advantage of

long-term savings. The yearly mainte-nance budget of $500 per unit forsmaller repairs is a rule of thumb. If only$50 per unit is allocated to the water

supply damage, the savings on a 10-yearwarranty period amount to $92,500.Based on the period of 30 to 50 years(life expectancy of composite pipe) withno leaks, the savings in a 185-unit apart-ment building can be found in the rangeof $500,000 in maintenance costs alone.

Owners are moving away from reac-tive maintenance approaches that rely onpartial solutions and a patch-work of dif-ferent materials and are moving towardssolutions that are more environmentallyfriendly and allow for the restoration andrefurbishing of existing systems.

Wolfgang Osada is President ofRIKOS Pipe Restoration. Contact:

[email protected]

One of the main objectives forthe conscientious propertymanager is a well-thought-outpreventative maintenance pro-

gram. In Ontario’s housing market, somelong-postponed capital upgrades havebegun.

With this in mind, new technologiesare worth careful consideration as theyoffer options for investors that out-per-form conventional technologies.

One such European-developed tech-nology is the non-destructive restorationof copper pipes. It provides an alterna-tive to replacing copper pipes, with theapplication of an epoxy resin inside theexisting pipes. This creates new com-posite pipes that combine the strength ofthe metal structure and the longevity ofplastic coating.

Epoxy lining is resistant to abrasionand sedimentation – major factors in thedegradation of the water systems. Epoxylining also helps prevent leaks, pipebursts, and low pressure from corrodedand eroded pipes.

The lengthy procedure of tearing outwalls to replace old pipes can beavoided. It saves time, reduces stress andinconvenience to tenants and offers anenvironmentally friendly alternative.Nor are interior renovations after theplumbing work necessary.

The budget for non-destructive

The budget for non-destructive restorationof water systems in buildings comparedwiththe budgets needed for plumbingwork andmasonry repair work of the interior shows

direct savings of 30 - 50%.

By implementing the RIKOS solution, pipes are no longer vulnerable to pinhole leaksbecause the epoxy lining process removes the possibility for erosion.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:01 AM

The British Columbia Water and Waste Association’s annualconference and tradeshow will feature six concurrent themedsessions and a session organized by the Canadian Associa-tion of Water Quality.

The event will also feature five technical transfer sessions coveringthe following topics:• SCADA 101 for water and wastewater• Wastewater systems and energy consumption/generation• The potential impact of climate change on municipalinfrastructure: What do we know today?

• Should we start building combined sewers again?• Operational excellence: the key to safe water inFirst Nation Communities.

The everyday knowledge of water and wastewater operators willbe tested in a Jeopardy-style game, which is organized by the Envi-ronmental Operators Certification Program (EOCP).

In addition to a 130 booth tradeshow, the event also offers tours ofWhistler’s new compost facility located at the CallaghanWaste Trans-fer Station, the Olympic Nordic Centre, the Olympic Sliding Centreand the Olympic Athletes’Village.

For more information, visit www.bcwwa.org

Whistler to host 2008BCWWA conference andtradeshow April 26 - 30,Whistler, BC

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:01 AM

Ontario’s Environment Minis-ter, John Gerretson, andLinda Sims, Gemini Award-winning broadcaster of CTV

Newsnet, will open the annual confer-ence of the Ontario Water Works Asso-ciation and the Ontario MunicipalWaterAssociation.This year’s sessions will cover treat-

ment, distribution, university research,management, source protection, publicaffairs, water efficiency and small sys-tems. The event will also feature a 100booth tradeshow and Casino Night,which is organized by the OntarioWaterWorks Equipment Association.During the conference, operators can

write the Ontario Ministry of the Envi-ronment certification exams on Tues-day, April 29. Also, for the first time inmany years, operators can demonstratetheir hands-on prowess by competing inthe Pipe Tapping Demonstration.A new event for this conference will

be the Water Taste Competition. Thewinning utility will qualify to compete inthe Water Taste Competition organizedby AWWA at ACE in Atlanta this June.The OWWA Young Professionals willagain be holding the Water Cup Chal-lenge and a fun event of networking.Delegates can also take a tour of La-

batt Brewery and a technical tour ofTrojan Technologies head office.The closing banquet will feature Ron

James, an award-winning comedian andsatirist. Hailed by critics from coast tocoast, Mr. James is said to be Canada’stop selling comedian.

For more information, visitwww.owwa.com

OWWA/OMWA Joint Annual Conferenceto be held in LondonApril 27 – 30, London, Ontario

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:02 AM

half day and full day sessions includinga new focus specific session on wetlandstreatment and a session sponsored byWater For People Canada on investing insolutions to the world water crisis.

This year will mark the 18th consecu-tive year for the Operations Challenge.Participants are required to compete infive events, testing their skills and know-ledge against competitors from through-out the Province. The five events are:Collection System, Laboratory, ProcessControl, Pump Maintenance and Safety.

Each Operations Challenge teammust follow the Water EnvironmentFederation (WEF) requirements that

Expanding upon the materialcovered in his book, The Cul-ture of Flushing: A Social andLegal History of Sewage (UBC

Press, 2007), Professor Jamie Benidick-son will discuss current social and legaldevelopments with respect to the sewageindustry during the keynote session.

The 2008 Water Environment Asso-ciation of Ontario’s annual conferencetechnical program will include papers onall aspects of wastewater treatment, fromwatershed management, collections andstormwater systems, plant operationsand biosolids management. The techni-cal program features a combination of

Blue Mountain Resort to host WEAO’s annual conference and tradeshow

May 25-27, Blue Mountain Resort,Collingwood, Ontario

team members be drawn from Profes-sional Wastewater Operators (PWO)members, currently employed or retired,from one or more facilities or munici-palities and each team must be com-prised of at least two operators innon-supervisory roles. The winningteam is eligible to represent Ontario inChicago, Illinois, at WEFTEC 2008.

The Ontario Pollution ControlEquipment Association is organizing a100+ booth tradeshow at the event.

For more information, visit www.weao.org

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:42 PM


ronmental Science in Chemistry. Hecompleted his work term at the ALSLabgratory Group in Edmonton, Al-berta, and his paper was entitled “Spe-cial Prepare Sulfate”.

Recipients each receive $1,000, andhave their names entered on a masterplaque at the CAEAL Head Office.

CAEAL awards its 2007 scholarshipsResearch

The Canadian Association forEnvironmental AnalyticalLaboratories Inc. (CAEAL) ,a non-profit Canadian labora-

tory accreditation body, recently an-nounced the 2007 winners of theCAEAL Scholarship for Quality Excel-lence. The scholarship is awarded annu-ally to two students, in recognition oftheir contribution to the “data qualityaspects of environmental measurement,covering a variety of matrices.”

From left to right: David Poirier (OntarioMOE), Jordana Van Geest, JohnLawrence (CAEAL Board Member, En-vironment Canada), Keith Solomon(Jordana’s university supervisor and asenior scientist from Ontario MOE).

From left to right: Al Colodey, CAEALBoard Member, Environment Canada,and Chad Novotny.

To be considered for the award, can-didates:• Must be enrolled in a post secondary

institution (science discipline) at thetime of award.

• Must have completed a minimum 2-month work term with a CAEAL member laboratory within the past 12 months.

• Must submit a paper to CAEAL for evaluation by the awards committee.The 2007 Eastern Canada recipient

is Jordana Van Geest. Ms. Van Geest at-tends the University of Guelph and isstudying Environmental Biology/Toxi-cology. She completed her work term atthe Ontario Ministry of the Environ-ment, Laboratory Services Branch inEtobicoke, Ontario. Her paper was enti-tled “A Review of Factors which Influ-ence Data Quality in Toxicity Testing”.

The 2007 Western Canada recipientis Chad Novotny. Mr. Novotny attendsSimon Fraser University in Burnaby,British Columbia, and is studying Envi-

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:47 PM


Best management practices forfirst response, testing chemicalproperties, sizing-up unknownconditions and addressing

time-critical issues are a sequence of be-haviours and protocols. These commonsense approaches have been developedand field-tested for over 25 years anddemonstrate how basic tools, combinedwith improvising off-the-shelf supplies,as well as clear language chemistry, canprovide response capability at majoremergencies.

The creative use of test papers canidentify the properties of unknownchemicals and also be used to providecontinual monitoring of the atmospherefor corrosive vapours. General alarmgas detectors can help locate pockets offlammable liquids and sources of con-tamination, as well as impacting gassesand changes in atmospheric conditions.

Best management practices (BMP)should be used as a key approach foridentifying hazards, providing capabili-ties and improvising quick tests that willhelp keep personnel safe at small road-side spills, train derailments or crimi-nal/terrorist events.

Responders with field experiencehave first-hand knowledge in the man-agement of a spill situation, spill control,remediation and regulatory compliance.Their skills go beyond reading placards,labels, guide-booklets andmaterial safetydata sheets for information. They gaincontrol of a spill by using the responseobjectives of slow, divert and contain.

Experienced personnel are intimatelyfamiliar with pump limitations, impro-vising control, as well as staging person-nel, supplies and equipment. Experiencedchemists and waste management techni-cians can size up unknown chemicals byspecific gravity, viscosity, crystallization,containers and pressurization, and canalso use test papers to classify chemicalproperties for safe response. Testing un-known chemicals has been used to iden-tify perchloric acid, and to uncoverpotential impacts and scales of impact.

With first-hand knowledge, personnelare in a better position to make informed

decisions, including knowing when to dosomething and when not to go any fur-ther. Doing nothing can be a responseoption! Living with the consequences ofa bad decision is not an option.

Since 9/11, we have witnessed ter-rorist activities which revealed theharmful realities and potential of chem-ical, biological, radiological, nuclear,and explosive (CBRNE) activities.CBRNE has created a renewed focus onthe need to understand and respectphysical and chemical properties. Con-sequently, we are coming full circle tothe pre-1985 working conditions andprocedures where understanding thecompatibility of substances was learnedand practised on the job. This was atime where working at waste manage-

ment was a full-time job of identifying,verifying and assessing physical andchemical properties for safe handling,transportation, and processing.

As an example, in 1981, a forty-fivegallon drum, two thirds full of house-hold chemicals, exploded as a result ofa mere two ounces of an incompatiblesubstance being poured into it. Theforce from the explosion caused officefurniture, on the opposite side of the ce-ment block walls, to move out nineinches from the wall. This event hap-pened because workers became com-placent about the properties ofhousehold chemicals, worked until fa-tigue set in, and did not follow “TheGolden Rules for Site Safety”.

The golden rules of the waste man-

Best management practices for testing chemicalproperties during first response

Due Diligence

By Cliff Holland

Experienced personnel are intimately familiar with pump limitations, improvisingcontrol, as well as staging personnel, supplies and equipment.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:02 AM


agement industry can be traced back to1946 and were understood by each per-son who worked in hazardous conditionson a daily basis. In 1979, a full-sized rail-car at the Mississauga, Ontario, train de-railment travelled over 2,000 feet throughthe air and landed in a field. The tankercould have travelled up to ten miles underoptimum conditions. Thomas Waste Re-moval, a small, highly capable industrialwaste hauler at the derailment, used theunwritten golden rules. They used theiraccumulated knowledge and experience,combined with the advice from the railand chemical companies, to handle thetransfer of the chlorine as well as thethree-year clean-up.

The Mississauga train derailment be-came a catalyst in the creation for theTransportation of Dangerous GoodsRegulations, as we know them today, inboth Canada and the United States. InCanada, CANUTEC’s 24-hour report-ing centre, support service, and itsEmergency Response guidebook (ERG2008) provide key information for sitesafety as well as questions to ask to ver-ify what is on site. The responders havebenefited from the legislation as it hashelped them identify dangers and, inturn, has allowed them to prepare beforeentering accident sites. The labels andplacarding provide today’s responderswith a symbol that can be used to indi-cate what is inside a tank or container.

Emergency Response AssistancePlans (ERAP) provide audited plansand procedures for company responseteams and contractors to implement aneffective response to any accident intransporting dangerous goods.Golden Rules for Response Safetyand Best Management PracticesThe three golden rules for response

safety are: never assume; suit-up fortoxicity; and work clean.

1) NeverAssume (BMP)Response is a combination of first-

hand knowledge, experience and train-ing. We cannot assume anything becauseon spill and work sites, spontaneous re-actions and unknown conditions havefatally injured workers and responders.Do not assume that guide booklets, ma-terial safety data sheets, personal opin-ions, labels and placards are correct.This information should only be classi-fied as indicator information until

proven differently. Remember the drumof household chemicals that explodedwhen competent people were workingon the job. Never assume anything isone of the first rules of life!

Personnel who work with chemicalson a daily basis know that understandingand respecting the physical and chemicalproperties of a substance are vital forworkplace and personal safety. Chemicalshave varying degrees of concentration,temperature, reactivity, and compatibility,and should never be second-guessed.Theday you second-guess a chemical may beyour last, so every piece of pertinent in-formation must be identified, checkedand, if necessary, re-checked before any-one prepares for entry.

It may not be safe to enter the hotzone or designated work area to patch,repair, open, transfer or move damagedand undamaged goods until all thephysical and chemical properties havebeen determined. Secondary properties,incompatible conditions and potentialscales of impact will also have to beconsidered before entry is authorized.

At train derailments, industrial explo-sions, and laboratory spills, chemicalsand products may become unstable,shock sensitive, water reactive, as well asair reactive. Damaged containers may beof poor integrity and require special han-dling and processing on site. Sponta-neous reactions may be caused beincompatibility, heat, fire, mechanicaldamage, dampness or drying of the prod-uct. Until these risks and hazards havebeen identified and the scales of impactare determined, no one should enter thearea to slow, divert or contain a spill.

2) Suit-up for Toxicity (BMP)Assessing and matching suits for

ideal working conditions may not beenough. Suits that are not designed tobe used in robust conditions such astrain derailments or collapsed buildingsmay rip or tear and thereby compromisean individual’s safety. Varying condi-tions and unidentified chemical proper-ties may create greater problems forchoosing the right suit, along with ap-propriate back-up personnel, suppliesand equipment.

Protect the body from mechanicaldangers as well as the entry routes ofthe body by keeping out unwantedproperties such as particulates, gasses,

vapours, radiation, carcinogens, muta-gens, teratogens, and other airborne tox-ins. Reduce or eliminate the number ofsituations that will need to be continu-ally tested and monitored by suiting upfor such things as asbestos and non-warfare biohazards. Once controllablehazards are kept out of the human body,site safety efforts can now focus timeand energy on the physical dangers thatwill harm the body, such as flammablevapours, radiation levels, reactive andexplosive circumstances, as well as me-chanical hazards and work site condi-tions. By suiting up appropriately toprovide your own safe environment,nuisance contaminants can be coveredoff during decontamination.

3)Work Clean (BMP)Working clean, means not tracking

contamination that could cause wide-spread impact to people, property or theenvironment. Workers and respondershave experienced trace amounts of in-compatible substances combining tocause such spontaneous reactions asheat, fire, off-gassing and explosions.Working clean also means being mind-ful of disturbing chemicals that havebeen buried underground for long peri-ods of time. They may have formed newand highly unstable, toxic or lethal sub-stances. Never assume anything, suit upappropriately, and work clean.

Escalating situations have resulted inpersonnel rushing in to handle the ur-gency of the moment with unpredictedconsequences. Practising and testing re-sponse skills and emergency responseplans in real time helps responders todevelop valuable techniques, proce-dures, and habits.

Best management practices for test-ing and verifying, and the evaluation ofproducts will be continued in a futureissue of Environmental Science & En-gineering Magazine.

Cliff Holland is with Spill Manage-ment Inc. He will be presenting a

hands-on approach for keeping safe onspill sites and discussing what to do

when spills happen at CANECT 2008in Toronto April 21-22. (See page 87for more information). Cliff can be

contacted at e-mail:[email protected]

Due Diligence

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:02 AM


Not many environmental engi-neers have heard of one-passtrenching and even fewerhave actually applied this

cutting-edge technology to environ-mental control and clean-up. However,a growing number of companies arestarting to use this technology, resulting

in decreased cost of installation and in-creased system efficiency.

One such company is WorleyPar-sons-Komex. With a worldwide em-ployee base of over 23,000, its servicesrun the gamut of energy and resource-related services and it maintains a sig-nificant profile in the area of

environmental control and remediation. Recently, a large Canadian energy

concern with a gas plant in Alberta dis-covered it had a plume of contaminationmoving outward from its primary pro-cessing facility. The plume containedsour gas sweetening chemicals and minorlight end hydrocarbons dissolved in shal-

One-pass trenching method used for Alberta sourgas plant groundwater remediation project

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:43 PM


low groundwater. Moving in suspensionwithin a narrow corridor, the contami-nated plume was traveling up gradient ofother infrastructures.WorleyParsons wascontracted to install an interception andcollection system that would effectivelycapture the contaminants and allow forremediation of the contaminated water.

The stratigraphy of the Alberta facil-ity comprised 4 to 5 metres of silty claytill overlaying weathered sedimentarybedrock. The majority of the plumetransport was occurring near thebedrock overburden contact and in shal-low fractured bedrock. A vertical wellpoint system was considered but quicklydismissed due to the probability that sig-nificant portions of the plume wouldvery likely escape through the gaps be-tween the well points. If the goal wasmaximum certainty of capture, the solu-tion must assure that the entire plume beinterdicted. What was needed was a so-lution that would assure that. What wasdecided upon was a continuous wallconcept. Only with this approach was itlikely that the entire plume would meetface up with a continuous unbroken sys-tem of capture and recovery.

Due to site parameters the conven-tional approach to installing a continu-ous wall was viewed by WorleyParsonsas simply unfeasible. Conventional ex-cavation equipment such as a hydraulicexcavator, front-end loaders, and bull-dozers could not be employed withinareas of the project where space becamequite narrow. In addition, the largeopening, standard with traditionaltrench excavation, would also comewith the attendant problem of increasedremoval and remediation of a signifi-cant amount of spoils; both of thesewould add to the work requirements aswell as the cost of this project.

What was feasible was the precisiontrench installation system known asDeWind One-Pass Trenching. One–passtrenching technology and processeswere developed by Gregory DeWindstarting in the early 1990s and havebeen continually improved. In this case,the technology allowed for a surgical18’ to 24” wide cut into the ground upto 35’ below grade with laser-guidedprecision. There was no open excava-tion!And as the name suggests, in a sin-gle pass the trencher can install a

Remediation

vertical well along with a horizontalslotted HDPE STR 11 Pipe set at 35’below grade and simultaneously back-fill the trench to grade with a permeablematerial like pea-stone.

Because one-pass trenching installsthe collection pipe below the contamina-tion, it eliminates the need for sheeting,pumping and treating of contaminatedwater and the removal of large amountsof often contaminated soil.

The project in Alberta was initiatedin late October 2007, just prior to win-ter conditions setting in. Two trenchesrunning 575 linear feet respectivelywere installed at a depth of 27 feetbelow grade with a width of 1.5 feet.Four-inch HDPE SDR 11 slotted pipewas placed along the bottom of eachtrench. At the beginning of each trencha 18” vertical well connected to a 4”horizontal pipe. Each trench was back-filled up to grade with washed pea-stone. The entire installation took threeweeks.

For more information, [email protected]

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:03 AM

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ACG TechnologyACG Technology

Albarrie EnvironmentalAmerican Concrete Pipe Association Armtec

American Concrete Pipe Association

The AmericanConcrete PipeAssociation hasupdated its Con-crete Pipe DesignManual for theproper installa-tion of concretepipe and boxes.While focusing

on the construction of the pipe/soil sys-tem, the manual addresses factors criti-cal to the completion of the entiresystem, from delivery of concrete pipeand boxes to the jobsite to the accept-ance of the installed sewer or culvert. Web: www.concrete-pipe.org

Concrete Pipe Installation Manual

Stormwater detention software

DASH (Deten-tion and SewerHydraulics®)Software pro-vides design engineers with acomplete set of

design tools to prepare, calculate andevaluate comprehensive stormwater detention systems using concrete pipe.The program consists of 4 modules.

Tel: 972-506-7216, Fax: 972-506-7682 E-mail: [email protected]: www.concrete-pipe.org

Albarrie, a leader incontainment technol-ogy, in partnershipwith Kinectrics Inc.,offers the SorbWebPlus secondary oil

containment system for power utilities.• No maintenance• Cost-effective• Proven system• Rain water passes through, no pumps• Can be installed around energized

transformers.

Tel: 705-737-0551, Fax: 705-737-4044E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sorbwebplus.com

Secondary oil containment

Armtec provides BEBO concrete archbridges in Québec, Ontario and WesternCanada. Based on technology devel-oped in Switzerland, BEBO arches arean economical alternative to cast-in-place concrete or structural steelbridges. They are available in a range ofshapes with spans up to 31m.Tel: 519-822-0210, Fax: 519-822-1160E-mail: [email protected]: www.armtec.com

Concrete arch bridges

ACG Technol-ogy’s packagetreatment sys-tem offers per-formance anddurability. Itprovides sewage

treatment within a small footprint. Aer-ation, mixing and settling can be ac-complished in compact, easilytransported ISO containers, ideal for re-mote locations. Provides flexibility ofadding future parallel units, an econom-ical means of meeting the needs of anygrowing sewage loads.Tel: 905-856-1414, Fax: 905-856-6401 E-mail: [email protected]: www.acgtechnology.com

Package Treatment System

ACG Technology’sbatch waste treat-ment system is aneconomical alterna-tive for the treat-ment of smaller orintermittent flows.Effluent is collected in treatment/set-tling tank and treated automaticallyonce the cycle is initiated. Sludge dewa-tering is done either with a filter pressor bag filters. Preassembled modulesare skid-mounted, eliminating installa-tion problems and cutting installationcosts.Tel: 905-856-1414, Fax: 905-856-6401 E-mail: [email protected]: www.acgtechnology.com

Batch Waste Treatment System

Stormwater solutions

Armtec provides awide range ofCONTECHstormwater qualitymanagement systems through-out Canada. Prod-ucts includeVORTECHS hy-drodynamic

separation systems and VORTFILTERfiltration systems. These systems areamong the best for capturing suspendedsolids, oils, grit and trash from storm-water run off.Tel: 519-822-0210, Fax: 519-822-1160E-mail: [email protected]: www.armtec.com

The new Grace em-ployee monitor em-ploys a small batteryoperated transmittingalarm unit that isworn by the em-ployee. It detects

lack of motion so that, if a worker stopsmoving, they are given a pre-alert for 8seconds and then the alarm device emits a95db audio alarm and sends a radio signalback to the receiver (up to ¾ mile line ofsight). Use of a remote antenna and re-peaters will allow the unit to cover anysize facility.Tel: 800-265-0182, Fax: 905-272-1866E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cdnsafety.com

Lone worker protection system The Handbook of

Steel Drainage &Highway Con-struction Productshas been reprintedand is once againavailable (January2007). There areminor changes tothe 2002 version.Most significant

are design examples for large soil steelstructures that illustrate proceduresusing Canadian Highway Bridge DesignCode (CHBDC). Tel: 866-295-2416, Fax: 519-650-8081 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cspi.ca

Engineering Textbook


Armtec Canadian Safety Equipment Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:03 AM

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Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute

Stormwater management using large di-ameter corrugated steel pipe under park-ing areas is a cost-effective way to meetreduced runoff and environmental re-strictions while allowing revenue pro-ducing services and commercialdevelopment. Comprehensive designsoftware is available, FREE.Tel: 866-295-2416, Fax: 519-650-8081E-mail: [email protected]: www.cspi.ca.

Undergroundstormwater detention

Degremont Technologies/Infilco Degremont Technologies/Ozonia

DegremontTechnologies-Ozonia haveintroducedthe Aquaray®SLP Series of

UV disinfection systems, designed forboth water and wastewater treatment ap-plications. The SLP Series offers a com-pact and high efficiency range for smalland medium water plants. The low pres-sure high output amalgam lamps arepowered by efficient electronic ballasts,for a tremendous level of energy. An L-shaped reactor reduces head loss andmaximizes UV dose.Tel: 201-794-3100Web: www.degremont-technologies.com

UV disinfection systems

TheAquaDAF® Clarifier High-RateDissolvedAir Flotation System is a vi-able alternative to conventional settlingand DAF clarifiers. TheAquaDAF is ahybrid of conventional DAF and opti-mally designed system components. It ishighly effective for the treatment of arange of raw water characteristics includ-ing troublesome waters exhibiting lowturbidity, high TOC, color and algae.Web: www.infilcodegremont.com

Dissolved air flotation system

Denso

Proven worldwidefor well over 100years, DensoPetrolatum Tapesoffer the best,most economical,long-term corro-

sion protection for all above and belowground metal surfaces. Requiring onlyminimum surface preparation and envi-ronmentally responsible, Denso Petrola-tum Tape is the solution to your corrosionproblems in any corrosive environment.For applications in mines, mills, refineries,steel mills, pulp & paper, oil & gas, and thewaterworks industry.The answer is Denso!Tel: 416-291-3435, Fax: 416-291-0898E-mail: [email protected]: www.densona.com

Denso Petrolatum Tapes

Endress + Hauser

Full knowledge ofyour plant statusallows for goodmaintenance plan-ning. W@M –Life Cycle Man-agement fromEndress+Hauserprovides up-to-date and complete information on allyour assets, including products fromother suppliers. It is an open informationmanagement system providing data flowand archiving for the technical and oper-ational management of your plant.Tel: 905-681-9292, Fax: 905-681-9444E-mail: [email protected]: www.ca.endress.com

Life cycle management

Export Development Canada

Export Development Canada is Canada'sexport credit agency, offering innovativecommercial solutions to help Canadianexporters and investors expand their in-ternational business. EDC's knowledgeand partnerships are used by 7,000 Cana-dian companies and their global cus-tomers in up to 200 markets worldwideeach year.Web: www.edc.ca/utilities

Export credit agency

Firestone MultiLiner is a reinforcedpolypropylene-based membrane thatenhances the physical properties of themembrane by inserting a strong, poly-ester fabric (scrim) between the top andbottom plies. This combination gives itits extremely high breaking/tearingstrength and puncture resistance. It isideal for geomembrane applications.Tel: 888-292-6265, Fax: 877-666-3022E-mail: [email protected]: www.firestonebpco.ca

Reinforced membrane The JetMixVor-tex Mixing Sys-tem can be usedin bio-solidsstorage wheresolids suspen-sion is impor-

tant. Benefits of using the JetMix systeminclude: Intermittent operation saves 60-90% in power consumption; expensivetank cleanout and scheduled maintenancenot required; easily installed in existingtanks; multiple tank mixing using a cen-tral pump house. JetMix was a recipientof a 1997 Innovative Technology Awardfrom theWater Environment Federation.Tel: 519-469-8169, Fax: 519-469-8157E-mail: [email protected]: www.greatario.com

Pumping systems

Myers optimizes sys-tem efficiencies withcomplete engineer-ing services, provid-ing cost-effectivesolutions and imme-diate cost savingswhen planning a pump station. Myerscollection system design service pro-vides a comprehensive analysis and de-sign of the complete network, ensuringthe system operates at peak efficienciesunder various running conditions. Soft-ware programs provide the engineeringtools to properly design the ideal station,including the number of pumps, type ofcontrol and lift system.Tel: 604-552-7900, Fax: 604-552-790E-mail: [email protected] Myers


Firestone Building Products Canada Greatario Engineered Storage Systems

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:03 AM

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Heron Instruments Inc.

KSB Pumps Inc. Layfield Group

Green TurtleGreen Turtle Greenspoon Specialty Contracting

Installed directlyunder a sink, thePHIX Cartridge Sys-tem is an ideal acidicneutralization solutionfor single-point appli-cations such as labsand hospitals. With itsengineered flow-

through design, it effectively treats acidicwastewater and reduces project costs byeliminating the need for acid-resistantpiping and neutralizing pits.Tel: 877-966-9444E-mail: [email protected]: www.greenturtletech.com

Cartridge system

Oil and grease separators Remediation/Demolition

Stormceptor® System

Stormceptor removesmore pollutants fromstormwater, maintain-ing continuous posi-tive treatment of totalsuspended solids(TSS), regardless offlow rate. Patentedscour prevention tech-

nology ensures pollutants are capturedand contained during all rainfall events,even extreme storms. Hanson Pipe & Pre-cast, Ltd. is the exclusive manufacturer ofthe Stormceptor System in Ontario.Tel: 888-888-3222, Fax: 519-621-8233 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.hansonpipeandprecast.com

Hanson Pipe & Precast

For cost-efficient wastewater treatment,Green Turtle’s line of Proceptor oil,grease and solids separators ensures localregulatory requirements are met. De-signed for commercial, institutional andindustrial sites, Proceptor can help youreduce your business’ impact on munici-pal infrastructure and the environment. Tel: 877-966-9444E-mail: [email protected]: www.greenturtletech.com

Hoskin Scientific

HOBO water level logger

The HOBO Water Level Logger is a high-accuracy, pressure-based water levelrecording device that combines research-grade accuracy and durability with a pricetag that is roughly half the cost of mostcomparable solutions.

Available from Hoskin Scientific Ltd.www.hoskin.ca

Greenspoon Spe-cialty Contractinghas been activelyengaged in theDemolition and

Environmental Remediation industryfor over 50 years. Spanning across thecommercial, industrial and governmentsectors, GSC is proficient in all areas ofdemolition (implosion and dismantle-ment), asbestos, mould and lead abate-ment, soil remediation and sitedecommissioning. Proficient in LEEDsprojects. Offices in Toronto, Winnipeg,Buffalo.Tel: 800-928-8812, Fax: 905-458-4149E-mail: [email protected]: www.greenspoon.net

The Heron dip-perWave pointand downloadsystem allowsyou to wire-lessly connectto your dipper-

log dataloggers without unnecessary ca-bles and problematic base stations.Through the use of a transmitter andtransceiver, the dipperWave allows youto access data with your laptop in diffi-cult to access areas or connect to over250 dipper-logs in a 1 km radius. Tel: 800-331-2032, Fax: 905-634-9657E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.heroninstruments.com

Wireless dipper log control

To guarantee perform-ance in transportingwastewater containingthe most complicatedsubstances (i.e. corro-sive chemicals, abra-sive solids), KSB’s lineof submersible KRT

pumps is available in different materialsand with a variety of impeller options.The new eight-page Amarex-KRTbrochure provides the information cus-tomers have to know to select the rightconfiguration. The brochure is also avail-able for download at www.ksb.ca/news.Tel: 905-568-9200, Fax: 905-568-3740E-mail: [email protected]: www.ksb.ca

Submersible pumps

Layfield is a premier fabricator and sup-plier of a complete line of floating turbid-ity barriers. They are designed to restrictand contain the flow of sediment-ladenrunoff and to allow the sediment to settleout before being carried into adjacent orjoining watercourses. Tel: 1-800-840-2884E-mail: [email protected]: www.layfieldgroup.com

Floating turbidity barriers

Water level indicators

Heron Instruments Inc.

The Heron dipper-Twater level indicatorprovides all the up-graded features ofother water level in-dicators in one topquality, heavy duty,economical unit.

Each easy read yellow steel tape is testedby the manufacturer to ensure compli-ance with appropriate ASME standards.These tough tapes have a breaking loadof over 300 lbs (150 kilos). The tape ismade from high tensile steel, ensuring re-sistance to stretching even at abnormalloads. Tel: 800-331-2032, Fax: 905-634-9657E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.heroninstruments.com


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:36 PM

Neptune Chemical Pump Co.

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Take advantage of the life left in yourexisting meters with our universal AMRupgrade – the DIALOG 3G®Inter-preter™ Register. On the backs of yourexisting meters, the Interpreter will leadyou well into the future.Tel: 800-765-6518Web: www.mastermeter.com

AMR upgrade

ProMinent Fluid Controls ProMinent Fluid Controls

Metering pumps

Feature-richand dependableSigma seriesmeteringpumps fromProMinent helpkeep yourchemical feedunder control.

Sigma pumps operate in capacities of upto 1000 LPH and pressures up to 174psi. Microprocessor controls are easy touse, with backlit LCD for rapid and reli-able adjustment.

Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca

Hydraulically-actuated pumps

ProMinent’sProMus hy-draulically-actuatedpumps deliverreliable resultsin the harshestof environ-ments, in ac-

cordance with API 675 standards. Theyhave a capacity of 2.3 L/h (0.61 gph) at241.3 bar (3500 psi) up to 384.2 L/h(101.5 gph) at 11 bar (160 psi).

Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca

Parkson

The Helisieve® Fine Screen combinesscreening, conveying and dewateringinto one reliable, automatic, compactand cost-efficient system. Shaftless spi-ral technology helps dewater screeningsup to 30% dry weight to lower disposalcosts, and the spiral is enclosed to mini-mize odours.Tel: 514-636-8712, Fax: 514-636-9718E-mail: [email protected]: www.parkson.com

In-channel fine screen

Royal Roads University

Royal Roads University is the only pub-lic university in Canada exclusively de-voted to meeting the immediate needs ofworking professionals. We pioneered thebest model of learning by combiningshort on-campus residencies with team-based online learning to enable you tomaintain your life and get ahead in yourcareer.Tel: 877-778-6227Web: www.royalroads.ca

University for workingprofessionals

Sanitherm, a di-vision of WellcoEnergy Services,has perfectedcontainerizingtheir SaniBrane®MBR. ThecontainerizedSaniBrane is

portable, provides excellent effluent onstart-up, is operator friendly and comespre-wired, pre-plumbed and tested. Thesystem for anywhere needing reliablewaste treatment with a small footprint!Tel: 604-986-9168, Fax: 604-986-5377E-mail: [email protected]: www.sanitherm.com

Membrane bioreactor

Sanitherm, a division ofWellcoEnergy Services

Neptune ChemicalPump has introduceda new explosion-proofpolymer makedownsystem for prepara-tion, activation and in-jection of liquidpolymers in water andwastewater treatment

applications. The system can produce di-lute solution (0.1% - 2.0%) at capacitiesfrom 20 GPH to 3,000 GPH of totalmakedown solution. This new polymermakedown system uses the patented“Gatlin Mixer".Tel: 215-699-8700, Fax: 215-699-0370E-mail: [email protected]: www.neptune1.com

Polymer makedown system

Protectolite Inc.

Stan-Deck’s interlocking cover system isdesigned for tanks of all shapes and sizes.Featuring the industry's highest load rat-ings, the all fiberglass FRP, modular con-struction provides a lightweight, easy toinstall, low maintenance cover solution toodor control or freeze up challenges.

Tel: 416-444-4484, Fax: 416-444-4485E-mail: [email protected]: www.protectolite.com

Interlocking cover system

Master Meter

NeoValves Seguro Re-silient Seal GateValvehas been designed withsewage applications inmind – forcemains,pumping stations andtreatment plants. The

SeguroValve has a resilient seal that en-sures a 100% bidirectional bubble-tightseal, according to NeoValves.Addition-ally, the valve is designed in such a man-ner that sewage debris is prevented fromcollecting in the bonnet area. It is avail-able in sizes up to 60", with 100% fullbore design and hundreds of installationsin Canada since 1972.Tel: 1-888-515-8885, Fax: 905-624-8020E-mail: [email protected]: www.neovalves.com

World’s largest R/S Gate Valve

NeoValves


March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:03 AM

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine86 | March 2008Pro

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Schneider Electric

Troy-Ontor Inc.

Waterra PumpsVictaulic Waterloo Barrier

Waterloo Barrier is alow permeability cutoffwall for groundwatercontainment and con-trol. It is a new design ofsteel sheet piling, featur-ing joints that can besealed after the sheets

have been driven into the ground, andwas developed by researchers at the Uni-versity of Waterloo. It has patent/patentpending status in several countries.Canadian Metal Rolling Mills assisted indeveloping the product. Tel: 519-856-1352, Fax: 519-856-0759 E-mail: [email protected]: www. waterloo-barrier.com

Controlling contaminated groundwater

SchneiderCanada Service& Project’s experiencedPower SystemsEngineering(PSE) teamprovides a widerange of comprehensive, focused solu-tions to performance problems for anytype of electrical equipment. Completeservice solutions are available for instal-lation, maintenance, analysis and mod-ernization of your electrical system.

Tel: 416-615-3406, Fax: 416-752-8944Web: www.schneider-electric.ca

Electrical systems service

Troy Controls has introduced the Proma-tion Engineering Intelligent Electric actu-ator with Canadian designed, micro-processor-based technology. It is designedto solve many of today’s problems associ-ated with small electric actuators. Motor-ized valve packages are available forsevere modulating or isolation service.

Tel: 888-835-3045 Fax: 1-888-835-2847E-mail: [email protected]

Electric actuators

Depend-O-Lok is the new standard forjoining pipe to 144”. Engineered for re-strained and unrestrained systems, De-pend-O-Lok allows angular deflectionand pipeline thermal expansion/contrac-tion while maintaining seal integrity.Specify in systems to 600 PSI forstrength, reliability and ease of mainte-nance.Tel: 905-884-7444 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.victaulic.com

Internal joint sealsThe Waterra PowerPack PP1provides the me-chanical actuationfor pumping withinertial pumps todepths of over 60metres in a fullyportable, singleoperator powerunit. At 13 kg, thePowerPack PP1provides outstanding pumping performance.

Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

Pumping actuation

Grit chamberThe Smith & LovelessPISTA® Grit Chambermaintains the highestproven grit removal effi-ciencies over a widerange of daily flows be-cause of its exclusive

forced vortex design. It removes grit andother discrete particles, separates organicsand inorganics, and reduces grit accumu-lation in downstream basins, channels,weirs and piping. This results in reducedwear on mechanical equipment. Completegrit pumping, dewatering and washingcomponents are available.Tel: 913-888-5201, Fax: 913-888-2173E-mail: [email protected]: www.smithandloveless.com

Specialist training

PracticalHands-onProgressiveFormats

Tel: 905-578-9666, Fax: 905-578-6644

E-mail: [email protected]: spillmanagement.ca

Spill Management USF Fabrications

Hatch safety netThe lightweightHatch Safety Net isdesigned to be per-manently installedand easily re-tractable in floorand roof openings where the risk of fallthrough is present. When closed, thenet system allows people to movefreely around confined space openingswithout fear of falling into the opening.It also allows visibility of inspectionsand accessibility for limited mainte-nance and float adjustments. Whenentry/exit is required, the net can beeasily unhooked on all but one side ofthe opening. Tel: 604-552-7900, Fax: 604-552-7901E-mail: [email protected]

Service Filtration

Filter cartridgesAbsolute ratedPOLY-PLEATcartridges meetor exceed thethree-log (99.9%)removal require-ments describedin National Sani-tation Foundation

Standard 53 for cyst sized particles. Forthis reason, POLY-PLEAT filter car-tridges are ideal to control cryp-tosporidium, giardia cysts and otherharmful microorganisms to help ensurecyst-free drinking water.Tel: 800-565-5278 Fax: 905-820-4015 E-mail: [email protected]: www.service-filtration.com

Smith & Loveless

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:03 AM

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:03 AM

CanadianEnvironmental

Official Show Guide For:

The 16th Annual

Conference & TradeshowApril 21 - 22, 2008

CANECT2008Metro Toronto Convention Centre - South Building

Scheduled Session TopicsEnvironmental Regulation & Compliance Brownfields & Contaminated LandDealing with Industrial Air Emissions Industrial Water and Wastewater ComplianceSpills and Environmental Emergencies Waste, Waste Diversion & Stewardship The ABCs of GHGs: Reducing Your Carbon Footprint Dealing with Environmental ApprovalsHandling Inspections and Investigations Environmental Management - Best Practices

Co-organized by Environmental Science & Engi-neering Magazine, CANECT is the largest event ofits kind in Canada, typically attracting some 2,000tradeshow visitors and conference delegates. Con-

ference delegates and tradeshow visitors are a high quality au-dience of senior people responsible for environmentalengineering, regulations and compliance issues.

CANECT 2008 will again be co-located in the same hallwith Health & Safety Canada, an annual tradeshow of the In-dustrial Accident Prevention Association (IAPA). This annualshow attracts over 6,000 delegates, including those withEH&S and senior management responsibilities. (Visitwww.iapa.ca for details)

Combined, CANECT and Health & Safety Canada are ex-pected to attract some 475 exhibiting companies and 8,000tradeshow visitors. Tradeshow badges from either show willallow admission to both shows at no extra charge. To registerfor free tradeshow registration, please visit www.canect.net, orfill out and fax in the free pass that came with this copy ofES&E magazine.

If you would like to receive a printed CANECT conferenceprogram, please contact Darlann Passfield, Tel: 905-727-4666(Ext 30), or Toll Free: 1-888-254-8769, Email: [email protected]. Conference details are also available atwww.canect.net

w w w . C A N E C T. n e t

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:36 PM

CANECTA1 Environmental Regulation and

Compliance, 2008

CANECT’s essential annual introductoryand update course - presented this year inassociation with leading environmentallawyers from Bennett Jones LLP - hasestablished its reputation as Canadianindustry’s chosen source for cutting-edgeenvironmental regulation, complianceand due diligence training.

B1 Dealing with Industrial Air Emissions

This course, presented by RWDIAIR and Willms & Shier EnvironmentalLawyers LLP, delivers Canada’s most up to date guide to complying with the tough,new provincial and federal air emissionsrules, and provides practical insights ondealing with requirements and complaintsrelated to noise, odour and dust (NOD).

C1 Environmental ManagementBest Practices

A new CANECT course offered by CEAsfrom Jacques Whitford illustrates howpractical Best Management Practicescan enhance a recognized EnvironmentalManagement System to improve anorganization’s environmental performanceand secure environmental due diligence.

D1 Dealing with IndustrialSolid Waste & Waste Diversion

An essential annual update on currentissues in waste management and anindustry guide to meeting the newregulatory and practical challenges of waste manifesting, waste diversion and product stewardship.

E1 Industrial Brownfields:Working with the new rules

This course provides registrants with apractical and proven introduction and updateon complying with brownfields regulations;Records of Site Condition and the siteassessment process, remediation anddevelopment-related issues.

Program: Day 1: �Bonus: All CANECT registrants can attend a FREE8 a.m. keynote address given by ChristopherKennedy Lawford, author of “Symptoms of Withdrawal” and contributor to CNN’s “AmericanMorning” and the entertainment newsprogram “Extra”

CANECTWorkshopsDay 1 - April 21

A2 Dealing with Certificates of

Approval (C of A) and Permitting

Understanding the triggers that attract thepermitting requirements are a key skillnecessary for all environmentalprofessionals. In this session experiencedlawyers and consultants simplify therequirements surrounding approvals andand permits while MOE staff outline newguidance material available to applicants.

B2 ABCs of GHG Management

Reducing GHG emissions is no longer justa matter of compliance, but of communityresponsibility. Attend this course to get togrips on practical steps you can take toreduce your organization’s carbonfootprint. Get in touch with the drivers, theregulations and management tools that willhelp convert carbon reduction obligationsinto cost reduction opportunities.

C2 Regulatory Enforcement: Dealing with

Inspectors, Investigators & Prosecutors

Almost any leak, spill or approvals violationcan trigger an MOE IEB investigation.Where it goes from there depends verymuch on how well prepared you are. Thisproven course gives insight into proactivestrategies to minimize negative outcomesfor individuals and organizations.

D2 Industrial Water and Wastewater

Regulation & Compliance

This course provides municipalities, MISA - regulated industries and others with proven compliance strategies to deal withregulations and approvals covering water,water-taking, source water protection,Bill 133 amendments to OWRA, andproposed new model sewer-use bylaws.

E2 Spills and Emergency Response

Management and Compliance

New Spill Reporting, Contingency Planningand Environmental Penalties regulations arenow in force - along with a new zerotolerance approach to spills. Learn aboutyour compliance responsibilities under theseregulations and how to pro-activelymanage your organization’s spillcontingency planning and response.

Program: Day 2: �Bonus: All CANECT registrants can attend aFREE 8 a.m. presentation by keynote speaker andworld-renowned futurist Watts Wacker, who hasbeen a futurist at SRI International, the legendaryMenlo Park think tank and Yankelovich Partners.

Day 2 - April 22

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:08 PM

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Exhibits of CANECT ... Manufacturers, distributors, suppliers and companies from the following areas:

CANECT CAFÉ

ACTION ALLLEYINTERNNET

CAAFÉ

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ANCANECTT ‘08

TRADESHOW ENTRANCE

• Air pollution control

• Analytical laboratory

• Confined space entry

• Consulting engineering

• Containment

• Decontamination systems

• Emergency response

• Environmental auditing

• Filters

• Groundwater treatment

• Hazardous waste treatment

• Health & safety

• Instrumentation & control

• Legal services

• Liners/geotextiles

• Noise & vibration control

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:09 PM

ACTION ALLEYINTERNET

CAFÉ

Stillmoreboothsthis way

Last year the combined showstotalled more than750 booths!

Act now to makesure yourcompany, productor service is represented atCANECT in 2008!Reserve yourbooth spacetoday!

HoursApril 21

- 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

April 22- 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.CANECT ‘08

• Oil & water separation

• Pumps, pipes, valves, fittings

• Protection/safety equipment

• Recycling

• Residuals dewatering,

disposal & handling

equipment

• Site & soil remediation

• Software systems

• Spill control & containment

• Stormwater control

• Tanks & storage

• Transportation services

• Water treatment

• Wastewater treatment

• Waste disposal

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:10 PM

Canadian Environmental Conference & Tradeshow

Please see our ad in this issue of ES&E


LLiisstt ooff EExxhhiibbiittoorrss aassooff MMaarrcchh 1155,, 22000088



ACG Technology Ltd. #1803Woodbridge, ON 905-856-1414 Fx: 905-856-6401E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.acgtechnology.com Contact: Greg JacksonProducts/Services to be displayed: Water, wastewater &stormwater treatment equipment.

Adventus Group #1812Mississauga, ON 905-273-5374 Fx: 905-273-4367E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.adventusgroup.com Contact: Julie PauleProducts/Services to be displayed: Daramend ®, EHC®,EHC-O®, Aquablok+™, Remox ®, EC.

AET Consultants Inc. #1935Waterloo, ON 519-576-9723 Fx: 519-570-9589E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.aetconsultants.com Contact: Scott FreiburgerProducts/Services to be displayed: Sustainable, environ-mental & waste solutions including solid & hazardouswaste management, regulatory compliance, environmentalmanagement, LEED design & facilitation, green buildingretrofits, energy audits and project management.

AGAT Laboratories #1907Mississauga, ON 905-890-5299 Fx: 905-890-3320E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.agatlabs.comContact: Kelly SheaProducts/Services to be displayed: Soil and water environmental testing services.

Albarrie Environmental Services #1809Barrie, ON 705-737-3906 Fx: 705-737-9652E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.albarrie.com Contact: Linda McFaddenProducts/Services to be displayed: Filtration products,technical services, filter bags, high efficiency filter bagcleaning, baghouse accessories, laboratory testing.

Altech Technology Systems #2105Toronto, ON 416-467-5555 Fx: 416-467-9824E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.altech-group.com

Contact: George BennettProducts/Services to be displayed: Air emission control/equipment: System Reither wet venturi air scrubber; industrial waste water treatment: System HydroKleen membrane bioreactor.

Aqua Terre Solutions Inc. #2005Toronto, ON 416-635-5882 Fx: 416-635-5353E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.aquaterre.ca Contact: Shawn BonnevilleProducts/Services to be displayed: Responsible, practi-cal, innovative and cost-effective environmental solutions.

Avensys Inc. #2017Mississauga, ON905-564-4700 Fx: 905-564-6776E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.avensys.com Contact; Peter SetoProducts/Services to be displayed: Leading Canadian distributor of instrumentation and systems for the environmental industry. Avensys offers equipment forwater, wastewater, groundwater, air quality, atmosphericemission, gas detection, hydrology and meteorology applications.

Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP #1827Toronto, ON 416-863-2400 Fx: 416-863-2653E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.blakes.comContact: Robert FishlockProducts/Services to be displayed: Legal advisory services.

Bluewater Environmental Inc. #2124Point Edward, ON 519-337-0228 Fx: 519-337-9178E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.blueh2o.ca Contact: Bryan BallProducts/Services to be displayed: Mobile in-situ soil & groundwater bioremediation (Bio-Dot System). Environmental services, site assessments, environmentalconsultants, professional engineers.

Caduceon Environmental Laboratories #2110Kingston, ON 613-544-2001 Fx: 613-544-2770E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.caduceonlabs.com Contact: Damien GilbertProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental laboratory.

Can-Am Instruments Ltd. #1903Oakville, ON 905-829-0030 Fx: 905-829-4701E-mail: [email protected]


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:36 PM

CANECT Exhibitors



Web site: www.can-am.net Contact: Mark Reeves Products/Services to be displayed: Hach samplers & flowmeters, Highland oil/water separators, Arjay oil/watermonitors.

Claessen Pumps Limited #1804Innisfil, ON 705-431-8585 Fx: 705-431-2772E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.claessenpumps.com Contact: Paul BriertonProducts/Services to be displayed: Grindex electric submersible pumps, Power Prime diesel pump, Bravoslurry pump.

Drain-All Ltd. #2133Ottawa, ON 613-739-1070 Fx: 613-741-3153E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.drainall.com Contact: Stephen E. HuzaProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental Services: liquid/solid hazardous waste removal/disposal;emergency spill response; confined space entry. Industrialwet/dry vacuuming, excavation, high pressure blasting,

Duall Division, Met-Pro Corp. #1808Owosso, MI 989-725-8184 Fx: 989-725-8188E-mail : [email protected] Web site: www.dualldiv.com Contact: Ted Fattal & Mike SpragueProducts/Services to be displayed: Corrosion resistantventilation systems, fans, and scrubbers.

ECO Canada #2023Calgary, AB 403-233-0748 Fx: 403-269-9544E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.eco.caProducts/Services to be displayed: Human Resource management in support of the environmental profession.

EcoLog Environmental Resources Group #1924Toronto, ON 416-510-6867 Fx: 416-510-5133E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ecolog.com Contact: Carol Bell-LeNouryProducts/Services to be displayed: EcoLog EnvironmentalResources Group provides news, information and serviceson legislation, risk, waste and hazardous materials throughits various products.

EMRP Inc. #1908Brantford, ON 519-751-3405 Fx: 519-751-3443E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.emrp.ca Contact: John TheurerProducts/Services to be displayed: Water treatment.

Environment Canada – Ontario Region #2012Toronto, ON 416-739-4826 or 800-668-6767 Fx: 416-739-4776

E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ec.gc.ca Products/Services to be displayed: Government information notepads.

Environment Canada #2035Ottawa, ON 613-948-8434 E-mail: [email protected]: Jake Sanderson Products/Services to be displayed: Exhibit for chemicalsmanagement plan.

Env. Resources Canada Industry Guide #2114Victoria, BC 250-708-0427 Fx: 250-708-0429E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.contactcanada.comContact: Brian KellyProducts/Services to be displayed: Canada's National Environmental Directory. On industry desks year-long withexisting and new clients, government bodies and stakeholders seeking your products & services.

Environmental Science & Engineering MagazineAurora, ON 905-727-4666 Fx: 905-841-7271E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.esemag.com Products/Services to be displayed: Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine.

Filter Innovations Inc. #2123Toronto, ON 416-490-7848 Fx: 416-490-0974E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.filterinnovations.com Contact: John DragasevichProducts/Services to be displayed: Oil water separators,MBR, domestic waste water, pump and treat groundwaterremediation, ultrafiltration, metal working fluids, air scrubbers, H2S removal.

Flochem Ltd. #1923Guelph, ON 519-763-5441 Fx: 519-763-9691E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.flochem.com Contact: Tim TrottierProducts/Services to be displayed: Remediation andwater/wastewater chemicals and services includingCaS2O3 for dechlorination and ozone quenching andH2O2 for remediation, odour control and disinfection.

Fluorescent Lamp Recyclers (FLR) Technologies Inc. #1817Ayr, ON 519-740-3334 Fx: 519-740-2320E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.flr.ca Contact: Martin HassenbachProducts/Services to be displayed: Hazardous wastetreatment services including fluorescent lamps, PCBs,transformers and other hazardous waste.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:12 PM

CANECT Exhibitors




Frac Rite Environmental Ltd. #2111Calgary, AB 403-265-5533 Fx: 403-265-5648E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.fracrite.ca Contact: Gordon BuresProducts/Services to be displayed: In situ remediationusing soil fracturing, amendment injection, and subsurfacefracture/amendment mapping.

Globe Star Systems #2128Toronto, ON 416-636-2282 Fx: 416-635-1711E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.globestarsystems.com Contact: Peter van den Berg & Irving Whynder Products/Services to be displayed: The ConnexALL smart building – energy efficient building management.

Golder Associates Ltd. #1911Mississauga, ON 905-567-4444 Fx: 905-567-6561E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.golder.comContact: Roxana BahramiProducts/Services to be displayed: At Golder Associateswe strive to be the most respected global group specializ-ing in “Ground Engineering and Environmental Services.”

Greenspoon Specialty Contracting #1936Brampton, ON 905-458-1005 Fx: 905-458-4149E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.greenspoon.net Contact: Kevin MitchellProducts/Services to be displayed: Display board for environmental contracting services.

Ground Effects Environmental Services #1823Regina, SK 306-352-1400 Fx: 306-352-1412E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.groundeffects.org Contact: Calvin ProkopProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental remediation equipment manufacturing, sales, service,rentals; multi-phase vapour extraction; In situ electrokinetic remediation for salts, PCBs, heavy endedhydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Hazco Environmental Services #2309Kitchener, ON 519-886-2972 Fx: 519-886-3078E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.hazco.com Contact: Terry LorentzProducts/Services to be displayed: Soil and groundwaterremediation, demolition, emergency response, remediationand pollution control technologies, landfills, bioremediationfacilities and waste services.

Hybridyne Power Systems Group #2034Newmarket, ON 866-230-3918 Fx: 866-230-3918E-mail: [email protected]

Web site: www.hybridynepower.comContact: Richard LevertonProducts/Services to be displayed: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems; Entry level systems with Remote HybridSystem© (RHS); Enterprise Behind the Meter Systems;Utility scale Hybrid Energy Parks©

IPEX Inc. #2013Mississauga, ON 905-403-0264 Fx: 905-403-1124E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ipexinc.com Contact: Andrew PotterProducts/Services to be displayed: EnviroStream CatchBasin Inserts are simple drop-in structures designed to re-move oil, grease, contaminated sediment and other envi-ronmentally harmful compounds from stormwater flows.

Jurassic Activated Carbon Inc. #2028North York, ON 416- 297-8876 Fx: 416- 297-9976E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.jurassiccarbon.com Contact: Rodger LuProducts/Services to be displayed: As a professionalprovider of Chinese activated carbon in Canada, we havemany different types of carbon available including PAC,GAC & pellet based on lignite coal, bituminous coal, anthracite coal & coconut shell.

Kentain Products Limited #2135Kitchener, ON 519-576-0994 Fx: 519-576-0919E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.kentain.com Contact: Glen LippertProducts/Services to be displayed: Manufacturer and sup-plier of flexible (bag type) PVC liners for chemical storagetanks and for potable water with our NSF-61 material.

Lakes Environmental Software #2103Waterloo, ON 519-746-5995 Fx: 519-746-0793E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.weblakes.com Contact: Julie SwatsonProducts/Services to be displayed: Lakes Environmentalsupplies easy-to-use and sophisticated air dispersionmodeling, emissions inventory and risk assessment soft-ware to industries, government agencies and academia.

Layfield Geosynthetics and Ind. Fabrics Ltd. #2107Vaughan, ON905-761-9123 Fx: 905-761-0035E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.layfieldgroup.com Contact: Mark SimpsonProducts/Services to be displayed: Geomembranes, wickdrains, geogrids, geotextiles, erosion control, geoweb,grass pavers, floating covers, tarpaulins, silt fence, sediment control, installation services.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:13 PM

CANECT ExhibitorsLiberal Party of Canada #2130Ottawa, ON 613-237-0740 Fx: 613-235-7208E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.liberal.ca Contact: Mohamed FouadProducts/Services to be displayed: We are here to shareour visions and goals for Canada with visitors.

Ministry of the Environment #1916Toronto, ON 416-314-3910 Fx: 416-314-7919E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ontario.ca/environmentalleaders Products/Services to be displayed: Ontario’s Environmental Leaders Program (OEL).

National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB) #2104Gaithersburg, Maryland 301-977-3698 Fx: 301-977-9589E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.nebb.org Contact: Barry NovichProducts/Services to be displayed: NEBB technical publi-cations on: testing adjusting and balancing; cleanroomperformance testing; sound and vibration measurement;and building systems commissioning. Also, brochures onNEBB certification programs and technical seminars.

Niagara College #1833Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON 905-641-2252 Fx: 905-988-4309E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.niagaracollege.ca Contact: Sandy HerkimerProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental postgraduate programs (including distance).

NSF International #2007Guelph, ON866-261-0086 Fx: 519-821-4899E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Web site: www.nsf.org Contact: James CuffProducts/Services to be displayed: NSF's certificationand auditing services are designed to protect your business. Services include: ISO 14001, greenhouse gas,fiber sourcing, chain-of-custody, sustainability servicesand more…

ONEIA #2113Mississauga, ON 416-531-7884Web site: www.oneia.ca Products/Services to be displayed: Member companybrochures.

Pack-A-Cone c/o Mindspace Inc. #2108Markham, ON 905-284-1000 Fx: 905-284-1082E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.packacone.com Contact: Cory TseProducts/Services to be displayed: Traffic cones, safetywear.

Pine Environmental Services, Inc. #1807Mississauga, ON

905-795-9700 Fx: 905-795-0002E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.pine-environmental.com Contact: Aimee FossettProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental monitoring instrumentation including: air monitoring, water sampling, water quality, health & safety and soilsampling equipment, environmental sampling supplies.

Plasco Welding & Fabrication Inc. #2112Thorndale, ON 519-268-1190 Fx: 519-268-1107E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.plascowelding.com Contact: Richard KhanProducts/Services to be displayed: PVC/CPVC pipe, fittings, valves; single & double wall plastic chemical storage tanks; plastic welding & fabrication.

Pollution Equip. News/Rimbach Publishing Inc. #1814Pittsburgh, PA 412-364-5366 Fx: 412-369-9720Products/Services to be displayed: Publications – Pollution Equipment News & Industrial Hygiene News.

Pottinger Gaherty Environmental Consultants #2115Oshawa, ON & Newmarket, ON1-888-888-1395 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.pggroup.com Contact: John Dewilde & Bridget MillsProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental consulting services specializing in contaminated site assessment & remediation, air quality, environmental planning & hazardous material.

Power Plant Supply Co. #2106Scarborough, ON 416-752-3339 Fx: 416-752-7637E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.powerplantsupplyco.com Contact: Stephen RiesberryProducts/Services to be displayed: Magnadrive couplingstransmit torque from the motor to the load across an airgap. Eliminate vibration and reduce maintenance cost.

Prolite Systems Inc. #2004Maple Ridge, BC 604-460-8250 Fx: 604-460-8254E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.prolitepiping.comContact: Bill Trulsen or Brad WarningProducts/Services to be displayed: Corrosion resistant industrial mist elimination pollution control systems; assayand laboratory ventilation systems; thermoplastic, dualaminate and dual containment piping systems.

Pro-Tec Storage Solutions #1834Manufactured by X-treme Energy Group Inc.Innisfail, AB or Niagara Region, ON1-800-661-3747 Fx: 403-227-4073E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.protecstorage.ca or www.xeg.caContact: Lori Norsworthy or Cheryl CascadenProducts/Services to be displayed: Hazardous MaterialsStorage: ULC Listed and FM Approved prefabricated steelstorage products compliant to all applicable legislation.Also offering Emergency Shower Facilities.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:13 PM

CANECT Exhibitors



Quantum Murray LP/Echelon Training Services #1816Stoney Creek, ON 905-388-4444 Fx: 905-643-3106E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.quantumgroup.ca Contact: Sarah UrquhartProducts/Services to be displayed: Hazardous materialremoval and abatement, decommissioning and demolition,environmental remediation and reclamation, brownfield re-development, emergency response, confined space,Echelon Training Services.

Rain for Rent #1912Monroeville, NJ 800-742-7246 Fx: 856-863-0247E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.rainforrent.com Contact: Joseph MoussallyProducts/Services to be displayed: Pumps, tanks, filtration systems.

ReNew Canada #2011Toronto, ON 416-444-5842 Fx: 416-444-1176E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.renewcanada.net Contact: Miles BakerProducts/Services to be displayed: ReNew Canada is theleading source of information and commentary onCanada’s infrastructure industry.

Rice Earth Sciences #2117Vaughan, ON905-760-0170 Fx: 905-760-0171E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.riceeng.com Contact: Mike KleespiesProducts/Services to be displayed: Rice provides a complete line of environmental supplies and rentals toservice the needs of groundwater contractors, consultants, industry, and government.

Rusmar Inc. #2008West Chester, PA 610-436-4314 Fx: 610-436-8436E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.rusmarinc.com Contact: Rebekah GormishProducts/Services to be displayed: Long duration foam to control odors, VOCs and hazardous dust during excavation/storage of contaminated soil.

RWDI Air Inc. #1813Guelph, ON 519-823-1311 Fx: 519-823-1316E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.rwdiair.com Contact: Carol McClellanProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental consulting including air quality, noise & vibration and hazard & risk services.

SGS Environmental Services #1815Lakefield, ON 705-313-1178 Fx: 519-672-0361E-mail: [email protected]

Web site: www.ca.sgs.com Contact: Regan ThompsonProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental analytical services, data services.

Sonic Soil Sampling Inc. #1917Concord, ON 905-660-0501 Fx: 905-660-7143E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.sonicsoil.com Contact: Al ArchibaldProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental drillingequipment.

Spill Management Inc. #1904Stoney Creek, ON 905-578-9666 Fx: 905-578-6644E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.spillmanagement.ca Contact: Ruth HollandProducts/Services to be displayed: Spill Managementteaches hands-on response skills, strategies, and ER planning to industry, emergency services, institutions, hospitals and universities across Canada.

St. Lawrence County Ind. Development Agency #1913Canton, NY 315-379-9806 Fx: 315-386-2573E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.slcida.comContact: Suzan DennyProducts/Services to be displayed: St. Lawrence County – The US Market Starts Here! Your best locationfor an expansion within the US marketplace.

Summit Process Controls Group, Inc. #2003Brockville, ON 613-926-0108 Fx: 613-926-0269E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.summitpcgi.ca Contact: Steve PaquetteProducts/Services to be displayed: Multi-gas detec-tion/monitoring, IAQ analyzers, emissions analyzers, leakdetection, air velocity, particle counters, safety monitors,refrigerant/ammonia monitors, VOC/ozone monitoring.

Team-1 Emergency Services #2306-2308Hamilton, ON905-383-5550 Fx: 905- 905-574-0492E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.team-1.com Contact: Wes HicksProducts/Services to be displayed: Emergency response/CBRNE Response Unit.

Terratube #1915St-Denis-de-Brompton, QC 819-846-3642 Fx: 819-846-2135E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.terratube.ca Contact: Jocelyn Douheret Products/Services to be displayed: Terratube sells andoperates the Geotube container technology, the intelligentsolution for sludge dewatering and management withoutenergy or complicated equipment.


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:15 PM

CANECT Exhibitors




URS Canada Inc. #2014Markham, ON 905-882-4401 Fx: 905-882-4399E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.urs.ca Contact: Mahmood GhinaniProducts/Services to be displayed: Brochures/pamphlets,LCD.

Walkerton Clean Water Centre #1918Walkerton, ON 519-881-2003 Fx: 519-881-4947E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.wcwc.ca Contact: Kelly FransenProducts/Services to be displayed: Information onleading edge technology demonstration and water operator training programs available at the WalkertonClean Water Centre.

XCG Consultants Ltd. #1905Oakville, ON 905-829-8880 Fx: 905-829-8890E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.xcg.com Contact: Deborah MolloyProducts/Services to be displayed: XCG Consultants is arecognized leader in environmental consulting services,assisting clients with water and wastewater management,environmental compliance and audits and permits.

NOTES


March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 3:16 PM


NEWSNfld and Labrador

government respondsto contaminatedchlorine problem

Chlorine purchased by 11 municipalitiesto disinfect water supplies has been re-called by the distributor due to contami-nation, according to a Newfoundlandand Labrador government bulletin. Thesecommunities are on a non-consumptionwater advisory due to contamination.Agent Cordiere LCV, a scented product,has been found in a chlorination productpurchased by these municipalities andused to disinfect their water supplies.Health Canada has completed a

health risk assessment of the chemicalinvolved and the potential for health riksis low.The affected communities are: Lewis-

porte, Cupids, Tizzards Harbour, GanderBay South, Port aux PortWest,Whiteway,Terrenceville, Rushoon, Normans Cove-Long Cove, Wabana and Harbour Main.Municipalities have been notified by of-ficials from the departments of Environ-

ment and Conservation, and GovernmentServices to stop using the product imme-diately. They were also contacted by themanufacturer and advised to return anyunused product.The communities affected are cur-

rently flushing their distribution systemand injecting a new batch of chlorine.

Over $4 million committedtowards the clean-up of theSt. Clair and Detroit Rivers

The Government of Canada is investingup to $3.3 million to clean up the St.Clair River. Together with the Provinceof Ontario and in consultation with localstakeholders, the federal governmentwill develop a sediment managementstrategy for the river. Remedial optionscould include capping and/or dredging,disposal of contaminated sediment, andlong-term monitoring. The clean-upproject will begin in 2010 and be com-pleted by 2012.The government also announced that

it is investing up to $600,000 to helpclean up the Detroit River. The fundingwill go towards the excavation and re-moval of PCB-contaminated sedimentand bank soil. The project will begin inthe fall of 2008 and be completed by2009.

Phosphates in detergentsto be heavily restricted

The federal government is proposing toamend regulations in order to reduce theamount of phosphates added to laundrydetergents and to limit the amount foundin dishwasher detergents and general

purpose cleaners. By 2010, the govern-ment will set a limit of 0.5% by weightfor laundry and dishwasher detergentsand, where analysis indicates, in generalpurpose cleaners.Phosphates are used in certain deter-

gents and cleaning products to softenwater, reduce spotting and rusting, holddirt, and increase performance. However,too much phosphate in the water can leadto an over-production of blue-greenalgae. Though blue-green algae are nat-urally-occurring, in large quantities theycan emit a harmful level of toxins. Thiscan lead to poor water quality and forcethe closure of beaches in warm tempera-tures.

Ontario approves newdiversion plan for municipalhazardous or special waste

Ontario Environment Minister John Ger-retsen has approved a new program thataims to double the amount of householdhazardous or special waste that Ontariodiverts from landfills and the environ-ment over the next five years. The pro-gram, developed by Waste DiversionOntario, will help Ontarians reduce,reuse, recycle and responsibly dispose ofcommon household products such aspaints, solvents, batteries and oil filtersthat can often end up being poured downthe drain or thrown out with regulargarbage.Phase One of the program will begin

on July 1, 2008, and includes paints andstains, paint thinners, strippers and othersolvents, oil filters, lubricating oil con-tainers, non-rechargeable batteries, en-gine coolant, pressurized containers such

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:46 PM


NEWSas propane tanks, fertilizers and pesti-cides.

The program will make it easier andmore convenient for consumers to returnthese wastes for proper management. Forrural and northern Ontarians where serv-ice often does not currently exist, thiswill mean the introduction of new col-lection events. For urban Ontarians withsome level of existing service, this willmean extending depot hours and in-creasing the number of collection events.

Phase Two of the plan will soon beunder development, and will includeportable fire extinguishers, fluorescentlights, rechargeable batteries, pharma-ceuticals, syringes, thermostats, and othermeasuring devices containing mercury.

www.stewardshipontario.ca

Protecting the water sectorfrom security threats

The Water Environment Federation(WEF), in partnership with the NationalAssociation of Clean Water Agencies(NACWA), the American Public WorksAssociation (APWA), and the Associa-tion of Metropolitan Water Agencies(AMWA), has released a new publicationthat provides an overview of the legaland policy framework that governs keyaspects of security at drinking water andwastewater treatment facilities in theUnited States.

Intended for water and wastewaterutility executives, managers, and opera-tors, Protecting the Water Sector fromSecurity Threats covers the most com-mon legal considerations when imple-menting a security and emergencyresponse program in utilities and publicworks facilities.

WEF members can download thedocument from the WEF website atwww.wef.org.

Call for papers

The 13th Canadian National Conferenceand 4th Policy Forum on DrinkingWaterwill take place in Québec City, October 4to 7, 2008.

This biennial conference is sponsoredby the Federal Provincial Territorial Com-mittee on DrinkingWater which developsthe Guidelines for Canadian Drinking


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March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:08 AM


Water Quality and other information andguidance pertinent to those in the drink-ing water field. The Conference also pro-vides an opportunity for all Canadianstakeholders in drinking water to meetand present or exchange views on currentand emerging issues in the provision ofsafe drinking water.

www.cwwa.ca

BC government supportsOkanagan water study

Provincial funding of $150,000 will helpcomplete a two million dollar, three-yearwater supply and demand project, for theOkanagan Basin, a semi-arid region inBritish Columbia. The Okanagan Basinwater supply is affected by populationgrowth, economic development and cli-mate change, as well as fluctuations inannual snow and rainfall. Started in 2006,the Okanagan Basin Water Supply andDemand Project is scientifically assess-ing water use and availability in the re-gion, and developing scenarios that willcreate better understanding of how thechanges in the Okanagan are affectingwater resources now and in the future.

The study will be used by the Okana-gan Basin Water Board, its Water Stew-ardship Council and partners to optimizewater supply and demand, and provide abasis for water licensing decisions anddevelopment of drought and water man-agement plans. It is also compiling all in-formation on water use and supply in theOkanagan into a library.

The study is expected to be completedin 2009. Outcomes of the study will in-clude:• A cutting-edge, comprehensive waterscience database for the OkanaganBasin.

• State-of-the-Basin reports on watersupply, use and demand, andgroundwater supplies thatupdate the 1974 OkanaganBasin Study.

• Hydrologic models for surface andgroundwater.

• A geographic informationsystem-based agriculturaldemand model.

• A water budget model for the Basinwith climate change scenarios.

www.obwb.ca/water_supply_demand

NEWS

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Ontario’s engineering companiescongratulate ES&E Magazine on 20years of editorial excellence inenvironmental journalism.

Consulting Engineers of Ontario10 Four Seasons Place,Suite 405Toronto, ON M9B 6H7

4 Edmondson St.Brantford, ON, N3R 7J3

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:08 AM


Video taken at RobsonBight shows wreckage

stable

Video footage of sunken equipment inthe Robson Bight (Michael Bigg) Eco-logical Reserve in British Columbia,shows that the vehicles are mostly up-right, relatively undamaged and do notappear to be leaking hydrocarbons. TheBC Ministry of Environment and theCanadian Coast Guard (CCG) partneredin obtaining video footage to determinethe condition of the wreckage after abarge carrying vehicles and forestryequipment foundered, dumping 11pieces of equipment inside the boundaryof the protected area on August 20, 2007.

The Ministry has contracted technicalexperts to provide additional analysis ofthe equipment, which will help them andthe CCG assess the risks posed by theequipment and identify options for itsmitigation.

These analyses will include a look byEnvironment Canada at the possible ef-fects if any of the remaining petroleumproducts are released, and reviews byother experts to further assess the condi-tion and stability of the tanker sitting onthe seabed. It is believed that the currentcondition of the equipment on theseafloor will allow the time necessary toundertake a complete analysis of the op-tions available.

Manitoba imposes regionalmoratoriums on hogindustry expansion

Manitoba Conservation Minister StanStruthers has announced three new re-gional moratoriums on new or expand-ing hog operations to protect water andensure the long-term environmental sus-tainability of the hog industry. He is ac-cepting in principle the final report onEnvironmental Sustainability and HogProduction in Manitoba and its 48 rec-ommendations and launching a plan ofaction to respond to the report.

He also announced a further halt toindustry expansion in three regions of theprovince where enhancement of existingenvironmental protection is necessary.These include Southeastern Manitoba,the Red River Valley Special Manage-

NEWS


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March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:08 AM


ment Zone, and the Interlake Region,which borders on Lake Winnipeg to theeast and Lake Manitoba to the west.

As well, the government is taking im-mediate action on the Clean EnvironmentCommission (CEC) recommendation tofinalize contingency plans to deal with aborder closure due to disease or politi-cally-motivated action such as the Ameri-can country of origin labelling legislation.

The moratorium on new and expand-ing hog operations will be lifted in therest of the province subject to new, morestrict requirements as recommended bythe CEC.

Alberta to cut projected C02emissions by 50 per cent

Alberta will cut projected greenhousegas emissions in half by 2050 as part ofa long-term climate change plan that fo-cuses on carbon capture and storage,consumer incentives and greener energyproduction.

Experts agree carbon capture andstorage holds great promise for Alberta.Research indicates new and next genera-tion technologies will deliver the major-ity of the new plan’s reductions – about70 per cent of the 200 megatonne reduc-tion by 2050. Up to $500 million couldbe directed towards these initiatives, in-cluding allocations through the CanadaecoTrust and the Climate Change andEmissions Management Fund.

The Alberta government will strike agovernment-industry council to deter-mine a go-forward plan for implementingtechnologies, which will significantly re-duce greenhouse gas emissions by cap-turing air emissions from industrialsources and locking them permanentlyunderground in deep rock formations.

About 12 per cent of Alberta’s reduc-tions will be achieved through conserva-tion and energy efficiency. Offeringconsumer incentives to become more en-ergy efficient is a key action under thistheme. A detailed implementation planwill be completed this spring.

The plan also calls for increased in-vestment in clean energy technologiesand incentives for expanding the use ofrenewable and alternative energy sourcessuch as bioenergy, wind, solar power, hy-drogen, and geothermal energy. Initia-tives under this theme will account for

NEWS

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:08 AM


18 per cent of Alberta’s reductions. A de-tailed implementation plan will be de-veloped and released shortly.

New money for Victoria’ssewage treatment plan

The British Columbia government, in itsprovincial budget, has committed $9 mil-lion over three years to assist Victoria’sCapital Regional District in planning fortreatment and procuring wastewatertreatment facilities.

For years, the CRD has been releasinguntreated sewage directly into the Straitof Juan de Fuca, despite widespread con-cerns about the environmental impacts,resulting in the contamination of theseabed around the two outfalls. The newmoney will be used for continued devel-opment of the CRD’s plan for treatment,including the creation of a business plan,siting of potential treatment plants and,hopefully, further efforts into bringing in-tegrated resource recovery to the region.

Davis Controls celebrates75 years of business

C.R. Davis founded Davis Controls Ltd.in 1933. He began by offering boiler andrefrigeration repair services in the down-town core of Toronto. The stated missionof the company in its early days was toserve as a "Watchdog" over the instru-mentation and controls needs of localbusinesses, and the corporate 'AutomaticWatchdog Controls' logo was born. Since1933, the distinctive Great Dane "Watch-dog" logo has been associated with thecompany and its products and services.

Maintaining the course set by Mr.Davis, Davis Controls continues to holda leading position in the instrumentationand controls market, and has a strong fi-nancial foundation to support this busi-ness. From modern head office facilitiesin Oakville, Ontario, and several otherlocations across the country, the com-pany supports warehousing, service, in-formation management and enterprise

NEWS


tel 416 497 8600 www.rvanderson.com

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March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:08 AM


Norcana Resource Services (1991) Ltd.recently pleaded guilty to a single countunder Section 41 of the Water Act. Thecompanies were jointly charged withmaking unauthorized changes to astream after 114 stream crossings wereinspected, more than 12 hours of state-ments were collected and a large amountof evidence was gathered and sorted.This was a joint investigation by the BCConservation Officer Service and the BCOil and Gas Commission, which startedin February 2004 and concluded in July2005.The stream crossings involved in the

investigation were located in the AdsettCreek and Jackknife Creek watersheds,both tributaries of the Prophet River, ap-proximately 100 km southeast of FortNelson. The creeks serve as habitatmainly for grayling and bull trout.The BC Conservation Officer Service

encourages the public to report allpoachers and polluters (RAPP) by visit-ing www.rapp.bc.ca.

Brownfield plan will creategreener BC communities

British Columbia’s Agriculture andLands Minister Pat Bell has outlined aninnovative solution to revitalize aban-doned and under-utilized lands (brown-fields). A $10-million remediation fundwill be established to create green op-portunities for communities as they revi-talize inactive or unused lands. Thesefunds will allow the redevelopment ofboth Crown and private sites. The an-nouncement was made at Dockside

NEWS

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Casco fined forviolating Ontario Water

Resources Act

Casco Inc. has been fined $60,000, plusa victim fine surcharge, after pleadingguilty to violating the OntarioWater Re-sourcesAct. The Court heard that Casco,which operates a cornstarch productsmanufacturing facility, is authorized,under its Certificate of Approval, to dis-charge its industrial sewage into the St.Lawrence River. There are monthly con-

centration limits set for the discharge.The company exceeded its dischargelimits in March 2005 and again in March2006, despite the fact it had indicated itwould investigate means to mitigate suchfurther spring discharges.The company was charged following

an investigation by the Ministry of theEnvironment’s Investigations and En-forcement Branch.

BC oil and gas firms finedfor discharges

Two major resource companies operat-ing in a remote area in northeast BritishColumbia have been fined a total of$113,000 after pleading guilty to acharge under BC’s Water Act.Anadarko Canada Corporation and

Community Services Minister IdaChong listens as Environment MinisterBarry Penner speaks about the newBrownfields Renewal Strategy at theDockside Green construction site inVictoria.

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:08 AM


Green, a new Victoria housing develop-ment that is a prime example of brown-field revitalization.

Effective immediately, this strategywill:• Fast-track green developments

waiting for provincial environmentalapprovals.

• Implement a $10-million fund built upover five years.

• Broaden brownfield tools for local governments, linking brownfield renewal with government’s proposed Green Communities Initiative to

• Create tax incentives and disincentives to attract more investment in brownfield projects andto dissuade owners from keeping brownfield properties idle.

• Provide municipal staff involved in redevelopment projects with direct expert assistance on a project-by-project basis.

• Provide enhanced flexibility in liability allocation so that brownfield owners will be encouraged to either sell or redevelop idle properties.

• Develope a virtual brownfield office.

• Develope a post-secondary program that offers a certificate of brownfieldentrepreneurship.

• Facilitate the return of Crown owned brownfield sites to productive use.Since 2001, the Province has com-

mitted more than $257 million to iden-tify and clean up a number of B.C.Crown contaminated sites.

www.gov.bc.ca.

John Meunier Inccelebrates 60th anniversary

John Meunier Inc., a subsidiary of Veo-lia Water Solutions & Technologies, iscelebrating its 60th anniversary this year.The company was founded in 1948 byJohn Meunier. His son, Gabriel Meunier,

NEWS

[email protected] www.tsh.ca

Toronto | Kitchener | Kingston | Edmonton | Cincinnati | www.xcg.com

Expert People. Better Decisions.

• Municipal Infrastructure • Site Assessments• Wastewater • Remediation• Drinking Water • Risk Assessments• Water Reources • Solid Waste

led the company from 1974 to 1998 andduring that time introduced wastewaterand drinking water technologies into thefirm’s product lineup.

Initially, John Meunier Inc. catered toa local business base, interested inpumps and swimming pool equipment.Today, John Meunier Inc. is activethroughout the North American conti-nent, providing drinking water, waste-water and stormwater technologies tomunicipal and industrial clients.

Throughout the history of the com-pany, John Meunier Inc. has been manu-facturing and assembling its technologyin Canada, at its 4500 m2 productionshop, in Ville St-Laurent, Québec.

For more information, visit www.johnmeunier.com

Canada’s National Environmental

Industry Directory

Visit booth #2114 for your free copy

IFAT2008

The Word’s Largest Trade Show for Water - Sewage Refuse - Recycl ing

May, 2008 Munichwww.ifat.de

see pg 7 & 186

Company

Spotlights

See pg 6

6 Contents8 Key Events

10 RAPID INDEXES

FEATURE ARTICLES14 Air & Water Quality22 Waste & Recycling29 Remediation

PROFILES33 Environmental Companies137 Services & Suppliers

CROSS INDEXES160 Environmental Products, Service & Suppliers181 Alphabetical

Celebrating 20 years in publishing

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:52 PM


Ad Index

Company Page E-mail WebsiteA

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DEX

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ACG Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.acgtechnology.com

AECOM Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . .www.aecom.com

AGAT Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.agatlabs.com

American Concrete Pipe Association . . . . . . . . . .15 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.concrete-pipe.org

Aqueous Operational Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.aqueousoperational.com

Armtec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30,31 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.armtec.com

Associated Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.ae.ca

Atlantic Industries Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.ail.ca

Avensys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.avensys.com

AWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.awifilter.com

AWWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.awwa.org

Backup-Power.ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.backup-power.ca

C&M Environmental Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . .35 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.cmeti.com

CAEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.caeal.ca/t_intro.html

Canada Unlimited/IFAT’08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . .www.ifat.de

Canadian Safety Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.cdnsafety.com

CH2M Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.ch2mhillcanada.com

Claessen Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.claessenpumps.com

Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.cspi.ca

Degremont Technologies Infilco . . . . . . . . .41,43,45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.degremont-technologies.com

Delcan Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.delcan.com

Denso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.densona.com

Dewind Dewatering and Trenching . . . . . . . .(insert) . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.dewinddewatering.com

Direct Separation Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.abanaki.ca

Earth Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.earthtech.com

Eimco Water Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 . . . . . [email protected]

Elster Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.elster-evolution.com

Endress + Hauser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.ca.endress.com

Env. Resources Canada Industry Guide . . . . . . .105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.contactcanada.com

Gardner Denver Engineered Products Division . .74 . . . . . [email protected] . . . .www.gardnerdenver.com

Glentel Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.glentel.com

Gorman-Rupp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.grcanada.com

Greatario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.greatario.com

Greenspoon Specialty Contracting . . . . . . . . . . . .66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.greenspoon.net

Grundfos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 23 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.grundfos.ca

Heron Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . .www.heroninstruments.com

Hetek Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.hetek.com

Hoskin Scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.hoskin.ca/ysi600

Hoskin Scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.hoskin.ca/waterlevel

Hoskin Scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.hoskin.ca/weather

Ideal Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.idealpipe.ca

International Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.iws.ca

IPEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.ipexinc.com

ITT Water & Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.ittwww.ca

John Meunier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . .www.johnmeunier.com

Master Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.mastermeter.com/ESE3

MS Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.msfilter.com

Mueller Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.muellercanada.com

Neptune Chemical Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69, 72 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.neptune1.com

North American Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . .www.nagreen.com

Orival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.orival.com

Parkson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.parkson.com

Pro Aqua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.proaquasales.com

ProMinent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.prominent.ca

Rain for Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.rainforrent.com

Rocky Mountain Soil Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.rmsoil.com

Royal Roads University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.royalroads.ca

Saf-T-Flo Chemical Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.saftflo.com

Sanitherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.sanitherm.com

SaskTel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.loadtrak.com

Schneider Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 . . . . . [email protected] . .www.schneider-electric.ca

Serpentix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.serpentix.com

Smith & Loveless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . .www.smithandloveless.com

SPD Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.spdsales.com

Spill Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . .www.spillmanagement.ca

Stantec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.stantec.com

Terratec Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.amwater.com

Troy-Ontor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 . . . . . [email protected]

Victaulic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.victaulic.com

Walkerton Clean Water Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.wcwc.ca

Waterloo Biofilter Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . .www.waterloo-biofilter.com

Waterra Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.waterra.com

Whipps, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.whipps.com

XCG Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 . . . . . [email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.xcg.com

March 2008 Final:2008 3/20/08 4:50 PM

March 2008 Final:2008 3/19/08 12:09 AM

Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine March 2008

Documents

Transcript of Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine March 2008