Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

59

Journal of Design and Built EnvironmentVol. 9, December 2011, pp. 59–73

ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THREE RESIDENTIALCOLLEGE BUILDINGS IN UNIVERSITY OF MALAYACAMPUS, KUALA LUMPUR

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin1*, Nila Inangda2, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin2 andHazreena Hussein2

1Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 KualaLumpur, Malaysia2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, 50603Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCorresponding author: adiainurzaman@um.edu.my

Abstract

Three residential collegeslocated in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were selected for energy performanceanalysis in regards to its implementation of bioclimatic design strategies. Specifically, passive designstrategies on daylighting and natural ventilation were examined. In Malaysia, the residential college orhostel is a multi-residential building providing accommodation to university students. The threeresidential colleges in this study, namely C1, C2 and C3, were built in different years with differentdesigns and forms, particularly with regards to enclosure and facade design, solar control devices,passive daylight concepts, and natural ventilation strategies. The building designswere carefully studiedand an electric consumption analysis was carried out in each residential college. This study revealedthat the wide-scale implementation of bioclimatic design strategies in college C2 help reduced theannual energy consumption. The building bioclimatic design features that are accountable to reduceenergy consumption are the internal courtyard and balconies on each unit of floor area, as shown inC3.Results from this study highly recommend internal courtyard and balcony building combinationformulti residential building design, especially in tropical urban regions.

Keywords: bioclimatic design strategies, daylighting, energy efficiency index (EEI), natural ventilation,residential college

Introduction

In recent times, terms such assustainable building, green building, ecodesign building, bioclimatic designbuilding and many more have becomepopular in the building sector. Theterminology and their meanings vary

somewhat, but the aim is the same withintents on promoting more efficient useof natural resources, especially energyand water, and using renewable energyin the running of the buildings. Greenbuilding practices can significantly reduceor eliminate negative environmentalimpacts and improve existing

60

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin and Hazreena Hussein

unsustainable design, construction andoperation practices [1]. However, mostof these practices have already beenadopted in traditional buildings long ago,for example the utilisation of naturalventilation, day light, solid walls, lightexterior surfaces etc. [2, 3], yet have onlyrecently attracted wider attention due tothe climate change issues and higher costof energy.

The building sector was identified asa useful area for studying energyconservation due to it being the thirdlargest energy consumer in Malaysia [4]and its contributions of 40% percenttoworld total GHG (greenhouse gas)emissions, and up to 80% of emissionsin city areas [5]. The commercial andresidential sector alone account forabout 13% of total energy consumptionin addition to 48 percent of electricityconsumption in Malaysia. These figurescan be decreased by constructing energyefficient buildings in the future, althoughthis will increase construction costs byup to 15 percent compared to conventionaldesigns [6]. However, in the long term,energy efficient buildings can improveindoor and outdoor air quality, socialwelfare and enhance energy security [7].

Energy conservation in a building canbe achieved in many ways, but from aholistic perspective, one should start withthe basics: the building design andstructure. Building design is one of thefactors determining the building’s energyperformance, beside service design andoccupant behaviour [6]; these latterfactors are difficult to control andmaintain. In tropical regions, there arethree main areas related to buildingservices which utilises up to 60-70% ofthe total energy in non-industrial buildings,

are air conditioning, lighting andventilation [8].

Mechanical cooling loads and usageof electric lightingare commonlysubstituted with natural ventilation anduse of day lighting as design strategies toreduce a building’s energy consumption.The peak-cooling load (which determinesthe maximum demand of energy) and theannual electricity consumption can bereduced substantially by 10% and 13%,respectively, through the application ofdaylighting [9, 10]. Additionally, about50% of energy used for ventilation inbuildings in warm, humid climates canbe saved by carefully determining abuilding’s massing such as length, depthand height. Such energy conservation hasbeen shown by Haase and Amato [11]who revealed that shallow buildings withoptimal orientation and a maximum offivefloors are more effective in using daylightand exploiting wind for natural ventilation.Efficient day lighting of spaces promotesefficiency of work productivity, andsimultaneously increases the sense of wellbeing of inhabitants [8]. The effectivecontrol of air movement can save up to20% on heating and cooling costs whileimproving comfort for the inhabitants,since air speeds of between 0.5-1.0m persecond can make the body feel 2-3ºCcooler in air temperatures of 25ºC [12].Approximately 43% of energy reductioncan be achieved by using combinationsof well-established technologies such asappropriately designed glazing, shading,insulation and induced natural ventilation.The early stage of building design mustnot forgo the climate and characteristicsof the site [8]. All these improvementscan be achieved by well-planned buildingstrategies considering a variety of

Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

61

aspects. Natural ventilation combinedwith solar protection is the most efficientbuilding design strategy to achievethermal comfort without resorting tomechanical cooling [13].

Most of the studies reported in theliterature have focused on residentialhouses, such as single storey, doublestorey, flat houses and apartments[14,15,16,17], rather than on residentialcollege buildings, which are quitedifferent in terms of building layouts andservices provided. In Malaysia, theresidential college or hostel is a multi-residential building that providesaccommodation to university students.The multi-residential building typicallyplays a role as student halls of residence,key worker accommodation, care homesand sheltered house,containing cateringfacilities, lounges, dining rooms, healthand leisure areas, offices, meeting roomsand other support areas such as laundryfacilities [18].

Consequently, how we design ourbuildings will determine how much energythey require to run. The intense sunlight,heat and high humidity are the keyelements for the Malaysian climate thatneed to be considered [19]. Accordingto Nugroho et al. [20], a good housedesign keeps the indoor environmentfavourable and comfortable during mostof the year without the use of anymechanical devices and also guaranteessufficient airflow through the building toallow for dehumidification. The use ofdaylighting as a passive solar source cancontribute to the reduction of energyconsumption when effectively used. Inthe long term, the implementation ofpassive designs can reduce operatingcost, enhance building marketability,

reduce potential liability from indoor airquality problems and increase workerproductivity [1]. From a residentialcollege perspective, it can help to increasethe students’ achievements in theirstudies. Thus, provision for air movementand daylighting must be the mostimportant considerations in buildingdesign, however, while the aim is toimplement passive and low energysystems and meet sustainabilityrequirements, thermal comfort in thebuilding should be maintained.

The aims of this study were toanalyze the energy performance of threeresidential colleges regarding theexistence and current implementation ofbioclimatic design strategies, specificallywith regards to daylighting and naturalventilation. Thus, the effects of the recentadoption of climatic design strategies ininfluencing the total energy consumptionat residential colleges will be revealed bythe evaluation of electricity consumptionpatterns, which is the most importantpart of the energy management and theenergy conservation programme [21].

Research design and approaches

Building description

Three residential colleges with differentconfigurations, layouts and year ofconstruction were chosen in this study,namely, Tuanku Bahiyah ResidentialCollege (C1), Dayasari ResidentialCollege (C2), and Ungku Aziz ResidentialCollege (C3). The similarity are thebuilding are all made of the same materialand similar construction method, whichis concrete and brick using post and

62

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin and Hazreena Hussein

beam with pitched roof (with slightvarying angle). All these residentialcolleges are located within the Universityof Malaya campus in the capital city ofKuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and are able tohousemore than 2,500 local andinternational students. C1 is the oldestresidential college, established in 1958 anddesigned with linear arrangement whichclearly differs from C2, which wasestablished in 1966 with an internalcourtyard arrangement. As the newestresidential college, established in 1997,C3 shows some evolution in terms ofbuilding design as it has been arrangedwith an internal courtyard and balcony.Each residential college comprises of oneadministrative block and four to fiveresidential blocks. All administrative officeand block are equipped with air-conditionfor cooling and fluorescent lamps forlighting whilst all the residential units/rooms at the residential blocksare not air-conditioned but are installed with a ceilingfans and fluorescent lamps.

Building design studies

The buildings’ drawings, which includea site plan, architectural drawings andstructure drawings, were the main sourceof data for the building design studies.Site visits to each residential college werealso carried out in order to gauge actualconditions, since most of the drawingswere drawn 30 to 40 years ago, and sincethen, numerous renovations and add-onshave been carried out to increase theresidences’ capacities. The elements ofbioclimatic design (passive mode)introduced by Yeang [22] were adaptedas matrixes for assessing the building’sdesign in adapting climatic design

concepts, with particular focus on theapplication of natural ventilation and daylighting.

Performance of electric use

The efficiency of electricity use in eachresidential college was evaluated byadapting a method from Saidur [23] whoestimated energy intensity, EI in kWh/m2

by using following equation:

EI = AEC / TFA

where, AEC is annual energyconsumption (kWh) and TFA is total floorarea (m2). Basically, Kamaruzzaman andEdwards [24] stated that the energy useper unit floor area can be described as‘Normalised Performance Indicators’(NPI), which is also known as the energyuse index or Building Energy Performance(BEP) [25]. Consequently, the term BEPwill be used in this study to indicatethe performance of electric use at theresidential colleges, while EnergyEfficiency Index (EEI) will be used toelaborate kWh/m2/year [26,27]. Referringto Iwaro and Mwasha [28], energy usein residential buildings is usually 10-20times lower compared to office buildings.Thus, the electricity usage in residentialbuildings in Malaysia amounts toapproximately 10 to 25 kWh/m2/year ifthe electricity use in office buildings inMalaysia is in the range of 200 to 250kWh/m2/year [29].

A five year period beginning from2005 until 2009 energy consumptionsdata were collected and analysed, whiletotal floor area was calculated from thebuilding design study. On-sitemeasurements were also carried out for

Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

63

the purpose of obtaining accurate facts,since errors arose from the same sourcesas mentioned earlier, such as outdateddrawings and recent renovations. Furtherstatistical analysis was carried out usingSPSS 15.0 computer software package.From there, descriptive statistical analysiswas performed to analyse mean, median,mode, standard deviation, variance andrange for comparison purposes.

Results and discussion

The characteristic and bioclimatic designstrategies demonstrated by the threeresidential colleges C1, C2 and C3,particularly regarding natural ventilationand daylighting, are presented in Table 1.Some of the points were clearly explainedin Figures 1, 3 and 5, presenting typicalfloor plans of each residential collegebuilding. They are also can be visualisedthrough photos that are presented inFigures 2, 4 and 6.

C1 was built as a linear arrangementwith adjustable and fixed opening devicesat the both end of corridors. As solarcontrol devices, horizontal awnings areimplemented along with residential unitsopening. The built form configuration isnot orientated to the sun path, whichdirectly eliminates thermal effects to thebuildings, north-south, while the locationof openings is not with respect to the winddirection, southwest. Thus, directly it isnot persuade natural ventilation in theresidential unit.

Then, small fixed opening deviceswere set up in the staircase area whichindirectly promotes daylighting andnatural ventilation. Unfortunately, it wasnot capable to provide adequate air

circulation and day light along the corridorarea. Therefore, the corridor lamps doneed to be continuously switched on,even during day time. Regarding roofdesign, there is no potential for a rooftopgarden whilst this residential college issurrounding by 81.71% of green area.Overall, less bioclimatic design strategies,particularly on natural ventilation anddaylight were employed by C1 comparedto other two residential colleges.

C2 is the leading residential collegein energy performance due to the designof its residential unit that allows for thebest utilisation of natural ventilation anddaylighting. The building layout that isbased on a courtyard arrangement allowsthe wing walls on top of the entrance doorand wall to fully function in inducing aircirculation and bringing daylight to theinterior of the residential units. As a resultthe corridor lamps need not to beswitched on during day time. Additionally,the building’s orientation to the sun pathis north-south, which massively reducesthe thermal gain into the residential unitscreate better thermal comfort. Only theservices areas, such as the toilet,bathroom, store, staircase and balcony,are located at a west-east orientation. Thepositive side of arranging the toilets andbathroom in this orientation, help keephumidity level lower due to the high sunpenetration, which in a way eliminatesany risk of mould and mildew growth,which is a major contributor to unhealthybuildings and poor indoor air quality.Regarding the enclosure and facadedesign, C2 was designed with specialfeatures such as glare protection andadjustable natural ventilation options. Thetwo types of windows, centre pivot andawnings, which are tinted, offered the

64

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin and Hazreena Hussein

Table 1: The characteristic and bioclimatic design strategies demonstrated at C1, C2 and C3

INTERNALSYSTEMS

BUILT-FORMCONFIGURATION,ORIENTATION,SITE LAYOUTPLANNING &ENERGY INDEX

RESIDENTIALUNIT - FORMCONFIGURATION& PLANNING

ENCLOSURALAND FAÇADEDESIGN

SOLARCONTROLDEVICES

PASSIVEDAYLIGHTCONCEPTS

WIND ANDNATURALVENTILATION

LANDSCAPING

OTHERS

CHATACTERISTIC

Form of buildingBuilding layoutOrientation to sun pathShape of the building’s floor plateWind direction of the localityBuilding location on the groundFloor level (excluding GF)Total floor area (m2)

Typical room dimension (l) x (w) x (h)Typical room’s floor area (m2)Typical room volume (m3)Typical of corridor width (m)

Design

Window area (m2)Window to wall ratioOperable window area (m2)Operable window to wall ratioWindow designLocation

Horizontal overhangs along the wallwith windowsVertical overhangs along the wallwith windowsTinted window glassBalconies/VerandahDeep recessesSkycourts/Internal courtyard

Articulated light shelvesLight pipesSkycourts/Internal courtyardBalconies/Verandah

Window opening with horizontaladjustable/ closing devicesWindow opening with verticaladjustable/closing devicesHigh level fixed/adjustableexhaust openingLow level fixed/adjustableexhaust openingHorizontal/vertical wing walls aboveresidential unit entrance door & wallWall opening (create wind pressureinside room)Balconies/VerandahInternal courtyardLocation of opening with respect towind direction

Potential for rooftop gardenGreen area (%)

Corridor

Staircase area

C11958

Low-riseLinear arrangementN - SRectangleSWDifferent altitude311,224.71

5.0 x 3.5 x 2.917.5050.751.52

Glare protection &adjustable naturalventilation option4.310.422.390.24Louver/JalousieN - S

99999

8

8888

99999888

99999

8

99999

8

99999

8

888

881.71

Adjustable & fixedopening devices at theboth end of corridorAn expanse of fixedopening devices

C21966

Low-riseCourtyard arrangementN - SRectangleSWDifferent altitude318,212.51

5.0 x 3.4 x 2.7717.0047.091.87

Glare protection &adjustable naturalventilation option6.460.694.070.43Centre pivot & awningN - S

99999

8

9999989999999999

999998999998

99999

99999

99999

8

99999

99999

8999998

9999960.70

Open corridor (facingto internal courtyard)Open staircase area

C31997

Low-riseCourtyard arrangementN - S & W - EL-shapeSWSame altitude334,305.32

5.0 x 4.0 x 2.8720.0057.401.6

Glare protection &adjustable naturalventilation optionType A: 1.65 / Type B: 4.12Type A: 0.14 / Type B: 0.36Type A: 1.10 / Type B: 2.75Type A: 0.1 / Type B: 0.24Casement & Turn windowN - S & W - E

8

8

99999999999999999999

889999999999

8

99999

8

8

8

8

99999999998

857.97

Open corridor (facing tointernal courtyard)Open staircase area

RESIDENTIAL COLLEGE AND YEAR ESTABLISHED

Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

65

Figure 1: Typical floor plan of C1

Figure 2: The characteristic and bioclimatic design strategies demonstrated at C1(a). Louver window/Jalousie window design & large horizontal overhangs along the wall withwindows, (b). High level fixed exhaust opening & articulated light shelves, (c). Large fixedhorizontal wing walls above residential units’ entrance door and wall, (d). The roof designs thatdenying the potential of rooftop garden, (e). Open ended corridor with adjustable & fixedopening devices, (f). Staircase with fixed opening devices - creates wind pressure effects.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

66

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin and Hazreena Hussein

Figure 3: Typical floor plan of C2

occupancies the possibility to channelthe outside air/wind, although the positionof the windows and the buildingorientation are not in accordance withthe prevailing wind flow direction,

southwest. Moreover, the amounts ofdaylight penetration can be controlledeven though each residential unit statedthe biggest window to wall ratio. Theawning windows that are located above

Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

67

Figure 4: The characteristic and bioclimatic design strategies demonstrated at C2(a). Centre pivot & awning window design with tinted glass and high level adjustable exhaust opening witharticulated light shelves, (b). Large horizontal overhangs along the wall with windows, (c). Large fixedvertical wing walls above residential units’ entrance door and wall, (d). The roofs design that encourage theimplementation of rooftop garden, (e). Large open corridor facesto internal courtyard, (f). Open staircasearea.

(a)

(b)

(c) (f)

(e)

(d)

68

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin and Hazreena Hussein

Figure 5: Typical floor plan of C3

the centre pivot directly play a role ashigh level exhaust opening. The flat roofdesign offers a big potential for thecreation of a rooftop garden in the future,which would directly help to decrease theheat penetration through the roof.

Similar to C2, C3 also has a layoutwith a courtyard arrangement but notdirectly facing the residential unit. Withthe L-shape of the building’s floor plate,the residential buildings are orientated

towards north-south and west-east.There are four residential units/rooms,with their entrance doors facing eachother, creating a cubicle. Each cubicle isconnected by an open corridor that facesthe internal courtyard, the corridor lampsdo not need to be continuously switchedon during day time. The presence of wallopenings creates wind pressure in thecubicle, which provides air circulationindirectly into the residential unit. The

Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

69

Figure 6: The characteristic and bioclimatic design strategies demonstrated at C3(a). Casement and turn window design with tinted glass, (b). Large balcony at each residential unit faces tooutside area, (c). Wall opening - create wind pressure in the cubicle, (d). The roofs design that denying thepotential of rooftop garden, (e). Open corridors face internal courtyard with lightlyvegetated, No opening/fixed vertical wing walls above residential units’ entrance door and wall (small picture in the box), (f). Openstaircase area (view from inside and outside) - creates wind pressure effects

(a)

(b)

(f)(c)

(e)

(d)

70

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin and Hazreena Hussein

residential unit included the largest floorarea and volume, 20.0m2 and 57.40m3,of the three residential colleges. Ingeneral, more bioclimatic design strategieswere adopted in C3 compared to C1.From the observation, the balcony at eachresidential unit and the tinted windowglass allows the residents full control ofthe day light distribution and air circulationinto the residential unit. Additionally, thecasement and turn window help theresidents channel air/wind that flowsfrom southwest, even though the buildingorientation becomes an obstruction.

For the purpose of this study thethree residential colleges are rankedbytheir bioclimatic design strategiesimplementations, it was found to be infollowing order, C2>C3>C1. Theresidential building with internal courtyardprovides higher potential of bioclimaticdesign strategies implementationcompared to linear arrangement. Then,residential colleges building with north-south orientation is the main element inreducing heat penetration either frommorning or afternoon sunlight penetrationparticularly in equatorial region, whichindirectly can influences the electricityconsumption for cooling purpose. Whilst,in certain condition where the residentialcollege buildings are need to built inwest-east orientation, the balcony can bean alternative aid that should be highlyconsidered.

The electricity use and the total floorarea (TFA) at the three residential collegesare presented in Table 2. C3 had thelargest TFA, 34,305.32m2, followed byC2 with 18,212.51m2, while C1 as theoldest residential college was the smallestamong these three with 11,224.71m2 ofTFA.

Statistically, C3 achieved the bestresult regarding electricity usage as itattained the lowest mean of EnergyEfficiency Index (EEI), 24.23 kWh/m2/year, compared to the other two casestudies, C1 (61.80 kWh/m2/year) and C2(34.52 kWh/m2/year). Referring to therange value, there is extreme usage ofelectricity stated at C2 which exceeded152,408 kWh. This happened when therewere a lot of students’ activities in April2006 and most of the students were stayovernight for final exam preparation. Theranking of electricity consumption inthese three residential colleges was foundto be in following order C3<C2<C1.Regarding the Building EnergyPerformance (BEP), C3 stated the lowestkWh per unit of floor area, 2.020 kWh/m2, followed by C2 (2.877 kWh/m2) andC1 (5.150 kWh/m2), which means thatC1 still remains the highest user ofelectricity in 5 years of duration.

Conclusions

This study illustrated how theimplementation of bioclimatic designstrategies, particularly with regards todaylighting and natural ventilation, caninfluence the energy performance ofresidential colleges. The adoption ofappropriate bioclimatic design strategies,including enclosure and facade design,solar control devices, passive daylightconcepts, wind and natural ventilationand landscaping, as realised in C2 andC3, clearly helped to reduce the electricityconsumption per annum, while thecombination of internal courtyard andbalcony in the building design additionallyhelp reduce electricity usage per unit of

Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

71

Table 2: The electric use at C1, C2 and C3

72

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary MohdAriffin and Hazreena Hussein

floor area as shown in C3. The openended corridor at both end of the buildinglayout with the linear arrangement is notuseful for optimising the benefit of daylighting and natural ventilation for energyusage reduction in residential collegebuildings, as can be seen from C1, whichconsumed triple the amount of electricitythan the average residential buildings inMalaysia, 10 to 25 kWh/m2/year.

Thus, the element of internalcourtyard and balcony should be seriouslyconsidered in the multi residential buildingdesign due to its potential for energyefficiency strategies. The abundantdaylight, which is available at a consistentrate all year long in the tropical regions,should be optimised in a way to guaranteea balance between energy efficiency andoccupant comfort levels.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank allresidential colleges on the University ofMalaya campus for their permission ofthe auditing process including full supportin supplying data to be used in this study.

References

[1] P. Tiyok, Towards Indonesia’s Sustainablefuture: Green building council Indonesia,FuturArc 14 (2009) 116-119.

[2] C. Tantasavasdi, J. Srebric, Q. Chen,Natural ventilation design for houses inThailand, Energ.Bldg. 33 (2001) 815-24.

[3] N. Lechner, Heating, cooling, lighting:Sustainable design methods for architects,John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2009.

[4] Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’sDepartment, Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010, Prime Minister’s Department,Putrajaya, 2006.

[5] M. Atkinson, Building a fast, deep, low-cost climate change solution, FuturArc 14(2009) 41.

[6] A. Al-Mofleh, S. Taib, M.A. Mujeebu, W.Salah, Analysis of sectoral energyconservation in Malaysia, Energy 34(2009) 733-739.

[7] M. Levine, D. Ürge-Vorsatz, K. Blok, L.Geng, D. Harvey, S. Lang, G. Levermore,A. MongameliMehlwana, S. Mirasgedis,A. Novikova, J. Rilling, H. Yoshino.Residential and commercial buildings, in:B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R.Dave, L.A. Meyer (Eds.), Climate Change2007: Mitigation. Contribution of WorkingGroup III to the Fourth AssessmentReport of the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change, Cambridge UniversityPress, USA, 2007, pp. 387-446.

[8] A.M. Omer, Renewable building energysystems and passive human comfortsolutions. Renewable and SustainableEnergy Reviews 12 (2008) 1562-1587.

[9] D.H.W. Li, J.C. Lam, S.L. Wong,Daylighting and its implication to overallthermal transfer value (OTTV)determinations, Energy 27 (2002) 991-1008.

[10] A. Zain-Ahmed, K. Sopian, M.Y.H.Othman, A.M.M. Sayigh, P.N. Surendran,Daylighting as a passive solar design intropical buildings: a case study of Malaysia,Energ. Conv. Manage. 43 (2002) 1725-36.

[11] M. Hasse, A. Amato, Sustainable façadedesign for zero energy buildings in thetropics, Proceedings of The 23rdConference on Passive and Low EnergyArchitecture, Geneva, Switzerland,September, 2006.

[12] Sustainable Energy Authority Victoria,Energy smart housing manual, State ofVictoria, Australia, 2002.

Energy performance of three residential college buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur

73

[13] C. Candido, Richard de Dear, R. Lamberts,L. Bittencourt, Natural ventilation andthermal comfort: air movementacceptability inside naturally ventilatedbuildings in Brazilian hot humid zone.Paper presented at Air Conditioning andthe Low Carbon Cooling Challenge,Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, London;2008, July 27-29.

[14] N.H. Wong, D.K.W. Cheong, H. Yan, J.Soh, C.L. Ong, A. Sia, The effects of rooftopgarden on energy consumption of acommercial building in Singapore, Energ,Bldg. 35 (2003) 353-364.

[15] E. Ghisi, R.F. Massignani, Thermalperformance of bedrooms in multi-storeyresidential building in southern Brazil, Bldg.Environ. 42 (2007) 730-742.

[16] M. Indraganti, Adaptive use of naturalventilation for thermal comfort in Indianapartments, Bldg. Environ. 45 (2010)1490-1507.

[17] A.M. Mohit, M. Ibrahim, Y.R. Rashid,Assessment of residential satisfaction innewly designed public low-cost housing inKuala Lumpur, Malaysia, HabitInternational 34 (2010) 18-27.

[18] Building Research EstablishmentEnvironment Assessment Method-BREEAM [Internet], BREEAM Multi-residential. [updated 2009; cited 2010 Feb12]. Available from http://www.breeam.org/page.jsp?id=2

[19] C.S. Aun, Preview of green building indexMalaysia (residential), Proceedings ofGreen Design Forum, Kuala LumpurConvention Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 2009.

[20] A.M. Nugroho, M.H. Ahmad, D.R. Ossen,A preliminary study of thermal comfort inMalaysia’s single storey terraced houses,J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng. 6 (2007) 175-82.

[21] M. Haji-Sapar, S.E. Lee, Establishment ofenergy management tools for facilitiesmanagers in the tropical region, Facilities23 (2005) 416-25.

[22] K. Yeang, Ecodesign: A manual forecological design, John Wiley & Son Ltd,London, 2008.

[23] R. Saidur, Energy consumption, energysaving, and emission analysis in Malaysianoffice buildings, Energy Policy 37 (2009)4104-4113.

[24] S.N. Kamaruzzaman, R.E. Edwards,Evaluating performance characteristics ofelectricity use of British historic buildingin Malaysia, Facilities 24 (2006) 141-152

[25] Electrical and Mechanical ServicesDepartment-EMSD, Guidelines on EnergyAudit, The Government of the Hong KongSpecial Administrative Region, Hong Kong,2007.

[26] H. Ibrahim, Best practices and innovationof buildings in Malaysia, Paper presentedat Seminar on The Promotion on EnergyEfficiency and Conservation for Buildingin Southeast Asia, Singapore; 2008,January.

[27] S.K. Chou, Performance-based standardsfor energy efficiency building, Paperpresented at Seminar on Building Control(Amendment), Singapore; 2004, Feb.

[28] J. Iwaro, A. Mwasha, A review of buildingenergy regulation and policy for energyconservation in developing countries,Energy Policy 38 (2010) 7744-7755.

[29] C.S. Aun, Green Building Index - MS1525:Applying MS1525:2007 Code for Practiceon energy efficiency and use of renewableenergy for non residential buildings, Paperpresented at Continuing ProfessionalDevelopment-CPD Seminar. KualaLumpur; 2009.

page 74