The evaluation of atmospheric pollution in Europe Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU) The EMEP Programme.
EMEP Monitoring programme Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU)
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Transcript of EMEP Monitoring programme Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU)
EMEP Monitoring programme
EMEP Monitoring programme
Wenche AasEMEP/CCC (NILU)
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
OutlineOutline EMEP monitoring programme
Why, where, what Monitoring strategy
Quality assurance EMEP Manual for sampling and analysis Nationally Centrally by EMEP/CCC
How to organize the work nationally
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
The EMEP vision;
To be the main science based and policy-driven instrument for international cooperation in atmospheric monitoring and modelling activities, emission inventories and projections, and integrated assessment to help solve transboundary air pollution problems in Europe
Artic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Slovenia
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Finland
Sweden
Georgia
Norway
Belarus
Czech Rep. Ukraine
Denmark
Moldova
Germany
Yugoslavia
Austria
Bulgaria
Liechtenstein
Turkey
Italy
Monaco
Cyprus
Switzerland
Malta
Netherlands
Greece
Belgium
F.Y.R.ofMacedonia
Luxembourg
Albania
France
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Spain
Croatia
Portugal
IrelandUnited Kingdom
Romania
Russian Federation
Iceland
Kara SeaBarents Sea
North Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea Caspian Sea
Aral Sea
Canada
of America
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
AzerbaijanArmenia
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan Tajikistan
EMEP Topics
•Acidification and Eutrophication
•Photochemical oxidants
•Heavy metals
•Persistent Organic Pollutants
•Particulate matter
UN-ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (50 Parties) - 8 Specific protocols, where the first is
European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) (41 Parties)
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Objectives of the EMEP measurement programme•Establish pollutant concentrations, deposition, emissions and transboundary fluxes on the regional scale, including intercontinental transport and boundary conditions for urban air quality
•Identify the trends with time as well as their sensitivity to European emission reductions
•Assess the success of international abatement strategies for atmospheric pollutants
•Improve the understanding of atmospheric chemical and physical processes
•Provide data for the validation of models
•Provide data which, in conjunction with models, are the basis for the assessment of environmental problems related to air pollution including comparison with effect thresholds and exposure levels
•Provide measurements required to assess the effects of atmospheric pollutants
•Serve to explore the environmental concentrations of new substances and support the development of cost-effective abatement strategies.
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Light blue = no risk
Forests – acid dep. Semi-natural – acid dep. Freshwater – acid dep.
Health - PM Health+vegetation - ozone Vegetation – N dep.
Environmental problems in 2020
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Intercontinental transport of Hg
Total annual Hg deposition in the Northern
Hemisphere
Mercury deposition to Europe:contribution of continents of NH
4%12%
3%5%
15%
61%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Eur
ope
Asi
a
Am
eric
as
Nor
ther
nA
fric
a
Oce
ans
Sou
thH
emis
.
Tota
l Hg
depo
sitio
n, t/
y
NaturalAnthropogenic
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Monitoring Strategy 2004-2009Monitoring Strategy 2004-2009 Adopted in December 2004
Three levels approach
Level 1 Basic (1.st priority for new Parties)
Level 2 Supersites (added to level 1 sites)
Level 3 Research driven supersites
Parties responsibility to implement the
Strategy
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Monitoring programme:Level 1•Main ions in precipitation and in air •heavy metals in precipitations•ozone •PM10 and PM2.5 mass •meteorology
at ca 125 sites
Level 2, supersite (joint EMEP/GAW)• POPs• Heavy metals in air and aerosols• VOC• EC/OC, OC speciation• Mineral Dust• PM speciation incl. gas particle ratio
+ all level 1 activities
15-20 sitesBoth levels are mandatory by all Parties
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Programme Parameters Minimum time resolution
Level-3 sites (monitoring at these sites do not require all level-1 and level-2 parameters) Dry deposition flux of Nand S SO2, NH3, HNO3 (SO4
--, NH4+, NO3
-) Hourly/Daily Dry deposition flux of O3
O3 Hourly/Daily
Hydrocarbons C6-C12 Hourly/Daily NOy chemistry NO, NO2, PAN, organic nitrates Hourly/Daily
OC speciation Both water soluble and water insoluble OC
Hourly/Daily
“Black carbon” BC Hourly/Daily Size/number distribution dN/dlogDp Hourly/Daily Light scattering Aerosol optical depth Hourly/Daily Vertical profiles O3 soundings, PM lidar, Hourly/Daily Mercury speciation TGM, RGM and TPM Daily/Weekly Congener-specific POPs PCBs, PAHs, PCDDs and PCDFs Daily/Weekly Multi-compartment (air, soil, water)
POPs and Hg Daily/Weekly
Monitoring programme, Level 3Monitoring programme, Level 3
Optical properties Scattering and absorption coefficients
Research driven and voluntary,
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Positive consequencesPositive consequences Many countries have initiated national revision plans, the
general impression is that most Parties intend to comply with requirements.
The strategy is used as an important instrument towards the funding authorities. CCC may assist when needed.
Generally large interest from research groups to get involved in EMEP measurements.
A better link between the traditional monitoring community and the research groups has been established
Particulate matter observations are in very good progress
Support to establish EMEP level 1 sites in some EECCA countries
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
ChallengesChallengesLevel 1 Some Parties have given little response. Probably due
to large difficulties to find national resources, most problems in Eastern Europe
Many sites lack a few parameters to get a complete measurement program of level 1
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
New EMEP sites in the EECCA regionNew EMEP sites in the EECCA region
MD: Leovo
UA: Danube delta
KZ: Borovoye
GE: Abastumani
AR: In process
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
New sites that will be establish: New sites that will be establish:
Georgia: Abastumani
Moldova: Leovo Kazakhstan: Borovoye
Support from:CAPACT http://www.unece.org/ie/capact
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Expectations, EECCA countries Expectations, EECCA countries
A very important region High emissions Strategic area for hemispheric transport issues Little monitoring today
Expected that most countries will sign the EMEP protocol soon.
Need to establish EMEP level 1 sites in each country. Support can be found, i.e from foreign aid money, EU, UNECE. Training and capacity building is necessary.
Beeing part of an international monitoring programme, as on transboundary air pollution, will in addition, give competence and awarness on other envirionmental issues
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
ChallengesChallengesLevel 1 Some Parties have given little response. Probably due
to large difficulties to find national resources, most problems in Eastern Europe
Many sites lack a few parameters to get a complete measurement program of level 1
Level 2 POPs and Hg monitoring receives little attention Photooxidats receives little attention (but EU directive
addressing PAHs offers assistance) Full chemical speciation of particles is difficult. It’s
costly and there are problems to harmonise methodology (i.e for EC/OC)
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
~ 70 samples(NILU 2006)~30 samples
(NMR 2007-2008)
~2*50 samples (NFR 2006-2008)
~ 50 samples(INTAS 06-08)?
Interlinked POP passive sampling campaigns have been initiated to improve the poor spatial coverage at present:GAPS study
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
PurposePurpose
Comparable measurements needed to make regional and global assessments
Need methods that are easy to use, cheap and long lasting for trend analysis (changing methodology may affect the trend
A harmonisation of methodology has been developed during the last 30 years and are still developing –close cooperation between CCC and international experts
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Necessary national commitmentsNecessary national commitments
Proper siting for representative measurements
Use recommended field methods for precipitation, gas and aerosols (main comp, HM, POP, PM, VOC)
Use recommended lab methods Follow QA/QC procedures in field and lab Reporting of data in proper format incl
information of methods, detection limits, precisions, siting information etc (so called meta data)
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
QA activities in EMEPQA activities in EMEP• Site characterization
• Documentation of methods and material -detection limits, precision, accuracy,-instructions for maintenance and
calibration
• Manual and standard operating procedures (SOPs)
• Lab intercalibration
• Co-located experiments (field comparison)
• Training courses
• Data checking and validation-e.g calculate ion balance and time trends
• Flagging data
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Field inter-comparisons, SO4 in air
Field inter-comparisons, SO4 in air
Estonia
Spain
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Lab intercomparisons annuallyLab intercomparisons annually
Rel bias %Rel standard dev %
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
QA flags based on lab and field intercomp.QA flags based on lab and field intercomp.
qa flagg field lab qa flagg field lab qa flagg field qa flagg field lab qa flagg field labAT 22-- B - - - - - - - - - - - -CH 3200 B A 33-- B - - - - - - - - -CZ 12-- B - 0300 - A - - 00 - A --00 - ADE 0100 A A --00 - A 00-- A --00 - A --30 - BDK 0000 A A --00 - A 00-- A --00 - A --00 - AEE 1200 B A 6210 B A - - - - - - - -ES 32-- B -- 30-- B -- 00-- A - - - --20 - AFI 1010 A A - - - 00-- A --00 - A --00 - AFR 2003 B C - - 20-- BGB 1010 B A 5300 B A 00-- A - - - -HU - - - 1310 B A - - - - --40 - BIE 00-- A - 5000 B A - - - - - -LT 1000 B A 3200 B A 10-- B 1010 B A --00 ALV 5010 B A 0200 B A 22-- B 1030 B B 0210 A ANL 11-- B - 03-- - - 00-- A - - - -NO 0000 A A 0020 A A 00-- A --20 - A --00 - APL 0010 A A 4340 B B 01-- A --00 - A --01 - APL05 2000 B A 5200 B A 32-- B --10 - A --00 - ASE 0000 A A 1010 B A 00-- A --00 - A --00 - ASI 0031 A B --00 - A 20-- B --00 - A --00 - ASK --10 - A 5300 B A - - --00 - A - - -TR 0010 A A --00 - A - - --10 - A --20 - AYU - - - 53-- B - - - - - - -
SNH4SO2 NO2 SO4 SNO3
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
National organisation of EMEP monitoringNational organisation of EMEP monitoring
Signing the EMEP protocol gives a national responsibility usually charged by the Ministry of Environment
The daily work are usually being done my hydrometeorological institutes or similar by contract of the Ministry
A close contact with universities and other research communities needed to interpret data and co-benefits the infrastructures both in lab an field
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Data flow (a typical example)Data flow (a typical example)
Measurements are evaluated in the labs after accredited procedures or similar
Project leader usually at the same institute QA/QC the data
Approval by the national government
Continuously Monthly or annually Annually
International bodies like EMEP/CCC
AnnuallyApproval by the international bodies (EMEP: Steering Body)
AnnuallyOften different databases and formats
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
Data reporting, the site “NN” storyData reporting, the site “NN” story
W M O -G A W
E IO N E T
A M A P
H e lcom
O S P A R
IC P IM
IC P F o re st
E M E P
N a tio n a l d b .
M a in C o m p. in P re c ip .
W M O -G A W
E IO N E T
A M A P
H e lcom
O S P A R
IC P IM
IC P F o re st
E M E P
N a tio n a l d b .
M a in C o m p . in A ir
A M A P
H e lcom
O S P A R
IC P IM
E M E P
N a tio n a l d b .
H M (a ir o r p re c .)
A M A P
H e lcom
O S P A R
IC P IM
E M E P
N a tio n a l d b .
P O P s (a ir o r p re c .)
W M O -G A W
E IO N E T
IC P IM
IC P F o re st
E M E P
N a tio n a l d b .
O zo ne
S ite "N N "
Need to have instruments to avoid duplication of data in the different programmes and define where the official data are.
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006
SummarySummary
EECCA region of high importance and relevance
EMEP is a long lasting programme that need long commitments from the national authorities
Quality assurance is an essential part of the monitoring programme
EMEP/CCC assists when support letter etc is needed or training of QA/QC procedures Reporting of data etc
Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC. CAPACT meeting Almaty 16-18 Oct 2006