The evaluation of atmospheric pollution in Europe Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU) The EMEP Programme.
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Transcript of The evaluation of atmospheric pollution in Europe Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU) The EMEP Programme.
The evaluation of atmospheric pollution in
Europe
The evaluation of atmospheric pollution in
Europe
Wenche AasEMEP/CCC (NILU)
The EMEP Programme
OutlineOutline
History of EMEP (CLTRAP)
Environmental issues throughout the
history of EMEP
Trends
Outlook
Long Range Transport of Air Pollution history
1866, “Brand” (H. Ibsen) 1872, The term ”Acid Rain” was introduced (R.A. Smith) 1881, Black snow observed in Southern Norway (W.C. Brøgger) 1890 - 1900, reductions in salmon stocks in Southern Norway 1916, reduced trout stocks reported (Landmark, Dahl) 1934, First association made between acid rain and adverse effects
on fisk populations was made (Torgersen) 1959, The relationship between Acid Rain and acidity in rivers and
lakes was described (Dannevig) 1968-1970, The relationship betweeen Acid rain and fish death was
described (Odén, Dannevig). 1972-1979, OECD-project and the SNSF-project 1979 CLTRAP
“Brand” (Henrik Ibsen, 1866);” Worse times, worse sights flashes through future nights! The sickening black coal clouds of the Brits descends on the country, soils all the fresh green, suffocates all green
sprouts, moves low with poison mixed”
Protocols to the ConventionProtocols to the Convention
1) The 1984 Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP protocol)
2) The 1985 Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent
3) The 1988 Protocol concerning the Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes
4) The 1991 Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes
5) The 1994 Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
6) The 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The Aarhus protocol
7) The 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals. The Aarhus protocol
8) The 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone. The Gothenburg multi-pollutant protocol
The EMEP vision;
To be the main science based and policy-driven instrument for international cooperation in atmospheric monitoring and modelling activities, emission inventories and projections, and integrated assessment to help solve transboundary air pollution problems in Europe
Artic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Slovenia
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Finland
Sweden
Georgia
Norway
Belarus
Czech Rep. Ukraine
Denmark
Moldova
Germany
Yugoslavia
Austria
Bulgaria
Liechtenstein
Turkey
Italy
Monaco
Cyprus
Switzerland
Malta
Netherlands
Greece
Belgium
F.Y.R.ofMacedonia
Luxembourg
Albania
France
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Spain
Croatia
Portugal
IrelandUnited Kingdom
Romania
Russian Federation
Iceland
Kara SeaBarents Sea
North Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea Caspian Sea
Aral Sea
Canada
of America
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
AzerbaijanArmenia
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan Tajikistan
UN-ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution ( 51 Parties) - 8 Specific protocols, where the first is
European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) (42 Parties)
www.emep.intEMEP TopicsAcidification and Eutrophication
Sulphur, Nitrogen, base cations
Photochemical oxidants
Tropospheric ozone, precursors (NOx, VOC)
Heavy metals
Pb, Cd, Hg, +++
Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs)
PAH, PCB, HCB, Chlordane, DDT/DDE...
Particulate matter
PM mass, chemical speciation, physical characterisation
Primary
PMPM pollutionPrimary
PMPM pollution
Climate changeClimate changeGHGGHGGHG
Light blue = no risk
Forests – acid dep. Semi-natural – acid dep. Freshwater – acid dep.
Health - PM Health+vegetation - ozone Vegetation – N dep.
Projections for 2020
Monitoring programme:Level 1•Main ions in precipitation and in air •heavy metals in precipitations•ozone •PM10 and PM2.5 mass •meteorology
at ca 125 sites
Level 2, supersite (joint EMEP/GAW)• POPs• Heavy metals in air and aerosols• VOC• EC/OC, OC speciation• Mineral Dust• PM speciation incl. gas particle ratio
+ all level 1 activities
15-20 sitesBoth levels are mandatory by all Parties
Programme Parameters Minimum time resolution
Level-3 sites (monitoring at these sites do not require all level-1 and level-2 parameters) Dry deposition flux of Nand S SO2, NH3, HNO3 (SO4
--, NH4+, NO3
-) Hourly/Daily Dry deposition flux of O3
O3 Hourly/Daily
Hydrocarbons C6-C12 Hourly/Daily NOy chemistry NO, NO2, PAN, organic nitrates Hourly/Daily
OC speciation Both water soluble and water insoluble OC
Hourly/Daily
“Black carbon” BC Hourly/Daily Size/number distribution dN/dlogDp Hourly/Daily Light scattering Aerosol optical depth Hourly/Daily Vertical profiles O3 soundings, PM lidar, Hourly/Daily Mercury speciation TGM, RGM and TPM Daily/Weekly Congener-specific POPs PCBs, PAHs, PCDDs and PCDFs Daily/Weekly Multi-compartment (air, soil, water)
POPs and Hg Daily/Weekly
Monitoring programme, Level 3Monitoring programme, Level 3
Optical properties Scattering and absorption coefficients
Research driven and voluntary,
Emissions1980
Trends in SulphurTrends in Sulphur1990 2004
Modelled1980 1990 2004
http://webdab.emep.int
Long-term changes in sulphur
Long-term changes in sulphur
k tons NO2/year
Average 24% decrease
Decreased NOx emissions are mainly due to changes in combustion sector
Average 20% decrease
Decreased NH3 is due to activity changes and control measures in agricultural sector
Trends in Nitrogen emissions, 1980-2000Trends in Nitrogen emissions, 1980-2000
k tons NH3 /year
Trends in observations, 1990 -2004Trends in observations, 1990 -200420 sites with N in air and 33 sites with S,N in precip and S in air
Comp Max Min Average sites with reduction
SO2 -99 % -34 % -77 % 97 %
SO4 air -81 % -19 % -54 % 88 %
SO4 precip -81 % -30 % -58 % 97 %
NO2 -91 % -30 % -50 % 63 %
sum NO3 air -34 % -25 % -28 % 21 %
NO3 precip -54 % -21 % -32 % 45 %
sum NH4 air -88 % -19 % -45 % 84 %
NH4 precip -82 % -16 % -44 % 48 %
Change in chemical composition in air. Less (NH4)2SO4 and more NH4NO3. Shift in equilibrium between HNO3 + NH3 = NH4NO3
Emissionreduction
65%
30%
22%
NOx
Violet = 60% or more
Red = 30 - 59%
Yellow = 1 - 29%
Green = the goal is achieved
Emissions left to reduce, 2000-2010Emissions left to reduce, 2000-2010
NH3SO2
Spanish emissions
Distance to target (Goth. Protocol)
EMEP report 1/2006
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
OZ
ON
E C
ON
C (
PP
B)
O3 Baseline monthly means 12-month moving averageLinear (12-month moving average)
Ozone baseline (1987 –2004) Ozone baseline (1987 –2004)
at Mace Head, Ireland
Ozone is a large health problem in Europe
Summer 2003 ETC/ACC
8th TFMM meeting, Dessau, 2007
Contribution of non-European sources to Hg depositions in the NH
25-60% of Hg depositions in Europe comes from global sources
EMEP region
Hg deposition to Germany
Hg deposition to the UK
Belgium3%
France8%
Others8%
Natural (Europe)
1%
Germany49%
Netherlands7%
Global sources24%
UK29%
France2%
Others3%
Germany4%
Natural (Europe)
1%
Netherlands1%
Global sources60%
Hg intercontinental transport
From 8th TFMM meeting, Dessau, 2007
Contributions of different emission sources to total depositions of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF over Austria and Finland
Austria
Austria25%
Slovakia6%
Poland5%
Germany8%
Czech Republic
9%
Other15%
non-European sources
17%Re-emission
15%
Finland
Other16%
Poland6%
Russian Federation
5%Ukraine
3%Sweden
3%
Finland21%
non-European sources
40%
Re-emission6%
PCDD/F intercontinental transport
Particles cause large environmental problemsParticles cause large environmental problems
Local: health and visibility Regional: acidification, eutrophication, ozone Global: climate, (ozone layer)
50 % of PM10 in Berlin is from regional background
PM [µg/m³]
urban background
regional background
hemisspheric/natural background
Urban areas countryside
1015
20
30
25
35
40 Traffic, local sources
Ref: Martin Lutz, Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin
Radiative forcing by sulphate and by carbonaceous material
High uncertainty in both direct and indirect effect of aerosols on the climate
Intensive measurements and modelling of size segregated
chemical composition of aerosols in June 2006 and Jan 2007
Intensive measurements and modelling of size segregated
chemical composition of aerosols in June 2006 and Jan 2007
Wenche Aas, Rami Alfarra, Elke Bieber, Darius Ceburnis, Thomas Ellermann, Martin Ferm, Marina Frölich, Robert Gehrig, HC Hansson, Gyula Kiss, Ulla Makkonen, Nichos Mihalopoulos, Eiko Nemitz, Rene P. Otjes, Noemí Perez, Cinzia Perrino, Jean Philippe Putaud, Christian Plass-Duelmer, Gerald Spindler, Svetlana Tsyro, Milan Vana, Karl Espen Yttri.
www.emep.int
PM10 June 2006
PM2.5 june 2006
PM10 Jan 2007
PM2.5 Jan 2007PM2.5 June 2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
NO01 FI17 NL11 DE44 IT04 IT01 ES31
Tot C SO4 NH4 NO3 Dust Sea salt not det.
Extreme episode, May 2006Extreme episode, May 2006
CO, PM, O3 and AOT were all record high
Forest fires in eastern Europe observed in the arctic
Challenges Unresolved issues (Acid, Eutrophication, PM, Ozone, HMs/POPs) Additional pollutants (new POPs, health relevant exposure, ....) climate change, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, hydrological cycle, land-use
changes, biomass burning.....
Synergies wrt climate change large overlap in parameters of relevance Joint infrastructures
EMEP wrt GEO (GEOSS) ”New” technologies: multiple platforms and data assimilation Near-Real-Time data provision GAS; GMES Atmospheric Service
Geographical coverage Hemispheric and global transport fluxes Regional vs. Local pollution issues
EMEP in the years to come...EMEP in the years to come...
Thank you for the attention
AND
Congratulation with the
35 year anniversary!!