8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

HA ]HP]C ^HIXKMDMC MH AO AHT MH FCK]^O]CV MHA VHF]C^ \ÚNADFC MCFXEHK]C HK

\H^EOKHK]H HAONC^OFDÖK \O^O HA HKFXHK]^C MDBD]OA C^BOKDZOMC \C^ AOHMD]C^DOA ‑AO AHT―+

<+ Mcfxehk}c hk |h~eokhk}h fckv}~xffdök +<+?+ Ao dmho +<+>+ Föec ahh~ t fcec |o~}dfd|o~ hk ha mcfxehk}c +<+6+ ^hfx~vcv x}dadzomcv +

?+ ^hvxehk +>+ Fckvdmh~ofdckhv bhkh~oahv mha ]^AFV\ +6+ Ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo vh fckidbx~o fcec xk of}dydmom mh icehk}c +

6+?+ Ao ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa+6+?+?+ Ao VH fcec xk f~d}h~dc mh vhahffdök mh aov he|~hvov +

6+?+>+ Ao ^VH fcec xk f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov +6+>+ Ao dkkcyofdök c~dhk}omo o ao fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o +6+>+?+ Ao fce|~o |únadfo |~hfceh~fdoa ( F\\ $+6+>+>+ Ao fce|~o |únadfo mh }hfkcacbåo dkkcyomc~o ( F\]D$+

=+ Acv kxhycv |~dkfd|dcv qxh c~mhkok xko bhv}dök ‑ hidfdhk}h ― mh ao fce|~o |únadfo +=+?+ Yhao~ |c~ ao hidfdhkfdo +

=+?+?+ Acv ofxh~mcv eo~fc +=+?+>+ Aov fhk}~oahv mh fce|~o +=+?+6+ Acv vdv}heov mdkïedfcv mh omqxdvdfdök +=+?+=+ Ao bhv}dök hahf}~ökdfo mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov + ³ T ao adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo 3! ³ fxïkmc 3 t ³ föec 3+

=+?+=+?+ Yhk}ojov mh ao }hfkcacbåo +=+?+=+>+ Xvo~ ao }hfkcacbåo +

=+?+=+6+ Adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo +=+?+=+=+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv mhnh~åok |cmh~ offhmh~ mh ic~eo hahf}~ökdfo o acv mcfxehk}cvfck}~of}xoahv +=+?+=+8+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c o kc |~hvhk}o~ acv mcfxehk}cv h dkic~eofdök qxhto vh hkfxhk}~h hk ic~eo}c hahf}~ökdfc hk |cmh~ mh c}~o Omedkdv}~ofdök +=+?+=+9+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c o mdbd}oadzo~ t ox}hk}dfo~ ( yoadmo~ $ acv mcfxehk}cvqxh mh mhnh |~hvhk}o~ ok}h ha |cmh~ omjxmdfomc~ +=+?+=+2+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c o fcexkdfo~eh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck ha |cmh~omjxmdfomc~

=+>+ Ioyc~hfh~ ao obdadzofdök mh }~ïed}hv +=+6+ Yoac~o~ ao dkkcyofdök t ao dkfc~|c~ofdök mh oa}o }hfkcacbåo fcec ov|hf}cv |cvd}dycv hk acv|~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo +=+=+ \~cecyh~ ao |o~}dfd|ofdök mh ao |hqxhÿo t ehmdoko he|~hvo +

=+8+ \~cecyh~ ha offhvc vdk fcv}h o ao dkic~eofdök +8+ ^hydvdök |~ïf}dfo mh acv |~cfhvcv mh }~onojc eïv x}dadzomcv +

8+?+ Ao foadidfofdök mha fck}~o}c t vx yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c +8+?+?+ Ao mx~ofdök +8+?+>+ Ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c t ha |~hfdc mh eh~fomc +8+?+6+ Ha DYO +

8+?+6+?+ Ok}hv mh ao ic~eoadzofdök ! vdk DYO +8+?+6+>+ Mhv|xäv mh ao ic~eoadzofdök ! fck DYO +8+?+6+6+ Hk ao omedkdv}~ofdök acfoa! |o~o mh}h~edko~ ao fce|h}hkfdo vh dkfaxth ha DYO +

8+?+=+ Xk hjhe|ac +8+>+ Ao |~hydvdök mh ao ‑ hyhk}xoa― ecmdidfofdök hk acv |adhbcv +8+6+ Ao |xnadfdmom hahf}~ökdfo mh ao adfd}ofdök

8+6+?+ Ao |xnadfofdök hk ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv + Cnadbofdök t yhk}ojov +

8+6+>+ \~dkfd|oahv hahehk}cv qxh `ondad}ok ao bhv}dök hahf}~ökdfo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök +8+6+>+?+ Ha vhaaomc mha }dhe|c +

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

8+6+>+>+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo +8+6+6+ ³ Kxhv}~c |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h ! ao |ao}oic~eo mh fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc x c}~o vcaxfdök 3

8+6+=+ Ao ~hmxffdök mh acv |aozcv mh |xnadfdmom mh aov adfd}ofdckhv +8+=+ Acv ~hbdv}~cv mh adfd}omc~hv c mha Hv}omc c mh aov FFOOv +8+8+ Ha fck}~o}c ehkc~ +8+9+ Ha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc vdk |xnadfdmom +

8+9+?+ Hv ext ~hfcehkmonah mo~ |xnadfdmom +8+9+>+ Hv cnadbo}c~dc khbcfdo~ +

8+2+ Ha |~cfhvc mh vhahffdök mha |~cyhhmc~ +8+2+?+ Ao yoac~ofdök acv f~d}h~dcv qxh |~hfdvok mh xk jxdfdc mh yoac~ + Ha fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv +8+2+>+ Acv |aozcv qxh `ot |o~o vhahffdcko~ oa |~cyhhmc~ +

8+0+ Ao kc}didfofdök mh ao omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c + Ao ec}dyofdök t ha xvc mha fc~~hc hahf}~ökdfc +8+4+ Ha ~hfx~vc hv|hfdoa hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök +8+?<+ Ao ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c +8+??+ Ha fck}~ca mh ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c + Ha ~hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c +8+?>+ Ao ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c fxokmc kc vh `o |~hydv}c hk ha fck}~o}c +8+?6+ Ao fhvdök mha fck}~o}c +8+?=+ Ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo t ha |obc +

8+?=+?+ \aozcv mh |obc +8+?=+>+ Dkfxe|adedhk}c mh acv |aozcv mh |obc +8+?=+6+ Ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo +

9+ FCKFAXVDCKHV + @OFDO AO \^CIHVDCKOADZOFDÖK MH ACV HE\AHOMCV MHA VHF]C \ÚNADFC HK EO]H^DOMH FCK]^O]OFDÖK +

<+ Mcfxehk}c hk |h~eokhk}h fckv}~xffdök+

<+?+ Ao dmho+

Hv}o hv xko dmho qxh ao ydv}c mh Dÿogd C~}åz?+ Khfhvd}ono |~h|o~o~ xko dk}h~yhkfdök hk xko ehvo ~hmckmo! ovå

qxh on~dö hk ha b~x|c mh }~onojc mha \D\HJBY>  xk `dac mh mdvfxvdök: ³Eh otxmïdv o |~h|o~o~ ed dk}h~yhkfdök

hk xko ehvo ~hmckmo vcn~h ]~onojc hk hm # Bhv}dök mh ^hmhv 3+6 Eh |o~hfh c}~o dmho eïv ‑ext nxhko― |c~mhfd~ac idkoehk}h! bhkh~o~ xk mhno}h |únadfc t mo~ ao |cvdndadmom o xk |cvdnah cthk}h o |o~}dfd|o~ hk hamdvhÿc mh ac qxh ah bxv}o~åo cå~! mh ao dkic~eofdök qxh ah bxv}o~åo ~hfdnd~! mh acv ovxk}cv qxh fckvdmh~o eïv~hahyok}hv+++

Tc `h `hf`c oabc vdedao~ fck ha \aok mh de|aok}ofdök mh ao omedkdv}~ofdök hahf}~ökdfo+

O`c~o! qxdh~c mo~ ao |cvdndadmom o }cmcv acv qxh |xhmok hv}o~ dk}h~hvomcv mh |o~}dfd|o~! kc vöac mx~ok}hha of}c mha hkfxhk}~c mdbd}oa mha måo 6< mh Hkh~c! vdkc mhvmh exf`c ok}hv! o|c~}okmc mo}cv!dkic~eofdök! dmhov t vxbh~hkfdov hk ao haonc~ofdök t bhkh~ofdök mha fck}hkdmc+

]cmo ao dkic~eofdök t otxmo vh~ï ndhkyhkdmo+ Tc kxkfo `h ~hoadzomc kdkbúk hkfxhk}~c mdbd}oa t `ofh~ac vcn~hxk }heo }ok oe|adc t oendfdcvc fcec hv ha ]hp}c ~hixkmdmc! …! hk idk! qxh eh vdhk}c fcec ao }henac~cvoFao~dfh V}o~adkb fxokmc mh |dh cnvh~yono }~ov ha f~dv}oa oa mcf}c~ @okkdnoa Ah}}h~ t eh bxv}o~åo mh hv}o ic~eofckvhbxd~ oabc mh ‑ qxdm   |~c  qxc ― 

? Md~hf}c~ mh Dkkcyofdök t Omedkdv}~ofdök Hahf}~ökdfo mha Bcndh~kc Yovfc+> Hv}ov vdbaov fc~~hv|ckmhk oa \aok mh Dkkcyofdök \únadfo mha Bcndh~kc Yovfc (yh~ yåmhc |~hvhk}ofdök mha \aok$+6 T vd vh offhmh oa mhno}h vh yh qxh }xyc otxmo! tc f~hc qxh yoadcvo+

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Mhvmh `ct `ov}o ha >> mh Eo~zc mh ><?>+ Hv}h mcfxehk}c hv}o~ï o mdv|cvdfdök mh }cmc oqxäa qxh ac qxdh~ofckvxa}o~! hvc vå! hv}o~ï ydyc! f~hfdhkmc! fck vxv ioa}ov c~}cb~ïidfov t mh ~hmoffdök+

<+>+ Föec ahh~ t fcec |o~}dfd|o~ hk ha mcfxehk}c+

hv}o yh~vdök qxh hv}ov ydhkmc! yh~vdök `hf`o hk bccbahmcfv t qxh hv}ï ydyo! hv mhfd~! vh |xhmh of}xoadzo~ hkfxoaqxdh~ ecehk}c! dkfaxvc edhk}~ov ao hv}ïv ahthkmc:

◃ Xko fcvo! (\O^O YH T AHH NDHK HV]O ÚA]DEO YH^VDÖK ! X]DADZO BCCBAHF@^CEH ! HA KOYHBOMC^MH BCCBAH$+

◃ \o~o |o~}dfd|o~:◇ O }~oyäv mh ao fcexkdmom mh |~ïf}dfov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+◇ O }~oyäv mh hv}h mcfxehk}c mhjokmc fcehk}o~dcv+

<+6+ ^hfx~vcv x}dadzomcv+◃ Nxhko |o~}h mh aov ixhk}hv x}dadzomov |o~o ao bhkh~ofdök mha fck}hkdmc |~cfhmh mh ao fcexkdmom mh

|~ïf}dfov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo t! hk |o~}dfxao~ mh acv fcehk}o~dcv oa ^hoa Mhf~h}c ahbdvao}dyc6#><?? mh ?= mh kcydhen~h ! |c~ ha qxh ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc ! hkydomcv |c~ Jcvä Eokxha Eo~}åkhz Ih~kïkmhz! t |xnadfomcv hk ha nacb mh ao fcexkdmom+ Fcehk}o~dcvqxh vh `ok dmc hk~dqxhfdhkmc fck o|c~}ofdckhv mh eïv |h~vckov! hk}~h c}~ov! \oqxd  \h~hz! Eot}hAof~xz Aïzo~c! I~okfdvfc Jcvä Mx~ïk mh \oz! Eo~dvo Fxhv}o Bo~fåo t c}~cv '+

◃ O ac ao~bc mha mcfxehk}c vh yok okhpokmc c hkaozokmc }cmcv acv ~hfx~vcv qxh vh yok x}dadzokmc!vdhe|~h qxh vh |xhmh t hk ao ehmdmo hk qxh hv}ïk hk vc|c~}h hahf}~ökdfc+

◃ Fxokmc hv}h mcfxehk}c hv}ä eïv c ehkcv |h~idaomc vh fckihffdcko~ï  xko |~hvhk}ofdök hk |crh~|cdk}+

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

?+ ^hvxehk+Kc vck exf`cv acv foendcv qxh `o dk}~cmxfdmc ha ^hoa Mhf~h}c Ahbdvao}dyc 6#><??! mh ?= mh kcydhen~h! |c~

ha qxh vh o|~xhno ha }hp}c ~hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc+ Hk oabúk vd}dc= ha foendc vh~hvxeh ovå! ‑+++xkcv kúeh~cv |c~ c}~cv―+

Tc f~hc qxh hv xk nxhk ecehk}c |o~o qxh acv qxh bhv}dckoecv ao fck}~o}ofdök hk acv hk}hv mha Vhf}c~\únadfc! kcv |~cihvdckoadfhecv t:

◃ Hk}hkmoecv ndhk ao novh mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo! ac eïv vhkfdaac! t ovå! hk hvcv ïend}cv!fce|~hkmh~ föec `ot qxh xvo~ ndhk ao bhv}dök mh fce|~ov |únadfov! |o~o fckvhbxd~! mh xko ic~eo~ï|dmo! föecmo t no~o}o! acv ehjc~hv ndhkhv t vh~ydfdcv+

◃ Fckczfoecv qxh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hv xk dkv}~xehk}c qxh ao omedkdv}~ofdök |únadfo|xhmh#mhnh x}dadzo~ |o~o icehk}o~ fdh~}cv idkhv! fcec ao ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa c aodkkcyofdök c~dhk}omo oa mhvo~~caac mh kxhycv eh~fomcv dkkcyomc~hv+

◃ Ovdedahecv qxh `ot qxh foendo~ acv `ïnd}cv hk c~mhk o de|aok}o~! |c~qxh hv cnadbo}c~dc t |c~ aovyhk}ojov qxh }dhkh! ao bhv}dök hahf}~ökdfo mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov qxh fckaahyo ao fck}~o}ofdök|únadfo+

>+ Fckvdmh~ofdckhv bhkh~oahv mha ]^AFV\+Ha ^hoa Mhf~h}c Ahbdvao}dyc 6#><??! mh ?= mh kcydhen~h! o|~cnö ha ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cvmha Vhf}c~ \únadfc (hk omhaok}h! ]^AFV\$! fxto hk}~omo hk ydbc~ vh |~cmxjc ha ?9 mh mdfdhen~h mh ><??! oa

ehv mh vx |xnadfofdök hk ha NCH+

Ha ]^AFV\ oihf}o oa Vhf}c~ |únadfc hv|oÿca! vhf}c~ dk}hb~omc |c~ eïv mh ><+9<< c~bokdvecv! dkv}d}xfdckhvt he|~hvov! }ok}c mha ïend}c |únadfc hv}o}oa fcec mha ox}cköedfc t acfoa+8

Ao Aht >#><??! mh = mh eo~zc! mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah 9 ox}c~dzö oa Bcndh~kc o haonc~o~! hk ha |aozc mh xkoÿc o |o~}d~ mh vx hk}~omo hk ydbc~! xk }hp}c ~hixkmdmc hk ha qxh vh dk}hb~o~ok! mhndmoehk}h ^hbxao~dzomcv!Ofao~omcv t O~eckdzomcv (^+O+O+$! ao Aht 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! t aovmdv|cvdfdckhv hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök mha vhf}c~ |únadfc fck}hkdmov hk kc~eov fck ~okbc mh aht! dkfaxdmovaov ~hao}dyov o ao fo|}ofdök mh idkokfdofdök |~dyomo |o~o ao hjhfxfdök mh fck}~o}cv |únadfcv+

Mdf`o `ondad}ofdök }hkåo vx ~ozök mh vh~ hk ao hydmhk}h dkvhbx~dmom jx~åmdfo+ ‑Ao vxfhvdök mh ahthv qxh `okecmdidfomc |c~ mdyh~vcv ec}dycv ao Aht 6<#><<2 xkdmc o ao hpdv}hkfdo mh c}~ov kc~eov hk eo}h~do mh

 idkokfdofdök |~dyomo |o~o ao hjhfxfdök mh fck}~o}cv |únadfcv dkfaxdmov hk c}~cv }hp}cv ahbdvao}dycv! |h~c mhdkmxmonah ~haofdök fck acv |~hfh|}cv qxh ~hbxaok acv fck}~o}cv o acv qxh vh ~hidh~hk! ofckvhjonok aohaonc~ofdök mh xk }hp}c úkdfc hk ha qxh vh dkfaxtok mhndmoehk}h ofao~omov t o~eckdzomov! }cmov aovmdv|cvdfdckhv o|adfonahv o ao fck}~o}ofdök mha vhf}c~ |únadfc―+2

\o~o Jcvä Ok}ckdc Ec~hkc Ecadko0: ‑ha ]^AFO\ fckv}o mh 66= o~}åfxacv mdv}~dnxdmcv hk 8 adn~cv! |c~ ac qxh vhyxhayh oa edvec hvqxheo mha }hp}c c~dbdkoa mh ao AFV\! hadedkokmc ha Adn~c YD qxh dk}~cmxjc ao Aht 6=#><?< 

= ‑―Xko o|~cpdeofdök oa ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc―! mh Jcvä Ok}ckdc Ec~hkc Ecadko! fo}hm~ï}dfcmh Mh~hf`c Omedkdv}~o}dyc mh ao XFAE t Md~hf}c~ mh ao ^hydv}o .Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo \~ïf}dfo+8 ‑^hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa! oúk eïv hk ac |únadfc―! o~}åfxac xndfomc hk rrr+fdkfcmåov+fce9 M +I + 6> ª mh ao Aht >#><??! mh = mh eo~zc ! mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah2

 Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc hk vx mdf}oehk mh >4 mh on~da mh ><?<+0 Fo}hm~ï}dfc mh Mh~hf`c Omedkdv}~o}dyc mh ao XFAE t Md~hf}c~ mh ao ^hydv}o .Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo \~ïf}dfo hk ‑Xko

o|~cpdeofdök oa ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc―+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

 |o~o mhmdfo~ac oa ‑~äbdehk hv|hfdoa mh ~hydvdök mh mhfdvdckhv hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök t acv ehmdcvoa}h~ko}dycv mh ~hvcaxfdök mh fckiadf}cv―! mdv|cvdfdckhv qxh vh aahyok o`c~o oa Adn~c D mha }hp}c ~hixkmdmc+ Ovdedvec! ha ]^AFV\ dkfaxth 6? mdv|cvdfdckhv omdfdckoahv! 0 }~okvd}c~dov! 9 idkoahv t 6 okhpcv+―

Hk c|dkdök mh hv}h |~cihvc~! ‑vh }~o}o! vde|ahehk}h! mh xk }hp}c ~hixkmdmc hk ha qxh vh dk}hb~ok!mhndmoehk}h ~hbxao~dzomov! ofao~omov t o~eckdzomov! ao Aht 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mh Fck}~o}cv mhaVhf}c~ \únadfc! t aov mdv|cvdfdckhv hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök mha vhf}c~ |únadfc fck}hkdmov hk kc~eov fck~okbc mh aht! dkfaxdmov aov ~hao}dyov o ao fo|}ofdök mh idkokfdofdök |~dyomo |o~o ao hjhfxfdök mh fck}~o}cv |únadfcv+

Hk ha ]^AFV\ vh `o |~cfhmdmc o dk}hb~o~ hk xk }hp}c úkdfc }cmov aov ecmdidfofdckhv dk}~cmxfdmov o ao Aht6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! o }~oyäv mh mdyh~vov Ahthv ecmdidfo}c~dov mh ao edveo! qxh `ok momc xko kxhyo~hmoffdök o mh}h~edkomcv |~hfh|}cv c `ok dk}~cmxfdmc kxhyov mdv|cvdfdckhv+ Mdf`ov Ahthv vck aov vdbxdhk}hv:

?+ ^hoa Mhf~h}c%aht 9#><?<! mh 4 mh on~da! mh ehmdmov |o~o ha de|xavc mh ao ~hfx|h~ofdök hfcköedfo t

ha he|ahc7>+ ^hoa Mhf~h}c%aht 0#><?<! mh >< mh eotc! |c~ ha qxh vh omc|}ok ehmdmov hp}~oc~mdko~dov |o~o ao~hmxffdök mha mäidfd} |únadfc7

6+ Aht ?=#><?<! mh 8 mh jxadc! mh dki~ohv}~xf}x~ov t acv vh~ydfdcv mh dkic~eofdök bhcb~ïidfo hk Hv|oÿo7=+ Aht ?8#><?<! mh 8 mh jxadc! mh ecmdidfofdök mh ao Aht 6#><<=! mh >4 mh mdfdhen~h! |c~ ao qxh vh

hv}onahfhk ehmdmov mh axf`o fck}~o ao ec~cvdmom hk aov c|h~ofdckhv fceh~fdoahv78+ Aht 6=#><?<! mh 8 mh obcv}c! mh ecmdidfofdök mh aov Ahthv 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mh Fck}~o}cv

mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! 6?#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! vcn~h |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök hk acv vhf}c~hvmha obxo! ao hkh~båo! acv }~okv|c~}hv t acv vh~ydfdcv |cv}oahv! t >4#?440! mh ?6 mh jxadc! ~hbxaomc~omh ao Jx~dvmdffdök Fck}hkfdcvc%Omedkdv}~o}dyo |o~o omo|}ofdök o ao kc~eo}dyo fcexkd}o~do mh aov mcv|~deh~ov7

9+ Aht 68#><?<! mh ?2 mh vh|}dhen~h! mh ehmdmov x~bhk}hv |o~o ao ~hic~eo mha eh~fomc mh }~onojc72+ Aht >#><??! mh = mh eo~zc! mh = mh eo~zc! mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah7

0+ ^hoa Mhf~h}c%aht 8#><??! mh >4 mh on~da! mh ehmdmov |o~o ao ~hbxao~dzofdök t fck}~ca mha he|ahcvxeh~bdmc t icehk}c mh ao ~h`ondad}ofdök mh ydydhkmov74+ Aht >=#><??! mh ? mh obcv}c! mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc hk acv ïend}cv mh ao Mhihkvo t ao

Vhbx~dmom! t ao Aht >9#><??! mh ? mh obcv}c! mh omo|}ofdök kc~eo}dyo o ao Fckyhkfdök dk}h~kofdckoavcn~h acv Mh~hf`cv mh aov \h~vckov fck Mdvfo|ofdmom+

Kc vh dk}hb~o t vh eok}dhkh fcec ~hbxaofdök vh|o~omo4:?+ Ao Aht 6?#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! vcn~h |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök hk acv vhf}c~hv mha obxo! ao

hkh~båo! acv }~okv|c~}hv t acv vh~ydfdcv |cv}oahv t>+ Ao Aht >=#><??! mh ? mh obcv}c! mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc hk acv ïend}cv mh ao mhihkvo t ao

vhbx~dmom! ehmdok}h ao fxoa vh dkfc~|c~o oa c~mhkoedhk}c jx~åmdfc hv|oÿca ao Md~hf}dyo ><<4#0?#FH+

T vh mh~cbok hp|~hvoehk}h! omheïv }cmov aov mdv|cvdfdckhv mh dbxoa c dkih~dc~ ~okbc qxh vh c|ckbok o aoedveo! aov vdbxdhk}hv:?+ Ao Aht 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc+>+ Ha Fo|å}xac DY mha ]å}xac Y mha Adn~c DD! fce|~hkvdyc mh acv o~}åfxacv >86 o >9<! oencv dkfaxvdyh! mha

]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mh aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov! o|~cnomc |c~ ^hoa Mhf~h}cAhbdvao}dyc >#><<<! mh ?9 mh jxkdc+

6+ Ao mdv|cvdfdök omdfdckoa vä|}deo mh ao Aht ?6#><<6! mh >6 mh eotc! ^hbxaomc~o mha fck}~o}c mhFckfhvdök mh Cn~ov \únadfov+

=+ Ha o~}åfxac ?9 mha ^hoa Mhf~h}c%aht 0#><?<! mh >< mh eotc! |c~ ha qxh vh omc|}ok ehmdmovhp}~oc~mdko~dov |o~o ao ~hmxffdök mha mäidfd} |únadfc+

8+ Acv o~}åfxacv 62 t 60 mh ao Aht >#><??! mh = mh eo~zc! mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah+

4 ‑―Xko o|~cpdeofdök oa ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc―! mh Jcvä Ok}ckdc Ec~hkc Ecadko! fo}hm~ï}dfcmh Mh~hf`c Omedkdv}~o}dyc mh ao XFAE t Md~hf}c~ mh ao ^hydv}o .Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo \~ïf}dfo+

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Hk c|dkdök mha |~cihvc~ Jcvä Ok}ckdc ‑ao ~hixkmdfdök hv! |xhv!  |cvd}dyo! hk fxok}c mc}o mh eotc~ 

vhbx~dmom jx~åmdfo! oa fckiaxd~ mdv}dk}ov mdv|cvdfdckhv hk xk vcac }hp}c+ \h~c }dhkh ha dkfckyhkdhk}h mhoa}h~o~ ao kxeh~ofdök mh acv o~}åfxacv t! |c~ }ok}c! dk}~cmxfd~ fckixvdök hk aov fd}ov jx~dv|~xmhkfdoahv t 

mcf}~dkoahv+―

O`c~o aov mcv fxhv}dckhv qxh kcv }hkhecv qxh |aok}ho~ acv bhv}c~hv mh fce|~ov |únadfov vck:◃ ³fxïkmc vh yo o `ofh~ ao ~hixkmdfdök mh aov mdv|cvdfdckhv hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök mha vhf}c~

|únadfc fck}hkdmov hk kc~eov fck ~okbc mh aht3+◃ T ao cn~o fxhv}dök hv ³fxïk}c kcv yo o mx~o~ ha ydbhk}h ]^AFV\3+ \c~ qxh ac |~hydvdnah hv qxh

mhk}~c mh |cfc `oto foendcv hk ao kc~eo}dyo mh fck}~o}ofdök mh ao Xkdök Hx~c|ho+o+ Ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho hv}ï |~hcfx|omo |c~ ao ecmh~kdzofdök mha eh~fomc hx~c|hc mh

fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo t |o~o haac |aokho dk}~cmxfd~ ehmdmov mh vde|adidfofdök t

iahpdndadzofdök! fcec:?<

▬ xk eotc~ xvc |cvdnah mh ao khbcfdofdök o }~oyäv mha |~cfhmdedhk}c fck khbcfdofdökt |xnadfofdök |~hydo7

▬ |~cfhmdedhk}cv vde|adidfomcv |o~o acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök acfoa t ~hbdckoa!|xmdhkmc vxv}d}xd~ ao |xnadfofdök mh acv okxkfdcv mh fck}~o}cv dkmdydmxoahv |c~ ao|xnadfofdök mh xk okxkfdc bhkh~oa mh vx |aok mh fck}~o}ofdök |o~o ha |~öpdec oÿc7

▬ xko ~hmxffdök mh acv ~hqxdvd}cv mh mcfxehk}ofdök! hk |o~}dfxao~! o }~oyäv mh aoofh|}ofdök cnadbo}c~do mh aov .ox}cmhfao~ofdckhv.! |o~o aov fxoahv ha adfd}omc~mhfao~o nojc vx ~hv|ckvondadmom qxh fxe|ah acv f~d}h~dcv qxh vck xko fckmdfdök|~hydo |o~o ao adfd}ofdök! t ao hpdbhkfdo vöac oa bokomc~ mh vxedkdv}~o~ aov |~xhnovmcfxehk}oahv |o~o mhecv}~o~ acv `hf`cv qxh mhfao~ö hk vx |~c|do mhfao~ofdök! ovå

fcec ao |~c`dndfdök o aov ox}c~dmomhv fck}~o}ok}hv mh hpdbd~ acv c|h~omc~hvhfcköedfcv qxh yxhayok o |~hvhk}o~ mcfxehk}cv qxh ixh~ck |~hvhk}omcvok}h~dc~ehk}h o haacv mhk}~c mh acv úa}decv fxo}~c oÿcv hk xk |~cfhmdedhk}cok}h~dc~ t qxh fck}dkúok vdhkmc yïadmcv7

▬ ehmdmov oendfdcvov hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo fck ha cnjh}dyc mh ao|ahko fcexkdfofdök hahf}~ökdfo hk ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hk xk |aozc mh mcv oÿcv!o fck}o~ mhvmh ao ihf`o aåed}h mh o|adfofdök mh ao Md~hf}dyo omc|}omo7 haofc~}oedhk}c mh acv |aozcv7 t ha oadydc mh acv ~hqxdvd}cv mh |xnadfofdök+

n+ \c~ c}~c aomc! hk hv}cv ecehk}cv vh hv}ï }~oed}okmc  ao | ~c|xhv}o mh Md~hf}dyo mh aoFcedvdök Hx~c|ho hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo ?? qxh yo }hkh~ dkfdmhkfdo! fcec axhbcvh yh~ï! hk ha ov|hf}c mh ao adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo+

6+ Ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo vh fckidbx~o fcec xk of}dydmom mhicehk}c+

?< Fcexkdfomc mh |~hkvo mh ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho mh >< mh mdfdhen~h mh ><??:  ‑ Ecmh~kdzo~ acv fck}~o}cv |únadfcv hx~c|hcv |o~o

vcv}hkh~ ha f~hfdedhk}c t ha he|ahc ―

?? ‑\~c|cvoa ic~ o MD HF]DYH CI ]@H HX^C\HOK \O^ADOEHK]   OKM CI ]@H FCXKFDA ck |xnadf |~cfx~hehk}+―

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Mcf}~dkoaehk}h! ao of}dydmom omedkdv}~o}dyo vh `o c~bokdzomc hk }~hv c fxo}~c ic~eov: mh |cadfåo?>! mh

icehk}c?6! of}dydmom |~hv}ofdckoa mh vh~ydfdc |únadfc?= t of}dydmom he|~hvo~doa?8+

\xhv ndhk! ha ahbdvaomc~ `o qxh~dmc qxh ha Vhf}c~ \únadfc x}dadfh ha dkv}~xehk}c mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo|o~o icehk}o~ mcv ov|hf}cv:

?+ Ao ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa+>+ Ao dkkcyofdök c~dhk}omo oa mhvo~~caac mh kxhycv eh~fomcv dkkcyomc~hv+

6+?+ Ao ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa+Ao Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah! mh mckmh vx~bdö ha eokmo}c mh ~hixkmd~! ~hbxao~dzokmc! ofao~okmc to~eckdzokmc! ao Aht 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! t aov mdv|cvdfdckhv hkeo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök mha vhf}c~ |únadfc fck}hkdmov hk kc~eov fck ~okbc mh aht! hv }oendäk ha |xk}c mh

|o~}dmo mh ao mhfdvdök mha ahbdvaomc~ mh x}dadzo~ ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo fcec dkv}~xehk}c |o~o o|adfo~|caå}dfov fcexkhv mh ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa! (hk omhaok}h ^VH$+

Fck ao Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah! ha ahbdvaomc~ `o qxh~dmc qxh ha Vhf}c~ \únadfc x}dadfh ao fck}~o}ofdök|únadfo |o~o ehjc~o~ ao ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa+ Acv bhv}c~hv mh acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök mhacv hk}hv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc mhnhecv fckcfh~ ao ~hbxaofdök mh ao ^VH! hk ao kc~eo}dyo mh fck}~o}ofdök t! hkfckf~h}c hk acv o~}åfxacv mha ]^AFV\:

?+ \~c`dndfdckhv mh fck}~o}o~+ ‑Kc |cm~ïk fck}~o}o~ fck ha vhf}c~ |únadfc aov |h~vckov hk qxdhkhvfckfx~~o oabxko mh aov fd~fxkv}okfdov vdbxdhk}hv: (…$ f$ @onh~ vdmc vokfdckomov fck fo~ïf}h~ id~eh |c~ dki~offdök b~oyh hk eo}h~do mh mdvfd|adko mh eh~fomc! hk eo}h~do |~cihvdckoa c hk eo}h~do mh

dk}hb~ofdök aonc~oa t mh dbxoamom mh c|c~}xkdmomhv t kc mdvf~dedkofdök mh aov |h~vckov fck

mdvfo|ofdmom c |c~ dki~offdök ext b~oyh hk eo}h~do vcfdoa!+++―?9

>+ ^hbaov |o~o ha hv}onahfdedhk}c mh |~hvf~d|fdckhv }äfkdfov+‑Aov |~hvf~d|fdckhv }äfkdfov vhmhidkd~ïk! hk ao ehmdmo mh ac |cvdnah! }hkdhkmc hk fxhk}o f~d}h~dcv mh offhvdndadmom xkdyh~voa t mh

mdvhÿc |o~o }cmcv! }oa fcec vck mhidkdmcv hv}cv }ä~edkcv hk ao Aht 8?#><<6! mh > mh mdfdhen~h! mh

dbxoamom mh c|c~}xkdmomhv! kc mdvf~dedkofdök t offhvdndadmom xkdyh~voa mh aov |h~vckov fck

mdvfo|ofdmom ! …+Mh kc vh~ |cvdnah mhidkd~ aov |~hvf~d|fdckhv }äfkdfov }hkdhkmc hk fxhk}o f~d}h~dcv

mh offhvdndadmom xkdyh~voa t mh mdvhÿc |o~o }cmcv! mhnh~ï ec}dyo~vh vxidfdhk}hehk}h hv}o

fd~fxkv}okfdo+―?2

6+ Fckmdfdckhv hv|hfdoahv mh hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c+ ‑Acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |cm~ïk hv}onahfh~ 

fckmdfdckhv hv|hfdoahv hk ~haofdök fck ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c! ++++ Hv}ov fckmdfdckhv mh

?> _xh dkfaxth ao c~mhkofdök! aded}ofdök! fckmdfdckoedhk}c t fck}~ca mh ao of}dydmom mh acv fdxmomokcv t hk}dmomhv |~dyomov (Ixh~zov tFxh~|cv Vhbx~dmom! Vhbx~dmom |~dyomo! |~c}hffdök fdyda$7 iö~exaov mh fckmdfdckoedhk}c mha hjh~fdfdc mh dk}h~hvhv t mh~hf`cv vxnjh}dycv|~dyomcv+ Ecmoadmomhv: ~hbxaofdök! cnadbofdckhv mh dmhk}didfofdök t ~hbdv}~c (|om~ök exkdfd|oa! cnadbo}c~dhmom mha MKD$! eokmo}cv mhhjhfxfdök t |~c`dndfdckhv! |c}hv}om dkv|hf}c~o t vokfdckomc~o! vceh}dedhk}c mh of}dydmomhv o adfhkfdo c |h~edvc+?6  Hv}åexacv |cvd}dycv o fdxmomokcv c hk}dmomhv qxh vo}dviofhk idkhv ‑dk}h~hvok}hv― |o~o ao fcahf}dydmom c mh dk}h~äv bhkh~oa+Ecmoadmomhv: ehmdmov `ckc~åidfov (|~hedcv! }å}xacv c md|aceov! ~hfckcfdedhk}cv$! jx~åmdfov t hfcköedfov%|o}~deckdoahv (nhkhidfdcvidvfoahv! f~ämd}cv o dk}h~äv |~dydahbdomc! fhvdök b~o}xd}o mh ndhkhv o CKBv! |o~}dfd|ofdök |únadfo hk ha fo|d}oa vcfdoa mh he|~hvov|~dyomov! vxnyhkfdckhv+++ t ehmdmov mh icehk}c ‑khbo}dyc― c mdvxovc~dc (|~hedcv t otxmov |c~ ‑fhvh― mh of}dydmomhv: no~nhf`cob~coendhk}oa$+?= Of}dydmom |~hv}ofdckoa mh fo~ïf}h~ hfcköedfc t }d}xao~dmom |únadfo! ~hvh~yomo o xko Omedkdv}~ofdök |únadfo! |~hv}omo fck fo~ïf}h~~hbxao~ t fck}dkxc %kc~eoaehk}h! hk eckc|cadc%! |o~o vo}dviofh~ khfhvdmomhv fcahf}dyov! dkmdv|hkvonahv c hvhkfdoahv! fck vceh}dedhk}co xk ~äbdehk jx~åmdfc hpc~nd}ok}h$+?8 Of}dydmomhv mh fck}hkdmc hfcköedfc! dkmxv}~doa! fceh~fdoa c mh vh~ydfdcv! mhvo~~caaomov hk ~äbdehk mh adn~h fce|h}hkfdo+?9 O~}åfxac 9< ]^AFV\+?2 O~}åfxac ??2 ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

hjhfxfdök |cm~ïk ~hih~d~vh! hk hv|hfdoa! o fckvdmh~ofdckhv mh }d|c ehmdcoendhk}oa c o

fckvdmh~ofdckhv mh }d|c vcfdoa!+++―

?0

=+ F~d}h~dcv mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov+ ‑\o~o ao yoac~ofdök mh aov |~c|cvdfdckhv t ao mh}h~edkofdökmh ao cih~}o hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvo mhnh~ï o}hkmh~vh o f~d}h~dcv md~hf}oehk}h ydkfxaomcv

oa cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c! }oahv fcec  +++aov fo~of}h~åv}dfov ehmdcoendhk}oahv c ydkfxaomov fck ao

vo}dvioffdök mh hpdbhkfdov vcfdoahv qxh ~hv|ckmok o khfhvdmomhv! mhidkdmov hk aov

hv|hfdidfofdckhv mha fck}~o}c! |~c|dov mh aov fo}hbc~åov mh |cnaofdök hv|hfdoaehk}h

mhvioyc~hfdmov o aov qxh |h~}hkhzfok acv xvxo~dcv c nhkhidfdo~dcv mh aov |~hv}ofdckhv o

fck}~o}o~ !+++―?4

8+ Xvc t fckvh~yofdök mh ao cn~o |únadfo+ ‑Ha fckfhvdcko~dc mhnh~ï eok}hkh~ ao cn~o |únadfo mhfckic~edmom fck ac qxh! hk fomo ecehk}c t vhbúk ha |~cb~hvc mh ao fdhkfdo! mdv|ckbo ao kc~eo}dyo

}äfkdfo! ehmdcoendhk}oa! mh offhvdndadmom t hadedkofdök mh no~~h~ov+++―><

9+ Ao fck}~o}ofdök fck he|~hvov qxh }hkbok hk vx |aok}daao |h~vckov fck mdvfo|ofdmom c hkvd}xofdök mh hpfaxvdök vcfdoa t fck hk}dmomhv vdk ïkdec mh axf~c qxh:>?

o+ Acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |ckmh~o~ïk hk acv vx|xhv}cv qxh haac vho cnadbo}c~dc! qxh acvadfd}omc~hv fxe|ahk ac mdv|xhv}c hk ao Aht ?6#?40>! mh 2 mh on~da! mh dk}hb~ofdök vcfdoa mhacv edkxvyïadmcv! ~hao}dyc o ao cnadbofdök mh fck}o~ fck xk mcv |c~ fdhk}c mh }~onojomc~hvfck mdvfo|ofdmom c omc|}o~ aov ehmdmov oa}h~ko}dyov fc~~hv|ckmdhk}hv+ O }oa hihf}c t hk vxfovc! acv |adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov |o~}dfxao~hv |cm~ïk dkfc~|c~o~ hk ao faïxvxao~hao}dyo o ao mcfxehk}ofdök o o|c~}o~ |c~ acv adfd}omc~hv! ao hpdbhkfdo mh qxh vho|c~}h xk fh~}didfomc mh ao he|~hvo hk qxh fckv}h }ok}c ha kúeh~c bacnoa mh}~onojomc~hv mh |aok}daao fcec ha kúeh~c |o~}dfxao~ mh }~onojomc~hv fck mdvfo|ofdmom hk ao edveo! c hk ha fovc mh `onh~vh c|}omc |c~ ha fxe|adedhk}c mh aov ehmdmovoa}h~ko}dyov ahboaehk}h |~hydv}ov! xko fc|do mh ao mhfao~ofdök mh hpfh|fdckoadmom t xkomhfao~ofdök mha adfd}omc~ fck aov fckf~h}ov ehmdmov o }oa hihf}c o|adfomov+

n+ Acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |cm~ïk vhÿoao~ hk acv |adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov |o~}dfxao~hv ao  |~hih~hkfdo hk ao omjxmdfofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv |o~o aov |~c|cvdfdckhv |~hvhk}omov |c~ oqxhaaov he|~hvov |únadfov c |~dyomov qxh! hk ha ecehk}c mh of~hmd}o~ vxvcayhkfdo }äfkdfo! }hkbok hk vx |aok}daao xk kúeh~c mh }~onojomc~hv fck mdvfo|ofdmom vx|h~dc~ oa > |c~ ?<<! vdhe|~h qxh mdf`ov |~c|cvdfdckhv dbxoahk hk vxv }ä~edkcv o aov eïvyhk}ojcvov mhvmh ha |xk}c mh ydv}o mh acv f~d}h~dcv qxh vd~yok mh novh |o~o ao omjxmdfofdök+Vd yo~dov he|~hvov adfd}omc~ov mh aov qxh `xndh~hk he|o}omc hk fxok}c o ao |~c|cvdfdök eïvyhk}ojcvo of~hmd}ok }hkh~ ~haofdök aonc~oa fck |h~vckov fck mdvfo|ofdmom hk xk |c~fhk}ojhvx|h~dc~ oa > |c~ ?<<! vdhe|~h qxh mdf`ov |~c|cvdfdckhv dbxoahk hk vxv }ä~edkcv o aov eïvyhk}ojcvov mhvmh ha |xk}c mh ydv}o mh acv f~d}h~dcv qxh vd~yok mh novh |o~o aoomjxmdfofdök+Vd yo~dov he|~hvov adfd}omc~ov mh aov qxh `xndh~hk he|o}omc hk fxok}c o ao |~c|cvdfdök eïv yhk}ojcvo of~hmd}ok }hkh~ ~haofdök aonc~oa fck |h~vckov fck mdvfo|ofdmom hk xk |c~fhk}ojh vx|h~dc~ oa > |c~ ?<<! }hkm~ï |~hih~hkfdo hk ao omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}cha adfd}omc~ qxh mdv|ckbo mha eotc~ |c~fhk}ojh mh }~onojomc~hv idjcv fck mdvfo|ofdmom hk vx |aok}daao+

f+ Dbxoaehk}h |cm~ï hv}onahfh~vh ao |~hih~hkfdo hk ao omjxmdfofdök mh fck}~o}cv! hk dbxoamom mh fckmdfdckhv fck aov qxh vhok hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvov! |o~o aov |~c|cvdfdckhv  |~hvhk}omov |c~ aov he|~hvov mh dkvh~fdök ~hbxaomov hk ao Aht ==#><<2! mh ?6 mhmdfdhen~h! |o~o ao ~hbxaofdök mha ~äbdehk mh aov he|~hvov mh dkvh~fdök! qxh fxe|aok fckacv ~hqxdvd}cv hv}onahfdmcv hk mdf`o kc~eo}dyo |o~o }hkh~ hv}o fckvdmh~ofdök+

m+ Hk ao edveo ic~eo t fckmdfdckhv |cm~ï hv}onahfh~vh }oa |~hih~hkfdo hk ao omjxmdfofdök mhacv fck}~o}cv ~hao}dycv o |~hv}ofdckhv mh fo~ïf}h~ vcfdoa c ovdv}hkfdoa |o~o aov |~c|cvdfdckhv

?0 O~}åfxac ??0 ]^AFV\+?4 O~}åfxac ?8< ]^AFV\+>< O~}åfxac >=2 ]^AFV\+>? M+O+ =ª (ok}dbxc o~}+ 2< ndv$ ]^AFV\+

0

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

 |~hvhk}omov |c~ hk}dmomhv vdk ïkdec mh axf~c! fck |h~vckoadmom jx~åmdfo! vdhe|~h qxh vx idkoadmom c of}dydmom }hkbo ~haofdök md~hf}o fck ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c! vhbúk ~hvxa}h mh vxv

~hv|hf}dycv hv}o}x}cv c ~hbaov ixkmofdckoahv t idbx~hk dkvf~d}ov hk ha fc~~hv|ckmdhk}h~hbdv}~c cidfdoa+ Hk hv}h vx|xhv}c ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök |cm~ï ~hqxh~d~ mh hv}ovhk}dmomhv ao |~hvhk}ofdök mha mh}oaah ~hao}dyc o ao mhvfce|cvdfdök mha |~hfdc cih~}omc hk ixkfdök mh vxv fcv}hv+

h+ Acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |cm~ïk vhÿoao~ hk acv |adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov |o~}dfxao~hv ao |~hih~hkfdo hk ao omjxmdfofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv qxh }hkbok fcec cnjh}c  |~cmxf}cv hk acv qxh hpdv}o oa}h~ko}dyo mh Fceh~fdc Jxv}c |o~o aov |~c|cvdfdckhv |~hvhk}omov |c~ oqxhaaov hk}dmomhv ~hfckcfdmov fcec C~bokdzofdckhv mh Fceh~fdc Jxv}c!vdhe|~h qxh mdf`ov |~c|cvdfdckhv dbxoahk hk vxv }ä~edkcv o aov eïv yhk}ojcvov mhvmh ha |xk}c mh ydv}o mh acv f~d}h~dcv qxh vd~yok mh novh |o~o ao omjxmdfofdök+

2+ Fck}~o}cv ~hvh~yomcv+ ‑\cm~ï ~hvh~yo~vh ao |o~}dfd|ofdök hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh omjxmdfofdök mhfck}~o}cv o Fhk}~cv Hv|hfdoahv mh He|ahc! c ~hvh~yo~ vx hjhfxfdök hk ha eo~fc mh |~cb~oeov mh

he|ahc |~c}hbdmc! fxokmc oa ehkcv ha 2< |c~ fdhk}c mh acv }~onojomc~hv oihf}omcv vhok |h~vckov fck mdvfo|ofdmom  …>>

0+ Xvc mh ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! dkic~eï}dfcv t }haheï}dfcv hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv ~hbxaomcv hk aoAht+ ‑Ha he|ahc mh ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! dkic~eï}dfcv t }haheï}dfcv hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv

fck}he|aomcv hk hv}o Aht vh ojxv}o~ï o aov kc~eov vdbxdhk}hv:>6

o+ Acv ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! dkic~eï}dfcv t }haheï}dfcv x}dadzonahv mhnh~ïk vh~  kc

mdvf~dedko}c~dcv! hv}o~ o mdv|cvdfdök mha |únadfc t vh~ fce|o}dnahv fck aov }hfkcacbåov mhao dkic~eofdök t mh ao fcexkdfofdök mh xvc bhkh~oa+

n+ Ao dkic~eofdök t aov hv|hfdidfofdckhv }äfkdfov khfhvo~dov |o~o ao |~hvhk}ofdök hahf}~ökdfomh aov cih~}ov t vcadfd}xmhv mh |o~}dfd|ofdök mhnh~ïk hv}o~ o mdv|cvdfdök mh }cmov aov |o~}hvdk}h~hvomov! kc vh~ mdvf~dedko}c~dcv t vh~ fckic~ehv fck hv}ïkmo~hv ondh~}cv! mh xvc

bhkh~oa t oe|ado de|aok}ofdök+f+ Acv |~cb~oeov t o|adfofdckhv khfhvo~dcv |o~o ao |~hvhk}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo mh aov cih~}ov t 

vcadfd}xmhv mh |o~}dfd|ofdök mhnh~ïk vh~  mh oe|adc xvc! iïfda offhvc t kc

mdvf~dedko}c~dcv! c mhnh~ïk |ckh~vh o mdv|cvdfdök mh acv dk}h~hvomcv |c~ ha ö~bokc mh

fck}~o}ofdök+―4+ Bo~ok}åo mh offhvdndadmom |o~o |h~vckov fck mdvfo|ofdmom+ ‑Hk ha ïend}c mh ao fck}~o}ofdök

 |únadfo! ao mh}h~edkofdök mh acv ehmdcv mh fcexkdfofdök omedvdnahv! ha mdvhÿc mh acv hahehk}cvdkv}~xehk}oahv t ao de|aok}ofdök mh acv }~ïed}hv |~cfhmdehk}oahv! mhnh~ïk ~hoadzo~vh }hkdhkmc hk

fxhk}o f~d}h~dcv mh offhvdndadmom xkdyh~voa t mh mdvhÿc |o~o }cmcv! …―>=

Hv}cv vck acv o~}åfxacv qxh mhk}~c mh ao kc~eo}dyo mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo o}oÿhk o föec vh |xhmh x}dadzo~

ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo fcec `h~~oedhk}o |o~o ehjc~o~ ao ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa+ T ³fxïa ao~hoadmom3! |xhv! ac úa}dec qxh `h ahåmc `o vdmc qxh>8:?+ ‑Hk ha }h~~hkc ox}cköedfc! fcexkdmomhv fcec ha \oåv Yovfc! Hp}~heomx~o c Fo}oaxÿo `ok `hf`c

oabxkcv oyokfhv! |h~c }cmoyåo vck dkdfdo}dyov mh hvfovc oafokfh+>+ ‑O`c~o! aov he|~hvov kc vcac }dhkhk qxh vh~ vcfdoaehk}h ~hv|ckvonahv hk hvcv ov|hf}cv vdkc qxh!

omheïv! fxokmc |o~}dfd|hk hk xk fckfx~vc! oqxhaaov qxh of~hmd}hk of}xofdckhv |c~ hkfdeo mhao aht c mh c}~ov fce|oÿåov |cm~ïk cn}hkh~ eotc~ |xk}xofdök t md~ded~ he|o}hv+ Hv}c hv ext de|c~}ok}h―>9+

>> M+O+ 2ª ]^AFV\+>6 M+O+ ?9ª ]^AFV\+>= M+O+ ?0ª ]^AFV\+

>8  ‑^hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa! oúk eïv hk ac |únadfc―! |xnadfomo hk rrr+fdkfcmåov+fce>9  Jxok Jcvä No~~h~o! md~hf}c~ bhkh~oa mh Hfckceåo Vcfdoa! mha ]~onojc Ox}ökcec t mh ao ^VH mha Edkdv}h~dc mh ]~onojc! hk‑^hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa! oúk eïv hk ac |únadfc―! |xnadfomo hk rrr+fdkfcmåov+fce+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

6+ ‑Ao f~dvdv hfcköedfo hv}ï |ckdhkmc vcn~h ao ehvo vd ao ^VH hv ~hoaehk}h xko ic~eo mh bhv}dcko~ mheokh~o ~hv|ckvonah c vd! vde|ahehk}h! hv eo~gh}dkb vcfdoa+ ‑Ao f~dvdv kcv |aok}ho qxh `ot c}~o

 ic~eo mh ofceh}h~ acv foendcv qxh vh hv}ïk |~cmxfdhkmc+ Vd ac qxh `hecv hk}hkmdmc hv qxh ao^VH hv}ï adbomo o acv |h~dcmcv mh oxbh hfcköedfc |c~qxh `ot mdkh~c |o~o `ofh~ eo~gh}dkbvcfdoa! o|obo t yïeckcv+ Hvc hv offdök vcfdoa! qxh hv}ï ext ndhk! |h~c kc hv ^VH―+>2 

_xdzï! ao eotc~ |~cnaheï}dfo mh xk bhv}c~ |únadfc mh ao fck}~o}ofdök! xko yhz yhz mhfdmdmc vx xvc! hv föeco~}dfxao~ hk acv |adhbcv ha icehk}c mh ao ^VH:

?+ Ndhk fcec xk f~d}h~dc mh vhahffdök mh aov he|~hvov c>+ Ndhk fcec xk f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov+

6+?+?+ Ao ^VH fcec xk f~d}h~dc mh vhahffdök mh aov he|~hvov+Ao |~deh~o c|fdök qxh kcv |cmhecv |aok}ho~ hv icehk}o~ ao ^VH hk ha ecehk}c hk qxh vh vhahffdckok o

aov he|~hvov! hv mhfd~! ehmdok}h acv f~d}h~dcv mh vcayhkfdo+

Hk ao Aht 6<#><<2! hv}ono ha o~}dfxac 2< ndv! o~}åfxac qxh `o mhvo|o~hfdmc t `o o|o~hfdmc fcec ao M+O+=ª+ Hao~}åfxac 2< ndv ixh dk}~cmxfdmc hk ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc |c~ ao Aht >9#><??! mh ? mh obcv}c!mh omo|}ofdök kc~eo}dyo o ao Fckyhkfdök Dk}h~kofdckoa vcn~h acv Mh~hf`cv mh aov \h~vckov fck Mdvfo|ofdmom!o~}dfxac dkfaxdmc hk ao ‑Vxnvhffdök 6+ª Vcayhkfdo―

Kc cnv}ok}h! ³ao ^VH hv xk f~d}h~dc mh vhahffdök mh aov he|~hvov3+ ‑Ha o~}åfxac 2< ndv vh vd}úo(no$ hk aovxnvhffdök mhmdfomo o ao vcayhkfdo! ao fxoa kc omed}h! voayc hk |~cfhmdedhk}cv fcec ha ~hv}~dkbdmc c hakhbcfdomc fck |xnadfdmom! xko vhahffdök |~hydo mh adfd}omc~hv hk novh o f~d}h~dcv mh vcayhkfdo t vcac

~hv|hf}c mh acv fck}hkdmcv hk acv o~}åfxacv 9= o 90+―>0

6+?+>+ Ao ^VH fcec xk f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov+

Vd hv mdiåfda xvo~ac fcec f~d}h~dc mh vhahffdök! ao c}~o c|fdök qxh }hkhecv |o~o icehk}o~ fck ao fck}~o}ofdök|únadfo ao ^VH hv x}dadzo~ao fcec f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov! xko fxhv}dök qxh }oe|cfc hv |ofåidfo!oxkqxh vå mh exf`o of}xoadmom hk hv}cv ecehk}cv mh f~dvdv t mh |o~c! |h~c ³vh |xhmh yoac~o~ fcec f~d}h~dc

mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov ao fck}~o}ofdök mh mhvhe|ahomcv mh ao acfoadmom3>4:

◃ Kc: Vhbúk ao Jxk}o Fckvxa}dyo mh Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo6<! to qxh:o+ Kc hv omedvdnah xko fckmdfdök mh hjhfxfdök qxh hpdjo ao fck}~o}ofdök mh xk fdh~}c

 |c~fhk}ojh mh |h~vckov qxh hv}äk dkvf~d}ov fcec mheokmok}hv mh he|ahc hk aov cidfdkov mhhe|ahc fc~~hv|ckmdhk}hv o xk mh}h~edkomc axbo~ bhcb~ïidfc hk ao ehmdmo qxh de|adqxhmdvf~dedkofdök ~hv|hf}c mha ~hv}c mh acv }~onojomc~hv }ok}c kofdckoahv fcec c~dbdko~dcv mh

Hv}omcv edhen~cv mh ao Xkdök Hx~c|ho+ Haac vdk |h~jxdfdc mh qxh vho omedvdnah hahv}onahfdedhk}c mh fckmdfdckhv mh hjhfxfdök qxh ioyc~hzfok ao axf`o fck}~o ha mhvhe|ahcqxh kc dkfx~~ok hk mdvf~dedkofdök+

n+ Kc hv omedvdnah mh fckic~edmom fck ha o~}åfxac ?6=+? mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc ha hv}onahfdedhk}c hk acv |adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov |o~}dfxao~hv mhf~d}h~dcv mh omjxmdfofdök qxh yoac~hk he|ahc hk ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c mh |h~vckov

>2 Jxok Jcvä No~~h~o! md~hf}c~ bhkh~oa mh Hfckceåo Vcfdoa! mha ]~onojc Ox}ökcec t mh ao ^VH mha Edkdv}h~dc mh ]~onojc! hk‑^hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa! oúk eïv hk ac |únadfc―! |xnadfomo hk rrr+fdkfcmåov+fce>0  Eo~åo Ovxkfdök Vokeo~}åk Ec~o hk vx o~}åfxac ³_xä `o |ovomc fck ha o}åfxac 2< ndv 3+>4 Fcec  iofdad}o~  ao  fck}~o}ofdök  fck  he|~hvov  mh  ao  acfoadmom 6< Dkic~eh 6#<4! mh >8 mh vh|}dhen~h mh ><<4+§\cvdndadmom mh hv}onahfh~ fcec fckmdfdök mh hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c ao x}dadzofdök mh xk

mh}h~edkomc |c~fhk}ojh mh |h~vckov mhvhe|ahomov qxh vh hkfxhk}~hk dkvf~d}ov hk aov cidfdkov mh he|ahc mh xko acfoadmom t mhhv}onahfh~ xk f~d}h~dc mh omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c qxh fckvdv}dhvh hk ao yoac~ofdök mha fce|~cedvc mh he|aho~ hk vx hjhfxfdök|h~vckov mhvhe|ahomcv dkvf~d}ov hk xko mh}h~edkomo cidfdko mh he|ahc+ Ïend}c mh o|adfofdök mh f~d}h~dcv vcfdoahv·+

?<

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

mhvhe|ahomov dkvf~d}ov hk cidfdkov mh he|ahc fc~~hv|ckmdhk}hv o xk mh}h~edkomc axbo~  bhcb~ïidfc+―

◃ Ext mdiåfda:―  ³Hv xk f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov3 H a fxe|adedhk}c mha o~}åfxac 60 ADVEDmdiåfdaehk}h |xhmh xvo~vh fcec f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök! to qxh fck fo~ïf}h~ bhkh~oa kc bxo~mo~ï~haofdök md~hf}o fck ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c fcec hpdbh ha o~}åfxac ?6= AFV\+―6?

◃ Ext ~hfcehkmonah:◇ Ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho! ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök |xhmh idjo~ fcec f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh

aov cih~}ov:▬ Ehmdmov .yh~mhv. qxh vh~ïk oqxhaaov qxh edkdedfhk ha de|of}c oendhk}oa o }~oyäv

mh ao ~hmxffdök mha fckvxec mh ~hfx~vcv t mh ~hvdmxcv! t |~cexhyo oa}h~ko}dyov qxhx}dadfhk |~cmxf}cv ~hfdfaomcv c qxh |~cydhkhk mh ~hfx~vcv ~hkcyonahv+

▬ Ehmdmov .vcfdoahv. qxh vh~ïk oqxhaaov qxh icehk}hk ao dkvh~fdök vcfdcaonc~oa mh

|h~vckov fck mdvfo|ofdmom c hk ~dhvbc mh hpfaxvdök vcfdoa! ovhbx~h ao foadmom mh aocfx|ofdök! dkfaxto |h~v|hf}dyo mh bäkh~c! …

▬ Ehmdmov .ä}dfov. qxh vh~ïk oqxhaaov qxh bo~ok}dfhk xkov fckmdfdckhv aonc~oahvmdbkov hk }cmo ao fomhko mh |~cmxffdök t vxedkdv}~c! vcn~h }cmc `ofdo |oåvhv mhaVx~! t o|cth aov dkdfdo}dyov mh fceh~fdc jxv}c+

◇ Mhjc oqxå xk bxåo vcn~h ao |cvdnah dkfaxvdök mh f~d}h~dcv mh |oz t mh~hf`cv `xeokcv hk aofck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+

◃ Vd: @ot Otxk}oedhk}cv qxh hv}ïk x}dadzokmc hv}h }d|c mh faïxvxaov! t kc `ot kdkbúk |~cnaheo hkyoac~o~ fcec f~d}h~dc mh omjxmdfofdök!  ‑ao fck}~o}ofdök mh }~onojomc~hv#ov mha |~c|dc

exkdfd|dc―+ Mhjc oqxå ha hkaofh o xk dk}h~hvok}h mhno}h qxh vh `o |aok}homc hk ha ic~c mh aofcexkdmom mh |~of}dfov t qxh hkfojo mhk}~c mh hv}o of}dydmom icehk}c t qxh yh~vo vcn~h vd vh |xhmh

c kc yoac~o~ xko cih~}o hk novh o ao |~hih~hkfdo o fck}~o}o~ }~onojomc~hv mh xk mh}h~edkomcexkdfd|dc t mckmh mhnc mhv}ofo~! |c~ vx vcadmhz! aov o|c~}ofdckhv mh Vok}dobc Ahvehv Zonoahbxd +

Ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo! omheïv mh vh~ xko khfhvdmom |o~o |~cyhh~vh mh ndhkhv t vh~ydfdcv! hv xkdkv}~xehk}c qxh acv hk}hv mha Vhf}c~ |únadfc |xhmhk x}dadzo~! fcec vh `o ydv}c! |o~o icehk}o~ ao~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa+ \o~o haac! acv qxh bhv}dckoecv hk hv}ov c~bokdzofdckhv mhnhecv mh }hkh~ha fckcfdedhk}c t ao hp|h~dhkfdo khfhvo~do! t |o~o haac mdv|ckhecv mh ~hfx~vcv fcec! ha nacb

faoxvxaovvcfdoahv +c~b! ha Ic~c mh ao Fck}~o}ofdök \únadfo Vcfdoaehk}h ^hv|ckvonah6> c ao fcexkdmom mh|~ïf}dfov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+

6+>+ Ao dkkcyofdök c~dhk}omo o ao fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o+

Ha ahbdvaomc~ }oendäk `o qxh~dmc qxh acv hk}hv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc x}dadfhk ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo fcec xko`h~~oedhk}o |o~o icehk}o~ ao fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o+

Ao fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o hv xko of}xofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo mh icehk}c mh ao dkkcyofdök c~dhk}omo o |c}hkfdo~ ha mhvo~~caac mh kxhycv eh~fomcv dkkcyomc~hv mhvmh ha aomc mh ao mheokmo! o }~oyäv mhadkv}~xehk}c mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+ Fck hv}o of}dydmom mh icehk}c vh |h~vdbxhk acv vdbxdhk}hvcnjh}dycv66:

?+ Ao ehjc~o mh acv vh~ydfdcv |únadfcv ehmdok}h ao dkfc~|c~ofdök mh ndhkhv c vh~ydfdcvdkkcyomc~hv+

>+ Ha icehk}c mh ao dkkcyofdök he|~hvo~doa+

6?

  Eo~åo Ovxkfdök Vokeo~}åk Ec~o hk vx o~}åfxac ³_xä o |ovomc fck ha o}åfxac 2< ndv 3+6> Vd}dc rhn hv|hfdoaehk}h mhmdfomc hv}h ovxk}c Fckvxa}o~ vx Eokxoa mh bhv}dök |únadfo ~hv|ckvonah+66 ‑ Ao bxdo mh ao fce|~o |únadfo Dkkcyomc~o ― haonc~omo |c~ ha Edkdv}h~dc mh Hfckceåo t @ofdhkmo! |ïb+ 8+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

6+ Ha de|xavc o ao dk}h~kofdckoadzofdök mh ao dkkcyofdök he|ahokmc ha eh~fomc |únadfc acfoa fcecfadhk}h mh aokzoedhk}c c mh ~hih~hkfdo+

Ha c~dbhk mh ‑ao fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o― hv}ï hk ao Hv}~o}hbdo Hv}o}oa mh Dkkcyofdök ( H > D$! o|~cnomo |c~ofxh~mc mha Fckvhjc mh Edkdv}~cv mh > mh Jxadc mh ><?< h dkfc~|c~omo o ao Aht >#><??! mh = mh eo~zc! mhHfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah t o Aht ?=#><??! mh ? mh jxkdc ! mh ao Fdhkfdo ! ao ]hfkcacbåo t ao Dkkcyofdök +

Ao Hv}~o}hbdo Hv}o}oa mh Dkkcyofdök fckv}d}xth ha eo~fc mh of}xofdök mh ao |caå}dfo mha Bcndh~kc hk eo}h~domh dkkcyofdök |o~o fck}~dnxd~ oa foendc mh ecmhac |~cmxf}dyc hk Hv|oÿo! o }~oyäv mha icehk}c t aof~hofdök mh hv}~xf}x~ov qxh iofdad}hk ha ehjc~ o|~cyhf`oedhk}c mha fckcfdedhk}c fdhk}åidfc t mha mhvo~~caac}hfkcaöbdfc! fckv}o mh fdkfc hjhv! hk fxtc fhk}~c vh vd}úo ao }~okvih~hkfdo mh fckcfdedhk}c:

?+ Bhkh~ofdök mh xk hk}c~kc |~cfadyh o ao dkkcyofdök!>+ Icehk}c mh ao dkkcyofdök mhvmh ao mheokmo |únadfo!

6+ \~cthffdök dk}h~kofdckoa!=+ Ic~}oahfdedhk}c mh ao fcc|h~ofdök }h~~d}c~doa t8+ Fo|d}oa `xeokc+

Hk fxok}c oa icehk}c mh ao dkkcyofdök mhvmh ao mheokmo |únadfo! hv ha fce|~cedvc mh aahyo~ o fonc xkmhvo~~caac hidfoz mh ao fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o qxh vh onc~mo~ï }~onojokmc mhvmh ha aomc mh aomheokmo! hv}c hv! mha bhv}c~ |únadfc qxh vofo o adfd}ofdök acv fck}~o}cv mh fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o t mhvmh ha aomc mh ao cih~}o! hv mhfd~! mh aov he|~hvov qxh fce|d}hk hk aov adfd}ofdckhv otxmïkmcaov hk ha

 jxhbc fce|h}d}dyc o |o~}dfd|o~ t |~hvhk}o~ cih~}ov dkkcyomc~ov hk mdf`cv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök+ 6=

Ao fce|~o |únadfo dkkcyomc~o vh eo}h~doadzo! o vx yhz! hk mcv ecmoadmomhv mh of}xofdök:◃ Ao fce|~o |únadfo |~hfceh~fdoa+◃ Ao fce|~o |únadfo mh }hfkcacbåo dkkcyomc~o+

6+>+?+ Ao fce|~o |únadfo |~hfceh~fdoa (F\\$+Hv}o ecmoadmom qxh fckvdv}h hk:

◃ Xko fck}~o}ofdök mh xk vh~ydfdc mh D'M+◃ Ha fce|~omc~ |únadfc kc vh ~hvh~yo acv ~hvxa}omcv mh ao D'M |o~o vx |~c|dc xvc hk hpfaxvdyo! vdkc qxh

fce|o~}h fck aov he|~hvov acv ~dhvbcv t nhkhidfdcv mh ao D'M khfhvo~do |o~o mhvo~~caao~ vcaxfdckhvdkkcyomc~ov qxh vx|h~hk aov qxh `ot mdv|ckdnahv hk ha eh~fomc+

◃ Ahboaehk}h! hv}h khbcfdc hv}ï hpfaxdmc mha ïend}c mha ]^AFV\: ‑acv fck}~o}cv mh dkyhv}dbofdök t mhvo~~caac ~hexkh~omcv åk}hb~oehk}h |c~ ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök! vdhe|~h qxh äv}h fce|o~}ofck aov he|~hvov omjxmdfo}o~dov acv ~dhvbcv t acv nhkhidfdcv mh ao dkyhv}dbofdök fdhk}åidfo t }äfkdfo

khfhvo~do |o~o mhvo~~caao~ vcaxfdckhv dkkcyomc~ov qxh vx|h~hk aov mdv|ckdnahv hk ha eh~fomc+―68 ◃ T omheïv kc vh fckvdmh~ok vxjh}cv o ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo! fxoaqxdh~o qxh vho vx yoac~

hv}deomc! ‑acv fck}~o}cv mh dkyhv}dbofdök t mhvo~~caac ~hexkh~omcv åk}hb~oehk}h |c~ ha ö~bokc mhfck}~o}ofdök! vdhe|~h qxh vxv ~hvxa}omcv kc vh ~hvh~yhk |o~o vx x}dadzofdök hpfaxvdyo |c~ äv}h hk ha

hjh~fdfdc mh vx of}dydmom |~c|do+―69

6+>+>+ Ao fce|~o |únadfo mh }hfkcacbåo dkkcyomc~o (F\]D$+

Hv}o ecmoadmom fckvdv}h hk ao fce|~o mh xk ndhk c vh~ydfdc qxh:

6=

 ‑ Ao bxdo mh ao fce|~o |únadfo Dkkcyomc~o ― haonc~omo |c~ ha Edkdv}h~dc mh Hfckceåo t @ofdhkmo! |ïb+ 6+68 O~}åfxac+ =+?º ~$ ]^AFV\+69  O~}åfxac+?6+>º n$ ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◃ Kc hpdv}h hk hk ha ecehk}c mh ao fce|~o |h~c qxh |xhmh mhvo~~caao~vh hk xk |h~dcmc mh}dhe|c ~ozckonah+

◃ Ao fce|~o |~hfdvo ~hqxdh~h ha mhvo~~caac mh }hfkcacbåo kxhyo c ehjc~omo |o~o |cmh~ fxe|ad~ fckacv ~hqxdvd}cv mheokmomcv |c~ ha fce|~omc~+

◃ Ahboaehk}h! vck fck}~o}cv mh fcaonc~ofdök |únadfc |~dyomo! hk}~h c}~cv! ‑ao ion~dfofdök mh ndhkhv

t ao |~hv}ofdök mh vh~ydfdcv qxh dkfc~|c~hk }hfkcacbåo62 hv|hfåidfoehk}h mhvo~~caaomo fck ha  |~c|övd}c mh o|c~}o~ vcaxfdckhv eïv oyokzomov t hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvov qxh aov

hpdv}hk}hv hk ha eh~fomc+―60

◃ Acv fck}~o}cv mh fcaonc~ofdök hk}~h ha vhf}c~ |únadfc t ha vhf}c~ |~dyomc o qxh vh ~hidh~h ha o~}åfxac?? vh omjxmdfo~ïk |c~ ha mdïacbc fce|h}d}dyc! vdk |h~jxdfdc mh qxh |xhmo vhbxd~vh ha |~cfhmdedhk}c

khbcfdomc fck |xnadfdmom hk ha fovc |~hydv}c hk ha o~}åfxac ?2<+o$+64

Ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo! omheïv mh vh~ xko khfhvdmom |o~o |~cyhh~vh mh ndhkhv t vh~ydfdcv! hv xk

dkv}~xehk}c qxh acv hk}hv mha Vhf}c~ |únadfc |xhmhk x}dadzo~! fcec vh `o ydv}c! |o~o icehk}o~ ao fce|~o|únadfo dkkcyomc~o+ \o~o haac! acv qxh bhv}dckoecv hk hv}ov c~bokdzofdckhv mhnhecv mh }hkh~ hafckcfdedhk}c t ao hp|h~dhkfdo khfhvo~do! t |o~o ac |~deh~c! ac ehjc~ hv ahh~vh ‑ Ao bxdo mh ao fce|~o |únadfoDkkcyomc~o ― |xnadfomo |c~ ha Edkdv}h~dc mh Hfckceåo t @ofdhkmo7 |o~o ac vhbxkmc! ao hp|h~dhkfdo! ac ehjc~

hv ~hfx~~d~ md~hf}oehk}h o acv hv|hfdoadv}ov hk ha ovxk}c! o }~oyäv mha rrr +ic~cf||}df +hv=< c mh aofcexkdmom mh |~ïf}dfov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+

=+ Acv kxhycv |~dkfd|dcv qxh c~mhkok xko bhv}dök ‑hidfdhk}h― mh aofce|~o |únadfo+

Hvcv |~dkfd|dcv hv}ïk hk ha ha o~}åfxac >>+>º+ Vd hk ao Aht 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~\únadfc hv}h o~}åfxac vh ~xn~dfono ‑Khfhvdmom h dmckhdmom mha fck}~o}c―! o`c~o hk ha ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc vh~xn~dfo: ‑Khfhvdmom h dmckhdmom mha fck}~o}c t hidfdhkfdo hk ao fck}~o}ofdök+―

Ha ec}dyc hv qxh vh `o dkfaxdmc ‑ac |~hydv}c hk ha o~}+ 62+?º =? mh Aht >#><??! mh = mh eo~zc! mh HfckceåoVcv}hkdnah vcn~h ha de|xavc o ao hidfdhkfdo hk ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo t idkokfdofdök mh ao fcaonc~ofdök

 |únadfc%|~dyomo+―=>

Vhbúk hv}onahfh ha o~}+ >>+>º mha ]^AFV\! hk }dhe|c yh~noa de|h~o}dyc! acv hk}hv! c~bokdvecv t hk}dmomhvmha vhf}c~ |únadfc:

◃ yhao~ïk |c~

◇ ao hidfdhkfdo t

62 Xk hjhe|ac mh fck}~o}c mh fcaonc~ofdök |únadfc |~dyomo hk ]DFv |c~ ao Bhkh~oadmom mh Fo}oaxÿo60 O~}åfxac+ ??+?º n$ ]^AFV\+64 O~}åfxac+?0<+6º ]^AFV\+=< Ha Ic~c Fcaonc~ofdök \únadfc \~dyomo%]hfkcacbåov mh ao Dkic~eofdök t ao Fcexkdfofdök }dhkh fcec cnjh}dyc fckyh~}d~vh hk xk hv|ofdcmh mhno}h! mhv}dkomc o |~c|xavo~ ao fcaonc~ofdök hk}~h ha Vhf}c~ \únadfc t ha \~dyomc (F\\$ hk ha ï~ho mh aov ]hfkcacbåov mh aoDkic~eofdök t aov Fcexkdfofdckhv (]DF$+ Oa i~hk}h mha ic~c hv}ï Näo}~dz Jxadï Oayo~hz+=? ‑Acv hk}hv! c~bokdvecv t hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc yhao~ïk |c~ ao hidfdhkfdo t ha eok}hkdedhk}c mh acv }ä~edkcv ofc~momcv hk ao

hjhfxfdök mh acv |~cfhvcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo! ioyc~hfh~ïk ao obdadzofdök mh }~ïed}hv! yoac~o~ïk ao dkkcyofdök t ao dkfc~|c~ofdök mhoa}o }hfkcacbåo fcec ov|hf}cv |cvd}dycv hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo t |~cecyh~ïk ao |o~}dfd|ofdök mh ao |hqxhÿo t 

ehmdoko he|~hvo t ha offhvc vdk fcv}h o ao dkic~eofdök! hk acv }ä~edkcv |~hydv}cv hk ao Aht 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mh Fck}~o}cvmha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! ecmdidfomo |c~ ao mdv|cvdfdök idkoa mhfdecvhp}o mh ao |~hvhk}h Aht+―=> Mdf}oehk Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc ?2=0#><??

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◇ ha eok}hkdedhk}c mh acv }ä~edkcv ofc~momcv hk ao hjhfxfdök mh acv |~cfhvcv mh fck}~o}ofdök|únadfo!

◃ ioyc~hfh~ïk ao obdadzofdök mh }~ïed}hv!◃ yoac~o~ïk:

◇ ao dkkcyofdök t◇ ao dkfc~|c~ofdök mh oa}o }hfkcacbåo fcec ov|hf}cv |cvd}dycv hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh

fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo t◃ |~cecyh~ïk:

◇ ao |o~}dfd|ofdök mh ao |hqxhÿo t ehmdoko he|~hvo t◇ ha offhvc vdk fcv}h o ao dkic~eofdök! hk acv }ä~edkcv |~hydv}cv hk ao |~hvhk}h Aht+

=+?+ Yhao~ |c~ ao hidfdhkfdo+Mhjoecv |o~o fxokmc vh }~o}h ao idbx~o mha ‑~hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c―! ac qxh hv}onahfh ha o~}+ >>+>º mh

‑yhao~ |c~ ha eok}hkdedhk}c mh acv }ä~edkcv ofc~momcv hk ao hjhfxfdök mh acv |~cfhvcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo―+

³_xä hv ao hidfdhkfdo hk ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo3+

Hk}dhkmc qxh xko bhv}dök hidfdhk}h hv xko bhv}dök mh acv }~ïed}hv qxh fckic~eok xk hp|hmdhk}h mhfck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyc qxh vho ~ï|dmo! no~o}o! |~hfdvo! vdk h~~c~hv t föecmo |o~o }cmcv acv qxhdk}h~ydhkhk hk ha |~cfhvc! }ok}c mha vhf}c~ |únadfc fcec mha |~dyomc+

Ha fo|å}xac mckmh o|o~hfh ~hbxaomc hv}h o~}åfxac vh mhkcedko ‑^ofdckoadmom t fckvdv}hkfdo mh ao

fck}~o}ofdök mha vhf}c~ |únadfc― t vd oyokzoecv hk ha |~c|dc ] AFV\ aahboecv oa ]å}xac DD

‑^ofdckoadzofdök }äfkdfo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök― xndfomc mhk}~c mha Adn~c DDD ~hao}dyc ‑Vhahffdök mhafck}~o}dv}o t omjxmdfofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv― hv}onahfdhkmc ha o~}åfxac ?4= qxh ‑  |o~o ~ofdckoadzo~ t c~mhko~ ao omjxmdfofdök mh fck}~o}cv aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov |cm~ïk fckfaxd~ fckic~eh o aov kc~eovmh hv}h ]å}xac:

?+ ofxh~mcv eo~fc!

>+ o~}dfxao~ vdv}heov mdkïedfcv! c

6+ fhk}~oadzo~ ao fck}~o}ofdök mh cn~ov! vh~ydfdcv t vxedkdv}~cv hk vh~ydfdcv hv|hfdoadzomcv!+―

Ac kc~eoa c aov b~okmhv h}o|ov hk xk |~cfhmdedhk}c mh fck}~o}ofdök vck :

Vd hv}c hv ac kc~eoa! ac ~ofdckoa! ac hidfdhk}h hv vde|adidfo~ c hadedko~ oabxko(v$ mh hv}ov iovhv! hv mhfd~:

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

=+?+?+ Acv ofxh~mcv eo~fc+

Hk hv}o }äfkdfo=6 vh ~hoadzo xko yhz ao |~deh~o h}o|o t vh vx|~deh |o~o aov vxfhvdyov omjxmdfofdckhv mh acvfck}~o}cv+

=+?+>+ Aov fhk}~oahv mh fce|~o+

=6 Of}xaoehk}h vh ~hbxao hk ha:

◃ ]å}xac DD+ ^ofdckoadzofdök }äfkdfo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök+

◇ Fo|å}xac DD+ Ofxh~mcv eo~fc+

▬ O~}åfxac ?49+ Ixkfdckoadmom t aåed}hv+▬ O~}åfxac ?42+ \~cfhmdedhk}c mh fhahn~ofdök mh ofxh~mcv eo~fc+

▬ O~}åfxac ?40+ Omjxmdfofdök mh fck}~o}cv novomcv hk xk ofxh~mc eo~fc+

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Hk xko fhk}~oa mh fce|~ov==! ao ~ofdckoadzofdök t ao hidfdhkfdo hv eïpdeo! hk ao ehmdmo hk qxh hv c}~c hk}~hha qxh vh hkfo~bo mh nxvfo~ t mh vhahffdcko~ oa |~cyhhmc~ mha ndhk c mha vh~ydfdc+

 O kdyha acfoa=8! f~hc qxh hv xko }äfkdfo ext |cfc x}dadzomo! vcn~h }cmc hk ha kdyha |~cydkfdoa! mckmh |cm~åokvh~ `h~~oedhk}ov ext hidfdhk}hv+ Vöac fckczfc aov dkdfdo}dyov mh:

◃ Ao Md|x}ofdök \~cydkfdoa mh Yoahkfdo=9 t

◃ Ao Md|x}ofdök \~cydkfdoa mh Nx~bcv+

O kdyha ox}cköedfc=2! oabc vh hv}ï `ofdhkmc hk hv}h vhk}dmc:◃ Ao \ao}oic~eo \~cydkfdoa mh Fck}~o}ofdök mh Vhydaao +◃ Eª Mcac~hv mh Fcv|hmoa  |~c|xvc o aov ox}ckceåov mha \\ xkd~vh |o~o fce|~o~ iï~eofcv

C}~o c|fdök hv om`h~d~vh o vdv}heov hp}h~kcv mh fck}~o}ofdök fhk}~oadzomo=0! hv}onahfdhkmc ha o~}åfxac ><8qxh:

?+ ‑Aov Fcexkdmomhv Ox}ökceov t aov Hk}dmomhv acfoahv! ovå fcec acv C~bokdvecv ox}ökcecv t hk}hv |únadfcv mh|hkmdhk}hv mh haaov |cm~ïk om`h~d~vh oa vdv}heo mh fck}~o}ofdök fhk}~oadzomo hv}o}oa~hbxaomc hk ha o~}åfxac ><9! |o~o ao }c}oadmom mh acv vxedkdv}~cv! vh~ydfdcv t cn~ov dkfaxdmcv hk ha

edvec c vöac |o~o mh}h~edkomov fo}hbc~åov mh haacv+ Ao om`hvdök ~hqxh~d~ï ao fckfaxvdök mhafc~~hv|ckmdhk}h ofxh~mc fck ao Md~hffdök Bhkh~oa mha \o}~deckdc mha Hv}omc+

>+ Dbxoaehk}h! ehmdok}h acv fc~~hv|ckmdhk}hv ofxh~mcv! aov Fcexkdmomhv Ox}ökceov t aov Hk}dmomhvacfoahv |cm~ïk om`h~d~vh o vdv}heov mh omqxdvdfdök fhk}~oadzomo mh c}~ov Fcexkdmomhv Ox}ökceov cHk}dmomhv acfoahv+

6+ Aov vcfdhmomhv t ixkmofdckhv t acv ~hv}ok}hv hk}hv! c~bokdvecv t hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc |cm~ïk om`h~d~vh o acv vdv}heov mh fck}~o}ofdök fhk}~oadzomo hv}onahfdmcv |c~ aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv\únadfov hk ao ic~eo |~hydv}o hk acv o|o~}omcv ok}h~dc~hv+―

== Of}xoaehk}h vh ~hbxaok hk ha:

◃ ]å}xac DD+ ^ofdckoadzofdök }äfkdfo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök+

◇ Fo|å}xac DY+ Fhk}~oahv mh fck}~o}ofdök+

▬ Vhffdök ?+ª Kc~eov bhkh~oahv+

◃ O~}åfxac ><6+ Ixkfdckoadmom t |~dkfd|dcv mh of}xofdök+

◃ O~}åfxac ><=+ F~hofdök mh fhk}~oahv mh fck}~o}ofdök |c~ aov Fcexkdmomhv Ox}ökceov tHk}dmomhv Acfoahv+

◃ O~}åfxac ><8+ Om`hvdök o vdv}heov hp}h~kcv mh fck}~o}ofdök fhk}~oadzomo+

▬ Vhffdök >+ª Fck}~o}ofdök fhk}~oadzomo hk ha ïend}c hv}o}oa+◃ O~}åfxac ><9+ ^äbdehk bhkh~oa+◃ O~}åfxac ><2+ Omqxdvdfdök fhk}~oadzomo mh hqxd|cv t vdv}heov |o~o ha }~o}oedhk}c mh ao

dkic~eofdök+=8 O~}åfxac ><=+>º ]^AFV\+=9 @dac mh ao fcexkdmom mh |~ïf}dfov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo vcn~h föec f~ho~ xko fhk}~oa |~cydkfdoa  mh fce|~ov+

=2 O~}åfxac ><=+?º ]^AFV\+=0 O~}åfxac ><8 ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Hv eïv ac nxhkc vh~åo fckjxbo~ mdyh~vov }äfkdfov mh ~ofdckoadzofdök t c~bokdzofdök mh ao fck}~o}ofdök+ ‑Vh |cmåo acb~o~ xko eotc~ hidfofdo hk ao bhv}dök mh ao fck}~o}ofdök vxeokmc o aov fhk}~oahv mh fce|~ov! ha

~hfx~vc o acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv hahf}~ökdfcv―=4+

=+?+6+ Acv vdv}heov mdkïedfcv mh omqxdvdfdök+

]h~fh~o }äfkdfo |o~o c~bokdzo~ t ~ofdckoadzo~ ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök t acb~o~ oabc mh hidfdhkfdo+ Vhfckvdbxh hidfdhkfdo |c~qxh! xko yhz fckv}d}xdmc ha vdv}heo mdkïedfcv mh omqxdvdfdök! vöac `ot qxh |hmd~cih~}ov t vhahffdcko~ ao ehjc~ t }cmc haac vh `ofh mh ic~eo hahf}~ökdfo+

\~deh~c vh fckv}d}xth ha vdv}heo mdkïedfc mh omqxdvdfdök+

Axhbc! mhk}~c mha vdv}heo fckv}d}xdmc! vh adfd}ok hahf}~ökdfoehk}h acv fck}~o}cv+

=4  Adn~c Yh~mh vcn~h ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo mh ?0 mh Cf}xn~h mh ><?<+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

=+?+=+ Ao bhv}dök hahf}~ökdfo mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov+ ³T ao adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo3!³fxïkmc3 t ³föec3+

=+?+=+?+ Yhk}ojov mh ao }hfkcacbåo+

Ao bhv}dök hahf}~ökdfo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök }dhkhk xk eck}ök mh yhk}ojov8<:?+ ~hmxffdök mh fcv}hv omedkdv}~o}dycv!>+ obdadzo acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök+6+ eotc~ offhvdndadmom t }~okv|o~hkfdo:=+ ehjc~o ha offhvc mh aov he|~hvov o ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo b~ofdov o ao ox}ceo}dzofdök t 

fhk}~oadzofdök mha iaxjc mh dkic~eofdök vcn~h aov c|c~}xkdmomhv mh adfd}ofdök fckf~h}ov+8+ |h~ed}h ao núvqxhmo mh hv}ov c|c~}xkdmomhv hk aåkho hv eïv ~o|dmo t eïv no~o}o+9+ vh |xhmhk fckidbx~o~ oah~}ov dkehmdo}ov mh khbcfdc (vdkmdfofdök$+2+ eïv }~okv|o~hkfdo hk ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök (hv eïv ondh~}c! hv}ï ehjc~ mcfxehk}omc t hv

cnjh}c mh xko eotc~ mdyxabofdök$+0+ eotc~ fce|h}hkfdo hk}~h aov he|~hvov+

4+ ~hmxffdök mh fcv}hv omedkdv}~o}dycv+?<+ obdadzofdök mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök+??+ ofhao~ofdök |~cfhvc mh bov}c mh acv |~hvx|xhv}cv mhv}dkomcv o ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+?>+ fhk}~oadzofdök mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov mh fck}~o}ofdök eïv ckh~cvov t oa acb~c mh hfckceåov

mh hvfoao hk }ä~edkcv mh bhv}dök+?6+ |cvdndadmom mh ~ofdckoadzo~ t ~hydvo~ ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök+

Hk ~hvxehk: ~o|dmhz t fcecmdmom! ehkcv nx~cf~ofdo! hadedkofdök mha |o|ha t mh mhv|aozoedhk}cv t acixkmoehk}oa! eïv |xnadfdmom! ac qxh fckaahyo eotc~ fckfx~~hkfdo mh he|~hvov t! hk fckvhfxhkfdo!eotc~ fce|h}hkfdo! fck ac qxh vh fckvdbxh ao ehjc~ cih~}o fck de|c~}ok}hv o`c~~cv mh mdkh~c |únadfc+

8< Adn~c Yh~mh vcn~h ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo mh ?0 mh Cf}xn~h mh ><?<+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Ac nxhkc vh~åo fckjxbo~ ac ‑hahf}~ökdfc― fck aov }äfkdfov mh ~ofdckoadzofdök t c~bokdzofdök mh aofck}~o}ofdök! fcec acv ofxh~mcv eo~fc c aov fhk}~oahv mh fce|~o+ Hp|~hvoehk}h ha Adn~c Yh~mh vcn~h aofck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo vhÿoaono qxh ‑vh |cmåo acb~o~ xko eotc~ hidfofdo hk ao bhv}dök mh ao

fck}~o}ofdök vxeokmc o aov fhk}~oahv mh fce|~ov! ha ~hfx~vc o acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv hahf}~ökdfcv |cm~ïfck}~dnxd~ o ao fhk}~oadzofdök mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov mh fck}~o}ofdök eïv ckh~cvov t oa acb~c mhhfckceåov mh hvfoao hk }ä~edkcv mh bhv}dök+―

‑Hk aov of}xoahv fd~fxkv}okfdov hfcköedfov8?! hv}o ehjc~o mh ao hidfdhkfdo |cm~åo }hkh~ xko ofcbdmo ext  ioyc~onah to qxh oxehk}o~åo oa eïpdec ha |c}hkfdoa qxh |xhmh cn}hkh~vh o |o~}d~ mh ~hfx~vcv aded}omcv+―

=+?+=+>+ Xvo~ ao }hfkcacbåo+Ao x}dadzofdök mh ao }hfkcacbåo hk ao bhv}dök mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |xhmh vx|ckh~mdvi~x}o~ mh xk eck}ök mh yhk}ojov+ Kc cnv}ok}h! |o~o haac `ot:

◃ qxh x}dadzo~ ao }hfkcacbåo hk ao ic~eo ahboaehk}h hv}onahfdmo! of}xoaehk}h:◇ Ao M+O+ ?9ª ~hao}dyo oa ‑Xvc mh ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! dkic~eï}dfcv t }haheï}dfcv hk acv

 |~cfhmdedhk}cv ~hbxaomcv hk ao Aht― t◇ Ao Aht ??#><<2! mh >> mh jxkdc! mh offhvc hahf}~ökdfc mh acv fdxmomokcv o acv Vh~ydfdcv

\únadfcv! eïv }cmo vx kc~eo}dyo mh mhvo~~caac+◃ `ofh~ exf`c }~onojc! `ofh~ac ndhk t `ofh~ac mx~ok}h exf`c }dhe|c+

=+?+=+6+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c o ~haofdcko~vh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck ha |cmh~ omjxmdfomc~+Mhvmh ha ? mh Hkh~c mh ><?<! }cmcv acv fdxmomokcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c mh acv fdxmomokcv o ~haofdcko~vh fckaov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov |c~ ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfc+

\h~c mhvmh exf`c ok}hv! fckf~h}oehk}h mhvmh ha 6< mh On~da mh ><<0! acv fdxmomokcv qxh! fceche|~hvo~dcv! adfd}o~ïk c hjhfx}o~ïk fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! to }hkåok mh~hf`c o ao |~hvhk}ofdök |c~ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv mh acv mcfxehk}cv hvf~d}cv+

O |hvo~ mha }dhe|c }~okvfx~~dmc t mh aov ox}c~dzomov ycfhv qxh ac hv}ïk |~cfaoeokmc! |o~hfh qxh ‑hv}hmh~hf`c hv xk |o|ha ecjomc―+ Kc cnv}ok}h! ao }hkmhkfdo yo o vh~! fck }cmo vhbx~dmom! qxh acv he|~hvo~dcvfcedhkfhk o mheokmo~ vx mh~hf`c o fcexkdfo~vh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h |c~qxh:

◃ \o~o haacv hv ~ï|dmc! föecmc t no~o}c t◃ \c~qxh hv}ïk hk vx mh~hf`c o `ofh~ac+

Cnydoehk}h! vd acv fdxmomokcv! qxh vdhkmc he|~hvo~dcv! adfd}ok c hjhfx}ok xk fck}~o}c |o~o aoOmedkdv}~ofdök \únadfo! qxdh~hk ~haofdcko~vh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h! ao Omedkdv}~ofdök hv}ï cnadbomo o `ofh~}cmc ac khfhvo~dc |o~o qxh acv fdxmomokcv |xhmok hjh~fh~ vx mh~hf`c+

Ha ]~dnxkoa Vx|h~dc~ mh Jxv}dfdo mh Eom~dm `o vhk}hkfdomc (vhk}hkfdo kº =40#><??$ qxh vd xk fdxmomokc |dmhqxh aov fcexkdfofdckhv vhok hahf}~ökdfov! ao Omedkdv}~ofdök mhnh fxe|ad~ hvo hpdbhkfdo t kc `ofh~aov |c~ haic~eo}c }~omdfdckoa+ Vd ac `ofh! ac qxh vxfhmo o |cv}h~dc~d vh~ï dkyïadmc t kc }hkm~ï hidfofdo jx~åmdfo+

=+?+=+6+ Adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo+Acv fdxmomokcv }dhkhk mh~hf c! fcec he|~hvo~dcv! o fcexkdfo~vh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck acv |cmh~hvomjxmdfomc~hv! o ac qxh kc }dhkhk mh~hf`c hv o hpdbd~ ao }~oed}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo mh ao adfd}ofdök! hv mhfd~!o hpdbd~ ao }~oed}ofdök mh vxnov}ov hahf}~ökdfov c vdv}heov mdkïedfcv mh omqxdvdfdök+

8? To |c~ ha ?0 mh Cf}xn~h mh ><?<! fxokmc vh o|~cnö ha ‑Adn~c Yh~mh vcn~h ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo― vh o|xk}ono o aoadfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo fcec xko |cvdnah vcaxfdök+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Hk fxok}c o adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo! hv mhfd~! aov vxnov}ov hahf}~ökdfo t acv vdv}heov mdkïedfcv mhomqxdvdfdök:

◃ Kd hk ha |~cboeo hahf}c~oa mha \\! kd hk ha mh \VCH ! vh aahyono kdkbxko |~hydvdök mh aocnadbo}c~dhmom mh ao fck}~o}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo! o mdih~hkfdo mh \c~}xboa! mckmh hv cnadbo}c~do mhvmhha ><<4 c hk I~okfdo mckmh mhvmh hv}h oÿc ><?> to vh~ï cnadbo}c~do ao adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo |o~ovxedkdv}~cv dkic~eï}dfcv+

◃ Ao kxhyo Md~hf}dyo mh fck}~o}ofdök hk haonc~ofdök! kc ~hfcbh ao cnadbo}c~dhmom mh ao adfd}ofdökhahf}~ökdfo! vöac mh aov fcexkdfofdckhv hahf}~ökdfov8>+

◃ Oxkqxh |c~ dk}h~kh} vh yh oabúk fovc mh äpd}c! tc f~hc qxh hv oabc qxh ~hqxdh~h! kc vöac }hfkcacbåo+hv}c hv xko `h~~oedhk}o ~hao}dyoehk}h iïfda mh fckvhbxd~! vdkc xk |~cixkmc foendc fxa}x~oa hk acv`ïnd}cv mh }~onojc t xk b~ok! fck}dkxomc t c~bokdzomc hvixh~zc (}~onojc$+

◃ Ao hp|h~dhkfdo mh ~hih~hkfdo! vdk axbo~ o mxmov! hv ao mha Bcndh~kc Yovfc86 ko~~omo fck }cmc axjc mhmh}oaahv hk ha adn~c .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz. 8= hvf~d}c |c~ Jodeh Mceåkbxhz %Eofoto Aox~kobo t |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv+

◃ C}~c nxhk t of}xoa ~hfx~vc hv ha nacb rrr +fck}~o}ofdck|xnadfohahf}~ckdfo +hv! vcn~h ao mdixvdök mhafckcfdedhk}c t aov hp|h~dhkfdov oa~hmhmc~ mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo! mh Eokxha Foÿc+

=+?+=+=+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv mhnhk |cmh~ offhmh~ o ao dkic~eofdök mh ic~eo hahf}~ökdfo +Voayc acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv khbcfdomcv vdk |xnadfdmom t acv ehkc~hv! acv |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv }dhkhk aocnadbofdök mh |xnadfo~ hk vx |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h c hk ao |ao}oic~eo mh fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc vxvadfd}ofdckhv! hv mhfd~! fok}dmomhv DYO hpfaxdmc:

?+ Aov cn~ov fxtc yoac~ hv}deomc vho dkih~dc~ o ><<+<<<₡+>+ Ao bhv}dök mh vh~ydfdcv |únadfcv fxtc yoac~ hv}deomc vho dkih~dc~ o 9<+<<<₡+6+ Acv vxedkdv}~cv fxtc yoac~ hv}deomc vho dkih~dc~ o 9<+<<<₡+=+ Acv vh~ydfdcv fxtc yoac~ hv}deomc vho dkih~dc~ o 9<+<<<₡+8+ Acv mheïv fck}~o}cv fxtc yoac~ hv}deomc vho dkih~dc~ o 9<+<<<₡+

8> Ao ‑\~c|cvoa ic~ o MD^HF]DYH CI ]@H HX^C\HOK \O^ADOEHK]   OKM CI ]@H FCXKFDA ck |xnadf |~cfx~hehk}―vhÿoao qxh:◃ \~cec}dck ci h%|~cfx~hehk}: ]`h xvh ci hahf}~ckdf fceexkdfo}dckv okm }~okvof}dck |~cfhvvdkb nt |xnadf |x~f`ovh~v fok

mhadyh~ vdbkdidfok} voydkbv okm de|~cyhm |~cfx~hehk} cx}fcehv r`dah ~hmxfdkb rov}h okm h~~c~ + ]`h |~c|cvoa odev o}`ha|dkb Ehenh~ V}o}hv }c of`dhyh }`h vrd}f`cyh~ }c h%|~cfx~hehk} hkonadkb vx||adh~v }c }ogh |o~} dk ckadkh |~cfx~hehk} |~cfhmx~hv of~cvv }`h Dk}h~koa Eo~gh}+ Ic~ }`dv |x~|cvh! }`h |~c|cvhm Md~hf}dyh |~cydmhv ic~  }`h eokmo}c~t }~okvedvvdckci kc}dfhv dk hahf}~ckdf ic~e! }`h eokmo}c~t hahf}~ckdf oyodaondad}t ci }`h |~cfx~hehk} mcfxehk}v okm de|cvhv }`hvrd}f` }c ixaat hahf}~ckdf fceexkdfo}dck! dk |o~}dfxao~ h%vxnedvvdck! dk oaa |~cfx~hehk} |~cfhmx~hv rd}`dk o }~okvd}dck |h~dcm ci }rc tho~v+ D} v}~hoeadkhv okm de|~cyhv Mtkoedf \x~f`ovdkb Vtv}hev okm hahf}~ckdf fo}oacbxhv! ixaat hahf}~ckdf |~cfx~hehk} }ccav }`o} o~h |o~}dfxao~at omo|}hm }c `db`at  obb~hbo}hm |~cfx~hehk} mckh nt Fhk}~oa \x~f`ovdkb Ncmdhv+ ]`hh%|~cfx~hehk} dkv}~xehk} rcxam oavc hkonah fck}~of}dkb ox}`c~d}dhv }c |~hyhk}! mh}hf} okm fc~~hf} h~~c~v bhkh~oaat mxh }cr~ckb xkmh~v}okmdkb c~ dk}h~|~h}o}dck ci |xnadf |~cfx~hehk} ~xahv+ Fck}~of}dkb ox}`c~d}dhv rdaa ix~}`h~ec~h `oyh o} }`hd~ mdv|cvoa o vh} ci vdp v|hfdidf |~cfx~hehk} }hf`kdqxhv okm }ccavdk}hkmhm ic~ obb~hbo}hm okm hahf}~ckdf |~cfx~hehk}: i~oehrc~g ob~hhehk}v! mtkoedf |x~f`ovdkb vtv}hev! hahf}~ckdfoxf}dckv! hahf}~ckdf fo}oacbxhv! fhk}~oa |x~f`ovdkb ncmdhv okm jcdk} |~cfx~hehk}+ Fce|o~hm }c }`h hpdv}dkb Md~hf}dyh! }`hvh}ccav `oyh nhhk de|~cyhm okm fao~didhm rd}` o ydhr }c iofdad}o}dkb h%|~cfx~hehk}+

◃ (?4$ Hahf}~ckdf ehokv ci dkic~eo}dck okm fceexkdfo}dck fok b~ho}at vde|adit }`h |xnadfo}dck ci fck}~of}v okm dkf~hovh}`h hiidfdhkft okm }~okv|o~hkft ci |~cfx~hehk} |~cfhvvhv+ ]`ht v`cxam nhfceh }`h v}okmo~m ehokv ci fceexkdfo}dckokm dkic~eo}dck hpf`okbh dk |~cfx~hehk} |~cfhmx~hv+ ]`h xvh ci hahf}~ckdf ehokv oavc ahomv }c }deh voydkbv+ Ov o ~hvxa}! |~cydvdck v`cxam nh eomh ic~ ~hmxfdkb }`h edkdexe |h~dcmv r`h~h hahf}~ckdf ehokv o~h xvhm! vxnjhf}! `crhyh~! }c }`hfckmd}dck }`o} }`ht o~h fce|o}dnah rd}` }`h v|hfdidf ecmh ci }~okvedvvdck hkydvobhm o} Xkdck ahyha+ Ec~hcyh~! hahf}~ckdfehokv ci dkic~eo}dck okm fceexkdfo}dck dkfaxmdkb omhqxo}h ixkf}dckoad}dhv fok hkonah fck}~of}dkb ox}`c~d}dhv }c |~hyhk}!mh}hf} okm fc~~hf} h~~c~v }`o} cffx~ mx~dkb |~cfx~hehk} |~cfhmx~hv

◃ (>8$ Hahf}~ckdf ehokv ci fceexkdfo}dck o~h |o~}dfxao~at rhaa vxd}hm }c vx||c~} fhk}~oadvhm |x~f`ovdkb |~of}dfhv okm }ccavnhfoxvh ci }`h |cvvdndad}t }`ht ciih~ }c ~h%xvh okm ox}ceo}dfoaat |~cfhvv mo}o okm }c edkdedvh dkic~eo}dck okm }~okvof}dckfcv}v+ ]`h xvh ci vxf` hahf}~ckdf ehokv ci fceexkdfo}dck v`cxam }`h~hic~h! ov o id~v} v}h|! nh ~hkmh~hm fce|xavc~t ic~ fhk}~oa |x~f`ovdkb ncmdhv! r`dah oavc iofdad}o}dkb fckyh~bdkb |~of}dfhv of~cvv }`h Xkdck+ ]`dv v`cxam nh icaacrhm nt obhkh~oa cnadbo}dck }c xvh hahf}~ckdf ehokv ci fceexkdfo}dck dk oaa |~cfx~hehk} |~cfhmx~hv oi}h~ o }~okvd}dck |h~dcm ci }rc tho~v+

86 Ha 4 mh Cf}xn~h mha ><<8! |~deh~o adfd}ofdök |c~ ehmdcv hpfaxvdyoehk}h hahf}~ökdfcv hk xk hp|hmdhk}h mh ?+><<+<<<!<<₡+ Jodeh

Mceåkbxhz Eofoto%Aox~kobo Mceåkbxhz%Eofoto Aox~kobo hk ‑Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― |xnadfomc|c~ Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv % Ao Aht! |ïb+ =2?+8= (Eïv dkic~eofdök oqxå$+

><

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Haac kc vdbkdidfo qxh |xnadfo~ hvov adfd}ofdckhv! kc vho ext ~hfcehkmonah! fcec axhbc vh yh~ï+

=+?+=+=+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv mhnh~åok |cmh~ offhmh~ mh ic~eo hahf}~ökdfo o acv mcfxehk}cvfck}~of}xoahv+

Omheïv mh |cmh~ offhmh~ o ao dkic~eofdök mh xk |c}hkfdoa khbcfdc! acv he|~hvo~dcv |o~o adfd}o~ t |~h|o~o~vx cih~}o! khfhvd}ok acv mcfxehk}cv qxh fck}dhkhk }cmo ao dkic~eofdök jx~åmdfo t }äfkdfo khfhvo~do:

◃ ao mcfxehk}ofdök jx~åmdfo qxh mhvf~dnh föec vh yo o vhahffdcko~ o ao he|~hvo t fxïahv vh~ïk acvmh~hf`cv t cnadbofdckhv mh aov |o~}hv mha fck}~o}c! nïvdfoehk}h:

◇ \adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov:▬ Bhkh~oahv!▬ \o~}dfxao~hv+

▬ \adhbcv ecmhac t fxom~cv mh fo~of}h~åv}dfov }äfkdfov+◇ Faoxvxaomc mha fck}~o}c! |o~o acv fck}~o}cv mh fcaonc~ofdök |únadfc%|~dyomo+

◃ ao mcfxehk}ofdök }äfkdfo qxh mhvf~dnh ao ~hoadzofdök mh aov |~hv}ofdckhv t aov fxoadmomhv mh acvndhkhv c vh~ydfdcv qxh vh |~hfdvok |o~o vo}dviofh~ kxhv}~ov khfhvdmomhv:

◇ \~cthf}c mh cn~ov |o~o aov cn~ov+◇ Hv}xmdcv mh ydondadmom! Ok}h|~cthf}c mh hp|ac}ofdök t fckv}~xffdök mh aov cn~ov t |~cthf}c

mh cn~ov! |o~o ao fckfhvdök mh cn~o |únadfo+◇ \adhbc mh |~hvf~d|fdckhv }äfkdfov+◇ ^hbaoehk}c t ok}h|~cthf}c mh cn~o t hp|ac}ofdök&! |o~o ao bhv}dök mh vh~ydfdcv |únadfcv+◇ Hyoaxofdök |~hydo t |~cb~oeo ixkfdckoa&! |o~o acv fck}~o}cv mh fcaonc~ofdök |únadfc%|~dyomo

◃ Ecmhacv mh acv mcfxehk}cv qxh }hkm~ïk qxh fxe|adehk}o~ t |~hvhk}o~ acv adfd}omc~hv! fcec:◇ Ao |~c|cvdfdök hfcköedfo+◇ Ao mhfao~ofdök mh kc hv}o~ dkfx~vc hk kdkbxko |~c`dndfdök |o~o fck}~o}o~+◇ Ao mhfao~ofdök mh xkdckhv }he|c~oahv mh he|~hvov+

◇ Ao dkvf~d|fdök hk ~hbdv}~cv mh adfd}omc~hv+Vd ndhk ha o~}+ 86+>º mdfh qxh vh |cm~ï x}dadzo~ ha |h~ida mha fck}~o}ok}h |o~o iofdad}o~ ao mcfxehk}ofdök~hao}dyo o aov edveov! ha o~}+ >>+>º hpdbh o acv hk}hv |únadfcv qxh ‑|~cecyh~ïk― ha offhvc vdk fcv}h o aodkic~eofdök+

O ao ydv}o mh hv}h o~}åfxac vh |cm~åo dk}h~|~h}o~ qxh hv cnadbomc iofdad}o~ hahf}~ökdfoehk}h acvmcfxehk}cv jx~åmdfcv t }äfkdfcv qxh aov he|~hvov khfhvd}ok |o~o adfd}o~+

Omheïv ao ~hoadmom hv qxh acv |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv mhnhk x}dadzo~ cnadbo}c~doehk}h |o~o okxkfdo~ vxvadfd}ofdckhv t hvov |ao}oic~eov hv}ïk |~h|o~omov |o~o omjxk}o~ mcfxehk}cv+ Ac eïv föecmc! ~ï|dmc t no~o}chv vxnd~acv t qxh acv qxh yotok o adfd}o~ vh acv mhvfo~bxhk+

Hvc vå hvcv mcfxehk}cv qxh vh iofdad}ok hk ha |h~ida }dhkhk hihf}cv jx~åmdfcv t |o~o vh~ yïadmcv mhnhk hv}o~id~eomcv hahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck id~eo ~hfckcfdmo+

=+?+=+8+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c o kc |~hvhk}o~ acv mcfxehk}cv h dkic~eofdök qxh tovh hkfxhk}~h hk ic~eo}c hahf}~ökdfc hk |cmh~ mh c}~o Omedkdv}~ofdök+

Hv}h hv xk |~dkfd|dc bhkh~oa qxh oihf}o o fxoaqxdh~ |~cfhmdedhk}c omedkdv}~o}dyc+ Vd xk fdxmomokc `o|~hvhk}omc oabc! xk mcfxehk}c o xko omedkdv}~ofdök |únadfo! hv}ï kc vh ac mhnh ycayh~ o |hmd~+

Vhbúk ha o~}åfxac 68 mh Aht 6<#?44>! mh >9 mh kcydhen~h mh ^äbdehk Jx~åmdfc mh aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv\únadfov t mha \~cfhmdedhk}c Omedkdv}~o}dyc Fceúk acv fdxmomokcv! hk vxv ~haofdckhv fck aovOmedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov! }dhkhk! hk}~h c}~cv mh~hf`c (ah}~o i$ ‑o kc |~hvhk}o~ mcfxehk}cv kc hpdbdmcv

 |c~ aov kc~eov o|adfonahv oa |~cfhmdedhk}c mh qxh vh }~o}h! c qxh to vh hkfxhk}~hk hk |cmh~ mh ao

 Omedkdv}~ofdök of}xok}h+―

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Ha ahbdvaomc~ `o momc xko yxha}o mh }xh~fo eïv o hv}h mh~hf`c! omheïv mh kc }hkh~ qxh |~hvhk}o~ xkmcfxehk}c qxh to vh `o |~hvhk}omc! vd ao Omedkdv}~ofdök \únadfo khfhvd}o mo}cv mh c}~o Omedkdv}~ofdök

\únadfo t acv mo}cv hv}ïk hk ic~eo}c hahf}~ökdfc! }oe|cfc vh acv mhnh |hmd~ oa fdxmomokc! acv mhnh ~hfono~mh ic~eo hahf}~ökdfo+

Ao Omedkdv}~ofdök }dhkh! hk fdh~}cv fovcv! ao cnadbofdök mh ~haofdcko~vh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck c}~ovomedkdv}~ofdckhv |únadfov+ Hk xk |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök! ao hk}dmom qxh adfd}o khfhvd}o qxh:

◃ Hk mh}h~edkomcv fovcv! acv qxh adfd}hk of~hmd}hk vx faovdidfofdök fcec fck}~o}dv}ov qxh fh~}didfo haEdkdv}~c mh Hfckceåo t @ofdhkmo c ha ö~bokc fce|h}hk}h mh ao Fcexkdmom Ox}cköecko+

◃ Ao dkvf~d|fdök hk ha ^hbdv}~c mh Adfd}omc~hv t Fck}~o}dv}ov mha Hv}omc c mh ao fcexkdmom ox}ökceo+◃ Ha adfd}omc~ fxto cih~}o `o vdmc ao ehjc~ faovdidfomo! |~hvhk}h ao mcfxehk}ofdök jxv}didfo}dyo mh

`oaao~vh oa fc~~dhk}h hk ha fxe|adedhk}c mh vxv cnadbofdckhv }~dnx}o~dov! mh ao Vhbx~dmom Vcfdoa ++++

Hk }cmcv hv}cv fovcv! t hk ao ehmdmo hk qxh ao dkic~eofdök to hv}ï mdv|ckdnah hk ic~eo}c hahf}~ökdfc! ha

|cmh~ omjxmdfomc~ kc mhnh hpdbd~ oa he|~hvo~dc vx |~hvhk}ofdök! vdkc qxh mhnh fcexkdfo~vhhahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck ao omedkdv}~ofdök qxh |cvhh acv mo}cv t ~hfono~acv hahf}~ökdfoehk}h+

=+?+=+9+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c o mdbd}oadzo~ t ox}hk}dfo~ (yoadmo~$ acv mcfxehk}cvqxh mh mhnh |~hvhk}o~ ok}h ha |cmh~ omjxmdfomc~+

Acv he|~hvo~dcv vck fdxmomokcv t fcec }oahv ahv oe|o~o ha mh~hf`c o ~haofdcko~vh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h! vdhkmcxko eïv mh vxv yh~}dhk}hv ao |cvdndadmom mh mdbd}oadzo~ fck yoadmhz ahboa vxv mcfxehk}cv! hv mhfd~! o`c~~o~vhha }dhe|c t ha mdkh~c khfhvo~dc mh ofxmd~ o xk ihmo}o~dc |únadfc+

Hk xko adfd}ofdök acv he|~hvo~dcv mhnhk |~hvhk}o~:◃ Acv mcfxehk}cv qxh of~hmd}hk ao |h~vckoadmom jx~åmdfo mha he|~hvo~dc t! hk vx fovc! vx

~h|~hvhk}ofdök+

◃ Vd vck |h~vckov jx~åmdfov! hvcv mcfxehk}cv vck:◇ ao hvf~d}x~o c mcfxehk}c mh fckv}d}xfdök!◇ acv hv}o}x}cv c◇ ha of}c ixkmofdckoa+

Ha he|~hvo~dc |xhmh hk ~haofdök o hv}cv mcfxehk}cv:?+ Hvfokho~acv c mdbd}oadzo~acv+>+ Ahboadzo~acv fck vx id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo+ To qxh:

o+ Vd ndhk ha o~}+ =0+?º mha ^hoa Mhf~h}c ?92?#><<4! mh 9 mh kcydhen~h! |c~ ha qxh vh mhvo~~caao|o~fdoaehk}h ao Aht ??#><<2! mh >> mh jxkdc! mh offhvc hahf}~ökdfc mh acv fdxmomokcv o acvvh~ydfdcv |únadfcv hv}onahfh qxh: .Mh fckic~edmom fck ha o~}åfxac 68+> mh ao Aht ??#><<2! mh>> mh  jxkdc! acv dk}h~hvomcv |cm~ïk o|c~}o~ oa hp|hmdhk}h! hk fxoaqxdh~ iovh mha

 |~cfhmdedhk}c! fc|dov mdbd}oadzomov mh acv mcfxehk}cv! fxto idmhadmom fck ha c~dbdkoa bo~ok}dzo~ïk ehmdok}h ao x}dadzofdök mh id~eo hahf}~ökdfo oyokzomo+ Ao Omedkdv}~ofdök\únadfo |cm~ï vcadfd}o~ mha fc~~hv|ckmdhk}h o~f`dyc ha fc}hjc mha fck}hkdmc mh aov fc|dovo|c~}omov+ Ok}h ao de|cvdndadmom mh hv}h fc}hjc t fck fo~ïf}h~ hpfh|fdckoa! |cm~ï ~hqxh~d~ oa |o~}dfxao~ ao hp`dndfdök mha mcfxehk}c c mh ao dkic~eofdök c~dbdkoa+ Ao o|c~}ofdök mh}oahv fc|dov de|adfo ao ox}c~dzofdök o ao Omedkdv}~ofdök |o~o qxh offhmo t }~o}h aodkic~eofdök |h~vckoa fck}hkdmo hk }oahv mcfxehk}cv+ Aov ehkfdckomov deïbhkhvhahf}~ökdfov fo~hfh~ïk mha fo~ïf}h~ mh fc|do ox}äk}dfo+. 

n+ Ao M+O+ ?9ª ?º ah}~o i$ mha ]^AFV\ hv}onahfh qxh: ‑]cmcv acv of}cv t eokdihv}ofdckhv mhycaxk}om mh acv ö~bokcv omedkdv}~o}dycv c mh aov he|~hvov adfd}omc~ov c fck}~o}dv}ov qxh}hkbok hihf}cv jx~åmdfcv t vh hed}ok }ok}c hk ao iovh |~h|o~o}c~do fcec hk aov iovhv mhadfd}ofdök! omjxmdfofdök t hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c mhnhk vh~ ox}hk}dfomcv ehmdok}h xko

 id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo mh ofxh~mc fck ao Aht 84#><<6! mh ?4 mh mdfdhen~h! mh Id~eoHahf}~ökdfo+ Acv ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! dkic~eï}dfcv c }haheï}dfcv he|ahomcv mhnhk |cmh~  bo~ok}dzo~ qxh ao id~eo vh ojxv}o o aov mdv|cvdfdckhv mh hv}o kc~eo+―

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

=+?+=+2+ Acv he|~hvo~dcv }dhkhk mh~hf`c o fcexkdfo~eh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck ha |cmh~ omjxmdfomc~ 

Hk mdih~hk}hv ecehk}cv mha |~cfhvc mh adfd}ofdök! acv adfd}omc~hv |xhmhk c mhnhk fcexkdfo~vh fck ha |cmh~omjxmdfomc~:

?+ Fxokmc vh |~h|o~o ao cih~}o+>+ Mx~ok}h ha |~cfhvc mh vhahffdök+6+ Axhbc mx~ok}h ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c+

Fxokmc vh |~h|o~o ao cih~}o |xhmhk vx~bd~ mxmov t acv qxh qxdh~ok adfd}o~ vh }dhkhk qxh fcexkdfo~ fck ha|cmh~ omjxmdfomc~ t vcadfd}o~ ao dkic~eofdök c acv mcfxehk}cv oa |cmh~ omjxmdfomc~+ Äv}h vh acv mhnh~åohkydo~ hk xk |aozc mh vhdv måov o |o~}d~ mh ao ~hfh|fdök mh ao vcadfd}xm+

Xko yhz |~hvhk}omo ao cih~}o t hk ha |~cfhvc mh hv}xmdc mh aov he|~hvov qxh `ok adfd}omc t mh ao yoac~ofdökmh aov cih~}ov! }oendäk |xhmh vx~bd~ ao khfhvdmom mh fcexkdfo~vh! ndhk vho |o~o vxnvoko~ mhihf}cv x

cedvdckhv c ndhk |o~o ofao~o~ ~hqxh~dedhk}cv:?+ Fxokmc vh }~o}o mh vxnvoko~ mhihf}cv x cedvdckhv vxnvokonahv! ao Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök:

o+ ac fcexkdfo~ï yh~noaehk}h o acv dk}h~hvomcv+n+ ac mhnh~ï `ofh~ |únadfc o }~oyäv mh okxkfdcv mha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök c! hk vx fovc! mha

qxh vh idjh hk ha |adhbc+f+ fckfhmh~ï xk |aozc kc vx|h~dc~ o 6 måov `ïndahv |o~o qxh acv adfd}omc~hv acv fc~~djok c

vxnvokhk ok}h ao |~c|do ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök+>+ Vd vh }~o}o mh ofao~ofdckhv t ~hqxh~dedhk}cv mh mcfxehk}cv! ao Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök t ha ö~bokc

|xhmh:o+ ~hfono~ mha he|~hvo~dc ofao~ofdckhv vcn~h acv fh~}didfomcv t mcfxehk}cv |~hvhk}omcv cn+ ~hqxh~d~ah |o~o ao |~hvhk}ofdök mh c}~cv fce|ahehk}o~dcv!

f+ fckfhmh~ xk |aozc mh 8 måov! vdk qxh |xhmok |~hvhk}o~vh mhv|xäv mh mhfao~omov omed}dmovaov cih~}ov+Xko yhz vhahffdckomo ao ehjc~ cih~}o hv khfhvo~dc:

?+ ^hqxh~d~ oa ehjc~ faovdidfomc |o~o qxh o|c~}h ao mcfxehk}ofdök+>+ Kc}didfo~ ao omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c o acv fokmdmo}cv c adfd}omc~hv+6+ Hk vx fovc! t }~okvfx~~dmc ha |aozc mh ?8 måov `ïndahv! ~hqxh~d~ oa omjxmdfo}o~dc |o~o ao id~eo mha

fck}~o}c hk xk |aozc mh 8 måov ko}x~oahv+

Axhbc! mhv|xäv mh id~eo~ ha fck}~o}c! ha omjxmdfo}o~dc vh fckydh~}h hk fck}~o}dv}o+ Mx~ok}h ao hjhfxfdökmha fck}~o}c ha he|~hvo~dc }oendäk vh mhnh mh fcexkdfo~ fck ha |cmh~ omjxmdfo}o~dc! ovå }ceokmc fcechjhe|ac aov fcexkdfofdckhv hk ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c mh cn~ov+

?+ Mx~ok}h ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c ha md~hf}c~ iofxa}o}dyc mhnh:

o+ Kc}didfo~ oa fck}~o}dv}o t o ao Omedkdv}~ofdök ao ihf`o hk ao qxh vh yo o hihf}xo~ aofce|~cnofdök mha ~h|aok}hc+

n+ ^o}didfo~ |c~ hvf~d}c aov dkv}~xffdckhv yh~noahv momov oa fck}~o}dv}o+f+ Mo~ fxhk}o oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök mha dkfxe|adedhk}c mh acv |aozcv t hpdbd~ oa

fck}~o}dv}o ha fxe|adedhk}c mh acv |aozcv+m+ Hkydo~ ao ~haofdök yoac~omo oa fck}~o}dv}o+h+ ]~oed}o~ aov fh~}didfofdckhv mh cn~o oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök+i+ C~mhko~ qxh vh ~hoadfhk acv hkvotcv t okïadvdv mh eo}h~doahv t xkdmomhv mh cn~o t qxh vh

~hfonhk acv dkic~ehv hv|hfåidfcv+b+ Fcexkdfo~ oa |cmh~ omjxmdfomc~ ao khfhvdmom mh dkdfdo~ ha hp|hmdhk}h mh ecmdidfofdök c mh

ox}c~dzo~ ao fck}dkxofdök |~cydvdckoa mh aov edveov+`+ Kc}didfo~ oa ~hmof}c~ mha |~cthf}c ao |~c|xhv}o mh ecmdidfofdök t mo~ah oxmdhkfdo+

d+ +++>+ Mx~ok}h ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c ha fck}~o}dv}o mhnh:

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

o+ Vcadfd}o~ oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök ao |~ö~~cbo hk ha |aozc mh fxe|adedhk}c mha fck}~o}c+n+ Fcexkdfo~ |~hydoehk}h t |c~ hvf~d}c oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök vx dk}hkfdök mh

vxnfck}~o}o~ |~hv}ofdckhv fck }h~fh~cv+f+ Fcexkdfo~ oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök ao fhvdök mha fck}~o}c+m+ Fcexkdfo~ oa md~hf}c~ iofxa}o}dyc ao fckfx~~hkfdo mh xk vx|xhv}c mh ixh~zo eotc~+h+ Fcexkdfo~ oa md~hf}c~ iofxa}o}dyc vxv oahbofdckhv o aov ~haofdckhv yoac~omov hk xk |aozc

eïpdec mh ?< måov `ïndahv o |o~}d~ mh ao ~hfh|fdök mha hp|~hvomc mcfxehk}c+i+ Fcexkdfo~ vx fckic~edmom c mdvfckic~edmom fck aov dkv}~xffdckhv mdf}omov |c~ ha md~hf}c~!

fxokmc `oto hv|hfdidfomc acv }~onojcv x cn~ov mh xko |o~}dmo oazomo mh onckc åk}hb~c+b+ Fcexkdfo~ oa md~hf}c~ mh aov cn~ov ao ihf`o |~hydv}o |o~o ao }h~edkofdök+`+ Fcexkdfo~ vd hv}ï c kc fckic~eh fck aov fckmdfdckhv |~c|xhv}ov |o~o ao ecmdidfofdök mha

fck}~o}c+d+ +++

6+ Mx~ok}h ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök mhnh:

o+ Kc}didfo~ oa omjxmdfo}o~dc qxh yo o hjh~fh~ xko mh vxv |~h~~cbo}dyov t mo~ah oxmdhkfdo+n+ Fcexkdfo~ oa ö~bokc fckvxa}dyc fc~~hv|ckmdhk}h qxh yo o hjh~fh~ xko mh vxv |~h~~cbo}dyov+f+ Kc}didfo~ ha ofxh~mc |c~ ha qxh hjh~fh xko mh vxv |~h~~cbo}dyov+m+ Kc}didfo~ ao ox}c~dzofdök hp|~hvo mh ao vxnfck}~o}ofdök! fxokmc ha fck}~o}dv}o foendh ha

vxnfck}~o}dv}o cih~}omc c aov |~hv}ofdckhv qxh dno o vxnfck}~o}o~+h+ Kc}didfo~ ha ofxh~mc qxh ox}c~dzo ao fhvdök mha fck}~o}c+i+ Kc}didfo~ ha ofxh~mc |c~ ha qxh de|ckhk |hkoadmomhv oa fck}~o}dv}o c vh c|}o |c~ ao

~hvcaxfdök mha fck}~o}c+b+ Kc}didfo~ ha ofxh~mc vcn~h ao fckfx~~hkfdo mh xk vx|xhv}c mh ixh~zo eotc~+`+ Kc}didfo~ ha ofxh~mc vcn~h ao |~ö~~cbo mha fck}~o}c+d+ +++

Ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök hv xk vxfhvdyc dk}h~foendc mh dkic~eofdök hk}~h aov mdih~hk}hv |o~}hv+ \xhv ndhk!acv he|~hvo~dcv qxh adfd}hk c qxh vhok fck}~o}dv}ov t hjhfx}hk xk fck}~o}c }dhkhk mh~hf`c o hahbd~ ha fokoamh fcexkdfofdök! |xmdhkmc hahbd~ ha ic~eo}c hahf}~ökdfc! vd qxdh~hk mdvi~x}o~ mh }cmov aov yhk}ojov qxhah vck dk`h~hk}hv+

Fck fo~ïf}h~ bhkh~oa! |o~o |cmh~ x}dadzo~ ha fokoa hahf}~ökdfc! hv khfhvo~dc qxh acv }d}xao~hv mha mh~hf`c ohahbd~ ha fokoa (aov he|~hvov qxh adfd}ok c qxh hjhfx}ok xk fck}~o}c$:

?+ Ac `otok vcadfd}omc c vd hv ao Omedkdv}~ofdök ao qxh qxdh~h x}dadzo~ hv}h fokoa! qxh }hkbo vxfckvhk}dedhk}c hp|~hvc+

o+ \o~o |~hv}o~ ha fckvhk}dedhk}c! ha he|~hvo~dc ac |xhmh `ofh~ hk }cmc fovc |c~ ic~eo}chahf}~ökdfc+

n+ Kc cnv}ok}h! hvo ~hbao bhkh~oa }dhkh xko hpfh|fdök: ‑^hbaoehk}o~doehk}h! aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov |cm~ïk hv}onahfh~ ao cnadbo}c~dhmom mh fcexkdfo~vh fck haaov

x}dadzokmc vöac  ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! fxokmc acv dk}h~hvomcv vh fc~~hv|ckmok fck

 |h~vckov jx~åmdfov c fcahf}dycv mh |h~vckov iåvdfov qxh |c~ ~ozök mh vx fo|ofdmom 

hfcköedfo c }äfkdfo! mhmdfofdök |~cihvdckoa x c}~cv ec}dycv of~hmd}omcv }hkbok

bo~ok}dzomc ha offhvc t mdv|ckdndadmom mh acv ehmdcv }hfkcaöbdfcv |~hfdvcv+―88

f+ Mhidkdfdök qxh .|o~hfh |hkvomo hp|~hvoehk}h |o~o xk fcahf}dyc fcec acv adfd}omc~hv

 |únadfcv! hk acv qxh vh mok fck f~hfhv }cmcv t fomo xkc mh acv vx|xhv}cv mh ao

kc~eo. +++! ‑hv}o hpfh|fdök hv xk ‑ov hk ao eokbo― qxh acv hk}hv vxjh}cv o ao Aht mhFck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc |xhmhk x}dadzo~ |o~o `ofh~ cnadbo}c~dov aov fcexkdfofdckhv

hahf}~ökdfov hk vxv |~cfhvcv mh fck}~o}ofdök+―89

>+ _xh x}dadfhk ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo! to qxh:88  O~} + >2+> º Aht ??#><<2+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

o+ .]cmcv acv of}cv t eokdihv}ofdckhv mh ycaxk}om mh acv ö~bokcv omedkdv}~o}dycv c mh aovhe|~hvov adfd}omc~ov c fck}~o}dv}ov qxh }hkbok hihf}cv jx~åmdfcv t vh hed}ok }ok}c hk

ao iovh |~h|o~o}c~do fcec hk aov iovhv mh adfd}ofdök! omjxmdfofdök t hjhfxfdök mhafck}~o}c mhnhk vh~ ox}hk}dfomcv ehmdok}h xko id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo mhofxh~mc fck ao Aht 84#><<6! mh ?4 mh mdfdhen~h! mh Id~eo Hahf}~ökdfo+ Acv ehmdcvhahf}~ökdfcv! dkic~eï}dfcv c }haheï}dfcv he|ahomcv mhnhk |cmh~ bo~ok}dzo~ qxh ao

 id~eo vh ojxv}o o aov mdv|cvdfdckhv mh hv}o kc~eo+.n+ Yoecv o he|hzo~ |c~ yh~ ~ï|dmoehk}h ac qxh hv ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo! t |o~o haac! }hkhecv

qxh d~kcv o ao Aht 84#><<6! mh ?4 mh mdfdhen~h! mh id~eo hahf}~ökdfo! kc~eo qxh ~hbxao }~hv}d|cv mh id~eo hahf}~ökdfo:

d+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo+dd+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo oyokzomo+ddd+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo+

f+ Hk fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo vh `o c|}omc |c~ hpdbd~ ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo! hv

mhfd~! |c~ xko id~eo hahf}~ökdfo qxh:d+ Hv oyokzomo t |h~ed}h:◃ dmhk}didfo~ oa id~eok}h t◃ mh}hf}o~ fxoaqxdh~ foendc xa}h~dc~ mh acv mo}cv id~eomcv!

dd+ t qxh omheïv hv xko id~eo ~hfckcfdmo |c~qxh:

◃ hv}ï novomo hk xk fh~}didfomc ~hfckcfdmc t

◃ `o vdmc bhkh~omo ehmdok}h xk mdv|cvd}dyc vhbx~c mh f~hofdök mh id~eo+

6+ _xh x}dadfhk xk vdv}heo vhbx~c mh fcexkdfofdök t kc}didfofdök hahf}~ökdfo fcec (hv}h  VDV]HEO 

MH KC]DIDFOFDCKHV HAHF]^ÖKDFOV $ t hyd}hk ao x}dadzofdök mha ehmdc hahf}~ökdfc82+

Ao fcexkdfofdök hahf}~ökdfo hv xk vh~ydfdc mh b~ok de|of}c |o~o he|~hvo~dcv t |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv qxh!

omheïv! |xhmh of}xo~ fcec ‑nxqxh dkvdbkdo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo―! |h~c |o~o |cmh~x}dadzo~aov `ot qxh `ondad}o~! oa ehkcv }~hv hahehk}cv fcexkhv mh ao omedkdv}~ofdök hahf}~ökdfo! ao id~eohahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo! xk vdv}heo mh fcexkdfofdök hahf}~ökdfc vhbx~c t ha ~hbdv}~c hahf}~ökdfc+

=+>+ Ioyc~hfh~ ao obdadzofdök mh }~ïed}hv+Ao Aht hpdbh o acv hk}hv! c~bokdvecv t hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc qxh obdadfhk acv }~ïed}hv! t hv}c qxä hv!³~ofdckoadzo~3! ³vde|adidfo~3! ³hadedko~ }~ïed}hv3! ³bhv}dcko~ hahf}~ökdfoehk}h3+

Xko fcvo qxh |o~hfh vh~ fdh~}o hv qxh ‑ha foendc o acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv hahf}~ökdfcv n~dkmo }oendäk xko

c|c~}xkdmom of~hfhk}omo mh ~ofdckoadzo~ t ~hydvo~ ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök: hv}o edb~ofdök kc mhnh

vx|ckh~ ao eh~o fc|do hk ic~eo}c hahf}~ökdfc mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv }~omdfdckoahv hk vc|c~}h mh |o|ha+―80  Xk h~~c~ qxh `ond}xoaehk}h vh bhkh~o oa }~ovaomo~ hv}cv |~cfhmdedhk}cv o xko o|adfofdökdkic~eï}dfo! vdk ha |ovc |~hydc mh qxh acv |~c|dcv bhkh~omc~hv mha |~cfhvc aahyhk o fonc xko ~hydvdök mhaedvec+

Hk fxok}c o ao vde|adidfofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo! ixh ao Aht ??#><<2! mh >> mh jxkdc! mh offhvc hahf}~ökdfc mh acvfdxmomokcv o acv Vh~ydfdcv \únadfcv! ao qxh ~hbxaö ha |~dkfd|dc mh vde|adidfofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo! |c~ ha fxoa

89 Jodeh Mceåkbxhz Eofoto%Aox~kobo Mceåkbxhz%Eofoto Aox~kobo hk ‑Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz―

|xnadfomc |c~ Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv % Ao Aht! |ïb+ 809+

82

 Föec vh yh~ï hk ha |xk}c 8+0+

80  Adn~c Yh~mh vcn~h ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo mh ?0 mh Cf}xn~h mh ><?<+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

‑vh ~hmxzfok mh eokh~o vxv}okfdoa acv }dhe|cv t |aozcv mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv!

acb~okmc xko eotc~ hidfofdo t hidfdhkfdo hk ao of}dydmom omedkdv}~o}dyo+―84

@ot qxh ~ofdckoadzo~! vde|adidfo~ t `ofh~ c}~ov exf`ov }o~hov fck acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv! vhok ckc mh fck}~o}ofdök+ Ha |~cnaheo mh ao de|aok}ofdök mh ao }hfkcacbåo hk ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hv fceúk oa|~cnaheo mh de|aok}ofdök mh ao }hfkcacbåo hk fxoaqxdh~ c}~c ïend}c mh ao bhv}dök omedkdv}~o}dyo9<+ Oabxko~hiahpdök ~hfcbdmo hk mdf`c mcfxehk}c:

◃ ._xh ha |~cfhmdedhk}c omedkdv}~o}dyc kc vho ha hjh mh }cmcv acv |~cfhvcv! of}xoaehk}h }cmoyåohv}oecv fcbdhkmc acv |~cfhvcv mdvhÿomcv hk ha vdbac PDP t ahv o|adfoecv dk}h~kh} c aov kxhyov

}hfkcacbåov.+++. `ot qxh ~h|hkvo~ acv |~cfhvcv+. 9?

◃ ‑Ha |~cnaheo hv c~bokdzo}dyc: ha }dhe|c khfhvo~dc t acv ~hfx~vcv o o|c~}o~ |o~o oi~ck}o~ ha okïadvdv

t mhidkdfdök mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv! ao kc~eoadzofdök mh ao mcfxehk}ofdök hed}dmo! ao

 ic~eofdök mha |h~vckoa t ha vhbxdedhk}c t o|ctc o acv xvxo~dcv hk ao de|aok}ofdök+―

9>

◃ ‑Hv khfhvo~dc! |c~ ac }ok}c! qxh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv ~hoadfhk xko vde|adidfofdök t ~ofdckoadzofdök

mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv kc vöac |o~o vx |cv}h~dc~ dk}hb~ofdök hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Hahf}~ökdfo!

vdkc }oendäk |o~o xko bhv}dök eïv hidfdhk}h mh ao of}xofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo t ehjc~o mh ao

foadmom mh acv Vh~ydfdcv \únadfcv ci~hfdmcv o acv fdxmomokcv―96

Mh ac qxh vh hv}ï `onaokmc! hk mhidkd}dyo! hv mh foendo~ kxhv}~cv `ïnd}cv t ic~eov mh }~onojc t mh bhv}dcko~kxhv}~cv |~cfhvcv mh }~onojc+ Hv}c hv oabc qxh:

◃ hv}onahfh fxoaqxdh~ ecmhac mh bhv}dök }c}oa mh ao foadmom! ndhk vho ha ecmhac DVC! ha ecmhac HI_E!c ao omo|}ofdök mh äv}h o ao Omedkdv}~ofdök \únadfo! ha Eo~fc Fceúk mh Ox}chyoaxofdök (ecmhacFOI$ qxh vh hv}ï |~cecydhkmc o kdyha Hx~c|hc! fcec `h~~oedhk}o mh ehjc~o mh ao bhv}dök |únadfo+

Hk fckf~h}c! vcn~h ao bhv}dök mh |~cfhvcv yh~ f~d}h~dc 8 º mha ecmhac FOI+9=

◃ \o~o vonh~ eïv vcn~h föec bhv}dcko~ |~cfhvcv yh~ ao ‑ Bxåo vcn~h ao  bhv}dök mh |~cfhvcv― hmd}omo |c~ ao Jxk}o mh Fov}daao t Ahök (><<=$ c ha ‑ \aok mh ox}ceofdök mh |~cfhvcv― haonc~omc |c~ ao

IHE\+98

=+6+ Yoac~o~ ao dkkcyofdök t ao dkfc~|c~ofdök mh oa}o }hfkcacbåo fcec ov|hf}cv|cvd}dycv hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+

\xhv hv}c hv oabc }oendäk ext kxhyc+ F~hc qxh hkaozo fck ao idacvciåo mh ao Hv}~o}hbdo Hv}o}oa mh Dkkcyofdök(H > D$+

Kc cnv}ok}h! mökmh hkfojo hvh ov|hf}c |cvd}dyc t föec ac hkfojoecv acv bhv}c~hv hk kxhv}~cv

|~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök:

84 O~}dfxac = j$ mh ao Aht ??#><<2+9< Ha |aok mh de|aok}ofdök mh ao omedkdv}~ofdök hahf}~ökdfo+9? Fhvo~ Foamh~ök hk hv}h yåmhc `onao mh ao ~hc~bokdzofdök mha }~onojc dk}h~kc+9> Bxdo |~ïf}dfo IHE\ vcn~h ao Aht ??#><<2! mh >> mh Jxkdc (|ïb+ 64$+96  Bxdo |~ïf}dfo IHE\ vcn~h ao Aht ??#><<2! mh >> mh  Jxkdc (  |ïb+ >=$+9= \o~o fckvxa}o~ xko o|adfofdök |~ïf}dfo mh ao ox}chyoaxofdök fcec dkv}~xehk}c mh ehjc~o hk aov c~bokdzofdckhv |únadfov! haonc~omc|c~ Edbxha Okbha Oaheokt @o~c! ^cfåc Eck}oÿhv Ih~kïkmhz! Jcvä Eo~åo Ehkhvhv Fov}daac t Bxdaah~ec Tïÿhz Vïkf`hz t |xnadfomc |c~ aoIxkmofdök Dk}h~kofdckoa t |o~o Dnh~coeä~dfo mh Omedkdv}~ofdök t \caå}dfov \únadfov (IDDO\\$ (oÿc ><<9$+98 \o~o fckvxa}o~ xko o|adfofdök |~ïf}dfo mh ao bhv}dök mh acv |~cfhvcv mh fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo yh~ ao ‑ O|adfofdök mha okïadvdv t

vde|adidfofdök mh |~cfhvcv hk xko c~bokdzofdök |únadfo ― haonc~omc |c~ Jcvä Ok}ckdc Boadokc Dno~~o! Hedadc Ih~kïkmhz Obñh~c tBxdaah~ec Tïÿhz Vïkf`hz t |xnadfomc |c~ ao Ixkmofdök Dk}h~kofdckoa t |o~o Dnh~coeä~dfo mh Omedkdv}~ofdök t \caå}dfov \únadfov (IDDO\\$(oÿc ><<9$+

>9

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◃ ³Fxïkmc vh ~hmof}ok aov |~hvf~d|fdckhv }äfkdfov mha fck}~o}c3+◃ ³Mhk}~c mh acv f~d}h~dcv mh vhahffdök mh aov he|~hvov3! ³hk fxoa3+◃ ³Föec f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov3! vx|ckbc qxh vå vd  bxo~mo~ï ~haofdök md~hf}o fck ha

cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c99+

=+=+ \~cecyh~ ao |o~}dfd|ofdök mh ao |hqxhÿo t ehmdoko he|~hvo+

\xhv hv}c hv oabc ext fao~c o kdyha hx~c|hc t ext mdiåfda mh fckvhbxd~ fck ao kc~eo}dyo kofdckoa mhfck}~o}ofdök+

Ao Xkdök Hx~c|ho }dhkh fao~c qxh aov |hqxhÿov t ehmdokov he|~hvov (\TEH$ vck ao fcaxeko yh~}hn~oa

mh ao hfckceåo mh ao XH+ Vx |~cv|h~dmom hv xk iof}c~ f~xfdoa |o~o acb~o~ eïv f~hfdedhk}c t eïv t 

ehjc~hv |xhv}cv mh }~onojc hk ao XH +92

\c~ haac hk mhvmh aov dkv}d}xfdckhv hx~c|hov vh dkyd}ono o acv Hv}omcv edhen~cv o:?+ f~ho~ |c~}oahv hahf}~ökdfcv |o~o oe|ado~ ha offhvc o ao dkic~eofdök vcn~h c|c~}xkdmomhv mh

fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo qxh kc vx|h~hk acv xen~oahv mh ao XH7

>+ okdeo~ o vxv hk}dmomhv fck}~o}ok}hv o vxnmdydmd~ acv90 fck}~o}cv hk ac}hv fxokmc vho |cvdnah t ooxehk}o~ ao ydvdndadmom mh aov c|c~}xkdmomhv mh vxnfck}~o}ofdök7

6+ ~hfc~mo~ o vxv hk}dmomhv fck}~o}ok}hv qxh kc ahv hv}ï |h~ed}dmc de|ckh~ ~hqxdvd}cvmhv|~c|c~fdckomcv hk eo}h~do mh fxoadidfofdök t mh fo|ofdmom idkokfdh~o7

=+ icehk}o~ ha mdïacbc fckv}~xf}dyc t ao fce|~hkvdök ex}xo hk}~h aov \TEH t acv b~okmhv fce|~omc~hvehmdok}h of}dydmomhv mh dkic~eofdök! ic~eofdök! vx|h~ydvdök h dk}h~foendcv mh nxhkov |~ïf}dfov7

8+ ycayh~ o fhk}~o~ ao |caå}dfo mh otxmo hv}o}oa |o~o omo|}o~ao ehjc~ o aov khfhvdmomhv mh aov \TEH! hk

 |o~}dfxao~ haonc~okmc ehmdmov eïv hv|hfåidfov+ 

Omheïv! ao Fcedvdök! o ao ydv}o mh ao dk}h~|~h}ofdök mh ao jx~dv|~xmhkfdo mha ]VJXH! |~c|xvc ac qxh fckvdmh~oaov ehjc~hv |~ïf}dfov |o~o otxmo~ o acv Hv}omcv edhen~cv o cn}hkh~ ha eïpdec nhkhidfdc mha eh~fomc

dk}h~dc~94+ Hk vhdv aåkhov! ac qxh ao Fcedvdök ~hfcedhkmo `ofh~ hk oqxhaacv fck}~o}cv kc fce|~hkmdmcv hk haïend}c mh o|adfofdök mh aov Md~hf}dyov mh fck}~o}ofdök hv:

?+ Mhvf~dnd~ ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c+>+ Mo~ah ao |xnadfdmom omhfxomo (o }~oyäv mha |h~ida mh fce|~omc~ hk Dk}h~kh}$+6+ \h~ed}d~ o fxoaqxdh~ adfd}omc~ |c}hkfdoa fckcfh~ |~hydoehk}h o ac qxh vh yo o fce|~ceh}h~ t! hk

vx fovc! |~hvhk}o~ vx cih~}o+=+ Mo~ o fckcfh~ ao omjxmdfofdök t acv ec}dycv mh ao edveo! |o~o qxh acv qxh kc ao fckvdmh~hk jxv}o

ao |xhmok ~hfx~~d~+

Vd hv}c hv ac qxh vh |~cfaoeo o kdyha hx~c|hc! o kdyha kofdckoa ao }hkmhkfdo vck b~okmhv fck}~o}cv qxh kciofdad}ok o aov \TEHv vx |o~}dfd|ofdök:

?+ Ao ~hbao bhkh~oa hv kc i~offdcko~ ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c2<: 

99 O~}åfxac ?8< ]^AFV\+92 Fcexkdfofdök mh ao Fcedvdök oa Fckvhjc! oa \o~aoehk}c Hx~c|hc! oa Fced}ä Hfcköedfc t Vcfdoa t oa Fced}ä mh aov ^hbdckhv: \hqxhÿov t ehmdokov he|~hvov: ao faoyh |o~o acb~o~ eïv f~hfdedhk}c t he|ahc+ ^hydvdök dk}h~ehmdo mh ao \caå}dfo Ecmh~ko mh ao \TEH! (|ob+ ?$90 Fcexkdfofdök mh ao Fcedvdök oa Fckvhjc! oa \o~aoehk}c Hx~c|h~c! oa Fced}ä Hfcköedfc t Vcfdoa t oa Fced}ä mh aov ^hbdckhv: § \hkvo~

|~deh~c o |hqxhÿo hvfoao · § Veoaa Nxvdkhvv Of} · |o~o Hx~c|o : dkdfdo}dyo hk ioyc~ mh aov |hqxhÿov he|~hvov!94 Fcexkdfofdök (><<9#F ?24#<>$ dk}h~|~h}o}dyo mh ao Fcedvdök vcn~h ha Mh~hf`c fcexkd}o~dc o|adfonah hk ao omjxmdfofdök mh fck}~o}cvkc fxndh~}cv c vcac |o~fdoaehk}h fxndh~}cv |c~ aov Md~hf}dyov vcn~h fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

o+ ‑Kc |cm~ï i~offdcko~vh xk fck}~o}c fck ao idkoadmom mh mdvedkxd~ ao fxok}åo mha edvec t haxmd~ ovå acv ~hqxdvd}cv mh |xnadfdmom c acv ~hao}dycv oa |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök qxhfc~~hv|ckmok+

n+ Fxokmc ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c omed}o i~offdckoedhk}c t ovå vh jxv}didqxh mhndmoehk}h hkha hp|hmdhk}h! |cm~ï |~hyh~vh ao ~hoadzofdök dkmh|hkmdhk}h mh fomo xko mh vxv |o~}hvehmdok}h vx mdydvdök hk ac}hv! vdhe|~h qxh äv}cv vhok vxvfh|}dnahv mh x}dadzofdök co|~cyhf`oedhk}c vh|o~omc t fckv}d}xtok xko xkdmom ixkfdckoa! c ovå ac hpdjo ao ko}x~oahzomha cnjh}c+

f+   Ovdedvec |cm~ïk fck}~o}o~vh vh|o~omoehk}h |~hv}ofdckhv mdih~hkfdomov md~dbdmov odk}hb~o~vh hk xko cn~o! }oa t fcec äv}o hv mhidkdmo hk ha o~}åfxac 9! fxokmc mdf`ov |~hv}ofdckhv bcfhk mh xko vxv}ok}dydmom |~c|do qxh |h~ed}o xko hjhfxfdök vh|o~omo! |c~ }hkh~ qxh vh~ ~hoadzomov |c~ he|~hvov qxh fxhk}hk fck xko mh}h~edkomo `ondad}ofdök+

>+ Ao |~hydvdnah mx~ofdök mha fck}~o}c |c~ ha de|c~}h mha edvec mh}h~edko ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha

fck}~o}c! ac qxh mh}h~edko ha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök t! hk fdh~}cv fovcv! ao hpdbhkfdomha fh~}didfomc mh faovdidfofdök+

=+8+ \~cecyh~ ha offhvc vdk fcv}h o ao dkic~eofdök+

Ao cih~}o mh acv mcfxehk}cv fck}~of}xoahv o|o~hfh ~hbxaomo jxk}c fck ao idbx~o mha |h~ida mha fck}~o}ok}h2?+Hv}h o~}åfxac mdydmh aov ixkfdckoahv mh hv}o `h~~oedhk}o! vhbúk vhok c kc mh |xnadfdmom cnadbo}c~do:

◃ Hk ha |xk}c |~deh~c vhÿoao ac qxh cnadbo}c~doehk}h vh mhnh |xnadfd}o~ o }~oyäv mh hv}h ehmdc+◃ Hk vx |xk}c vhbxkmc vhÿoao qxh ha |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h |cm~ï dkfaxd~ fxoahvqxdh~o mo}cv h

dkic~eofdckhv ~hih~hk}hv o ao of}dydmom fck}~of}xoa mha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök ! }oahv fcec +++aomcfxehk}ofdök ~hao}dyo o aov edveov+

Ao ~hoadmom hv qxh exf`cv to xvoecv ha |h~ida hahf}~ökdfc c ao |ao}oic~eo mha Hv}omc |o~o iofdad}o~ acvmcfxehk}cv qxh aov he|~hvov khfhvd}ok |o~o |~h|o~o~ ao cih~}o! |o~o adfd}o~! mcfxehk}cv jx~åmdfcv! }äfkdfcvt ecmhacv+ \o~o kcvc}~cv t |o~o aov he|~hvov ac hahf}~ökdfc hv! fcec kc |cmåo vh~ mh c}~o ic~eo! ac eïvföecmc! ~ï|dmc t no~o}c! ac eïv hidfdhk}h+

Kc cnv}ok}h! t o ao ydv}o mh ao of}xoa ~hmoffdök mha o~}åfxac >>+>º t hvh de|h~o}dyc ‑|~cecyh~ïk― ha offhvcvdk fcv}h o ao dkic~eofdök! vh |cm~åo dk}h~|~h}o~ qxh hv cnadbomc iofdad}o~ hahf}~ökdfoehk}h acvmcfxehk}cv jx~åmdfcv t }äfkdfcv qxh aov he|~hvov khfhvd}ok |o~o adfd}o~+

Hvc vå hvcv mcfxehk}cv qxh vh iofdad}ok hk ha |h~ida }dhkhk hihf}cv jx~åmdfcv t |o~o vh~ yïadmcv mhnhk hv}o~

id~eomcv hahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck id~eo ~hfckcfdmo2>

+

8+ ^hydvdök |~ïf}dfo mh acv |~cfhvcv mh }~onojc eïv x}dadzomcv+

Yoecv o ~hoadzo~ xko ~hydvdök |~ïf}dfo mh acv ov|hf}cv eïv x}dadzomcv t |~cnaheï}dfcv mha |~cfhvc mhfck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+

Fck ao hp|~hvdök |~cfhvc mh ao fck}~o}ofdök! (}oendäk vh `o x}dadzomc ha }ä~edkc ‑ fce|~ov c fce|~ov|únadfov―! to qxh ha fck}~o}c hv ao |aoveofdök c ao hp|adfd}ofdök mha ~hvxa}omc mh xk |~cfhvc mh fce|~ov$! vh

2< O~}åfxac 09+>º ]^AFV\+2? O~}åfxac 86 ]^AFV\+2> M+O+?9ª ah}~o `$ ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

dkfaxth }cmo offdök mh omqxd~d~ }cmc }d|c mh ndhkhv c vh~ydfdcv qxh vhok khfhvo~dcv (|c~ kc mdv|ckh~ mh~hfx~vcv |~c|dcv$ |o~o qxh xko c~bokdzofdök |únadfo |~hv}ä vxv vh~ydfdcv+

Ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo vh~åo ao vhfxhkfdo mh iovhv t of}dydmomhv qxh }~okvic~eok! |c~ ehmdcmh acv ~hfx~vcv mdv|ckdnahv hk xko c~bokdzofdök |únadfo! xko khfhvdmom mh xk ndhk c vh~ydfdc hk ao |~cydvdök

mha ndhk c ao |~hv}ofdök mha vh~ydfdc vcadfd}omc! |c~ |o~}h mh xk |~cyhhmc~ ojhkc+26

Vcn~h hv}h |~cfhvc yoecv o yh~:

26 Eïv dkic~eofdök oqxå +

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

8+?+ Ao foadidfofdök mha fck}~o}c t vx yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c+

Ha |~cfhvc mh fce|~ov hk ha hk}c~kc |únadfc hv xk |~cfhvc fce|ahjc qxh |~hfdvo mh xk fckcfdedhk}chv|hfdoadzomc+ Hvh fckcfdedhk}c hv|hfdoadzomc mhnh ~omdfo~ hk xk ö~bokc hv|hfdoadv}o hk fce|~ov |únadfoqxh! cnydoehk}h! vöac hpdv}h hk c~bokdzofdckhv mh fdh~}o hv}~xf}x~o c~bokdzo}dyo+

Hv}h ö~bokc! xko yhz qxh oabxdäk mhk}~c mh ao c~bokdzofdök }dhkh xko khfhvdmom mh xk ndhk c xk vh~ydfdc!hkicfo ao khfhvdmom hpdv}hk}h mhk}~c mh hvh fce|ahjc hk}~oeomc jx~åmdfc+ Hk hv}h hkicqxh! hv khfhvo~dc}ceo~ mhfdvdckhv hk fxok}c o:

?+ Ha }d|c mh fck}~o}c qxh vh |~hfdvo |o~o mo~ ~hv|xhv}o o ao khfhvdmom hpdv}hk}h! hv mhfd~! hv xko cn~o!xk vh~ydfdc! xk vxedkdv}~c+++++>+ Ha ~äbdehk jx~åmdfc qxh vh ah yo o|adfo~+

Ao foadidfofdök mha fck}~o}c vdbkdidfo }ceo~ xko mhfdvdök mh qxä }d|c mh fck}~o}c khfhvd}oecv |o~o mo~~hv|xhv}o o ao khfhvdmom hpdv}hk}h+ Ao foadidfofdök fckaahyo~ï ao o|adfofdök mh xk mh}h~edkomc ~äbdehk ahboat! |c~ ac }ok}c! mh xk |~cfhmdedhk}c ahboa mh omjxmdfofdök+ Of}xoaehk}h! acv fck}~o}cv vh |xhmhk foadidfo~hk:

◃ Fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv: Cn~ov! fckfhvdök mh cn~ov |únadfov! vxedkdv}~cv! vh~ydfdcv t mh bhv}dök mhvh~ydfdcv |únadfcv+

◃ Fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv edp}cv+

◃ Fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv hv|hfdoahv+◃ Fck}~o}cv |~dyomcv+◃ Fck}~o}cv mh fcaonc~ofdök hk}~h ha vhf}c~ |únadfc t ha vhf}c~ |~dyomc+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◃ Fck}~o}cv hpfaxdmcv mha ïend}c mh o|adfofdök mha ] AFV\+

Foadidfomo ao khfhvdmom hk ixkfdök mh acv }d|cv ahboahv! ao vdbxdhk}h mhfdvdök qxh `ot qxh }ceo~ hvmh}h~edko~ ha ~äbdehk jx~åmdfc o|adfonah qxh hk ao eotc~ |o~}h mh acv fovcv mh|hkmh mha yoac~ hv}deomc mhafck}~o}c+

Ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c vd~yh |o~o |~cixkmdzo~ hk ao mhaded}ofdök mha ~äbdehk jx~åmdfc o|adfonah+ Mh vxfïafxac mh|hkmhk exf`ov mh aov mhfdvdckhv qxh `ot qxh }ceo~ hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök mhafck}~o}c:

◃ ³fck}~o}c vxjh}c o ao ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo3◃ ³|~cfhmdedhk}c ondh~}c3! ³|~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc3!³fck c vdk |xnadfdmom3!³fck}~o}c ehkc~3◃ ³ic~eo mh |xnadfofdök hk |o|ha c hahf}~ökdfo3! ³qxä mdo~dc cidfdoa3◃ ³`ot qxh hpdbd~ faovdidfofdök3! ³qxä fo}hbc~åo3◃ +++

Vh |xhmh mhfd~ qxh ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c2= hv ha ~hvxa}omc mh exa}d|adfo~ ha de|c~}h c ha |~hfdc mhafck}~o}c |c~ vx mx~ofdök+

8+?+?+ Ao mx~ofdök+

Vcn~h ao mx~ofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv:?+ Ao ~hbao bhkh~oa hv qxh! ‑ao mx~ofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc mhnh~ï hv}onahfh~vh

}hkdhkmc hk fxhk}o:28

o+ ao ko}x~oahzo mh aov |~hv}ofdckhv!n+ aov fo~of}h~åv}dfov mh vx idkokfdofdök t f+ ao khfhvdmom mh vceh}h~ |h~dömdfoehk}h o fckfx~~hkfdo ao ~hoadzofdök mh aov edveov―+

>+ Fck}~o}cv mh vh~ydfdcv29

:o+ Mx~ofdök dkdfdoa: = oÿcv+n+ \~ö~~cbov: > oÿcv! vdk qxh |xhmok vx|h~o~ ha |aozc idjomc c~dbdko~doehk}h hk ha fck}~o}c+f+ Hk }c}oa: 9 oÿcv+

8+?+>+ Ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c t ha |~hfdc mh eh~fomc+

Ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c vd~yh |o~o mhaded}o~ ha ~äbdehk jx~åmdfc o|adfonah! mh|hkmdhkmc mh fïafxacexf`ov mh aov mhfdvdckhv qxh `ot qxh }ceo~ hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}ofdök+ O }cmcvacv hihf}cv |~hydv}cv hk hv}o Aht! ha yoac~ hv}deomc mh acv fck}~o}cv yhkm~ï mh}h~edkomc |c~22:

◃ ha de|c~}h }c}oa! qxh dkfaxth:◃ fxoaqxdh~ ic~eo mh c|fdök hyhk}xoa t

◃ aov hyhk}xoahv |~ö~~cbov mha fck}~o}c+◃ aov |~deov c acv |obcv o hihf}xo~ o acv fokmdmo}cv c adfd}omc~hv! fxokmc vh `oto |~hydv}concko~ |~deov c hihf}xo~ |obcv o acv fokmdmo}cv c adfd}omc~hv+

◃ ha de|c~}h eïpdec mh ao ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c |~hydv}o hk acv |adhbcv c hk ha okxkfdc mhadfd}ofdök+20

◃ vdk dkfaxd~ ha De|xhv}c vcn~h ha Yoac~ Oÿomdmc+

2= Ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c hk ao rdgdfck}~o}ofdök +28 O~}åfxac >6 ]^AFV\+29 O~}åfxac+ 6<6 ]^AFV\+22 O~}åfxac 00+?º ]^AFV\+20 O~}åfxac ?<9 ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

@ot qxh }hkh~ fxdmomc fxokmc vh |~hvx|xhv}o ha fck}~o}c! to qxh! vd kc vh hv}deo ndhk ha de|c~}h! vd kc hvxk |~hfdc mh eh~fomc hk ‑ha ecehk}c mha hkyåc mha okxkfdc mh adfd}ofdök c! hk fovc mh qxh kc vh ~hqxdh~oxk okxkfdc mh hv}h }d|c! hk ha ecehk}c hk qxh ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök dkdfdh ha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh

omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c24―! hv mhfd~! vd hk hvh ecehk}c kc hv ‑omhfxomc |o~o ha hihf}dyc fxe|adedhk}c

mha fck}~o}c―0<! ao faïxvxao mha |adhbc qxh hv}onahfh ha yoac~ hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c |xhmh vh~ mhfao~omo

kxao+0?

8+?+6+ Ha DYO+

Ha ]^AFV\ `o ‑`cecbhkhdzomc acv }ä~edkcv vcn~h ha yoac~ mh acv fck}~o}cv! hk ac ~hao}dyc o ao dkfaxvdök

c hpfaxvdök mha De|xhv}c vcn~h ha Yoac~ Oÿomdmc―0>+ @onåo exf`cv }ä~edkcv vdedao~hv! ‑de|c~}h. t 

.|~hvx|xhv}c.! .fxok}åov. +++

Vdbxdhkmc ao dk}h~|~h}ofdök mh ao Jxk}o Fckvxa}dyo mh Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo06! mo dbxoa ha }ä~edkc qxhvh x}dadfh |o~o ~hih~d~vh o ao fok}dmom hfcköedfo qxh vx|ckh ha fck}~o}c! ac qxh de|c~}o |o~o mh}h~edko~ vdhv c kc fck DYO! hv ha ecehk}c hk ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök qxh vh vdbxh! ovå:

◃ Vdk DYO: Ok}hv mh ao ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c+◃ Fck DYO: Mhv|xäv mh ao ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c+

8+?+6+?+ Ok}hv mh ao ic~eoadzofdök! vdk DYO+Ok}hv mh ao ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c! `ot of}xofdckhv mx~ok}h ha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök qxh |~hfdvok mhao mh}h~edkofdök mh fok}dmomhv+ \o~o vx fïafxac! `ot qxh hpfaxd~ ha DYO:

◃ Ha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök (fck}~o}c VO^O! ondh~}c! khbcfdomc fck |xnadfdmom! khbcfdomc vdk|xnadfdmom c fck}~o}c ehkc~$+

◃ Ha ~äbdehk mh |xnadfdmom! qxh mh|hkmh mha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök qxh vh vdbo+◃ Ao hpdbhkfdo mh faovdidfofdök t ao mh}h~edkofdök mh ao fo}hbc~åo+0=

◃ Ha de|c~}h! hk ha fovc mh qxh vh hpdjo! mh ao bo~ok}åo |~cydvdckoa+08

◃ Ha de|c~}h mh ao bo~ok}åo mhidkd}dyo+09 

8+?+6+>+ Mhv|xäv mh ao ic~eoadzofdök! fck DYO+

Mhvmh qxh vh ic~eoadzo ha fck}~o}c! vh |h~ihffdcko t vh ‑mhnh hk}hkmh~ dkfaxdmc ha DYO! |xhv}c qxh vh }~o}o

hk oencv fovcv mh aåed}hv fxok}d}o}dycv c mh bov}c %qxh mhnhk dkfaxd~ }cmcv acv fckfh|}cv%+++―02

Xko yhz ic~eoadzomc ha fck}~o}c:

24 O~}åfxac 08+>º ]^AFV\+0< O~}åfxac 00+?º ]^AFV\+0? ^hvcaxfdök >>4#><?? mha ]OF^F! (yh~ fcehk}o~dc ~hvcaxfdök hk ha b~x|c mh }~onojc mh ao fcexkdmom mh |~ïf}dfov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök|únadfo$+0> Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc hk vx Mdf}oehk ?2=0#><??06 Dkic~eh =6#<0! mh >0 mh jxadc mh ><<0+ Ok}hv t hk vdedao~ vhk}dmc vh onåok |cvdfdckomc:

◃ Ao Jxk}o Vx|h~dc~ mh Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo mh ao Bhkh~oadmom Yoahkfdoko hk vx Mdf}oehk ?#><! mh >< mh Eotc vcn~h aofxok}åo mh acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv vcn~h ao fxok}åo mh acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv! fckfaxtö mdfdhkmc qxh acv de|c~}hv qxh vho|adfok (?0+<<<₡ t 6<+<<<₡ vhbúk }d|c mh fck}~o}c$! h~ok DYO hpfaxdmc+

◃ Ao Oncbofåo mha Hv}omc! ehmdok}h ao Fd~fxao~ 6#><<0! vcn~h ao de|~cfhmhkfdo mh fce|x}o~ ha DYO hk ha fïafxac mha de|c~}h mhacv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv ! }oendäk fckfaxtö mdfdhkmc qxh h~o DYO hpfaxdmc+

0= O~}åfxac 98 ]^AFV\+08

 O~}åfxac ?<6+>º ]^AFV\+09 O~}åfxac 48 ]^AFV\+02  Mdf}oehk Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc ?2=0#><??

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◃ Vd vx fxok}åo hv dbxoa c vx|h~dc~ o aov fok}dmomhv |~hydv}ov |o~o ha fck}~o}c ehkc~00 vh |xnadfo~ï hkha |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h mha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök dkmdfokmc! fcec eåkdec! acv edvecv mo}cv

ehkfdckomcv hk ha okxkfdc mh ao omjxmdfofdök+04

◃ Vd vx fxok}åo hv dbxoa c vx|h~dc~ o ?<<+<<< hx~cv c! hk ha fovc mh fck}~o}cv mh bhv}dök mh vh~ydfdcv|únadfcv! fxokmc ha |~hvx|xhv}c mh bov}cv mh |~deh~ hv}onahfdedhk}c vho dbxoa c vx|h~dc~ o mdf`cde|c~}h c vx |aozc mh mx~ofdök hpfhmo mh fdkfc oÿcv! mhnh~ï |xnadfo~vh! omheïv! hk ha §Ncah}åkCidfdoa mha Hv}omc· c hk acv ~hv|hf}dycv Mdo~dcv c Ncah}dkhv Cidfdoahv mh aov Fcexkdmomhv Ox}ökceovc mh aov \~cydkfdov! xk okxkfdc hk ha qxh vh mä fxhk}o mh mdf`o ic~eoadzofdök! hk xk |aozc kcvx|h~dc~ o fxo~hk}o t cf`c måov o fck}o~ mhvmh ao ihf`o mh ao edveo+

◃ Vd ha fck}~o}c hv}ï vxjh}c o ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo ha okxkfdc mhnh~ï hkydo~vh! hk ha |aozc vhÿoaomchk ha |ï~~oic ok}h~dc~! oa §Mdo~dc Cidfdoa mh ao Xkdök Hx~c|ho· t |xnadfo~vh hk ha §Ncah}åk Cidfdoa mhaHv}omc·+

Kc cnv}ok}h vh |aok}hok fxhv}dckhv hk hv}o iovh:◃ ³Hvov fok}dmomhv vck fck c vdk DYO3+ Vdbxdhkmc ha f~d}h~dc dk}h~|~h}o}dyc mh ao Jxk}o Fckvxa}dyo!

`on~åo qxh hk}hkmh~ qxh aov fok}dmomhv qxh mh}h~edkok ao cnadbofdök mh |xnadfo~ ao ic~eoadzofdök

mha fck}~o}c vck DYO dkfaxdmc+4< ◃ Ao dkfaxvdök mha DYO hk hv}o iovh |xhmh vx|ckh~ qxh xk foendc c xk voa}c mh ~äbdehk+ Xk hjhe|ac+

◇ Fck}~o}c mh vh~ydfdcv+

Yoac~ hv}deomc fck}~o}c DYO (?0$ \~hfdc40!<<<+<< ₡ ?2!9=<+<< ₡ ??8!9=<+<< ₡

◇ \c~ vx yoac~ hv}deomc (40+<<<!<<₡$ ha |~cfhmdedhk}c |xhmh vh~ xk |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc

fck |xnadfdmom4?t ao |xnadfdmom cnadbo}c~do vh~åo hpfaxvdyoehk}h4> ha |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h+◇ Adfd}omc ha fck}~o}c vh omjxmdfo hk acv vdbxdhk}hv de|c~}hv:

MO]CV OMJXMDFOFDÖKFCK]^O]C

Fck}~o}dv}o \~hfdc DYO ]C]OA4<!<<<+<< ₡ ?9!><<+<< ₡ ?<9!><<+<< ₡

◇ Hk ao ehmdmo hk qxh ha |~hfdc mh omjxmdfofdök! DYO dkfaxdmc! (?<9+><<!<<₡$ hv vx|h~dc~ o?<9+><<!<<₡ `ot cnadbofdök mh |xnadfo~ hk xk mdo~dc cidfdoa ao ic~eoadzofdök mh xk fck}~o}cfxto adfd}ofdök kc vh `o |xnadfomc hk hvh ehmdc+

◇ Mh ao edveo ic~eo! t fcec vhÿoao Hxbhkdc Aofoa Ac~hkzc! ao edveo vd}xofdök vh |xhmh|aok}ho~ |o~o ha fovc mh xko adfd}ofdök KC VO^O! vh |xmdhvh hk}hkmh~ VO^O hk ao

ic~eoadzofdök vd vh dkfaxth ha DYO! mhndhkmc |xnadfo~vh äv}o hk MCXH! NCH++++++46

00 O~}åfxac ?60+6º ]^AFV\+04 O~}åfxac ?8= ]^AFV\+4< (Eïv dkic~eofdök oqxå $4?

 O~}åfxac ?2= h$ ]^AFV\+4> O~}åfxac ?=>+=º ]^AFV\+46 Yh~ mdvfxvdck hk ha ic~c mh ao fcexkdmom mh |~ïf}dfov mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo +

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

8+?+6+6+ Hk ao omedkdv}~ofdök acfoa! |o~o mh}h~edko~ ao fce|h}hkfdo vh dkfaxth ha DYO+

\o~o mh}h~edko~ ha de|c~}h mh acv fck}~o}cv ~hbxaomcv hk hv}o mdv|cvdfdök o acv hihf}cv mh mh}h~edko~ aofce|h}hkfdo mh acv mdih~hk}hv ö~bokcv vh dkfaxd~ï hk ha edvec ha de|c~}h mha De|xhv}c vcn~h ha Yoac~

Oÿomdmc+. 4=

8+?+=+ Xk hjhe|ac+

Xko `c jo mh fïafxac |o~o hv}onahfh~ hvov fok}dmomhv hk xk fck}~o}c mh vh~ydfdcv+

8+>+ Ao |~hydvdök mh ao ‑hyhk}xoa― ecmdidfofdök hk acv |adhbcv+

Xko mh aov kc~eov qxh eïv oihf}ö o ao Aht 6<#><<2 t qxh! |c~ ac }ok}c! `o vdmc foxvok}h mha ]^AFV\! ixh aoAht >#><?? mh = mh Eo~zc mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah+

Xk |cfc mh `dv}c~do:◃ Ao kc~eo}dyo mh fck}~o}ofdök kc fxe|aåo fck ao kc~eo}dyo fcexkd}o~do: .Ao ~hic~eo ydhkh

ec}dyomo |c~ ao mdvfckic~edmom fck ha Mh~hf`c mh ao Xkdök Hx~c|ho (mh |~hyoahk}h o|adfofdök$ mhaMh~hf`c Hv|oÿca (|~deh~oehk}h! ha ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mh aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv\únadfov! o|~cnomc |c~ ^MA >#><<<! mh ?9 mh Jxkdc7 mhv|xäv! AFV\$! mdvfckic~edmom ic~eoaehk}hfcexkdfomo |c~ ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho oa ^hdkc mh Hv|oÿo ehmdok}h fo~}o mh he|aozoedhk}c mh 0 mh

Eotc mh ><<9 t |cv}h~dc~ mdf}oehk ec}dyomc mh > mh mdfdhen~h mh ><<0+. 48

◃ Oxkqxh ao jxv~dv|~xmhkfdo t ao mcf}~dko ac dk}h~|~h}onok fc~~hf}oehk}h+ .Ao dk}h~|~h}ofdök t o|adfofdök qxh mh acv }hp}cv ahboahv yhkåo `ofdhkmc ao jx~dv|~xmhkfdo mha ]~dnxkoa Vx|~hec (|c~ }cmov! vhk}hkfdo mh >0 mh ihn~h~c mh ?404$! ao mcf}~dko mha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc (mdf}ïehkhv kCv

?8<0#46! mh ?< mh ihn~h~c mh ?44=! t >80>#48! mh ? mh ihn~h~c mh ?449! hk}~h c}~cv$ t mh ao Jxk}oFckvxa}dyo mh Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo (dkic~ehv =0#?448! mh >? mh mdfdhen~h mh ?448! t 8<?<6!mh ?> mh eo~zc mh ><<=! |c~ }cmcv$ kc mdidh~h! hk ~hoadmom! mh ao mcf}~dko mha ]~dnxkoa mh Jxv}dfdo

mh ao Xkdök Hx~c|ho+. 49

◃ Hk foendc! ao |~ïf}dfo omedkdv}~o}dyo h~o ext mdv}dk}o+.Ao |~ïf}dfo omedkdv}~o}dyo vhbxdmo h~o! vdkheno~bc! ext mdv}dk}o+ Momc qxh ao ecmdidfofdök kc }hkåo! hk vhk}dmc hv}~df}c! xk aåed}hfxok}d}o}dyc! |xhv ha xen~oa mha >< (hk eïv c hk ehkcv$ mha |~hfdc mha fck}~o}c vöac of}xonofcec foxvo mh ~hvcaxfdök o ycaxk}om mha fck}~o}dv}o! `ok yhkdmc vdhkmc ext i~hfxhk}hv aovecmdidfofdckhv qxh ~hnovonok hvh aåed}h t o aov qxh acv fck}~o}dv}ov kc vh c|ckåok! ~hvxa}omc oa qxhfck}~dnxåo hv|hfdoaehk}h ao |~ïf}dfo `ond}xoa mh hihf}xo~ nojov fckvdmh~onahv hk aov cih~}ov qxhaxhbc h~ok fce|hkvomov fck aov ecmdidfofdckhv+. 

◃ ^hqxh~dedhk}c oa ^hdkc mh Hv|oÿo+ . +++! ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho ~hed}dö oa ^hdkc mh Hv|oÿo (xkmdf}oehk ec}dyomc$ +++! oa fckvdmh~o~ qxh ha ~äbdehk mh ecmdidfofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv fck |cv}h~dc~dmom o vx omjxmdfofdök! }oa t fcec hv}ï ~hbxaomc hk ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv! dki~dkbåo acv

 |~dkfd|dcv mh dbxoamom mh }~o}c! kc mdvf~dedkofdök t }~okv|o~hkfdo hk acv }ä~edkcv mh~dyomcv mha

o~}+ > mh ao Md~hf}dyo ><<=#?0#FH+. 42

◃ O ao ydv}o mh }cmc hv}c! vh ~hmof}ö t o|~cnö ao Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah vdhkmc xkc mh vxvcnjh}dycv: .Hk hv|hfdoa! vh ecmdidfo |c~ fce|ah}c ao kc~eo}dyo mh acv ecmdidfomcv mh cn~ov! mhofxh~mc fck aov |~ïf}dfov ~hfcehkmomov |c~ ao Xkdök Hx~c|ho! t }hkdhkmc hk fxhk}o!hv|hfdoaehk}h! ao |cv}x~o eokdihv}omo |c~ ao Fcedvdök vcn~h ecmdidfofdckhv kc |~hydv}ov hk acv

4= M+O+>ª o|o~}omc ?= ]^AFV\+ Ao hp|adfofdök hv}ï hk hv}h hkaofh mha nacb idvfoadzofdök acfoa +48 Fd~fxao~ kº ?#><?? mh ao Oncbofåo mha Hv}omc49 Fd~fxao~ kº ?#><?? mh ao Oncbofåo mha Hv}omc42 Mdf}oehk mha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc >?8#><?<

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

mcfxehk}cv mh adfd}ofdök t vcn~h ha fo~ïf}h~ mh oa}h~ofdök vxv}okfdoa mh oqxhaaov qxh hpfhmok hkeïv mh xk ?< |c~ fdhk}c ha |~hfdc dkdfdoa mha fck}~o}c+. 

◃ Mh xko ic~eo ext ~hvxedmo! acv |~dkfd|oahv foendcv qxh hk eo}h~do mh ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c vhdk}~cmxjh~ck ixh~ck:

◇ Ha ~äbdehk mh ao Aht 6<#><<2 vöac vh o|adfono o acv fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv40! hv mhfd~ ooqxhaacv qxh fhahn~onok aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov+

◇ O`c~o! aov kc~eov qxh ~hbxaok ao ecmdidfofdök vh o|adfok o . acv fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~  

 |únadfc +++++ . oxkqxh fdh~}cv fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ |únadfc vck fck}~o}cv |~dyomcv+44

◇ Acv fck}~o}cv fhahn~omcv |c~ hk}dmomhv |únadfov he|~hvo~doahv! vcfdhmomhv eh~fok}dahv tixkmofdckhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc! hv mhfd~! |c~ hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc qxh kc ~hxkok aofckmdfdök mh Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov! vck fck}~o}cv |~dyomcv+

◇ Kc cnv}ok}h! oxkqxh ha fck}~o}c vho |~dyomc! ahv vh~ï mh o|adfofdök aov kc~eov fck}hkdmovhk ha ]å}xac Y mha Adn~c D! vcn~h ecmdidfofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv+.

Hk fxok}c o ao |~hydvdök mh ao ecmdidfofdök hk acv |adhbcv t |o~o qxh ha fck}~o}c mha vhf}c~ |únadfc vh |xhmo

ecmdidfo~ hv khfhvo~dc qxh?<<:?+ vh otok mh}oaaomc! fck xk mh}oaah vxidfdhk}h! mh xko ic~eo fao~o! |~hfdvo h dkhqxåycfo:

o+ acv vx|xhv}cv fck }c}oa fckf~hfdök |c~ ~hih~hkfdo o fd~fxkv}okfdov fxto fckfx~~hkfdo |xhmoyh~didfo~vh mh ic~eo cnjh}dyo

n+ aov fckmdfdckhv mh ao hyhk}xoa ecmdidfofdök vh mhnh~ïk |~hfdvo~ fck xk mh}oaah vxidfdhk}h|o~o |h~ed}d~ o acv adfd}omc~hv vx yoac~ofdök o hihf}cv mh ic~exao~ vx cih~}o t vh~ }ceomov hkfxhk}o hk ac qxh vh ~hidh~h o ao hpdbhkfdo mh fckmdfdckhv mh o|}d}xm o acv adfd}omc~hv

f+ vx oafokfhd+ Fck dkmdfofdök hp|~hvo mha |c~fhk}ojh mha |~hfdc mha fck}~o}c oa qxh fcec eïpdec

|xhmok oihf}o~ ao hyhk}xoa ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c! to qxhdd+ ao }c}oadmom mh aov ecmdidfofdckhv |~hydv}ov fce|x}o |o~o ao mh}h~edkofdök mha yoac~

hv}deomc mha fck}~o}c+.m+ acv aåed}hv th+ ha |~cfhmdedhk}c qxh `oto mh vhbxd~vh |o~o haac+

>+ }cmc haac hk acv |adhbcv c hk ha okxkfdc mh adfd}ofdök! oxkqxh ha axbo~ aöbdfc hv ha |adhbc! to qxh:o+ .Acv hihf}cv mh acv fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv vh ~hbd~ïk |c~ aov kc~eov o qxh `ofh

~hih~hkfdo ha o~}åfxac ?4+> t |c~ acv |adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov t mh |~hvf~d|fdckhv}äfkdfov! bhkh~oahv t |o~}dfxao~hv+. ?<?

n+ .Acv |adhbcv vh ~hih~d~ïk! hk}~h c}~cv ov|hf}cv! aov ecmdidfofdckhv mha fck}~o}c! vx|xhv}cv t 

aåed}hv. ?<> 

Vcn~h hv}h }heo vh ~hfcedhkmok aov ahf}x~ov mh I~okfdvfc Joydh~ Yïzqxhz Eo}daao+?<6

40 O~}åfxac ?4= Aht 6<#><<2+44 O~}åfxac ?<= ]^AFV\+?<< O~}åfxac ?<9 ]^AFV\+?<? O~}åfxac ><0 ?º ]^AFV\+?<> O~}åfxac 99+> º ^M ?<40#><<? kc mh~cbomc hp|~hvoehk}h |c~ ^hoa Mhf~h}c 0?2#><<4! mh 0 mh eotc?<6 @o |xnadfomc vcn~h hv}h |o~}dfxao~:

◃ ]~okvic~eofdök vxv}okfdoa mha ~äbdehk mh ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c |c~ ao Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah |xnadfomc hk hk ha kº??= mh ao ^hydv}o Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo \~ïf}dfo+

◃ Kxhyc ~äbdehk mh ecmdidfofdckhv fck}~of}xoahv hk ao Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah◃ Kxhyc ~äbdehk jx~åmdfc |o~o aov ecmdidfofdckhv mh acv fck}~o}cv |únadfcv : \~cthf}c mh Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah ( o~}åfxac

åk}hb~c $ |xnadfomc hk ha kúeh~c 62 mh ao ^hydv}o O~obckhvo mh Omedkdv}~ofdök \xnadfo◃ Ao ecmdidfofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv: ~hiahpdckhv hk }c~kc o ao V]JFH mh >4 mh On~da t ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha

Vhf}c~ \únadfc mh I~okfdvfc Joydh~ Yïzqxhz Eo}daao hk ha kº ?=6 mh ao ^hydv}o Hv|oÿcao mh Mh~hf`c Omedkdv}~o}dyc+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Hk ~hvxehk!

8+6+ Ao |xnadfdmom hahf}~ökdfo mh ao adfd}ofdök

8+6+?+ Ao |xnadfofdök hk ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv+ Cnadbofdök t yhk}ojov+Ao |xnadfofdök hk ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv |~c|dcv c ojhkcv hv:

◃ cnadbo}c~do |o~o |~cfhmdedhk}cv ondh~}cv t ~hv}~dkbdmcv+?<=

◃ cnadbo}c~do t hpfaxvdyo |o~o mh}h~edkomcv |~cfhmdedhk}cv khbcfdomcv fck |xnadfdmom+?<8

◃ c|fdckoa t ext ~hfcehkmonah |o~o acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv khbcfdomcv vdk |xnadfdmom t acv ehkc~hv+

T mdbc ~hfcehkmonah |c~qxh vck exf`ov t ext fao~ov aov yhk}ojov?<9 mh ao |xnadfofdök hahf}~ökdfo mh xkokhfhvdmom mh xk ndhk c xk vh~ydfdc+ Nïvdfoehk}h:

?+ O eotc~ |xnadfdmom! eotc~hv |cvdndadmomhv mh qxh aov he|~hvov fckfx~~ok o ao adfd}ofdök+>+ O eotc~ fckfx~~hkfdo! eotc~hv |cvdndadmomhv mh qxh hpdv}o fce|h}hkfdo hk}~h aov he|~hvov |c~ ha

khbcfdc+6+ O eotc~ fce|h}hkfdo! eotc~hv bo~ok}åov mh fckvhbxd~ ao cih~}o hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvo+

?<= O~}åfxac ?=>+?º ]^AFV\+?<8 O~}åfxac ?=>+=º ]^AFV\+?<9 Yh~ |xk}c ‑=+?+=+ Ao bhv}dök hahf}~ökdfo mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov+ ³T ao adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo3! ³fxïkmc3 t ³föec3+―

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

 \xhv ndhk! ha ehmdc eïv föecmc! no~o}c t ~ï|dmc t ha hahbdmc |c~ ha vhf}c~ he|~hvo~doa hv ha hahf}~ökdfc+

8+6+>+ \~dkfd|oahv hahehk}cv qxh `ondad}ok ao bhv}dök hahf}~ökdfo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök+

.Ao omedkdv}~ofdök |c~ yåo hahf}~ökdfo hv xko omo|}ofdök mh ao omedkdv}~ofdök fckyhkfdckoa x}dadzokmc aov}hfkcacbåov mh ao dkic~eofdök t ao fcexkdfofdök (aov ]DFv$+ Ao omo|}ofdök |~hfdvo mh xkcv hahehk}cv

fcexkhv! yïadmcv |o~o }cmov acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv t }cmov aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv (ao vhmhhahf}~ökdfo! ha ~hbdv}~c mh hk}~omo yåo rhn! aov kc}didfofdckhv ih`ofdhk}hv |o~o ~hfdnd~ hvf~d}cv t ha vdv}heomh o~f`dyc mcfxehk}oa qxh mo vhbx~dmom t |h~vdv}hkfdo o acv |o|hahv hahf}~ökdfcv t mh xkcv hahehk}cv`ondad}ok}hv qxh `ofhk |cvdnah ao kxhyo ic~eo mh of}xofdök (id~eo hahf}~ökdfo! vhaac mh }dhe|c! vcn~h

aof~omc! +++.+?<2

@ot qxh }hkh~ ext fao~c qxh kd hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök kd hk kdkbxko c}~o }o~hovomedkdv}~o}dyov vh |xhmh x}dadzo~ ao }hfkcacbåo o ao adbh~o! vdk eïv! vdk mdv|ckh~ mh acv hahehk}cv qxhahboaehk}h `ondad}ok vx xvc+ Vd ao Omedkdv}~ofdök ac `ofh vh hv}o~ï fcacfokmc hk xko fao~o h dkmhihkmdnah

vd}xofdök mh dkvhbx~dmom jx~åmdfo t acv }~dnxkoahv vhk}hkfdo~ok ao dkyoadmhz mh ac of}xomc+?<0

8+6+>+?+ Ha vhaaomc mha }dhe|c+Ha eïv de|c~}ok}h mh }cmcv acv hahehk}cv `ondad}ok}hv hv ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo qxh `ondad}o ao of}xofdök o}~oyäv mh ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv |c~qxh |h~ed}h of~hmd}o~ ao dmhk}dmom |c~ ha fdnh~hv|ofdc+

Kc cnv}ok}h! omheïv mh of~hmd}o~ qxdäk `ofh oabc hahf}~ökdfoehk}h! hk exf`cv fovcv! hv khfhvo~dcof~hmd}o~ fxïkmc vh `dzc+

Fcec }cmcv vonhecv! vcn~h }cmc acv qxh kcv mhvhkycayhecv hk ïend}cv jx~åmdfcv! ha }dhe|c hv xk hahehk}cixkmoehk}oa hk fxoaqxdh~ }d|c mh |~cfhvc+ Vck exf`cv acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv qxh dkfaxthk!fcec bo~ok}åo |o~o omedkdv}~omcv t fcec ~hiahjc mh ao }~okv|o~hkfdo hk ao of}xofdök |únadfo! |h~dcmcvmx~ok}h acv fxoahv vh |xhmh offhmh~ o ao dkic~eofdök! vh |xhmhk |hmd~ hp|adfofdckhv c dkfaxvc! vh |xhmh|aok}ho~ xko c|cvdfdök |c~ qxdäk fckvdmh~h qxh vxv mh~hf`cv c dk}h~hvhv `ok vdmc ahvdckomcv+

@ov}o o`c~o ha }dhe|c vh `o of~hmd}omc hk |o|ha ehmdok}h acv mdo~dcv cidfdoahv c acv }~omdfdckoahv! vxoyhv t~cvomcv ofxvhv mh ~hfdnc t vh `o fce|x}omc mhvmh aov ihf`ov mh ao |xnadfofdök c mhvmh ao ihf`o hk qxh hamhv}dko}o~dc id~eono oa mc~vc+

O`c~o! fxoaqxdh~ yh~vdök }haheï}dfo mh acv |~cfhvcv qxh `ct ~hoadzoecv |c~ c}~cv ehmdcv! mhnh~ï mh

mdv|ckh~ mh xk ehfokdvec qxh |h~ed}o of~hmd}o~ ha }dhe|c t hv}h ehfokdvec vh aaoeo vhaaomc mh}dhe|c+

]cmcv acv `hf`cv c of}dydmomhv mha |~cfhvc mh fck}~o}ofdök `ok mh ~hoadzo~vh hk xk c~mhk! fomo xkc mh|hkmhmha ok}h~dc~ t äv}h o vx yhz hv foxvo mha |~deh~c+

?+ Aov cih~}ov vh |~hvhk}ok |c~qxh vh omomc |xnadfdmom o ao adfd}ofdök+>+ Ao yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov mh|hkmh mh qxh vh otok omed}dmc o aov he|~hvov o ao adfd}ofdök+6+ Ao foxvo mh qxh omjxmdqxh hv qxh ha ehjc~ adfd}omc~ `o |~hvhk}omc acv |o|hahv=+ +++

?<2 ‑Dkic~eh mh ao Ixkmofdök ]hahiökdfo mha oÿc ><<0―+ ^hvxehk hjhfx}dyc (|ïb+ 6<$

?<0 Ao V]V Eom~dm kº =40 mh 2 mh Jxkdc mh ><?? `o vhk}hkfdomc qxh vd xk fdxmomokc |dmh qxh aov fcexkdfofdckhv vhok hahf}~ökdfov! aoOmedkdv}~ofdök mhnh fxe|ad~ hvo hpdbhkfdo t kc `ofh~aov |c~ ha ic~eo}c }~omdfdckoa+ Vd ac `ofh! ac qxh vxfhmo o |cv}h~dc~d vh~ï dkyïadmc tkc }hkm~ï hidfofdo jx~åmdfo+ (Eïv oqxå $+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

]cmcv hv}cv `hf`cv hahf}~ökdfcv mhnhk mh |cmh~ of~hmd}o~vh ehmdok}h xk .mdv|cvd}dyc qxh |h~ed}o of~hmd}o~ 

 ih`ofdhk}h ha ecehk}c mh dkdfdc mh ao mdixvdök |únadfo mh ao dkic~eofdök qxh vh dkfaxto hk ha edvec‑+?<4

Hk ao |~ïf}dfo hv}c vdbkdidfo qxh oxkqxh ha vhf~h}o~dc mh xko Fc~|c~ofdök Acfoa hv ha ihmo}o~dc |únadfc! kc hvha fce|h}hk}h |o~o fh~}didfo~ qxh hk ha |h~ida mha fck}~o}ok}h mh vx c~bokdzofdök vh `o |xnadfomc xkomh}h~edkomo dkic~eofdök??<+

.Ha vh~ydfdc mh vhaaomc mha }dhe|c ac |cm~ïk ci~hfh~ acv |~hv}omc~hv mh vh~ydfdcv mh fh~}didfofdök

hahf}~ökdfo qxh hv|hfdidqxh ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Bhkh~oa mha Hv}omc+. ??? ]äfkdfoehk}h vck acv vh~ydfdcv mhxko ]dehv}oe|dkb Ox}`c~d}t (]VO$ c xko ox}c~dmom mh fh~}didfofdök mha }dhe|c (OF]$+ T mhk}~c mh aoOmedkdv}~ofdök mha Hv}omc hv ha Edkdv}h~dc mh Dkmxv}~do! Fceh~fdc t ]x~dvec! ha qxh hv|hfåidfo qxä OF]

|xhmhk |~hv}o~ ha vh~ydfdc mh yoadmofdök }he|c~oa+

??>

Ha .vhaaomc mh }dhe|c. vh~åo hed}dmc |c~ xko mh hv}ov .}h~fh~ov |o~}hv fckidonahv. mdv}dk}o o aov |o~}hvfck}~o}ok}hv+ Hv}ov OF] of~hmd}o~åok mh ic~eo ih`ofdhk}h qxh hk xk mh}h~edkomc dkv}ok}h mh }dhe|c vh|~cmxjc xk mh}h~edkomc `hf`c t ac mhnhk |cmh~ `ofh~ |c~ xk |aozc mh fdkfc oÿcv! vhbúk ha o~} + >8 Aht6=#><<>+

8+6+>+>+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo+Yoecv o mhmdfo~ xk hv|ofdc o ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo to qxh! .}cmcv acv of}cv t eokdihv}ofdckhv mh ycaxk}om 

mh acv ö~bokcv omedkdv}~o}dycv c mh aov he|~hvov adfd}omc~ov c fck}~o}dv}ov qxh }hkbok hihf}cv

 jx~åmdfcv t vh hed}ok }ok}c hk ao iovh |~h|o~o}c~do fcec hk aov iovhv mh adfd}ofdök! omjxmdfofdök t 

hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c mhnhk vh~ ox}hk}dfomcv ehmdok}h xko id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo mh ofxh~mc

fck ao Aht 84#><<6! mh ?4 mh mdfdhen~h! mh Id~eo Hahf}~ökdfo+ Acv ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! dkic~eï}dfcv c

}haheï}dfcv he|ahomcv mhnhk |cmh~ bo~ok}dzo~ qxh ao id~eo vh ojxv}o o aov mdv|cvdfdckhv mh hv}o

kc~eo+.??6

Yoecv o he|hzo~ |c~ yh~ ~ï|dmoehk}h ac qxh hv ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo! t |o~o haac! }hkhecv qxh d~kcv o ao Aht

84#><<6! mh ?4 mh mdfdhen~h! mh id~eo hahf}~ökdfo! kc~eo qxh ~hbxao }~hv }d|cv mh id~eo hahf}~ökdfo??=:?+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo+>+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo oyokzomo+6+ Ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo+

Hk fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo vh `o c|}omc |c~ hpdbd~ ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo! hv mhfd~! |c~ xkoid~eo hahf}~ökdfo qxh:

◃ Hv oyokzomo t |h~ed}h:◇ dmhk}didfo~ oa id~eok}h t◇ mh}hf}o~ fxoaqxdh~ foendc xa}h~dc~ mh acv mo}cv id~eomcv!

◃ t qxh omheïv hv xko id~eo ~hfcfdmo |c~qxh:

?<4 O~}åfxac+86 ]^AFV\+??< T hv}c ac `ofåo ha vhf~h}o~dc bhkh~oa mh xk de|c~}ok}h Otxk}oedhk}c mh fo|d}oa mh |~cydkfdoa hk ha oÿc ><?<+??? O~}åfxac >4+6 º mh ao Aht ??#><<2??> Hk}~h c}~cv: ao Ox}c~d}o} mh Fh~}didfofdö mh ao Fcexkd}o} Yoahkfdoko! FOEH^ID EO! FH^HV % Iïn~dfo Kofdckoa mh Eckhmo t ]den~h %^hoa Fovo mh ao Eckhmo (IKE]%^FE$! HMDFCE! ha Edkdv}h~dc mh Mhihkvo mh Hv|oÿo+++

??6 M+O+ ?9ª i$ ]^AFV\+??= O~}åfxac 6 Aht 84#><<6! mh ?4 mh mdfdhen~h

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◇ hv}ï novomo hk xk fh~}didfomc ~hfckcfdmc t◇ `o vdmc bhkh~omo ehmdok}h xk mdv|cvd}dyc vhbx~c mh f~hofdök mh id~eo+

Oxkqxh ac mh ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo kc hv |o~o }cmo ao fck}~o}ofdök! ovå hk ao fck}~o}ofdök hk acvvhf}c~hv mha obxo! ao hkh~båo! acv }~okv|c~}hv t acv vh~ydfdcv |cv}oahv!nov}o fck x}dadzo~ ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfooyokzomo+

Hk ao fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo `ot qxh xvo~ ao id~eo hahf}~ökdfo |o~o ‑}cmcv acv of}cv t 

eokdihv}ofdckhv mh ycaxk}om mh acv ö~bokcv omedkdv}~o}dycv c mh aov he|~hvov adfd}omc~ov c

fck}~o}dv}ov qxh }hkbok hihf}cv jx~åmdfcv ― t ac qxh `on~åo qxh `ofh~! }hkdhkmc hk fxhk}o ao |~hedvo mhqxh ao omedkdv}~ofdök hahf}~ökdfo kc hv vdkc ao omo|}ofdök mh ao bhv}dök fckyhkfdckoa o ac qxh |xhmh ci~hfh~ao }hfkcacbåo! hv qxh aov edveov |h~vckov qxh of}xoaehk}h id~eok hk |o|ha mh ic~eo eokxvf~d}o! id~ehkhahf}~ökdfoehk}h fck vx fh~}didfomc mh id~eo ~hfckcfdmo+

8+6+6+ ³Kxhv}~c |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h! ao |ao}oic~eo mh fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc x c}~ovcaxfdök3

]cmcv acv hk}hv mha vhf}c~ |xnadfc }dhkhk ao cnadbofdök mh |xnadfo~ vxv adfd}ofdckhv hk dk}h~kh}! |h~c ac qxhkc `ok }hkdmc cnadbofdök! t ac `ok `hf`c! hv mh f~ho~ vx |~c|do `h~~oedhk}o c vcaxfdök }hfkcaöbdfo |o~obhv}dcko~ hvo cnadbofdök mh x}dadzo~ Dk}h~kh}+

Hk ha vhkc mh ao omedkdv}~ofdök acfoa! exf`ov hk}dmomhv `ok mhvo~~caaomc vxv |~c|dcv |h~idahv o~}hvokcv mhfck}~o}ok}hv+ T vd kcv yoecv oa ïend}c ox}cköedfc exf`ov mh haaov `ok f~homc vxv |~c|dov |ao}oic~eo mhfck}~o}ofdök! vdedao~hv o ao mha Hv}omc+

]cmoyåo ~hfxh~mc ha kofdedhk}c mh ao ao \ao}oic~eo mh Fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc (hk omhaok}h \FH$+ O|x~okmc}cmc ac o|x~onah! hk ha úa}dec måo mha |aozc c}c~bomc! o|o~hfdö ao C~mhk qxh o|~cnono aov dkv}~xffdckhv

|o~o c|h~o~ hk ao \ao}oic~eo mh Fck}~o}cv mha Hv}omc+??8

Kc hv qxh ha ~d}ec mh omo|}ofdök mh ao \FH vh `oto ehjc~omc+ (Ha 4 mh Ihn~h~c mh ><??! fcec xvxo~dc mh ao\ao}oic~eo mh Fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc (hk omhaok}h \FH$! eh aahbö xk fc~~hc okxkfdïkmceh qxh vh ci~hfåokkxhyov |~hv}ofdckhv c ixkfdckoadmomhv+ Vhbúk mhfåo ha fc~~hc! aov kxhyov ixkfdckoadmomhv cnhmhfåok o aokhfhvdmom mh fxe|ad~ ac |~hydv}c hk ao Aht 6=#><?<! mh 8 mh obcv}c+ Hv mhfd~! 8 ehvhv mhv|xäv o ao hk}~omohk ydbc~ mh ao ao Aht 6=#><?<+$

Mhjokmc oa eo~bhk ao f~å}dfo! f~hc qxh qxh ao \FH hv xko nxhko `h~~oedhk}o qxh vh mhnh~åo xvo~ eïv hk haïend}c acfoa t hk ha ïend}c ox}cköedfc! to qxh:

◃ Vd vh }~oed}ok fck}~o}cv vxjh}cv o ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo `ot qxh x}dadzo~ao |o~o ha hkyåc mh acvokxkfdcv t mcfxehk}cv+

◃ Ci~hfh xk eck}ök mh ixkfdckoadmomhv! aov úa}deov:◇ ^hqxh~dedhk}c mh mcfxehk}ofdök oa adfd}omc~ fck ao cih~}o hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvo!

mh ofxh~mc fck ao Aht 6=#><?<+◇ Kc}didfofdök mh omjxmdfofdök! mh ofxh~mc fck ao Aht 6=#><?<◇ Hkyåc oa MCXH mha kxhyc okxkfdc mh }~okv|o~hkfdo |~hydo ycaxk}o~do fck}he|aomc hk ao Aht

6=#><?<◇ Hkyåc oa MCXH mh okxkfdcv mh |~cfhmdedhk}cv mhvdh~}cv! ~hkxkfdov t mhvdv}dedhk}cv

??8  Ncah}åk Cidfdoa mha Hv}omc kº ?<8 mh ? Eotc mh ><<0 + Eïv vcn~h ha kofdedhk}c mh ao |ao}oic~eo mh fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◇ \cvdndadmom mh |xnadfo~ kxhycv }d|cv mh mcfxehk}cv ~haofdckomcv fck xko adfd}ofdök(fce|cvdfdök mh aov ehvov! oydvcv vcn~h hyhk}cv mh dkic~eofdök |únadfo! ~hvcaxfdckhv! h}f+$

◇ \cvdndadmom mh c~bokdzo~ acv mcfxehk}cv |xnadfomcv hk vx |h~ida mha fck}~o}ok}h+◃ Fxe|ah ac mdv|xhv}c hk ao  Aht ??#><<2 vcn~h fcexkdfofdckhv t kc}didfofdckhv hahf}~ökdfov+ Ha

vdv}heo mh kc}didfofdök hahf}~ökdfo qxh xvo ao \FH hv |c~ fce|o~hfhkfdo hk ao vhmh hahf}~ökdfo+Fomo |cmh~ omjxmdfomc~! mhk}~c mh ao \FH! }dhkh vx hv|ofdc yd~}xoa mh ao adfd}ofdök! o`å hv mckmh vh}~oed}ok aov kc}didfofdckhv hahf}~ökdfov+

◃ ]cmc hv}c hv ext mdiåfda mh mhvo~~caao~ hk xko o|adfofdök |~c|do t ~hqxdh~h mh xko ixh~}h dkyh~vdökmh ~hfx~vcv+

◃ Hv b~o}dv! kc `ot qxh dkyh~}d~ ~hfx~vcv |~c|dcv! kd hk }dhe|c kd hk mdkh~c+

Oa dbxoa qxh fck ha ovxk}c mh acv ^hbdv}~cv ycaxk}o~dcv mh adfd}omc~hv hk ha ïend}c acfoa t |c~ aov edveov~ozckhv! }cmcv acv |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv mhnh~åok vx|~ded~ vxv |h~idahv mh fck}~o}ok}h t x}dadzo~ ao \FH+

 Kc f~hc qxh `oto kdkbúk |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h qxh mä ac qxh ci~hfh b~o}dv ao \FH t hk acv }dhe|cv qxh fc~~hk

`ot qxh! c ehjc~ mdf`c! mhnhecv o|~cyhf`o~ acv ~hfx~vcv mdv|ckdnahv t ~hx}dadzo~ ac mdv|ckdnah+??9 

_xdzï |o~o ac úkdfc qxh acv mhnh~åoecv mhjo~! hk }ok}c hk fxok}c! ao |ao}oic~eo mh fck}~o}ofdök mhaHv}omc ac `ondad}h! hv |o~o acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv+

8+6+=+ Ao ~hmxffdök mh acv |aozcv mh |xnadfdmom mh aov adfd}ofdckhv+

Mcv mh aov ~hmxffdckhv cnhmhfhk o ao x}dadzofdök mh ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv hk ao }~oed}ofdök! mhndäkmcvhvdhe|~h! |o~o |cmh~ mdvi~x}o~ mh hvov ~hmxffdckhv! x}dadzo~ acv hahehk}cv qxh `ondad}ok ao bhv}dökhahf}~ökdfo mh aov }o~hov omedkdv}~o}dyov (ixkmoehk}oaehk}h! id~eo hahf}~ökdfo ~hfckcfdmo t vhaaomc mh

}dhe|c$

@ot xko de|c~}ok}h ~hmxffdök |c~ ao |xnadfofdök mha okxkfdc |~hydc mh adfd}ofdök! ‑vd vh `xndhvh hkydomc haokxkfdc |~hydc! ha |aozc mh |~hvhk}ofdök mh |~c|cvdfdckhv |cm~ï ~hmxfd~vh `ov}o }~hdk}o t vhdv måov! fcec

kc~eo bhkh~oa! c! hk fovcv hpfh|fdckoahv mhndmoehk}h jxv}didfomcv! `ov}o yhdk}dmöv måov+―??2

Fcec ndhk o|xk}ö Jcvä Hv}hnok! |o~o hyd}o~ ao .|dfo~hvfo. ‑hv}o ~hmxffdök mha |aozc vöac vh~ï omedvdnahfxokmc ha okxkfdc mh dkic~eofdök |~hydo vh `xndhvh hkydomc |o~o vx |xnadfofdök ok}hv mh acv fdkfxhk}ot mcv måov t mhk}~c mh acv mcfh ehvhv ok}h~dc~hv o ao ihf`o mh hkyåc mha okxkfdc mh adfd}ofdök! vdhe|~h qxhhk äa vh `xndhvh dkfaxdmc! mh hv}o~ mdv|ckdnah! }cmo ao dkic~eofdök hpdbdmo |o~o äv}h++++. 

Hk ha ]^AFV\ `ot mdyh~vov }äfkdfov |o~o ~hmxfd~ ha |aozc mh |xnadfofdök mh xko adfd}ofdök t vhbúk |o~hfh! xkomh aov |~c|xhv}ov mh ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho |o~o ecmh~kdzo~ ha eh~fomc hx~c|hc mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hv‑xk eotc~ xvc |cvdnah mh ao |xnadfofdök |~hydo―+??0

Hk ao vdbxdhk}h }onao vh ~hfcbhk aov |cvdnahv ~hmxffdckhv mh |aozcv+

8+=+ Acv ~hbdv}~cv mh adfd}omc~hv c mha Hv}omc c mh aov FFOOv+

??9

 Eïv vcn~h hv}c +  (Fckvxa}o~ ha |~cthf}c O|c~}o$+??2 O~}åfxac ?=? ]^AFV\+??0  Fcexkdfomc mh |~hkvo mh ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho mh ihf`o >< mh mdfdhen~h mh ><??+

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Ao Aht 86#><<>! mh 6< mh mdfdhen~h! mh Ehmdmov Idvfoahv! Omedkdv}~o}dyov t mha C~mhk Vcfdoa??4 oÿomdö xkokxhyo mdv|cvdfdök omdfdckoa! ao ?8ª! oa ^hoa Mhf~h}c Ahbdvao}dyc >#><<<! mh ?9 mh jxkdc! |c~ ha qxh vho|~cnono ha ]hp}c ^hixkmdmc mh ao Aht mh fck}~o}cv mh aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov! (]^AFO\$! hk novh o aofxoa! vh |h~ed}åo oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök! o fxoaqxdh~o! f~ho~ ~hbdv}~cv mh adfd}omc~hv hk acv qxh aovhe|~hvov |xhmok dkvf~dnd~vh ycaxk}o~doehk}h o|c~}okmc ao mcfxehk}ofdök of~hmd}o}dyo mh vx|h~vckoadmom t fo|ofdmom mh cn~o~+

Kc cnv}ok}h! ao Aht 6<#><<2 vöac ~hbxaono acv ~hbdv}~cv mh adfd}omc~hv mha Hv}omc c mh aov FFOOv:?+ Ha o~}åfxac 2> mh ao Aht 6<#><<2! ~hao}dyc o aov fh~}didfofdckhv mh ^hbdv}~cv Cidfdoahv mh Adfd}omc~hv t

He|~hvov Faovdidfomov! vöac vh ~hih~åo hp|~hvoehk}h o acv ~hbdv}~cv mh aov FFOOv c mha Hv}omc+>+ Mh ao edveo ic~eo! acv o~}åfxacv 6<< o 6<2! xndfomcv hk ha Adn~c Y ~hao}dyc o ao C~bokdzofdök

omedkdv}~o}dyo |o~o ao bhv}dök mh ao fck}~o}ofdök! mhk}~c mha ]å}xac DD ~hao}dyc o acv ^hbdv}~cvCidfdoahv! vöac vh ~hih~åo hp|~hvoehk}h o acv ~hbdv}~cv mh aov FFOOv c mha Hv}omc+

Acv ~hbdv}~cv ycaxk}o~dcv mh adfd}omc~hv qxh vh `xndh~ok f~homc vxnvdv}d~åok `ov}o qxh vh ~hbxao~ï~hbaoehk}o~doehk}h ha ixkfdckoedhk}c mha ^hbdv}~c Cidfdoa mh Adfd}omc~hv t He|~hvov Faovdidfomov mha

Hv}omc! t vh mh}h~edko~ï ha ecehk}c o |o~}d~ mha fxoa hv}o~ï c|h~o}dyc+?><

Ha mhvo~~caac ~hbaoehk}o~dc oa qxh vh ~hih~åo ao M+]+ =ª ?º mh ao Aht 6<#><<2! vh ~hoadzö |c~ ha ^hoa Mhf~h}c0?2#><<4! mh 0 mh eotc! |c~ ha qxh vh mhvo~~caaö |o~fdoaehk}h ao Aht 6<#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h! mhFck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc qxh hk}~ö hk ydbc~ ha ?9 mh Jxkdc mh ><<4+

\c~ vx |o~}h! ha ]^AFV\ kc `o yo~domc ao fckidbx~ofdök mh acv ~hbdv}~cv mh adfd}omc~hv |~hydv}o hk ao Aht

6<#><<2+?>?

Kc }hkdhkmc fcnh~}x~o ahboa! eok}hkh~ hv}cv ~hbdv}~cv vöac vx|ckh! |o~o bhv}c~hv |únadfcv t he|~hvov! eïvbov}cv! eotc~hv hvixh~zcv! t ext |cfov yhk}ojov+?>>

8+8+ Ha fck}~o}c ehkc~+Acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv vh mhidkhk hpfaxvdyoehk}h |c~ vx fxok}åo?>6! fok}dmomhv! DYO hpfaxdmc:

?+ @ov}o 8<+<<< hx~cv! fxokmc vh }~o}h mh fck}~o}cv mh cn~ov!>+ @ov}o ?0+<<< hx~cv! fxokmc vh }~o}h mh c}~cv fck}~o}cv+

Kc cnv}ok}h! `ot xko ~o~o hv|hfdh mh fck}~o}cv qxh vx|h~okmc fck f~hfhv mdf`ov fok}dmomhv vh |xhmhk}~oed}o~ fcec fck}~o}c ehkc~+ Ao vxvf~d|fdök o ~hydv}ov t c}~ov |xnadfofdckhv! fxoaqxdh~o qxh vho vx

vc|c~}h! ovå fcec ao fck}~o}ofdök mha offhvc o ao dkic~eofdök fck}hkdmo hk novhv mh mo}cvhv|hfdoadzomov! vh |xhmh hihf}xo~! fxoaqxdh~o qxh vho vx fxok}åo vdhe|~h qxh kc }hkbok ha fo~ïf}h~ mhfck}~o}cv vxjh}cv o ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo! mh ofxh~mc fck aov kc~eov hv}onahfdmov hk hv}o Aht |o~o acvfck}~o}cv ehkc~hv t fck vxjhfdök o aov fckmdfdckhv bhkh~oahv qxh o|adqxhk acv |~cyhhmc~hv! dkfaxthkmc aov

~hih~dmov o aov iö~exaov mh |obc+?>=

??4 O~}åfxac+ 2?+>º ]^AFV\+?>< M +] + = ª ? º mh ao Aht 6<#><<2?>? O~}åfxacv: 06 t 6>8 o 66> ]^AFV\+?>>

 Eïv vcn~h vx|~ded~ acv ~hbdv}~cv mh adfd}omc~hv acfoahv +?>6 O~}åfxac ?80+6º ]^AFV\+?>=M+O+ 4ª qxh ~hbxao aov Kc~eov hv|hfdoahv |o~o ao fck}~o}ofdök mha offhvc o novhv mh mo}cv t ao vxvf~d|fdök o |xnadfofdckhv+

=?

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Kc vh |xhmh omjxmdfo~ xko khfhvdmom dk}h~ko mh xk ndhk c xk vh~ydfdc |c~ ha fck}~o}c ehkc~! vd fckfx~~h xkcmh acv vdbxdhk}hv vx|xhv}cv:

?+ _xh vh hv}ä i~offdckokmc ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c fck ao idkoadmom mh mdvedkxd~ ao fxok}åo mha edvec thaxmd~ ovå acv ~hqxdvd}cv mh |xnadfdmom c acv ~hao}dycv oa |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök qxhfc~~hv|ckmo+?>8

>+ _xh }hkbo xko mx~ofdök vx|h~dc~ o xk oÿc+?>9

 Omheïv! xko yhz omjxmdfomc ha fck}~o}c ehkc~:

?+ Kc vh |xhmh |~c~~cbo~ ha fck}~o}c+?>2

>+ Kc vh |xhmhk ~hydvo~ acv |~hfdcv+?>0

@ot qxh }hkh~ |~hvhk}h qxh ha fck}~o}c ehkc~ hv ha |~cfhmdedhk}c hv}~haao |o~o vhahffdcko~ o acv

 |~cyhhmc~hv mh aov c~bokdzofdckhv |únadfov (hk xko c~bokdzofdök mh xk |~hvx|xhv}c mh xkcv 9< edaackhv

mh hx~cv! ha 08 mh vxv khfhvdmomhv vh |xhmh }~oed}o~ |c~ ha fck}~o}c ehkc~?>4$! fcec fcehk}ono ha

|~cihvc~ Jcvä Ok}ckdc Ec~hkc Ecadko?6<:◃ .Vh }~o}o mh xkc mh acv |~cnaheov eïv b~oyhv mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hk Hv|oÿo! qxh kc `o vdmc

vcaxfdckomc |c~ ao kxhyo (to ok}dbxo$ Aht+ Mhvb~ofdomoehk}h! }cmcv acv cnjh}dycv mh ao kc~eo!~hfcbdmcv o`c~o mh ic~eo mhv}ofomo hk ha o~} + ? mh ao AFV\ ! qxhmok hk hk}~hmdf`c vd acv ö~bokcv

mh fck}~o}ofdök mhfdmhk ‖fcec `ov}o o`c~o ydhkhk `ofdhkmc eovdyoehk}h kxhv}~ov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv! hk hv|hfdoa aov Fc~|c~ofdckhv Acfoahv‖ x}dadzo~ ao idbx~o mha fck}~o}c ehkc~!vhahffdckokmc adn~hehk}h oa fck}~o}dv}o+. 

◃ .\o~o exf cv Otxk}oedhk}cv ac ~hoaehk}h hpfh|fdckoa yo o ~hvxa}o~ fck ao kxhyo AFV\ omjxmdfo~ oabúk fck}~o}c mh cn~ov c vh~ydfdcv |c~ xk |~cfhmdedhk}c mdih~hk}h oa fck}~o}cehkc~ +. 

Hk fxok}c o ao }~oed}ofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv! f~hc qxh ao fxhv}dök mhnh hkicfo~vh eïv qxh mhvmh ha|aokc ahboa! mhvmh ao ä}dfo mh ao bhv}dök |únadfo+ Vh |xhmhk vhbxd~vh mcv |cv}x~ov:?+ O|~cnofdök mha bov}c ' iof}x~o?6?+ Hv mhfd~! kc `ofh~ komo+ \cv}x~o! jxv}didfomo hk:

o+ ‑Fck acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv mh vx|~dehk ao ~hoadzofdök mh mh}h~edkomcv }~ïed}hv t ~hqxdvd}cv hpdbdhkmc ha fxe|adedhk}c mh acv ~hqxdvd}cv de|~hvfdkmdnahv+―?6>

n+ ‑Ao fhahn~ofdök mh xk fck}~o}c ehkc~ vöac c úkdfoehk}h ~hqxdh~h acv ~hqxdvd}cvhv}onahfdmcv― hk acv of}xoahv o~}v+ ??? t ?60+6º+?66 

>+ _xä omheïv mh o|~cno~ mha bov}c t ao iof}x~o! hv khfhvo~dc ~hv|h}o~ aov kc~eov hvhkfdoahv mh}cmo ao fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo t aov kc~eov |~c|dov mh o|~cnofdök mh bov}cv! ~hv|h}okmc ao|xnadfdmom! bo~ok}dzokmc ao fckfx~~hkfdo t ao adn~h fce|h}hkfdo+?6=

?>8  O~}åfxac 09+>º ]^AFV\+?>9  O~}åfxac >6+6º ]^AFV\+?>2  O~}åfxac >6+6 º ]^AFV\+?>0  O~}åfxac  04+> º  ]^AFV\+?>4 Mhjc oqxå  ao ‑Ehec~do |~hvhk}omo |c~ ao Vhffdök mh Fck}~o}ofdök mh ao Md|x}ofdök \~cydkfdoa mh Vc~do o acv |~hedcv o aov Ehjc~hv \~ïf}dfov hk ha ïend}c mh Fov}daao t Ahök! mckmh vh hkfxhk}~ok acv mo}cv mh ao bhv}dök mh ao Vhffdök+―?6< .Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc. (hmd}omo |c~ Ao Aht hk ha oÿc ><<2$! hk vxv (|obv+ 0 t 4$+?6? O~}åfxac+ ??? ]^AFV\+?6> Dkic~eh mh ao JFFO 60#<8! mh >9 mh mh cf}xn~h mh ><<8+?66 Dkic~ehv =<#?448 mh 2 mh eo~zc ! ?6#49! mh 2 mh eo~zc mh ?449 t ?<#40! mh ?? mh jxkdc mh ?440+?6=  .Ha Adn~c Yh~mh mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hx~c|ho : ^hiahpdckhv |o~o ha ix}x~c .! hk vx |xk}c 6+>0º! mdv|ckh: .acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv |~hydv}cv |c~ aov md~hf}dyov fcexkd}o~dov vck o|adfonahv hpfaxvdyoehk}h o acv fck}~o}cv |únadfcv mh xk de|c~}h hv}deomc vx|h~dc~ o acvxen~oahv hv}onahfdmcv+ Oabxkcv |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv fckvdmh~ok qxh acv fck}~o}cv |únadfcv qxh kc oafokzok hv}cv xen~oahv kchv}ïk vceh}dmcv o kdkbxko mdv|cvdfdök fcexkd}o~do! mh eokh~o qxh hk cfovdckhv hv}cv fck}~o}cv vh omjxmdfok vdk `onh~ 

fckycfomc |~hydoehk}h xk fckfx~vc |únadfc+ Exf`cv mh hv}cv fck}~o}cv vck mh xko de|c~}okfdo fckvdmh~onah! hk |o~}dfxao~ |o~oao |hqxhÿo t ehmdoko he|~hvo+ Oa dbxoa qxh ha c}c~boedhk}c mh fckfhvdckhv t fck}~o}cv vdedao~hv! ao omjxmdfofdök mh hv}cvfck}~o}cv mhnh hihf}xo~vh ~hv|h}okmc aov mdv|cvdfdckhv mha ]~o}omc FH vcn~h ao adn~h fd~fxaofdök mh aov eh~fokfåov t vh~ydfdcv t acv |~dkfd|dcv ixkmoehk}oahv mh kc mdvf~dedkofdök! dbxoamom mh }~o}c t }~okv|o~hkfdo! qxh vh `oaaok hk vx novh. +

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

6+ ³T qxä |ovo fck acv bov}cv ehkc~hv vxnyhkfdckonah3v! |c~qxh `ot exf`cv bov}cv vxnyhkfdckomcv tha o~} + 6?+6 º mh ao Aht 60#><<6! mh ?2 mh kcydhen~h ! Bhkh~oa mh Vxnyhkfdckhv hpdbh mh}h~edkomov

of}xofdckhv! fxokmc vck fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv vxnyhkfdckomcv+?68 

Hk ao Md|x}ofdök \~cydkfdoa mh Vc~do fxok}c ha yoac~ hv}deomc mh xk fck}~o}c hv vx|h~dc~ o acv 9+<<<!<<₡! DYOhpfaxdmc! omheïv mh ao dkyd}ofdök }~omdfdckoa |c~ fc~~hc fh~}didfomc o }~hv he|~hvov! fcec eåkdec! vhiofdad}o ao dkic~eofdök t }cmo ao mcfxehk}ofdök khfhvo~do |o~o adfd}o~ o }~oyäv mh vx |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h!|o~o qxh fxoaqxdh~ |c}hkfdoa adfd}omc~ |xhmo |o~}dfd|o~ t ovå oxehk}o~ aov c|fdckhv mh ao c~bokdzofdök mhvhahffdcko~ ao cih~}o hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvo+

Eïv dkic~eofdök vcn~h ‑ Acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv ―+

8+9+ Ha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc vdk |xnadfdmom+Hk ha ïend}c acfoa ha |~cfhmdedhk}c hv}~haao mh fck}~o}ofdök hv ha fck}~o}c ehkc~7 fxokmc kc hv |cvdnahvhahffdcko~ oa |~cyhhmc~ mh hv}o ic~eo! ao vdbxdhk}h c|fdök―eïv föecmo―! t |c~ ac }ok}c! eïv xvomo hk aoehmdmo hk qxh hpdbh ehkcv }~oed}hv hv ha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc vdk |xnadfdmom+

Vhbúk |o~hfh! xko mh aov |~c|xhv}ov mh ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho |o~o ecmh~kdzo~ ha eh~fomc hx~c|hc mhfck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hv ‑xk eotc~ xvc |cvdnah mh ao khbcfdofdök o }~oyäv mha |~cfhmdedhk}c fckkhbcfdofdök―+?69

Vcn~h hv}h vhbxkmc |~cfhmdedhk}c hv}~haao! vh |aok}hok mcv fxhv}dckhv c mcv `ïnd}cv qxh hv khfhvo~dcfoendo~! hk c~mhk! o fxe|ad~ ao ahboadmom t o fckvhbxd~ xko yh~momh~o fce|~o |únadfo hidfoz:

◃ Ao |xnadfdmom mh ao adfd}ofdök t

◃ Ao cnadbo}c~dhmom mh khbcfdo~ acv }ä~edkcv mha fck}~o}c+

8+9+?+ Hv ext ~hfcehkmonah mo~ |xnadfdmom+To vonhecv ac qxh mdfh ao kc~eo}dyo mh fck}~o}ofdök vcn~h hv}h |~cfhmdedhk}c! ‑nov}ok }~hv cih~}ov― t

}oendäk fckcfhecv mdyh~vcv i~oxmxahk}cv ecmcv?62 mh }hkh~ }~hv cih~}ov hk ha hp|hmdhk}h! vdk qxh `oto

\c~ c}~o |o~}h! ha |~cihvc~ Jcvä Ok}ckdc Ec~hkc Ecadko hk ao |~hvhk}ofdök mha adn~c .Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc. (hmd}omo |c~ Ao Aht hk ha oÿc ><<2$! hk vxv (|obv+ 0 t 4 vhÿoaono qxh:

◃ ‑@ot qxh ~hfc~mo~ qxh hk ha Mh~hf`c fcexkd}o~dc mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo kc vh ~hfckcfh ao idbx~o mha fck}~o}cehkc~ ! mhidkdmo hk ao aht hv|oÿcao hpfaxvdyoehk}h |c~ ao fxok}åo mha fck}~o}c! kd }oe|cfc vh ~hfcbhk mhk}~c mh acvvx|xhv}cv }ovomcv mh x}dadzofdök mha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc oqxhaacv qxh |h~ed}hk hk ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ 

\únadfc (hk omhaok}h AFV\$ ofxmd~ o hv}h |~cfhmdedhk}c vcac |c~ ~ozök mh vx yoac~+ Ha |~c|dc }~dnxkoa hx~c|hc mh jxv}dfdo`o foadidfomc ao fhahn~ofdök dahboa mh fck}~o}cv mh omjxmdfofdök md~hf}o fcec ao dki~offdök eïv b~oyh mha Mh~hf`cfcexkd}o~dc hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}cv |únadfcv t vh `o aoehk}omc mh qxh aov Md~hf}dyov vcn~h ~hfx~vcv hk ydbc~ (aov Md~hf}dyov04#998 t 4>#?6$ kc |h~ed}hk |~hyhkd~ c fc~~hbd~ mh eokh~o hidfoz aov fckvhfxhkfdov mh mdf`o dahboadmom ( V]VJXH mh ?? mhhkh~c mh ><<8 ( V}om} @oaah $! o|o~}omc 62$+

◃ .ao AFV\ o mhvo|~cyhf`omc ao c|c~}xkdmom mh fck}he|ao~ oabúk c}~c ecmhac mh |~cfhmdedhk}c vde|adidfomc mh fck}~o}ofdökqxh |h~ed}dh~o fck}~o}o~ vdk eh~eo mha |~dkfd|dc mh adn~h fckfx~~hkfdo+. 

◃ .³Mökmh qxhmok hk hv}cv fovcv mh x}dadzofdök eovdyo mha fck}~o}c ehkc~ ha ~hv|h}c mh acv |~dkfd|dcv bhkh~oahv mh aofck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo mh adn~h fckfx~~hkfdo! dbxoamom t kc mdvf~dedkofdök3+

◃   ³^hv|h}o ovå kxhv}~c c~mhkoedhk}c jx~åmdfc xk Mh~hf`c fcexkd}o~dc mh acv fck}~o}cv |únadfcv hk ha qxh ao  jx~dv|~xmhkfdo hx~c|ho ( V]VJXH mh ?6 mh Cf}xn~h mh ><<8! ovxk}c F =80#><<6 \o~gdkb N~dphk BEN@  $ cnadbo o ~hv|h}o~ acv |~dkfd|dcv bhkh~oahv hk }cmcv acv fck}~o}cv fhahn~omcv |c~ acv |cmh~hv |únadfcv3+. 

Eïv dkic~eofdök hk ‑ Acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv t ao |xnadfdmom t ao fckfx~~hkfdo mh he|~hvov ―+?68 (Eïv dkic~eofdök oqxå +$

?69

  Fcexkdfomc mh |~hkvo mh ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho mh ihf`o >< mh mdfdhen~h mh ><??+?62 Ha eïv ~hfdhk}h t kc}c~dc: ‑}ok}c ao cih~}o bokomc~o fcec aov mcv |h~mhmc~ov vh ~hed}dh~ck mhvmh ha edvec iop mh ao vhmh mh Köcvhk No~fhacko +―

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

`ondmc yh~momh~o fckfx~~hkfdo mh he|~hvov t! hk fckvhfxhkfdo! vdk qxh hk}~h aov edveov vh `oto momcyh~momh~o t adn~h fce|h}hk}hkfdo+

Kc cnv}ok}h! `ot qxh vonh~ qxh ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho! ydhkmc ao dk}h~|~h}ofdök mh ao jx~dv|~xmhkfdo mha

]VJXH! |~c|xvc?60 ac qxh fckvdmh~ono aov ehjc~hv |~ïf}dfov |o~o otxmo~ o acv Hv}omcv edhen~cv o cn}hkh~ haeïpdec nhkhidfdc mha eh~fomc dk}h~dc~+ Hk vhdv aåkhov! ac qxh ao Fcedvdök ~hfcedhkmo `ofh~ hk oqxhaacvfck}~o}cv kc fce|~hkmdmcv hk ha ïend}c mh o|adfofdök mh aov Md~hf}dyov mh fck}~o}ofdök hv:

?+ Mhvf~dnd~ ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c+>+ Mo~ah ao |xnadfdmom omhfxomo (o }~oyäv mha |h~ida mh fce|~omc~ hk Dk}h~kh}$+6+ \h~ed}d~ o fxoaqxdh~ adfd}omc~ |c}hkfdoa fckcfh~ |~hydoehk}h o ac qxh vh yo o fce|~ceh}h~ t! hk

vx fovc! |~hvhk}o~ vx cih~}o+=+ Mo~ o fckcfh~ ao omjxmdfofdök t acv ec}dycv mh ao edveo! |o~o qxh acv qxh kc ao fckvdmh~hk jxv}o

ao |xhmok ~hfx~~d~+

 @ofdhkmc hv}c vh bo~ok}dzo ha fxe|adedhk}c mh acv |~dkfd|dcv bhkh~oahv mh ao fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo mhadn~h fckfx~~hkfdo! dbxoamom t kc mdvf~dedkofdök! }~okv|o~hkfdo h de|o~fdoadmom t hk ao ehmdmo hk qxh vhbo~ok}dzok hvcv |~dkfd|dcv vh |xhmh fckvhbxd~ ao cih~}o hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvo! vdhkmc hv}h hacnjh}dyc mh fxoaqxdh~ |~cfhmdedhk}c mh fck}~o}ofdök qxh vh vdbo! oxkqxh vho xk khbcfdomc vdk |xnadfdmom cxk fck}~o}c ehkc~+

Hk fckvhfxhkfdo! ao |~hedvo mhnh vh~ ao |xnadfdmom omhfxomo+ Ok}hv `h mdf`c qxh acv o~}hvokcv |h~idahv mhfck}~o}ok}h vh mhnh~åok mh vx|~ded~! mhjokmc xk úkdfc hv|ofdc! acv fck}~o}cv ehkc~hv+ Hk }cmcv acv mheïvfovcv! |cmhecv x}dadzo~ ao |ao}oic~eo mh fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc qxh `o |~hydv}c fck ofdh~}c ao|cvdndadmom mh |xnadfo~ |~cfhmdedhk}cv khbcfdomcv vdk |xnadfdmom+

?60 Fcexkdfofdök (><<9# F ?24#<>$ dk}h~|~h}o}dyo mh ao Fcedvdök vcn~h ha Mh~hf`c fcexkd}o~dc o|adfonah hk ao omjxmdfofdök mh fck}~o}cvkc fxndh~}cv c vcac |o~fdoaehk}h fxndh~}cv |c~ aov Md~hf}dyov vcn~h fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo

==

8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Hk ao Md|x}ofdök \~cydkfdoa mh Vc~do hk }cmcv acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv khbcfdomcv vdk |xnadfdmom hk ixkfdök mh vxfxok}åo! omheïv mh ao dkyd}ofdök }~omdfdckoa |c~ fc~~hc fh~}didfomc o }~hv he|~hvov! fcec eåkdec! vh iofdad}oao dkic~eofdök t }cmo ao mcfxehk}ofdök khfhvo~do |o~o adfd}o~ o }~oyäv mh vx |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h! |o~o qxhfxoaqxdh~ |c}hkfdoa adfd}omc~ |xhmo |o~}dfd|o~ t ovå oxehk}o~ aov c|fdckhv mh ao c~bokdzofdök mh vhahffdcko~ao cih~}o hfcköedfoehk}h eïv yhk}ojcvo+

Hv}o nxhko |~ïf}dfo hv vhbxdmo |c~ c}~ov c~bokdzofdckhv qxh hv}ïk x}dadzokmc |o~o haac ao |ao}oic~eo mhfck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc+

8+9+>+ Hv cnadbo}c~dc khbcfdo~+

Vd ac ok}h~dc~ hv xko nxhko t ~hfcehkmonah |~ïf}dfo hk ao }~oed}ofdök mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv khbcfdomcv vdk

|xnadfdmom! `ot c}~c ov|hf}c qxh dkfdmh md~hf}oehk}h vcn~h vx ahboadmom+ Vcn~h hv}h |~cfhmdedhk}c hvkhfhvo~dc hk}hkmh~ qxh ac nïvdfc hv khbcfdo~! vd kc vh khbcfdo ha |~cfhmdedhk}c vh |xhmh okxao~+

Ha |~cihvc~ Edbxha Ïkbha Nh~koa ! mhk}~c mha  b~x|c mh Okïadvdv mh ^hvcaxfdckhv mha ]OF^F dkic~eö vcn~h ao^hvcaxfdök 8<#><?? mha ]OF^F qxh mhfao~o ac vdbxdhk}h:

◃ ‑+++ha hahehk}c mdih~hkfdomc~ mha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc! ~hv|hf}c mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv ondh~}ct ~hv}~dkbdmc! hv qxh edhk}~ov hk äv}cv kc hv |cvdnah khbcfdo~ ao |~c|xhv}o |~hvhk}omo |c~ haadfd}omc~! hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc vh hpdbh ao khbcfdofdök! mhndhkmc mh idjo~vh |~hydoehk}hhk ha |adhbc t! hk vx fovc! hk ha okxkfdc fxoa vh~ï ha cnjh}c mh ao khbcfdofdök! c fcec vhÿoao hao~}åfxac ?9< mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc acv ov|hf}cv hfcköedfcv t }äfkdfcv qxh `otokmh vh~ cnjh}c mh khbcfdofdök+

◃ Fck fo~ïf}h~ bhkh~oa mhnh oid~eo~vh qxh hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc kc hpdv}h xko adfd}ofdök hkvhk}dmc hv}~df}c fcec hpdv}h hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c ondh~}c! to qxh aov cih~}ov o qxh vh ~hidh~h ha

=8

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

o~}åfxac ?9> mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! kc vck hqxd|o~onahv o aov |~c|cvdfdckhv mhao~}åfxac ?>4 mh ao fd}omo Aht! hk}~h c}~ov ~ozckhv t fcec ixkmoehk}oa! |c~qxh ha |~hfdc x cih~}o

hfcköedfo hv xkc mh acv hahehk}cv! hk ha hp|hmdhk}h mh ~hih~hkfdo ha úkdfc! qxh mhnh mh vh~ 

cnjh}c mh khbcfdofdök vdk qxh |xhmo qxhmo~ idjomc fck fo~ïf}h~ dkoa}h~onah hk ao cih~}o omdih~hkfdo mh ac qxh cfx~~h hk aov |~c|cvdfdckhv+++

◃ ‑+++ao |~hvhk}ofdök mh aov cih~}ov |c~ aov he|~hvov dkyd}omov! kc |xhmh vh~ fckvdmh~omo fcec xko iovh mh khbcfdofdök! |xhv ~hvxa}o cnydc qxh ao khbcfdofdök mh hpdv}d~ ac vh~ï fck |cv}h~dc~dmom o ao |~hvhk}ofdök mh aov cih~}ov! kc aov cih~}ov hk vå edveov+++―

◃ ‑+++vh `o dkfxe|admc xk }~ïed}h hvhkfdoa mha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc! fcec hv ao khbcfdofdök mhaov cih~}ov |~hvhk}omov |c~ acv adfd}omc~hv! hk hv}h fovc mha |~hfdc qxh hv ha úkdfc ov|hf}c mhkhbcfdofdök |~hydv}c hk ha |adhbc mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov |o~}dfxao~hv! mhndäkmcvh okxao~ aoomjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c +++ t fckvdbxdhk}hehk}h mhndhkmc mh ~h}~c}~oh~vh aov of}xofdckhv `ov}o haecehk}c mh ao khbcfdofdök mh acv }ä~edkcv mha fck}~o}c fck aov he|~hvov adfd}omc~ov―+

Mhjc oqxå xk hjhe|ac fckf~h}c mh ao ~hbxaofdök hk acv |adhbcv mh xko khbcfdofdök hk xk |~cfhmdedhk}ckhbcfdomc! fck ha yoac~ oÿomdmc mh qxh vh x}dadzok ehmdcv hahf}~ökdfcv! hjhe|ac vxedkdv}~omc |c~  Jc~bh \ä~hz+

8+2+ Ha |~cfhvc mh vhahffdök mha |~cyhhmc~+\o~o xko he|~hvo hv ao iovh vxv}okfdoa! mckmh }cmc vh mhfdmh+ Hk hv}o iovh acv }~ïed}hv ahboahv ~hv|ckmhk oao khfhvdmom mh mo~ }~okv|o~hkfdo oa |~cfhvc mh vhahffdök mh ao cih~}o hfcköedfoehk}h eov yhk}ojcvo+

_xdzï aov fxhv}dckhv eïv mhadfomov vhok aov vdbxdhk}hv:

◃ Ao yoac~ofdök mh acv f~d}h~dcv qxh |~hfdvok mh xk jxdfdc mh yoac~+ Ha fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv+◃ Acv |aozcv mh omjxmdfofdök+

8+2+?+ Ao yoac~ofdök acv f~d}h~dcv qxh |~hfdvok mh xk jxdfdc mh yoac~+ Ha fced}ä mhhp|h~}cv+

Ao Aht 6<#><<2 hkfcehkmö! hk mh}h~edkomcv fovcv! ao yoac~ofdök mh acv f~d}h~dcv qxh |~hfdvok mh xk jxdfdcmh yoac~ oa Fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv+

\xhmhk hpdv}d~ mcv faovhv mh f~d}h~dcv mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov:◃ Acv qxh |xhmhk yoac~o~vh ehmdok}h fdi~ov c |c~fhk}ojhv cn}hkdmcv o }~oyäv mh ao eh~o o|adfofdök mh

aov iö~exaov hv}onahfdmov hk acv |adhbcv t◃ Acv qxh kc |xhmhk yoac~o~vh ox}ceï}dfoehk}h t ~hqxdh~hk xk jxdfdc mh yoac~+

Hv}c to hv}ï fao~c! oxkqxh `ot qxh dkmdfd~ hk qxh hv de|c~}ok}h |ckmh~o~ acv f~d}h~dcv mh yoac~ofdök+ Vd kcvh hv|hfdidfo föec vh yo o yoac~o~ xk f~d}h~dc mh omjxmdfofdök vxnjh}dyc qxh |~hfdvo mh xk jxdfdc mh yoac~!`ot qxh ~h|h}d~ ha |~cfhmdedhk}c+ Ao vhk}hkfdo mha ]OF^F (^hvcaxfdök <02#><??$ okxaö ha |~cfhmdedhk}c mhadfd}ofdök |c~qxh kc vh `onåo hv|hfdidfomc c |ckmh~omc fcec vh dno o yoac~o~ xk f~d}h~dc mh yoac~ofdök mh aovcih~}ov vxnjh}dyc! ao .Ehec~do mh of}dydmom.! mhndhkmc |~cfhmh~vh o hihf}xo~ xko kxhyo adfd}ofdök hk ao fxoavh fc~~djok acv mhihf}cv mhvf~d}cv+

Hk ha fovc! mh qxh acv f~d}h~dcv mh yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov qxh ~hqxdh~hk xk  jxdfdc mh yoac~ }hkbok xko|ckmh~ofdök vx|h~dc~ o acv f~d}h~dcv hyoaxonahv mh ic~eo ox}ceï}dfo |c~ o|adfofdök mh iö~exaov

hv}onahfdmov hk acv |adhbcv! vx yoac~ofdök vh `o~ï ehmdok}h xk Fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv+

Omheïv hv khfhvo~dc qxh ha |~cfhmdedhk}c vhbxdmc vho xk |~cfhmdedhk}c ondh~}c c ~hv}~dkbdmc+

=9

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

³T hk xk |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdmomc3 Hk ac qxh vh ~hidh~h oa |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc! aov cih~}ov vh

khbcfdok ehmdok}h ao o|adfofdök mh acv f~d}h~dcv mh omjxmdfofdök?64+ Hk ao kc~eo}dyo ok}h~dc~! vh khbcfdonokacv }ä~edkcv?=< mha fck}~o}c! acv ov|hf}cv hfcköedfcv t }äfkdfcv?=?+

Hk ao of}xoa kc~eo! kc vh khbcfdok acv ‑}ä~edkcv mha fck}~o}c―! vh ‑khbcfdo ehmdok}h ao o|adfofdök mh acvf~d}h~dcv mh omjxmdfofdök vhÿoaomcv hk acv |adhbcv―+ Kc cnv}ok}h! hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdomc! t |c~ aodkfce|o}dndadmom mh hv}o idbx~o (ha Fced}ä$ fck ao iahpdndadmom |~c|do qxh ah fo~of}h~dzo! kc vh~ï khfhvo~dcfckv}d}xd~ xk Fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv |o~o qxh khbcfdh ehmdok}h ao o|adfofdök mh acv f~d}h~dcv mh omjxmdfofdökvhÿoaomcv hk acv |adhbcv+

Ha Fced}ä hv}o~ï fce|xhv}c |c~?=>:◃ }~hv |h~vckov hp|h~}ov fck fxoadidfofdök o|~c|domo

◃ Kc |xhmhk ic~eo~ |o~}h mha Fced}ä oqxhaaov |h~vckov qxh ic~ehk |o~}h mha ö~bokc |~c|ckhk}hmha fck}~o}c+

Mcv dk}h~|~h}ofdckhv mh ao hp|~hvdök .ö~bokc qxh |~c|ckh ao fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c.:◃ Ao Jxk}o Fckvxa}dyo mh Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo?=6:

◇ ._xh |c~ ö~bokc |~c|ckhk}h mh ao fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c mhnh hk}hkmh~vh! vhbúk aovdkbxao~ hv}~xf}x~o c~bokdzo}dyo mh acv mdih~hk}hv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök! oqxha qxh hk

  ixkfdök mh vxv fce|h}hkfdov hjh~fh ao dkdfdo}dyo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |~c|ckdhkmc ao

fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök+◇ _xh mdv|xhv}o ao dkmh|hkmhkfdo mh acv edhen~cv mha fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv hkfo~bomc mh ao

yoac~ofdök mh acv f~d}h~dcv fxto fxok}didfofdök mh|hkmo mh xk jxdfdc mh yoac~! vxv edhen~cv

kc |xhmhk |h~}hkhfh~ o ao Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök! mhndhkmc mdv|ckh~ mh hp|h~dhkfdo hk aoyoac~ofdök mh }oahv f~d}h~dcv+

◇ _xh kc hv fce|h}hkfdo mh ao Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök |~c|ckh~ ao fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c+. 

◃ Ao Jxk}o Fckvxa}dyo mh Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo mh ao Pxk}o mh Boadfdo?== `o eokdihv}omc qxh.  |c~ ö~bokc |~c|ckhk}h vh mhnh~ï hk}hkmh~  ao xkdmom omedkdv}~o}dyo mh ao qxh |o~}h ao

 |~c|xhv}o mh khfhvdmom mha fck}~o}c t qxh o|c~}o ao mcfxehk}ofdök |~h|o~o}c~do o qxh `ofh~ ~hih~hkfdo ha o~}åfxac >> mh ao AFV\ ―+

Fck}dkxokmc fck hv}o dk}h~|~h}ofdök! vh |xhmh fckfaxd~ qxh ac qxh ha ahbdvaomc~ qxdh~h hv qxh vh yoac~hk acvf~d}h~dcv mh omjxmdfofdök qxh |~hfdvok mh xk jxdfdc mh yoac~ |c~ |h~vckov kc dkfaxdmov hk ao Ehvo mhfck}~o}ofdök t hv}c |aok}ho mxmov t |~cnaheov:

?+ Ao Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök hv ha ö~bokc qxh mhadnh~o t ovdv}h oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök t ac `ofh hk

novh o ao fxoadidfofdök vxv edhen~cv+>+ Ovå hk aov Ehvov mh fck}~o}ofdök mha ïend}c acfoa?=8! hv}o~ïk vhk}omcv:

o+ Ha vhf~h}o~dc! |c~ vxv fckcfdedhk}cv t fce|h}hkfdov ahboahv+n+ Ha dk}h~yhk}c~! |c~ vxv fckcfdedhk}cv t fce|h}hkfdov hfcköedfov+f+ Edhen~cv |caå}dfcv+

?64 O~}åfxac ?20+>º ]^AFV\+?=< O~}åfxac 26+=º mha ^+M+A+ >#><<<?=? O~}åfxac 4>+6º mha ^+M+A+ >#><<<?=> O~}åfxac ?8<+>º ]^AFV\+?=6 Dkic~eh 6=#<4! mh >8 mh vh|}dhen~h mh ><<4?== Dkic~eh =#><<4 mh >8 mh pxÿc mh ><<4?=8 M+O+ >ª hk vx |xk}c ?<º ]^AFV\+

=2

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

m+ Xk ‑}äfkdfc― (dkbhkdh~c! o~qxd}hf}c! dkic~eï}dfc! mh acv vh~ydfdcv vcfdoahv! mh mh|c~}hv…$!qxh hk }hc~åo hv ao |h~vcko mh ao c~bokdzofdök qxh eïv vonh mha ovxk}c+

6+ Vd kcv onv}~ohecv t |hkvoecv bacnoaehk}h! ha |~cfhvc mh fce|~ov (hk}hkmdhkmc ‑fce|~ov― fcecfxoaqxdh~ ndhk c vh~ydfdc$:

o+ Vh dkdfdö |c~qxh hpdv}åo xko khfhvdmom mh xk ndhk c xk vh~ydfdc qxh ao c~bokdzofdök kc|cmåo vo}dviofh~ fck vxv ~hfx~vcv7

n+ Vhbúk ao eo}h~do! xko |h~vcko:d+ hv}xmdö ao khfhvdmom hpdv}hk}h!dd+ ydc qxh ~hv|xhv}ov ci~hfåo ha eh~fomc!ddd+ vcadfd}ö ao fck}~o}ofdök tdy+ |aoveö }cmo ao dkic~eofdök hk ha fc~~hv|ckmdhk}h mcfxehk}c (|adhbc mh

|~hvf~d|fdckhv }äfkdfov |o~o vxedkdv}~cv t vh~ydfdcv7 |~cthf}c |o~o aov cn~ov7 hv}xmdcmh ydondadmom! ok}h|~cthf}c mh hp|ac}ofdök t fckv}~xffdök mh ao cn~o t |~cthf}c mh

cn~ov |o~o acv fck}~o}cv mh fckfhvdök mh cn~o |únadfo7 ~äbdehk jx~åmdfc mha vh~ydfdc|únadfc t ok}h|~cthf}c mh cn~o t hp|ac}ofdök hk acv fck}~o}cv mh bhv}dök mh vh~ydfdc|únadfc$+

f+ \xhv hv}o |h~vcko! ox}äk}dfoehk}h hp|h~}o hk ao eo}h~do kc |xhmh ic~eo~ |o~}h mhaFced}ä+ ]oe|cfc! ac |xhmhk vh~ ao vhf~h}o~åo kd ao dk}h~yhkfdök kd fxoaqxdh~ c}~o |h~vckoqxh ic~eh |o~}h mh ao Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök+

Fxokmc ehkcv hv |o~omöjdfc qxh acv ahboaehk}h mhvdbkomcv (M+O+>ª ?<ª$$ |c~ vx fxoadidfofdök |o~oic~eo~ |o~}h mha ö~bokc qxh yoac~o aov cih~}ov! ao Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök! |c~ eokmo}c ahboa kc |xhmokic~eo~ |o~}dfd|o~ hk ao mhfdvdök ixkmoehk}oa mh ao yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov! hed}d~ ha jxdfdc mh yoac~+

Hk fxok}c o ao ic~eo mh of}xo~ mha Fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv! mh|hkmh mha |~cfhmdedhk}c qxh vh vdbo: ondh~}c c~hv}~dkbdmc+

◃ Hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c ondh~}c vh }dhkhk qxh `onh~ mhvo~~caaomc aov vdbxdhk}hv iovhv:◇ Foadidfo~ ao fo|ofdmom t vcayhkfdo mh aov he|~hvov qxh `ok adfd}omc+◇ Omed}d~ t ~hf`ozo~ he|~hvov+

◃ Hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c ~hv}~dkbdmc vh }dhkhk qxh `onh~ mhvo~~caaomc aov vdbxdhk}hv iovhv:◇ Foadidfo~ ao fo|ofdmom t vcayhkfdo mh aov he|~hvov qxh `ok adfd}omc+◇ Omed}d~ t ~hf`ozo~ he|~hvov+◇ Dkyd}o~ |c~ hvf~d}c o aov he|~hvov vhahffdckomov o qxh |~hvhk}hk vxv cih~}ov?=9+

Hk oencv |~cfhmdedhk}cv t aahbomcv o hv}o iovh mha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh vhahffdök t xko yhz mhvdbkomcv acvedhen~cv mha fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv t |xnadfomc hk ha |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h vx kcen~oedhk}c! vh fckycfo

kxhyo Ehvo mh fck}~o}ofdök! qxh?=2:◃ Hv xko vhvdök |únadfo+

◃ Vh fhahn~o hk xk |aozc kc vx|h~dc~ o 2 måov o fck}o~ mhvmh ao o|h~}x~o mh ao mcfxehk}ofdök ~hao}dyo o aofo|ofdmom t vcayhkfdo mh aov he|~hvov+

◃ Vh on~h ha vcn~h fc~~hv|ckmdhk}h o acv f~d}h~dcv kc fxok}didfonahv ox}ceï}dfoehk}h (ao cih~}o}äfkdfo$+ Vd hk ha vcn~h kº ? (mcfxehk}ofdök bhkh~oa$ vh `o dkfaxdmc dkic~eofdök qxh mhnh dkfaxd~vh hkha vcn~h kº 6 (cih~}o hfcköedfo$! vx|ckh xk dkfxe|adedhk}c mha |~dkfd|dc mh dbxoamom mh }~o}c t kc

mdvf~dedkofdök mh acv fokmdmo}cv! mhndhkmc hpfaxd~vh ao |~c|cvdfdök |~hvhk}omo+?=0

◃ Vh hk}~hbo ao mcfxehk}ofdök oa fced}ä mh hp|h~}cv+

?=9 O~}åfxac ?98 ]^AFV\+?=2 O~}åfxac >2 hoa Mhf~h}c 0?2#><<4! mh 0 mh eotc?=0 ^hvcaxfdök ?=9#><?? mha ]OF^F+

=0

8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◃ Ao |ckmh~ofdök ovdbkomo o acv f~d}h~dcv mh|hkmdhk}hv mh xk jxdfdc mh yoac~ vh mo~ï o fckcfh~ hk ha of}c|únadfc mh o|h~}x~o mha ~hv}c mh ao mcfxehk}ofdök qxh dk}hb~h ao |~c|cvdfdök! voayc qxh hk acv|adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov |o~}dfxao~hv vh mdv|ckbo c}~o fcvo hk fxok}c oa of}c hk qxh mhno`ofh~vh |únadfo+?=4

8+2+>+ Acv |aozcv qxh `ot |o~o vhahffdcko~ oa |~cyhhmc~+

C}~o fxhv}dök mhadfomo vck acv |aozcv mh omjxmdfofdök! |aozcv qxh yo~åok mh|hkmdhkmc mha vdv}heo qxh vhmhno vhbxd~ |o~o ao yoac~ofdök mh aov cih~}ov+

8+0+ Ao kc}didfofdök mh ao omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c+ Ao ec}dyofdök t ha xvc mhafc~~hc hahf}~ökdfc+

Ao idkoadmom mh ao Aht 6=#><?< kc ixh c}~o qxh ~hic~zo~ acv hihf}cv mha ~hfx~vc |h~ed}dhkmc qxh acvfokmdmo}cv t adfd}omc~hv qxh dk}h~yhkbok hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh omjxmdfofdök |xhmok dk}h~|ckh~ ~hfx~vcfck}~o aov dki~offdckhv ahboahv qxh vh |~cmxzfok hk ao }~oed}ofdök mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh vhahffdökfck}okmc fck ao |cvdndadmom ~ozckonah mh fckvhbxd~ xko ~hvcaxfdök hidfoz+

Xkc mh acv |~hvx|xhv}cv |o~o |cmh~ dk}h~|ckh~ xk ~hfx~vc hv mdv|ckh~ mh ao dkic~eofdök khfhvo~do+ Hk aoAht 6<#><<2:

◃ Ao omjxmdfofdök |~cydvdckoa vh ofc~mono hk ~hvcaxfdök ec}dyomo t vh kc}didfono o acv fokmdmo}cv+◃ Vd ha dk}h~hvomc ac vcadfd}ono! vh ahv iofdad}ono dkic~eofdök! mh acv ec}dycv mha ~hf`ozc mh vx

fokmdmo}x~o c mh vx |~c|cvdfdök t mh aov fo~of}h~åv}dfov mh ao |~c|cvdfdök mha omjxmdfo}o~dc qxhixh~ck mh}h~edkok}hv mh ao omjxmdfofdök o vx ioyc~+

O`c~o kc `ot qxh vcadfd}o~ ao dkic~eofdök! }cmc adfd}omc~ }dhkh mh~hf`c o qxh vh ah kc}didqxh:?=4 O~}åfxac 6< hoa Mhf~h}c 0?2#><<4! mh 0 mh eotc

=4

8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Kc cnv}ok}h! hv}ïk vx~bdhkmc mxmov hk }c~kc o qxä vh hk}dhkmc |c~ ‑ec}dyofdök―! ‑o qxdäk `ot qxh kc}didfo~qxä dkic~eofdök― t ‑vcn~h ao x}dadzofdök mha ehmdc hahf}~ökdfc―+

◃ Ec}dyofdök: ‑ao kc}didfofdök mh ao omjxmdfofdök vh hk}dhkmh ec}dyomo mh ic~eo omhfxomo vdfck}dhkh oa ehkcv ao dkic~eofdök qxh |h~ed}o oa adfd}omc~ dk}h~|ckh~ ~hfx~vc hk ic~eovxidfdhk}hehk}h ixkmomo+―?8<

◃ O qxdäk `ot qxh kc}didfo~ qxä dkic~eofdök: ‑+++! ha o~}åfxac ?68+=º mh ao Aht mh Fck}~o}cv mhaVhf}c~ \únadfc kc hpdbh qxh hk ao kc}didfofdök dkmdydmxoa o fomo fokmdmo}c mhvfo~}omc vh

dkfaxto ao ec}dyofdök mh ao |xk}xofdök o acv mheïv adfd}omc~hv mdv}dk}cv mha kc}didfomc t haomjxmdfo}o~dc+ \c~ }ok}c! nov}o fck qxh hk ao kc}didfofdök mh omjxmdfofdök fckv}h ao ec}dyofdök~hv|hf}c mh ao cih~}o mha omjxmdfo}o~dc t ao ec}dyofdök mha kc}didfomc!  |h~c kc ~hv|hf}c mh aov

cih~}ov mha ~hv}c mh adfd}omc~hv+―?8?

◃ Ao x}dadzofdök mha ehmdc hahf}~ökdfc: Vd ndhk hv mh xvc fceúk! ha fc~~hc hahf}~ökdfc kc~eoa (To`cc!beoda! `c}eoda!+++$ kc yoah |o~o ~hoadzo~ aov fcexkdfofdckhv c kc}didfofdckhv hahf}~ökdfov+Hv xk eoa`ïnd}c (o`å vh yhk aov yhk}ojov mh ao }hfkcacbåo$! qxh vh `o ydv}c ~hic~zomc |c~ mcv ec}dycv:

?8<  ^hvcaxfdök kº  >02#><??mha ]OF^F+ \xnadfomc |c~ Yåf}c~  \onac hk ha nacb mh ao fcexkdmom vcn~h ~hvcaxfdckhv mha ]~dnxkoaOmedkdv}~o}dyc Fhk}~oa mh ^hfx~vcv fck}~of}xoahv+

?8?  ^hvcaxfdök kº  >02#><??mha ]OF^F+ \xnadfomc |c~ Yåf}c~  \onac hk ha nacb mh ao fcexkdmom vcn~h ~hvcaxfdckhv mha ]~dnxkoaOmedkdv}~o}dyc Fhk}~oa mh ^hfx~vcv fck}~of}xoahv+

8<

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Vhf}c~ \únadfc ! 6?#><<2! mh 6< mh cf}xn~h ! vcn~h |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}ofdök hk acv vhf}c~hv mha obxo! ao hkh~båo! acv }~okv|c~}hv t acv vh~ydfdcv |cv}oahv! t >4#?440! mh ?6 mh jxadc! ~hbxaomc~o mh ao Jx~dvmdffdökFck}hkfdcvc %Omedkdv}~o}dyo |o~o omo|}ofdök o ao kc~eo}dyo fcexkd}o~do

Xk |cfc mh `dv}c~do:◃ @onåo qxh omo|}o~ ao kc~eo}dyo mh fck}~o}cv o ao Md~hf}dyo ><<2#99# FH ! mh ?? mh mdfdhen~h qxh! o

vx yhz! `onåo ecmdidfomc vxv}okfdoaehk}h aov ok}h~dc~hv Md~hf}dyov Fcexkd}o~dov 04#998# FHH ! mh >?mh mdfdhen~h t 4>#?6# FHH ! mh >8 mh ihn~h~c! qxh ~hbxaonok acv ~hfx~vcv hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök}ok}c fck ~hih~hkfdo o acv fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! fcec fck ~hv|hf}c mh acv qxh fhahn~hk aovhk}dmomhv fck}~o}ok}hv hk acv Vhf}c~hv mha Obxo! ao Hkh~båo! acv ]~okv|c~}hv t acv Vh~ydfdcv \cv}oahv+

◃ Ao kc~eo}dyo hv|oÿcao dkfxe|aåo! (aov ahthv 6< t 6? mh ><<2$! aov Md~hf}dyov hx~c|hov hk eo}h~domh ~hfx~vcv t ovå ac vhk}hkfdö ha ]~dnxkoa mh Jxv}dfdo mh aov Fcexkdmomhv Hx~c|hov ha 6 mh On~da mh

><<0?89

! |c~qxh:◇ Fckvdmh~okmc 60º: .Ao |~c}hffdök jx~åmdfo fce|ah}o qxh mhnh ovå bo~ok}dzo~vh ok}hv mh aofhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c! (o~}åfxac >+?º Md~hf}dyo vcn~h ~hfx~vcv$! de|adfo hk |o~}dfxao~ aocnadbofdök mh dkic~eo~ o acv adfd}omc~hv mh ao mhfdvdök mh omjxmdfofdök ok}hv mh ao

fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c! fck cnjh}c mh qxh äv}cv mdv|ckbok mh xko |cvdndadmom ~hoa mh~hfx~~d~+. 

◇ Fckvdmh~okmc 64º: ‑.Hv}o edveo |~c}hffdök hpdbh qxh vh fckfhmo oa adfd}omc~ hpfaxdmc ao |cvdndadmom mh hpoedko~ hk ha ecehk}c c|c~}xkc ao fxhv}dök mh ao yoadmhz mh ao mhfdvdök mhomjxmdfofdök++++ mhnh ehmdo~ xk |aozc ~ozckonah hk}~h ha ecehk}c hk qxh vh fcexkdfo oacv adfd}omc~hv hpfaxdmcv ao mhfdvdök mh omjxmdfofdök t ao fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c! |o~o qxhäv}cv |xhmok! hk |o~}dfxao~! dk}h~|ckh~ xko mheokmo mh ehmdmov |~cydvdckoahv `ov}o haecehk}c mh mdf`o fhahn~ofdök+. 

◇ Fckvdmh~okmc =>º: ‑+++ hk ao ehmdmo hk qxh ha of}c mh omjxmdfofdök de|adfo mh dx~h aofhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c! ~hvxa}o mh haac qxh ao mhfdvdök mh ao hk}dmom omjxmdfomc~oehmdok}h ao fxoa äv}o hadbh! hk}~h acv adfd}omc~hv! oa omjxmdfo}o~dc kc |xhmh vh~ cnjh}c mhxk ~hfx~vc hv|hfåidfc fck ok}h~dc~dmom o ao |~c|do fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c+. 

◇ Fckvdmh~okmc =6º: .+++ ao ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c |xhmh vh~ fckfced}ok}h o vxomjxmdfofdök! c vhbxd~ao hk ext n~hyh |aozc+++++ mdf`o ic~eoadzofdök! ++++ kc hv}ï vxjh}o o |aozc eåkdec oabxkc t |xhmh aahyo~vh o fonc hk fxok}c ha omjxmdfo}o~dc `oto of~hmd}omc aofckv}d}xfdök mh xko bo~ok}åo mhidkd}dyo!+++! ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c |xhmh fcehkzo~ 

ok}hv mh qxh vh `otok |~of}dfomc }cmov aov kc}didfofdckhv mh ao omjxmdfofdök hpdbdmov+. ◇ Fckvdmh~okmc ==º: .hk mh}h~edkomcv vx|xhv}cv! kc |xhmh dk}h~|ckh~vh kdkbúk ~hfx~vc ú}da

fck}~o ha of}c mh omjxmdfofdök ok}hv mh ao hjhfxfdök edveo mha fck}~o}c! edhk}~ov qxh hacnjh}dyc mh ao Md~hf}dyo mh ~hfx~vcv fckvdv}h hk bo~ok}dzo~ qxh aov mhfdvdckhv daåfd}ov

mh acv |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv |xhmok vh~ ~hfx~~dmov mh eokh~o hidfoz t ac eïv

~ï|dmoehk}h |cvdnah+. ◃ \o~o ~hic~eo~ ao kc~eo}dyo vh haonc~ö ha ok}h|~cthf}c mh Aht mh ecmdidfofdök mh aov Ahthv 6<#><<2

t 6?#><<2! |o~o vx omo|}ofdök o ao kc~eo}dyo fcexkd}o~do+ Ha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc dkic~eö?82 qxh haok}h~dc~ vdv}heo mh ~hfx~vcv (ha mh ao Aht 6<#><<2$:

◇ .Kc |h~ed}åo de|xbko~ kdkbxko mhfdvdök c of}c mh acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |cv}h~dc~ o aomhfdvdök mh o omjxmdfofdök |~cydvdckoa+

◇ Kc |h~ed}åo de|xbko~ ao mhfdvdök mh omjxmdfofdök mhidkd}dyo %qxh hv ao qxh ~hoaehk}hvx|ckh ao fhahn~ofdök mha fck}~o}c²!++++7 kd }oe|cfc aov mhfdvdckhv%~hao}dyov o ao hyoaxofdök

?89 Ovxk}c F %===#<9! vhbxdmc fck}~o ha ^hdkc mh Hv|oÿo+?82 Mdf}oehk m ha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc (kº =44$+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

mh acv mcfxehk}cv qxh of~hmd}hk qxh ha adfd}omc~ oa qxh vh `oto omjxmdfomc |~cydvdckoaehk}h ha fck}~o}c vh `oaao oa fc~~dhk}h hk ha fxe|adedhk}c mh vxv cnadbofdckhv}~dnx}o~dov t fck ao Vhbx~dmom Vcfdoa! qxh }hkbok |c~ cnjh}c of~hmd}o~ ao o|}d}xm mhaomjxmdfo}o~dc |o~o hjhfx}o~ ha fck}~o}c c qxh jxv}didqxhk ao fc~~hf}o fckv}d}xfdök mh ao bo~ok}åo+. 

◇ .+++ |aozc mh |~hvhk}ofdök o |o~}d~ mh ao kc}didfofdök mh ao mhfdvdök mh omjxmdfofdök |~cydvdckoa! qxh kc hk }cmcv acv fovcv hv vxidfdhk}hehk}h ao~bc fcec |o~o bo~ok}dzo~ aohidfofdo mha ~hfx~vc+ Vh fckvdmh~o qxh ha |aozc ++++ hv hpfhvdyoehk}h n~hyh |o~o qxh acvadfd}omc~hv! ++++ mdv|ckbok mh xko |cvdndadmom ~hoa mh ~hfx~~d~7 +++! kc fonh vxv}d}xd~ aokc}didfofdök cidfdoa mh ao mhfdvdök mh ao omjxmdfofdök |c~ ao |xnadfofdök hk xk mdo~dc cidfdoa chk ha |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h mha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök+ +++ oúk mhv|xäv mh kc}didfomo aomhfdvdök mh omjxmdfofdök |~cydvdckoa! acv ec}dycv mh ao edveo |xhmok kc `onh~vh momc ofckcfh~! |xhv `o mh ehmdo~ |~hydo vcadfd}xm |o~o cn}hkh~ mdf`o dkic~eofdök+. 

◇ .+++ kc |h~ed}åo ~hfx~~d~ ok}h xk ö~bokc dkmh|hkmdhk}h mha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök |xhv `omh |~hvhk}o~vh ok}h ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök c ok}h ha c~bokdvec oa qxh mdf`c ö~bokc hv}ïomvf~d}c+. 

◃ Ao idkoadmom mh ao Aht 6=#><?< kc ixh c}~o qxh ~hic~zo~ acv hihf}cv mha ~hfx~vc |h~ed}dhkmc qxh acvfokmdmo}cv t adfd}omc~hv qxh dk}h~yhkbok hk acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh omjxmdfofdök |xhmok dk}h~|ckh~~hfx~vc fck}~o aov dki~offdckhv ahboahv qxh vh |~cmxzfok hk ao }~oed}ofdök mh acv |~cfhmdedhk}cvmh vhahffdök fck}okmc fck ao |cvdndadmom ~ozckonah mh fckvhbxd~ xko ~hvcaxfdök hidfoz+

\o~o vh~ cnjh}c mha ~hfx~vc hv|hfdoa hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök! acv of}cv mhnhk heoko~ mh aov Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov t aov hk}dmomhv qxh cv}hk}hk ao fckmdfdök mh |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv t ~hih~d~vh o

mh}h~edkomcv fck}~o}cv?80:

?+ Cn~ov! fckfhvdök mh cn~ov |únadfov!mh vxedkdv}~c! mh vh~ydfdcv! mh fcaonc~ofdök hk}~h ha Vhf}c~\únadfc t ha Vhf}c~ \~dyomc t ofxh~mcv eo~fc! vxjh}cv o ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo+

>+ Fck}~o}cv mh vh~ydfdcv fce|~hkmdmcv hk aov fo}hbc~åov ?2 o >2 mha okhpc DD  mh hv}o Aht fxtc yoac~hv}deomc vho dbxoa c vx|h~dc~ o ?46+<<< hx~cv t

6+ Fck}~o}cv mh bhv}dök mh vh~ydfdcv |únadfcv hk acv qxh ha |~hvx|xhv}c mh bov}cv mh |~deh~hv}onahfdedhk}c! hpfaxdmc ha de|c~}h mha De|xhv}c vcn~h ha Yoac~ Oÿomdmc! vho vx|h~dc~ o 8<<+<<<hx~cv t ha |aozc mh mx~ofdök vx|h~dc~ o fdkfc oÿcv+

=+ Fck}~o}cv vxnyhkfdckomcv o qxh vh ~hidh~h ha o~} åfxac ?2+

Hv}c kc hv xko fxhv}dök |ofåidfo:?+ \c~ xk aomc! vh~åo nxhkc qxh }cmcv acv fck}~o}cv |xmdh~ok vh~ ~hfx~~dnahv+

>+ \h~c hv}c vh~åo! ext nx~cf~ï}dfc! ext ahk}c t |cm~åo oihf}o~ oa fxe|adedhk}c mha dk}h~ävbhkh~oa+

.Ao mdv}dkfdök hk}~h acv ehfokdvecv mh fck}~ca mh xk fck}~o}c vxjh}c o ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo t xkc kcvxjh}c kc hv}ï vxidfdhk}hehk}h jxv}didfomo t |cm~åo bhkh~o~ xk fdh~}c kdyha mh dkvhbx~dmom jx~åmdfo |c~ ac

qxh mhnh~åo fckvdmh~o~vh vx hp}hkvdök o }cmcv acv fck}~o}cv+.?84

Xko hpfh|fdök vck acv koyo~~cv qxh vå |h~ed}hk dk}h~|ckh~ ha ~hfx~vc hv|hfdoa fck}~o }cmc }d|c mh

fck}~o}cv! (voayc hk ha ïend}c acfoa! mckmh yåo |adhbc vh |xhmh aded}o~ ha ~hfx~vc$+?9<

?80 O~}åfxac =< ]^AFV\+?84 Mdf}oehk Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc (kº 8?=#><<9$+?9<  O~}åfxac + >?<+? º Aht Ic~oa 9#><<9! mh 4 mh Jxkdc h Fck}~o}cv \únadfcv+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

\o~o ha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc! .vh~åo nxhkc hp}hkmh~ac o }cmc }d|c mh fck}~o}cv (fcec `ok `hf`c hk I~okfdo$+. To qxh .ao idkoadmom qxh vh |h~vdbxh fck ha kxhyc ~hfx~vc t ha vdv}heo hv|hfdoa mh ehmdmov fox}hao~hvhv!++++! bo~ok}dzo~ qxh ha fck}~ca mha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök vho ~ï|dmc t hidfoz! mh ecmc qxh aovdkfdmhkfdov qxh |xhmok |aok}ho~vh vh }~oed}hk t ~hvxhayok ok}hv mh fhahn~o~vh ha fck}~o}c+ Hvofckyhkdhkfdo mh ~o|dmhz t hidfofdo hk ao ~hvcaxfdök mh aov dkfdmhkfdov mha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök~hvxa}o hp}hkvdnah o fxoaqxdh~ }d|c mh fck}~o}c! hv}ä c kc vxjh}c o ~hbxaofdök o~eckdzomo+ +++! t oxk

fxokmc aov hpdbhkfdov mh ao Md~hf}dyo mh ~hfx~vcv qxhmhk fxe|admov fck o|adfo~ hv}cv ehfokdvecv mh

bo~ok}åo o acv fck}~o}cv VO^O! vh~åo fckyhkdhk}h yoac~o~ vx hp}hkvdök o }cmcv acv fck}~o}cv fce|~hkmdmcv

hk ha ïend}c mh o|adfofdök mh ao Aht 6<#><<2+. ?9?

Kc cnv}ok}h! t vhbúk mdfh ha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc! ‑vd }cmcv acv fck}~o}cv |xhmhk vh~ cnjh}c mh ~hfx~vchv|hfdoa vh |xhmh mdao}o~ mh ic~eo dkfckyhkdhk}h ao }~oed}ofdök mh |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh fck}~o}cv mh

ehkc~ hk}dmom hfcköedfo+. t ovå! .i~hk}h oa hjhe|ac i~okfäv! c}~cv |oåvhv! fcec Oaheokdo! `ok c|}omc |c~ 

~hv}~dkbd~ ao o|adfofdök mh hv}o yåo hv|hfdoa mh ~hfx~vc o acv fck}~o}cv vxjh}cv o ao ~hbxaofdök fcexkd}o~do!xko vcaxfdök o ao qxh komo `ot qxh c|ckh~ mhvmh ha |xk}c mh ydv}o mha fxe|adedhk}c mh aov kc~eov

fcexkd}o~dov! |h~c qxh vdk mxmo ~hvxa}o ehkcv bo~ok}dv}o |o~o acv omedkdv}~omcv+. ?9>

Hk fxok}c o acv of}cv ~hfx~~dnahv yok mhvmh ha ecehk}c hk qxh vh okxkfdo ao adfd}ofdök `ov}o ao ic~eoadzofdökmha fck}~o}c:

?+ Acv okxkfdcv mh adfd}ofdök! acv |adhbcv t acv mcfxehk}cv fck}~of}xoahv qxh hv}onahzfok aovfckmdfdckhv qxh mhnok ~hbd~ ao fck}~o}ofdök+

>+ Acv of}cv mh }~ïed}h omc|}omcv hk ha |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök! vdhkmc khfhvo~dc qxh:o+ Mhfdmok md~hf}o c dkmd~hf}oehk}h vcn~h ao omjxmdfofdök+n+ Mh}h~edkhk ao de|cvdndadmom mh fck}dkxo~ ha |~cfhmdedhk}c+ Vh fckvdmh~o~ïk of}cv mh

}~ïed}h qxh mh}h~edkok ao de|cvdndadmom mh fck}dkxo~ ha |~cfhmdedhk}c acv of}cv mh ao Ehvomh Fck}~o}ofdök |c~ acv qxh vh ofxh~mh ao hpfaxvdök mh adfd}omc~hv+ Hv mh mhv}ofo~ ao vöac hv

~hfx~~dnah ha of}c mh }~ïed}h mh hpfaxvdök mh xk adfd}omc~7 kc ha mh omedvdök+?96 

f+ \~cmxzfok dkmhihkvdök c |h~jxdfdc d~~h|o~onah o mh~hf cv c dk}h~hvhv ahbå}decv+6+ Acv ofxh~mcv mh omjxmdfofdök+

Kc vck vxvfh|}dnahv mh ~hfx~vc:?+ Acv mhihf}cv mh }~oed}ofdök |xhmhk vh~ |xhv}cv mh eokdidhv}c |c~ acv dk}h~hvomcv oa ö~bokc oa qxh

fc~~hv|ckmo ao dkv}~xffdök mha hp|hmdhk}h c oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök! o hihf}cv mh vx fc~~hffdök! tvdk |h~jxdfdc mh qxh aov d~~hbxao~dmomhv qxh ahv oihf}hk |xhmok vh~ oahbomov |c~ acv dk}h~hvomcv oa~hfx~~d~ ha of}c mh vh~o omjxmdfofdök+

>+ Acv |~cfhmdedhk}cv mh omjxmdfofdök qxh vh vdbok |c~ ha }~ïed}h mh heh~bhkfdo+6+ Hk ha o~}åfxac =< vh `o fckvcadmomc ao ~hbao ~hao}dyo o qxh ‑kc vh~ïk vxvfh|}dnahv mh ~hfx~vc hv|hfdoa

hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök acv of}cv mh acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök mdf}omcv hk ~haofdök fck aov

ecmdidfofdckhv fck}~of}xoahv kc |~hydv}ov hk ha |adhbc qxh! mh fckic~edmom fck ac mdv|xhv}c hkacv o~}åfxacv ?<8 o ?<2! vho |~hfdvc ~hoadzo~ xko yhz omjxmdfomcv acv fck}~o}cv― +

8+?<+ Ao ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c+

?9?

  O~}åfxac + >?<+? º Aht Ic~oa 9#><<9! mh 4 mh Jxkdc h Fck}~o}cv \únadfcv+?9>  O~}åfxac + >?<+? º Aht Ic~oa 9#><<9! mh 4 mh Jxkdc h Fck}~o}cv \únadfcv+?96 ^hvcaxfdök 90#><?? mha ]OF^F

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

\o~o omo|}o~ ao ahbdvaofdök mh fck}~o}cv o ao Md~hf}dyo mh ^hfx~vcv ixh khfhvo~dc! omheïv mh .~hixkmd~ hkxkc vöac acv of}cv mh omjxmdfofdök |~cydvdckoa t mhidkd}dyo.! .`ofh~ fcdkfdmd~ ao |h~ihffdök mha fck}~o}c

fck ao ic~eoadzofdök mha edvec+. ?9=

Acv fck}~o}cv qxh fhahn~hk acv |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv vh |h~ihffdckok fck vx ic~eoadzofdök+?98 Hkfckvhfxhkfdo!kc |cm~ï dkdfdo~vh ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c vdk vx |~hydo ic~eoadzofdök! hpfh|}c hk ha fovc mh}~oed}ofdök mh heh~bhkfdo+.?99

Xk |cfc mh `dv}c~do:◃ Ha |h~ihffdckoedhk}c mha fck}~o}c ~hqxh~åo mh xko mh}h~edkomo ic~eo+ .+++ Ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho

`o fckfaxdmc qxh ha hvqxheo (mh ao Aht 6<#><<2$ kc mo omhfxomo ~hv|xhv}o o aov hpdbhkfdovmh~dyomov mh ao Md~hf}dyo mh ~hfx~vcv t! |o~o haac omheïv mh vx|~ded~ ao mxoadmom omjxmdfofdök  |~cydvdckoa#mhidkd}dyo! ao ~hbxaofdök |~cthf}omo hpdbh xko mh}h~edkomo ic~eo |o~o qxh acvfck}~o}cv fhahn~omcv |c~ acv |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv vh |h~ihffdckhk: ao ic~eoadzofdök |ovo o vh~!

 |c~ }ok}c! fckv}d}x}dyo mha fck}~o}c+. ?92

◃ Ok}hv ha fck}~o}c vh |h~ihffdckono hk ao omjxmdfofdök+ .O`c~o ndhk! ao ic~eo hvf~d}o! oxkqxhcnadbo}c~do! fo~hfh `ov}o ao ihf`o mh fo~ïf}h~ fckv}d}x}dyc+ Ha fck}~o}c vh |h~ihffdcko fck aoomjxmdfofdök mhidkd}dyo kc fck ao ic~eoadzofdök! t mhvmh hvh edvec ecehk}c hpdv}h t cnadbo fcec}oa+ Ha dkfxe|adedhk}c mh ao cnadbofdök mh ic~eoadzo~ ha fck}~o}c kc oihf}o o ao hpdv}hkfdo! kd o aoyoadmhz mha fck}~o}c: t mh o`å qxh ao ioa}o mh ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c |c~ foxvov de|x}onahv oafck}~o}dv}o mh}h~edkh vx ~hvcaxfdök fck dkfox}ofdök mh ao bo~ok}ao+ Vh vdbxh ao ~hbao bhkh~oa mh qxh

acv fck}~o}cv vh |h~ihffdckok |c~ ha vcac fckvhk}dedhk}c (o~}v+ ?+>8= t ?+>80 m ha Fömdbc Fdyda$+. ?90

◃ Hv}c vx|xvc xk bd~c hk ao }~othf}c~do ok}dic~eoadv}o mh ao fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo++ .+++! hvfao~c qxh ao fck}~o}ofdök omedkdv}~o}dyo hv hedkhk}hehk}h ic~eoadv}o++++ ao Omedkdv}~ofdök kc |xhmh fck}~o}o~ yh~noaehk}h t ha dkdfdc mh ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c mh|hkmh! fcec ~hbao bhkh~oa!mh vx ic~eoadzofdök+. .Vh oa}h~o! |xhv! ha fo~ïf}h~ ok}dic~eoadv}o mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hk~haofdök fck Dcv fck}~o}cv fhahn~omcv |c~ |cmh~hv omjxmdfomc~hv |o~o mo~ fxe|adedhk}c o aovhpdbhkfdov mh ao Fcedvdök Hx~c|ho hk fxok}c o ao omhfxofdök mh ao ahbdvaofdök dk}h~ko vcn~h

fck}~o}cv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc o aov md~hf}dyov fcexkd}o~dov o|adfonahv+. ?94

Ao }~oed}ofdök t acv |aozcv mh xk fck}~o}c omedkdv}~o}dyc mh|hkmh mh vd hv}ï c kc vxjh}c o ~hbxaofdöko~eckdzomo+

?9= Mdf}oehk Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc kº ==4#><?<+?98 O~}åfxac >2 ]^AFV\+?99  O~}åfxac ??>+6º ]^AFV\+?92

 Mdf}oehk Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc kº ==4#><?<+?90 Mdf}oehk Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc kº ==4#><?<+?94 Mdf}oehk Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc kº ==4#><?<+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

\h~c vx~bhk mxmov! fxokmc ha fck}~o}c |xhmh vh~ cnjh}c mh ~hfx~vc hv|hfdoa! ao ic~eoadzofdök kc |cm~ïhihf}xo~vh ok}hv mh qxh }~okvfx~~ok ?8 måov `ïndahv mhvmh qxh vh ~hed}o ao kc}didfofdök! |h~c mhvmh qxhihf`o fckf~h}o:

◃ Mhvmh ha måo vdbxdhk}h oa ~hbdv}~c mh voadmo+◃ Mhvmh qxh vh hk}~hbo hk fc~~hcv+◃ …

8+??+ Ha fck}~ca mh ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c+ Ha ~hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c+‑Acv hk}hv! c~bokdvecv t hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc yhao~ïk |c~ ao hidfdhkfdo t ha eok}hkdedhk}c mh acv}ä~edkcv ofc~momcv hk ao hjhfxfdök mh acv |~cfhvcv mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo― ?2<! t ³hv khfhvo~dc qxh ao Aht!c~mhkh o acv hk}hv! c~bokdvecv t hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc qxh fxe|aok vxv fck}~o}cv3! |c~qxh vck

fck}~o}cv t `ot xk |adhbc qxh hv ao Aht hk}~h aov |o~}hv+++

Fcec fcehk}o Jcvä Eokxha Eo~}åkhz Ih~kïkmhz ‑ha fck}~ca mh ao hjhfxfdök mh acv fck}~o}cv hv ao

ovdbko}x~o |hkmdhk}h hk ao |~ïf}dfo mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo―+ 

Hk ha ic~c mh ao fcexkdmom mh |~ïf}dfov vh `o hv}omc mdvfx}dhkmc vcn~h hv}o idbx~o:◃ _xdzï mckmh vho eïv |~cnaheï}dfo vx hpdv}hkfdo t ixkfdckoedhk}c vho hk acv fck}~o}cv mh cn~o!

mckmh to hpdv}h ha md~hf}c~ mh ao cn~o+

?2< O~}åfxac >>+>º ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◃ Ao eotc~ |o~}h mh acv |o~}dfd|ok}hv yhk o hv}o idbx~o fcec xk ehfokdvec mh vhbxdedhk}c qxh

bo~ok}dfh ao fc~~hf}o hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c+?2? 

Hv xk `hf`c qxh ao hjhfxfdök mh acv fck}~o}cv mdvfx~~hk |c~ vhkmh~cv oa eo~bhk mha |~cfhmdedhk}cahboa t! qxdzï aov mcv |~dkfd|oahv foxvov vhok:

?+ Ha foendc mha |h~ida |~cihvdckoa mh acv qxh vh cfx|ok mh xko t c}~o iovh:o+ @ot xko |o~}h bhv}dckomo |c~ |h~vckoa mh |h~ida |~cihvdckoa jx~åmdfc! qxh aahbo `ov}o ao

ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c t qxh vxhah mdvfx~~d~ |c~ ha vhkmh~c ic~eoa mh ao Aht+n+ Ao c}~o |o~}h! ao qxh vdbxh o ao ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c! kc vh vonh fck fh~}hzo |c~ mökmh

mdvfx~~h+ Ao ~hoadmom hv qxh acv |~dkfd|oahv of}c~hv mh hv}o iovh! fck}~o}dv}ov t |h~vckoa mh|h~ida }äfkdfc kc%jx~åmdfc! kc vxhahk vonh~ ac qxh ahboaehk}h mhnhk `ofh~! kd qxh ac}dhkhk qxh mcfxehk}o~ t fcexkdfo~ |o~o yoadmo~ vxv of}xofdckhv7 c vd ac vonhk! kc }dhkhfo|ofdmom |o~o `ofh~ac+

>+ Ao ahk}d}xm mh ao ao ic~eo hvf~d}o+

Tc f~hc qxh fck ao idbx~o mha ‑~hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c― vh |~h}hkmh:◃ Fcc~mdko~ ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c t ovhbx~o~ xko omhfxomo fcaonc~ofdök hk}~h ha |h~vckoa mh acv

vh~ydfdcv dk}h~hvomcv hk ao fck}~o}ofdök t ha |h~vckoa mh acv ö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök+◃ Ovhbx~o~ ha fxe|adedhk}c mha |~cfhmdedhk}c ahboa t ~hv|ckvondadzo~ahv mh vx dkfxe|adedhk}c+

?2? Hjhe|ac mh ~hbxaofdök hk acv |adhbcv mh faïxvxaov omedkdv}~o}dyov |o~}dfxao~hv:

?+ ‑! oa ö~bokdvec |~c|ckhk}h mh ao fck}~o}ofdök! hk ao ehec~do jxv}didfo}dyo! ah |hmdecv qxh kcv mdbo qxh |h~vcko iåvdfo c jx~åmdfo mhnh vh~ kcen~omo fcec ~hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c+ Fovd vdhe|~h hpdbdecv qxh vho ha qxh `o fckihfdckomc ha \\]! mhhv}o ic~eo! o ao |h~vcko mhvdbkomo! ah hpdbdecv xk fckcfdedhk}c mh}oaaomc mh aov fckmdfdckhv hk aov qxh vh yo o hjhfxo~ hafck}~o}c t ah cnadboecv o ~hoadzo~ xk dkic~eh mh}oaaomc! ehv o ehv! mh ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c+ Kxhv}~cv ~hv|ckvonahv mhfck}~o}c (EF mh EF (ecvfo fcjckh~o$ vh vxhahk }ceo~ nov}ok}h hk vh~dc vx ixkfdök! to qxh hv o haacv o acv qxh hpdbdecv~hv|ckvondadmomhv hk fovc mh fxe|adedhk}c mhihf}xcvc mh ao |~hv}ofdök+$

>+ ‑Ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök mhvdbko~ï xk ^hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c! oa qxh fc~~hv|ckmh~ï vx|h~ydvo~ vx hjhfxfdök t omc|}o~ aov mhfdvdckhv t mdf}o~ aov dkv}~xffdckhv khfhvo~dov fck ha idk mh ovhbx~o~ ao fc~~hf}o hjhfxfdök mh ao |~hv}ofdök |of}omo+ Ha~hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c |cm~ï vh~ xko |h~vcko iåvdfo c jx~åmdfo+

Ha kcen~oedhk}c mha ^hv|ckvonah mha fck}~o}c vh~ï fcexkdfomc |c~ hvf~d}c oa fck}~o}dv}o hk ha |aozc mh qxdkfhmåov mhvmh ao ihf`o mh ic~eoadzofdök mha fck}~o}c t! hk vx fovc! vx vxv}d}xfdök hk dmäk}dfc |aozc! mhvmh ao ihf`o hk qxh vh`xndh~o |~cmxfdmc+

Ha ^hv|ckvonah t vxv fcaonc~omc~hv! ofce|oÿomcv |c~ ha mhahbomc mha fck}~o}dv}o! }hkm~ïk adn~h offhvc o acvaxbo~hv mckmh vh ~hoadfhk acv }~onojcv+

Ha fck}~o}dv}o! vdk fcv}h omdfdckoa oabxkc! iofdad}o~ï ao ovdv}hkfdo |~cihvdckoa hk aov ~hxkdckhv hp|adfo}dyov c mhdkic~eofdök! qxh äv}o hv}deh khfhvo~dov |o~o ha o|~cyhf`oedhk}c mh ao |~hv}ofdök fck}~o}omo―

6+ >6+% FCK]^CA MHA VXEDKDV]^C+ ^HV\CKVONAH MHA FCK]^O]C+ O+ Ao vx|h~ydvdök mh }cmov aov of}dydmomhv vh~ï ~hoadzomo |c~ xk ^hv|ckvonah mha Fck}~o}c qxh! mh ofxh~mc fck ac |~hydv}chk ha o~}åfxac 8> mha ]^AFV\! vh kcen~o~ï hk ao ~hvcaxfdök mh o|~cnofdök mha hp|hmdhk}h mh fck}~o}ofdök ~hfcbdäkmcvh hk hao|o~}omc ß mha FF\ mha fck}~o}c! hk ao mh omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c! c! |cv}h~dc~ehk}h! |c~ ha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök o

}~oyäv mh ao Fckfhjoaåo |~c|ckhk}h mh ao fck}~o}ofdök mh acv }~onojcv+N+ O }~oyäv mh hv}h fck}~ca! vh yh~didfo~ï ao hjhfxfdök mha fxe|adedhk}c mha fck}~o}c hk }cmcv vxv }ä~edkcv t vh mo~ïk aovdkv}~xffdckhv c|c~}xkov oa ~hv|ckvonah mh ao he|~hvo |o~o ha fc~~hf}c mhvo~~caac mh aov of}xofdckhv! mh ofxh~mc o ac |~hydv}chk ha o~}åfxac 4= ^AFO\! qxh mhnh~ïk vh~ dkehmdo}oehk}h hjhfx}omov hk fxok}c oihf}hk t ao vhbx~dmom mh acv |o~}dfd|ok}hv coa xvc mh aov dkv}oaofdckhv! mhndhkmc mhjo~ fckv}okfdo mh }oahv dkv}~xffdckhv |c~ hvf~d}c fxokmc vx hk}dmom ac ~hqxdh~o+ Hv}ofo|ofdmom mh mhfdvdök kc oafokzo o oqxhaaov fce|h}hkfdov qxh hk hv}h |adhbc c hk ao ahbdvaofdök vh o}~dnxtok oa ö~bokc mhfck}~o}ofdök+ ]cmc haac vdk |h~jxdfdc mh ao xa}h~dc~ oahbofdök oa ~hv|hf}c |c~ |o~}h mha fck}~o}dv}o hk fovc mh mdvf~h|okfdo!hk fxtc fovc fc~~hv|ckmh~ï oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök ao dk}h~|~h}ofdök! c hk vx fovc ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c hk acv}ä~edkcv |~hydv}cv hk ao faïxvxao 60 mh hv}h |adhbc+F+ \o~o iofdad}o~ ha fxe|adedhk}c mh hv}ov aonc~hv mh dkv|hffdök t ydbdaokfdo mha }~onojc fck}~o}omc! ha fck}~o}dv}o iofdad}o~ïao ydvd}o t ha hpoehk mh fxoaqxdh~ |~cfhvc c iovh mh acv }~onojcv mh hjhfxfdök mha vxedkdv}~c! ovå fcec acv ehmdcv khfhvo~dcv |o~o qxh |xhmok mhvhe|hÿo~ hk aov cidfdkov mh oqxäa! hk vx fovc! aov fd}omov ixkfdckhv+ Ha fck}~o}dv}o c vx mhahbomcofce|oÿo~ï hk aov hv}ov ydvd}ov dkv|hf}c~ov oa ^hv|ckvonah (c ~h|~hvhk}ok}h qxh vh kc}didqxh mha ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök$!qxh }hkm~ï adn~h offhvc o }cmcv acv axbo~hv mckmh vh hv}ä mhvo~~caaokmc ao hjhfxfdök mha fck}~o}c+

Fxokmc ha vxedkdv}~c dkfaxto |~cmxf}cv t c |~cyhhmc~hv mh Fceh~fdc Jxv}c! vh ~hoadzo~ï xk fck}~ca hv|hfåidfc mhafxe|adedhk}c mh hv}h ~hqxdvd}c |c~ acv ehmdcv qxh vh hv}onahfhk hk aov faïxvxaov 68 t =8 mh hv}h |adhbc! ovå fcec fxoaqxdh~ c}~c ehmdc omdfdckoa qxh vh hv}deh hk vx fovc khfhvo~dc+―

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

◃ Bo~ok}dzo~ xko omhfxomo bhv}dök mha mdkh~c |únadfc+◃ +++3

8+?>+ Ao ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c fxokmc kc vh `o |~hydv}c hk ha fck}~o}c+Xko mh aov kc~eov qxh eïv oihf}ö o ao Aht 6<#><<2 t qxh! |c~ ac }ok}c! `o vdmc foxvok}h mha ]^AFV\! ixh aoAht >#><?? mh = mh Eo~zc mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah t xkc mh acv ov|hf}cv o acv qxh oihf}o mh eokh~o hvhkfdoahv ha ~äbdehk mh ecmdidfofdök mh acv fck}~o}cv+

Fxhk}o  I~okfdvfc Joydh~ Yïzqxhz Eo}daao qxh! .hk ao |~of}dfo exf`ov omedkdv}~ofdckhv `ok hk}hkmdmc

fcec kc~eoahv h dkfaxvc kc fxhv}dckonahv hv}o úa}deo ecmoadmom mh ecmdidfofdckhv dkih~dc~hv oa ?<

fck ha ~dhvbc mh kc }ceo~ hk fckvdmh~ofdök aov foxvov qxh aov `ok ec}dyomc! vdhkmc hv}c ~h|~cf`onah o

}cmov axfhv! t |xmdhkmc oyokzo~ qxh ao ~hic~eo mh ao AFV\ vx|ckm~ï xk dkbhk}h foendc hk ao ic~eo mh

of}xo~ hk hv}o }d|cacbåo mh fck}~o}cv qxh ok}dfd|c qxh vh~ï mh mdiåfda ovdedaofdök+. ?2>

 

Hv eïv! ecmdidfo~ xk fck}~o}c eïv qxh hk xk `ïnd}c! vh `o fckyh~}dmc hk . xk o~}h.! fcec mdfh Ok}ckdc

O~dov ^cm~åbxhz+?26

Ok}hv mh |hkvo~ hk ecmdidfo~ xk fck}~o}c! `ot qxh yh~ qxh:◃ Kc hv xk vx|xhv}c mh acv qxh ahboaehk}h vh hpfaxthk hp|~hvoehk}h fcec vx|xhv}cv qxh kc vck

ecmdidfofdök mh xk fck}~o}c! hv mhfd~:o+ ao vxfhvdök hk ao |h~vcko mha fck}~o}dv}o+n+ ao fhvdök mha fck}~o}c!f+ ao ~hydvdök mh |~hfdcv c

m+ ao |~ö~~cbo mha |aozc mh hjhfxfdök◃ Kc vh |h~vdbxh oabxkc mh acv idkhv qxh ao aht hv}onahfh hp|~hvoehk}h fcec mh x}dadzofdöki~oxmxahk}o mh ao ecmdidfofdök mh xk fck}~o}c! hv mhfd~:

o+ Omdfdcko~ |~hv}ofdckhv fce|ahehk}o~dov o aov dkdfdoaehk}h fck}~o}omov!n+ Oe|ado~ ha cnjh}c mha fck}~o}c o idk mh qxh |xhmo fxe|ad~ idkoadmomhv .kxhyov. kc

fck}he|aomov hk ao mcfxehk}ofdök |~h|o~o}c~do mha edvec! cf+ Dkfc~|c~o~ xko |~hv}ofdök vxvfh|}dnah mh x}dadzofdök c o|~cyhf`oedhk}c dkmh|hkmdhk}h

◃ hk }cmcv hv}cv fovcv! vh ~hvxhayh ha fck}~o}c t vh fckycfo kxhyo adfd}ofdök+

Fxokmc ao .hyhk}xoa. ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c kc vh `oto |~hydv}c hk acv |adhbcv c hk ha okxkfdc mhadfd}ofdök! ha fck}~o}c mha vhf}c~ |únadfc vöac vh |cm~ï ecmdidfo~vh hk acv fovcv t fck acv aåed}hv

hv}onahfdmcv hk ha ]^AFV\! vdhkmc khfhvo~dc qxh?2=

:?+ Fckfx~~o oabxko mh aov fd~fxkv}okfdov ahboaehk}h |~hydv}ov |o~o ecmdidfo~ ha fck}~o}co+ Ixh~zo eotc~ c fovc ic~}xd}c qxh `dfdhvhk de|cvdnah ao ~hoadzofdök mh ao |~hv}ofdök hk acv

}ä~edkcv dkdfdoaehk}h mhidkdmcv?28+

?2> \ob+ 6>2 mha Kxhyc ~äbdehk mh ecmdidfofdckhv fck}~of}xoahv hk ao Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah+?26 Hk vx nacb idvfoadzofdök +hv?2= O~}åfxac ?<2 ]^AFV\+?28 Vhbúk ao Fd~fxao~ mh ao Oncbofåo mha Hv}omc ha fckfh|}c mh ixh~zo eotc~ .kc hv ha qxh vh hv}onahfh hk ha o~}+ >?= |o~o acv fck}~o}cv

mh cn~ov! +++ vdkc ha qxh ~hvxa}o mha o~} + ??<8 mha Fömdbc Fdyda . qxh hv}onahfh qxh: .Ixh~o mh acv fovcv hp|~hvoehk}h ehkfdckomcv hkao Aht t mh acv hk qxh ovå ac mhfao~h ao cnadbofdök! komdh ~hv|ckmh~ï mh oqxhaacv vxfhvcv qxh kc `xndh~ok |cmdmc |~hyh~vh! c

qxh! |~hydv}cv! ixh~ok dkhyd}onahv+. 

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

n+ Fckyhkdhkfdo mh dkfc~|c~o~ o ao |~hv}ofdök oyokfhv }äfkdfcv qxh ao ehjc~hk kc}c~doehk}h!vdhe|~h qxh vx mdv|ckdndadmom hk ha eh~fomc! mh ofxh~mc fck ha hv}omc mh ao }äfkdfo! vh`oto |~cmxfdmc fck |cv}h~dc~dmom o ao omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c+

f+ Khfhvdmom mh ojxv}o~ ao |~hv}ofdök o hv|hfdidfofdckhv }äfkdfov! ehmdcoendhk}oahv!x~nokåv}dfov! mh vhbx~dmom c mh offhvdndadmom o|~cnomov fck |cv}h~dc~dmom o ao omjxmdfofdökmha fck}~o}c+

m+ Dkomhfxofdök mh ao |~hv}ofdök fck}~o}omo |o~o vo}dviofh~ aov khfhvdmomhv qxh |~h}hkmhkfxn~d~vh ehmdok}h ha fck}~o}c mhndmc o h~~c~hv x cedvdckhv |omhfdmcv hk ao ~hmoffdök mha

|~cthf}c c mh aov hv|hfdidfofdckhv }äfkdfov+?29

h+ Dkomhfxofdök mha |~cthf}c c mh aov hv|hfdidfofdckhv mh ao |~hv}ofdök |c~ foxvov cnjh}dyovqxh mh}h~edkhk vx ioa}o mh dmckhdmom! fckvdv}hk}hv hk fd~fxkv}okfdov mh }d|c bhcaöbdfc!`åm~dfc! o~qxhcaöbdfc! ehmdcoendhk}oa c vdedao~hv! |xhv}ov mh eokdidhv}c fck |cv}h~dc~dmomo ao omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c t qxh kc ixhvhk |~hydvdnahv fck ok}h~dc~dmom o|adfokmc }cmo ao

mdadbhkfdo ~hqxh~dmo mh ofxh~mc fck xko nxhko |~ïf}dfo |~cihvdckoa hk ao haonc~ofdök mha|~cthf}c c hk ao ~hmoffdök mh aov hv|hfdidfofdckhv }äfkdfov+?22

>+ Vh jxv}didqxh vxidfdhk}hehk}h vx fckfx~~hkfdo+6+ Kc vh oa}h~hk aov fckmdfdckhv hvhkfdoahv mh ao adfd}ofdök t ao omjxmdfofdök! hv mhfd~! ao

ecmdidfofdök kc |xhmh:o+ Yo~do~ vxv}okfdoaehk}h ao ixkfdök t fo~of}h~åv}dfov hvhkfdoahv mh ao |~hv}ofdök

dkdfdoaehk}h fck}~o}omo+n+ Oa}h~o~ ao ~haofdök hk}~h ao |~hv}ofdök fck}~o}omo t ha |~hfdc! }oa t fcec hvo ~haofdök

qxhmö mhidkdmo |c~ aov fckmdfdckhv mh ao omjxmdfofdök+f+ Fxokmc |o~o ao ~hoadzofdök mh ao |~hv}ofdök ecmdidfomo ixhvh khfhvo~do xko `ondad}ofdök

|~cihvdckoa mdih~hk}h mh ao hpdbdmo |o~o ha fck}~o}c dkdfdoa c xkov fckmdfdckhv mh

vcayhkfdo vxv}okfdoaehk}h mdv}dk}ov+.?20

m+ _xh ao ecmdidfofdök dbxoah c hpfhmo! hk eïv c hk ehkcv! ha ?< mha |~hfdc mhomjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c7 hk ha fovc mh ecmdidfofdckhv vxfhvdyov! ha fckjxk}c mh haaovkc |cm~ï vx|h~o~ hv}h aåed}h+

h+ Hk fxoahvqxdh~o c}~cv fovcv hk qxh |xhmo |~hvxed~vh qxh! mh `onh~ vdmc fckcfdmo|~hydoehk}h ao ecmdidfofdök! `xndhvhk fckfx~~dmc oa |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök c}~cvdk}h~hvomcv! c qxh acv adfd}omc~hv qxh }ceo~ck |o~}h hk ha edvec `xndh~ok |~hvhk}omccih~}o vxv}okfdoaehk}h mdih~hk}hv o aov ic~exaomov+

?29 Vhbúk ha mdf}oehk mha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc >?8#><?< vcn~h ha ok}h|~cthf}c mh Aht mh Hfckceåo Vcv}hkdnah .hv}ov mcv foxvov `ofhk

~hih~hkfdo o vd}xofdckhv hk aov qxh ao ecmdidfofdök vh jxv}didfo |c~ aov mhidfdhkfdov mha |~cthf}c c mh aov hv|hfdidfofdckhv }äfkdfov+. Vhbúk ha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc! .+++! oxkqxh kc vh mdbo hp|~hvoehk}h! |o~hfh qxh vh |~h}hkmh mo~ xk }~o}oedhk}c mdih~hk}h hk ixkfdök mhvd ha fck}~o}dv}o ixh c kc ha ox}c~ mha |~cthf}c c dk}h~ydkc hk ao ~hmoffdök mh aov hv|hfdidfofdckhv }äfkdfov+ Vd ha |~cthf}c ac ~hmof}ö hahk}h mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc! fxoaqxdh~ h~~c~ x cedvdök! qxh kc ah vh~åo hk kdkbúk fovc de|x}onah! jxv}didfo ao ecmdidfofdök fck}~of}xoa kc|~hydv}o hk acv mcfxehk}cv mh adfd}ofdök7 .+++! nov}o ao hpdv}hkfdo mh h~~c~hv x cedvdckhv+. ?22  Vd ha |~cthf}c ac ~hmof}ö ha fck}~o}dv}o! |o~o qxh ha h~~c~ x cedvdök `obo |cvdnah mdf`o ecmdidfofdök! hv |~hfdvc qxh kc ixh~o|~hydvdnah fck ao mdadbhkfdo mh xk nxhk |~cihvdckoa+.Ha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc `o }ceomc ~hd}h~omoehk}h hk fckvdmh~ofdök %o ao `c~o mho|~hfdo~ ao fckfx~~hkfdo mh .foxvov de|~hydv}ov. fcec ~hqxdvd}c mh hjh~fdfdc mha dxv yo~dokmd% ha `hf`c mh qxh ao haonc~ofdök mha

 |~cthf}c c~dbdko~dc kc fc~~dhvh o fo~bc mh ao vcfdhmom fck}~o}dv}o! o ao qxh ~hvxa}o ojhko fxoaqxdh~ |cvdnah mhidfdhkfdo c

de|~hydvdök! |xhv }oa ~hqxdvd}c mhnh vh~ o|~hfdomc mh ecmc mdih~hk}h vhbúk ha fck}~o}dv}o vho c kc ox}c~ mha |~cthf}c t |c~ fckvdbxdhk}h }hkbo c kc ao cnadbofdök fck}~of}xoa mh ~hmof}o~ xk |~cthf}c ydonah t |~hyh~ t mo~ vcaxfdök o |cvdnahv dkfdmhkfdov |cv}h~dc~hv fck o~~hbac o ao ahp o~}dv o|adfonah+. (mdf}oehk mha hp|hmdhk}h kúeh~c =<6#><<9! mh = mh eotc$+?20 Vhbúk ao Fd~fxao~ mh ao Oncbofåo mha Hv}omc `ot oa}h~ofdök mh aov fckmdfdckhv hvhkfdoahv mh ao adfd}ofdök vd fck ao ecmdidfofdök:

?+ @ot qxh hpdbd~ faovdidfofdök! fxokmc ok}hv kc h~o khfhvo~dc+>+ @ot qxh hpdbd~ faovdidfofdök hk xk b~x|c c vxnb~x|c mdv}dk}c mha ~hqxh~dmc dkdfdoaehk}h+6+ @ot qxh hpdbd~ xko fo}hbc~åo vx|h~dc~ qxh kc vho ao dkehmdo}o o ao dkdfdoaehk}h hpdbdmo (vd fck ao ecmdidfofdök `ot qxh hpdbd~

xko fo}hbc~åo dkehmdo}oehk}h vx|h~dc~ o ao hpdbdmo kc `ot oa}h~ofdök mh xko fckmdfdök hvhkfdoa$+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

=+ Ao ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c .+++ mhnh~ï aded}o~vh o dk}~cmxfd~ aov yo~dofdckhv hv}~df}oehk}hdkmdv|hkvonahv |o~o ~hv|ckmh~ o ao foxvo cnjh}dyo qxh ao `obo khfhvo~do+.

8+ Vh vdbo ha |~cfhmdedhk}c ahboaehk}h hv}onahfdmc! qxh mh|hkmh~ï mh qxh }d|c mh fck}~o}c hv t mhqxdäk fck}~o}o:

o+ Ecmdidfofdök mh xk fck}~o}c omedkdv}~o}dyc?24+

d+ Ha |~cfhmdedhk}c bhkh~oa |o~o ha hjh~fdfdc mh aov |c}hv}omhv omedkdv}~o}dyov+?0<

dd+ Dkic~eh |~hfh|}dyc mha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc x ö~bokc fckvxa}dyc mh ao FFOO fxokmc .aofxok}åo mh ao ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c! odvaomo c fckjxk}oehk}h! vho vx|h~dc~ o xk?< mha |~hfdc |~ded}dyc mha fck}~o}c! vdhkmc äv}h vho dbxoa c vx|h~dc~ o 9+<<<+<<< hx~cv+. 

n+ Ecmdidfofdök mh xk fck}~o}c |~dyomc?0?:d+ Hk}dmom mha vhf}c~ |únadfc qxh kc }hkbo ao fckmdfdök mh Omedkdv}~ofdök \únadfo:

?+ O acv fck}~o}cv qxh fhahn~ok .acv hk}hv! c~bokdvecv t hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~|únadfc qxh kc ~húkok ao fckmdfdök mh Omedkdv}~ofdckhv \únadfov. ! kc vh ahvo|adfo hk ha o~}+ >??+

>+ Ha |~cfhmdedhk}c vh~åo ha qxh vh mh}h~edkh hk ao mcfxehk}ofdök qxh ~djo aoadfd}ofdök! vhbúk acv o~}v+ ?4? t ?4>+

6+ Mhnh mo~vh oxmdhkfdo hk }cmc fovc oa fck}~o}dv}o+=+ Vh~åo ~hfcehkmonah ha dkic~eh mh ao ovhvc~åo jx~åmdfo+

dd+ Xko Omedkdv}~ofdök \únadfo:?+ O acv fck}~o}cv |~dyomcv mh xko Omedkdv}~ofdök \únadfo! kc vh ahv o|adfo hk

ha o~}+  >??! to qxh hv}h o~}åfxac hv}ï hk ha Adn~c DY }d}xaomc .Hihf}cv ! fxe|adedhk}c t hp}dkfdök mh acv fck}~o}cv omedkdv}~o}dycv .+

>+ Ha |~cfhmdedhk}c vh~åo ha qxh vh mh}h~edkh hk ao mcfxehk}ofdök qxh ~djo ao

adfd}ofdök+6+ Mhnh mo~vh oxmdhkfdo hk }cmc fovc oa fck}~o}dv}o+=+ Vh~åo ~hfcehkmonah ha dkic~eh mh ao ovhvc~åo jx~åmdfo+

f+ Hk }cmcv acv fovcv! t fxokmc ao foxvo vho ao dkomhfxofdök mha |~cthf}c hv khfhvo~dc mo~oxmdhkfdo oa ~hmof}c~ mha |~cthf}c: .Ok}hv mh |~cfhmh~ ao ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c+++!

mhnh~ï mo~vh oxmdhkfdo oa ~hmof}c~ mha |~cthf}c c mh aov hv|hfdidfofdckhv }äfkdfov! vd

äv}cv vh `xndhvhk |~h|o~omc |c~ xk }h~fh~c ojhkc oa ö~bokc mh fck}~o}ofdök hk yd~}xm 

mh xk fck}~o}c mh vh~ydfdcv! |o~o qxh! hk xk |aozc kc dkih~dc~ o }~hv måov ( ko}x~oahv $!

 ic~exah aov fckvdmh~ofdckhv qxh }hkbo |c~ fckyhkdhk}h+.?0>

?24 Fd~fxao~ mh ao Oncbofåo mha Hv}omc kº ?#><???0<

 O~}åfxac >?? ]^AFV\+?0? Fd~fxao~ mh ao Oncbofåo mha Hv}omc kº ?#><???0> O~}åfxac ?<0 ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

m+ ‑Kc vh~ïk vxvfh|}dnahv mh ~hfx~vc hv|hfdoa hk eo}h~do mh fck}~o}ofdök acv of}cv mh acvö~bokcv mh fck}~o}ofdök mdf}omcv hk ~haofdök fck aov ecmdidfofdckhv fck}~of}xoahv kc |~hydv}ov hk ha |adhbc qxh! mh fckic~edmom fck ac mdv|xhv}c hk acv o~}åfxacv ?<8 o ?<2! vho

 |~hfdvc ~hoadzo~ xko yhz omjxmdfomcv acv fck}~o}cv }ok}c vd ofxh~mok fcec vd kc ao~hvcaxfdök t ao fhahn~ofdök mh kxhyo adfd}ofdök+.?06

Hk ~hvxehk!

?06 O~}åfxac =<+>º ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

8+?6+ Ao fhvdök mha fck}~o}c+Xko mh aov fxhv}dckhv qxh `o foendomc! fck ao idkoadmom mh ovhbx~o~ qxh kc vh dkfx~~h hk ~hv}~dffdök mh aofce|h}hkfdo! hv ac ~hao}dyc o ao fhvdök mha fck}~o}c+ O`c~o kc |cm~ï ox}c~dzo~vh ao fhvdök o xk }h~fh~c!fxokmc hv}o vx|ckbo xko oa}h~ofdök vxv}okfdoa mh aov fo~of}h~åv}dfov mha fck}~o}dv}o vd äv}ov fckv}d}xthk

xk hahehk}c hvhkfdoa mha fck}~o}c+?0=

Ha ec}dyc mh hv}h foendö hv}ï hk ao Vhk}hkfdo mha ]~dnxkoa mh Jxv}dfdo mh ao Fcexkdmom Hx~c|ho mh ?4 mh

jxkdc mh ><<0?08:◃ Vå ndhk! hk ~hv|xhv}o o ao fxhv}dök |~deh~o! ha ]~dnxkoa ~hvcaydö qxh hk ha fovc kc |cmåo

fckvdmh~o~vh hqxdyoahk}h o xko kxhyo omjxmdfofdök ao fhvdök o ao qxh |~cfhmdö ha omjxmdfo}o~dc%}cmo yhz qxh }~okvid~dö o c}~o he|~hvo! mh ao qxh h~o offdckdv}o úkdfc! vxv |o~}dfd|ofdckhv vcfdoahveok}hkdhkmc ao ~hv|ckvondadmom mh ao cnvh~yokfdo mh aov cnadbofdckhv fck}~of}xoahv+

◃ Xko fhvdök mh |o~}dfd|ofdckhv vcfdoahv .o xk }h~fh~c mx~ok}h ha |h~åcmc mh ydbhkfdo mha fck}~o}chpoedkomc hk ha ovxk}c |~dkfd|oa! to kc vh }~o}o~åo mh xko ~hc~bokdzofdök dk}h~ko mh ao c}~o |o~}hdkdfdoa mha fck}~o}c! vdkc mh xk foendc hihf}dyc mh |o~}h fck}~o}ok}h! ac qxh fckv}d}xd~åo hk |~dkfd|dc ha foendc mh xk }ä~edkc hvhkfdoa mha fck}~o}c+ Hv}o fd~fxkv}okfdo |cm~åo fckv}d}xd~ xkokxhyo omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c hk ha vhk}dmc mh ao Md~hf}dyo 4>#8<.+ +

\o~o ha Fckvhjc mh Hv}omc! .hk ha fovc mha o~}åfxac >>9! |cm~åo hk hihf}c dk}~cmxfd~vh oabxko |~hfdvdök~hao}dyo! kc vcac o qxh ao fhvdök kc mhnh ~hv}~dkbd~ ao fce|h}hkfdo (cnjh}dyc |c~ ac mheïv bhkh~oa mh aov

?0= O~}åfxac >>9 ]^AFV\+?08 Ovxk}c F %=8=#<9 (|~hvvh}hp} Kof`~df`}hkobhk}x~ Ben@ fck}~o ^h|xnadg Cv}h~~hdf` (Nxkm$$

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8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

kc~eov vcn~h fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo! fckic~eh oa o~}åfxac ?+? t ao mdv|cvdfdök omdfdckoa ydbävdec }h~fh~o mha}hp}c ~hixkmdmc$! vdkc }oendäk o qxh ao fhvdök mh mh~hf`cv t cnadbofdckhv kc |cm~ï yïadmoehk}h ~hoadzo~vhfxokmc vx|ckbo xko oa}h~ofdök }c}oa mh ao |o~}h fck}~o}ok}h! vd ao fckvdmh~ofdök mh hv}o hv ao mh xkhahehk}c hvhkfdoa mha fck}~o}c+.

8+?=+ Ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo t ha |obc+

8+?=+?+ \aozcv mh |obc+

Ao ~hbao bhkh~oa hv |obo~ xko yhz ha fck}~o}c vh `o fxe|admc! kc cnv}ok}h! fxokmc vh fck}~o}o aovxvf~d|fdök o ~hydv}ov t c}~ov |xnadfofdckhv! fxoaqxdh~o qxh vho vx vc|c~}h! ovå fcec ao fck}~o}ofdök mhaoffhvc o ao dkic~eofdök fck}hkdmo hk novhv mh mo}cv hv|hfdoadzomov ! vh omed}h ha |obc fck ok}h~dc~dmom oao hk}~hbo c ~hoadzofdök mh ao |~hv}ofdök+?09

Hk fxok}c o acv |aozcv mh |obc! ao Aht ?8#><?<! mh 8 mh jxadc! mh ecmdidfofdök mh ao Aht 6#><<=! mh >4 mhmdfdhen~h ! |c~ ao qxh vh hv}onahfdh~ck ehmdmov mh axf`o fck}~o ao ec~cvdmom hk aov c|h~ofdckhvfceh~fdoahv:

◃ ~hmxjc acv |aozcv |o~o |obo~ o acv |~cyhhmc~hv7◃ hk fovc mh qxh kc vh |obxh! vh |xhmh dk}h~|ckh~ ha ~hfx~vc fck}hkfdcvc omedkdv}~o}dyc+◃ hv}onahfdö ao cnadbofdök mh bhv}dcko~ xk ~hbdv}~c mh iof}x~ov hk ao omedkdv}~ofdök acfoa t mh `ofh~ xk

dkic~eh }~dehv}~oa |únadfc vcn~h ha fxe|adedhk}c mh acv |aozcv7

Ha o~}+6+?º mh ao Aht 6#><<=! ecmdidfö ha o~}+ ><<+=º mh ao Aht 6<#><<2 ~hmxfdhkmc ha |aozc mh |obc hk haVhf}c~ |únadfc mh 9< o 6< måov+ Kc cnv}ok}h! ao ~hmxffdök mha |aozc mh |obc vh yo o `ofh~ |cfc o |cfc! hk aoic~eo hv}onahfdmo hk ha o~}+6+6º mh ao Aht 6#><<=! t qxh vh |xhmhk ~hvxed~ ovå:

Mhvmh ha `ov}o ha Måov |o~o |obo~

2#<2#><?< 6?#?>#><?< 88

?#<?#><?? 6?#?>#><?? 8<

?#<?#><?> 6?#?>#><?> =<

?#<?#><?6 6<

Ha |aozc |o~o |obo~ vh fce|x}ok?02:

◃ Mhvmh ha måo vdbxdhk}h o ao ihf`o mh ao hp|hmdfdök mh aov fh~}didfofdckhv mh cn~ov c mh acvfc~~hv|ckmdhk}hv mcfxehk}cv qxh of~hmd}hk ao ~hoadzofdök }c}oa c |o~fdoa mha fck}~o}c◃ Fxokmc kc |~cfhmo ao hp|hmdfdök mh fh~}didfofdök mh cn~o t ao ihf`o mh ~hfdnc mh ao iof}x~o c

vcadfd}xm mh |obc hqxdyoahk}h vh |~hv}h o mxmo c vho ok}h~dc~ o ao ~hfh|fdök mh aov eh~fokfåov c o ao|~hv}ofdök mh acv vh~ydfdcv! ha |aozc mh }~hdk}o måov vh fck}o~ï mhvmh mdf`o ihf`o mh ~hfh|fdök c|~hv}ofdök+

Hk hv}cv ecehk}cv mh |~cnaheov mha |obc o |~cyhhmc~hv! hv}ïk o|o~hfdhkmc exf`ov  iof}x~ov hk ac fojckhv!kc cnv}ok}h! mhnh~åo vh~ xk `ïnd}c! |c~ ao vhbx~dmom jx~åmdfo qxh fckaahyo! ~hbdv}~o~ ao |~hvhk}ofdök mh aoviof}x~ov! fck haac vh |cm~ï of~hmd}o~ qxh vh |~hvhk}ö t fxïkmc vh |~hvhk}ö+

Vhbúk ha o~}+ 8 mh ao Aht Aht ?8#><?<! mh 8 mh jxadc! mh ecmdidfofdök mh ao Aht 6#><<=! mh >4 mh mdfdhen~h!|c~ ao qxh vh hv}onahfhk ehmdmov mh axf`o fck}~o ao ec~cvdmom hk aov c|h~ofdckhv:

?09M+O+ 4ª qxh ~hbxao aov Kc~eov hv|hfdoahv |o~o ao fck}~o}ofdök mha offhvc o novhv mh mo}cv t ao vxvf~d|fdök o |xnadfofdckhv+?02 O~}åfxac >?9+=º ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

?+ Ao Hk}dmom acfoa mdv|ckm~ï mh xk ~hbdv}~c mh }cmov aov iof}x~ov t mheïv mcfxehk}cv hed}dmcv |c~ acv fck}~o}dv}ov o hihf}cv mh jxv}didfo~ aov |~hv}ofdckhv ~hoadzomov |c~ acv edvecv! fxto bhv}dökfc~~hv|ckmh~ï o ao Dk}h~yhkfdök x ö~bokc mh ao Hk}dmom acfoa qxh }hkbo o}~dnxdmo ao ixkfdök mhfck}ondadmom+

>+ Fxoaqxdh~ iof}x~o c mcfxehk}c jxv}didfo}dyc hed}dmc |c~ acv fck}~o}dv}ov o fo~bc mh ao Hk}dmom acfoa! mhnh~ï vh~ cnjh}c mh okc}ofdök hk ha ~hbdv}~c dkmdfomc hk ha o|o~}omc ok}h~dc~ fck fo~ïf}h~  |~hydc o vx ~hedvdök oa ö~bokc ~hv|ckvonah mh ao cnadbofdök hfcköedfo+―

\o~o idkokfdo~ ha |obc o |~cyhhmc~hv vh o|~cnö ha ^hoa Mhf~h}c%aht =#><?>! mh >= mh ihn~h~c! mhndhkmc aov

Hk}dmomhv Acfoahv o|~cno~ ok}hv mha 6< mh Eo~zc mh ><?>! vx |aok mh ojxv}h?00+

8+?=+>+ Dkfxe|adedhk}c mh acv |aozcv mh |obc+

Fxokmc xko Omedkdv}~ofdök \únadfo vx|h~o acv =< måov ~hqxh~dmcv |c~ ao ahbdvaofdök ydbhk}h |o~o ha |obc! vh|xhmh yh~ hk acv hvfhko~dcv o acv qxh vh hki~hk}o vck:

◃ \obo~ acv dk}h~hvhv mh mhec~o! qxh |o~o ha |~deh~ vhehv}~h mha oÿc ><?>! vh `o vd}xomc hk xk0?04+ ]~okvfx~~dmc ha |aozc mh =< måov! acv fck}~o}dv}ov |cm~ïk ~hfaoeo~ |c~ hvf~d}c o aoOmedkdv}~ofdök fck}~o}ok}h ha fxe|adedhk}c mh ao cnadbofdök mh |obc t! hk vx fovc! mh acv dk}h~hvhvmh mhec~o+

◃ Vh~ mheokmo |c~ ao dk}h~|cvdfdök mh xk ~hfx~vc fck}hkfdcvc omedkdv}~o}dyc+ O |hvo~ mh qxh aojxmdfdoadzofdök mh ao ~hfaoeofdök mh ao mhxmo t mh acv dk}h~hvhv mh mhec~o! vh fckydh~}h hk xk|~cfhvc ahk}c t fcv}cvc }ok}c |o~o acv |~cyhhmc~hv fcec |o~o ao |~c|do Omedkdv}~ofdök! vck fomo yhzeov aov he|~hvov qxh ofxmhk o acv }~dnxkoahv+ Ha |~cfhvc vh~åo ha vdbxdhk}h?4<:

◇ Vd }~okvfx~~h ? ehv vdk qxh ao Omedkdv}~ofdök `oto fck}hv}omc oa ~hqxh~dedhk}c mh |obc! vhhk}hkmh~ï ~hfckcfdmc ha yhkfdedhk}c mha |aozc mh |obc t acv dk}h~hvomcv |cm~ïk ic~exao~

~hfx~vc fck}hkfdcvc%omedkdv}~o}dyc fck}~o ao dkof}dydmom mh ao Omedkdv}~ofdök! |xmdhkmcvcadfd}o~ fcec ehmdmo fox}hao~ ha |obc dkehmdo}c mh ao mhxmo+◇ Ha ö~bokc jxmdfdoa omc|}o~ï ao ehmdmo fox}hao~! voayc qxh ao Omedkdv}~ofdök of~hmd}h qxh kc

fckfx~~hk aov fd~fxkv}okfdov qxh jxv}didfok ha |obc c qxh ao fxok}åo ~hfaoeomo kcfc~~hv|ckmh o ao qxh hv hpdbdnah! hk fxtc fovc ao ehmdmo fox}hao~ vh aded}o~ï o hv}o úa}deo+

◇ Ao vhk}hkfdo fckmhko~ï hk fcv}ov o ao Omedkdv}~ofdök mheokmomo hk ha fovc mh hv}deofdök}c}oa mh ao |~h}hkvdök mh fcn~c+

◇ Ha fck}~o}c vh vxv|hkmh+ Fxokmc ao mhec~o hk ha |obc hv vx|h~dc~ o fxo}~c ehvhv! ha|~cyhhmc~ |xhmh |~cfhmh~ o ao vxv|hkvdök mha fxe|adedhk}c mha fck}~o}c+ \o~o haac! hafck}~o}dv}o }dhkh qxh fcexkdfo~ o ao Omedkdv}~ofdök fck xk ehv mh ok}haofdök! vx dk}hkfdökmh fhvo~ hk ha vxedkdv}~c `ov}o qxh vh |~cfhmo ao ~hbxao~dzofdök hk ha |obc+?4?

◇ Ha fck}~o}c vh ~hvxhayh+ Fxokmc ao mhec~o hk ha |obc hv vx|h~dc~ o cf`c ehvhv! ha

|~cyhhmc~ |xhmh dkv}o~ ao ~hvcaxfdök mha fck}~o}c |c~ foxvo de|x}onah o ao Omedkdv}~ofdök t~hfaoeo~ ha ~hvo~fdedhk}c mh acv moÿcv t |h~jxdfdcv qxh ao }h~edkofdök ok}dfd|omo mhafck}~o}c ah `o cfovdckomc+?4>

8+?=+6+ Ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo+

?00 \ïbdko mh ao rdgdfck}~o}ofdök vcn~h ao idkokfdofdök mha |obc o acv |~cyhhmc~hv mh aov Hk}dmomhv+?04 ^hvcaxfdök mh >2 mh mdfdhen~h mh ><??! mh ao Md~hffdök Bhkh~oa mha ]hvc~c t \caå}dfo Idkokfdh~o! |c~ ao qxh vh |xnadfo ha }d|c ahboamh dk}h~äv mh mhec~o o|adfonah o aov c|h~ofdckhv fceh~fdoahv mx~ok}h ha |~deh~ vhehv}~h ko}x~oa mha oÿc ><?>+?4<

 O~}åfxac >?2 ]^AFV\+?4? O~}åfxac >?9+8º ]^AFV\+?4> O~}åfxac >?9+9º ]^AFV\+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Ao Aht 6<#><<2 mh Fck}~o}cv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc mhidkåo ao cnadbo}c~dhmom mh ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo |o~o haVhf}c~ \únadfc Hv}o}oa t eo~fono acv |aozcv |o~o haac! fck ao vxidfdhk}h oendbñhmom fcec |o~o `ofh~ }cmc

}d|c mh fïnoaov+

Vhbúk Jodeh Mceåkbxhz Eofoto ‑Mhvmh ha ? mh Obcv}c mh ><<4! aov he|~hvov qxh kc |xhmok |~hvhk}o~ fxhk}o mh |ä~mdmov t bokokfdov on~hydomo! hv}o~ïk cnadbomov o iof}x~o~ hahf}~ökdfoehk}h o acv Edkdv}h~dcv xc~bokdvecv |únadfcv mha Hv}omc qxh hp|~hvoehk}h t |c~ ehmdc mh kc~eo |únadfo `otok |~hv}omc vxfckvhk}dedhk}c+ Ac edvec |o~o ha ~hv}c mh he|~hvov mhvmh ha ? mh Kcydhen~h mh ><?<. +?46

Ha ]^AFV\ mo |c~ fckfaxdmcv }cmcv acv |aozcv mh ao Aht qxh ~hixkmh+ Hk fckvhfxhkfdo! acv he|~hvo~dcv qxhvhok |~cyhhmc~hv mha Vhf}c~ \únadfc hv}o}oa mhnhk iof}x~o~ hahf}~ökdfoehk}h+

Haac kc cnv}o! |o~o qxh acv |~cyhhmc~hv mh fxoaqxdh~ c}~c hk}h mha Vhf}c~ \xnadfc |xhmok! `ofdhkmc xvc mhvx mh~hf`c o ~haofdcko~vh hahf}~ökdfoehk}h! |~hvhk}o~ vx iof}x~o hk ic~eo}c hahf}~ökdfc+

O ac úkdfc qxh `ot qxh hv|h~o~ hv qxh ‑ha Fckvhjc mh Edkdv}~cv! o |~c|xhv}o mh acv Edkdv}~cv mh Hfckceåo t @ofdhkmo t mh Dkmxv}~do! ]x~dvec t Fceh~fdc! omc|}h aov ehmdmov khfhvo~dov |o~o iofdad}o~ ao hedvdök mh

  iof}x~ov hahf}~ökdfov |c~ aov |h~vckov t hk}dmomhv qxh fck}~o}hk fck ha vhf}c~ |únadfc hv}o}oa! bo~ok}dzokmc ao b~o}xdmom mh acv vh~ydfdcv mh o|ctc qxh vh hv}onahzfok |o~o aov he|~hvov fxto fdi~o mhkhbcfdcv hk ha oÿc dkehmdo}oehk}h ok}h~dc~ t |o~o ha fckjxk}c mh vxv of}dydmomhv vho dkih~dc~ oa xen~oaqxh vh idjh hk ao C~mhk o qxh vh ~hidh~h ha |ï~~oic ok}h~dc~―+?4=

Hk fxok}c o ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo! eh ~hed}c oa fo|å}xac DY mha adn~c . Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfohahf}~ökdfo hidfoz.?48! mckmh hv}h mcfxehk}c hahf}~ökdfc hv hv}xmdomc mhvmh }cmcv acv |xk}cv mh ydv}o!mhvmh aov md~hf}dyov o aov kc~eov kofdckoahv! mhvmh ao aht mh fck}~o}cv o ao ahbdvaofdök }~dnx}o~do! kofdckoa!~hbdckoa t acfoa+ Komo ehkcv qxh 2< |ïbdkov ah vck mhmdfomov+

Ha ox}c~ mo vxv c|dkdckhv vcn~h:◃ acv ic~eo}cv?49 t ha ic~eo}c iof}x~oh?42+◃ oabc mh |~ïf}dfo: iof}x~oh t `oz}hxkoiof}x~oh?40+◃ ao fckvh~yofdök mh iof}x~o?44+◃ ao mdbd}oadzofdök mh iof}x~ov hk |o|hao><< t ao de|~hvdök mh iof}x~ov hahf}~ökdfovo><?+

\c~ c}~c aomc! hk ha Vhf}c~ |únadfc mh Fo}oaxÿo to hv cnadbo}c~dc x}dadzo~ ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo + Ha 6< mhmdfdhen~h mh ><?? vh |xnadfö o Aht ?<#><??! mh >4 mh mdfdhen~h! mh vde|adidfofdök t ehjc~o mh ao ~hbxaofdökkc~eo}dyo qxh ~hbxao ha icehk}c mh ao iof}x~ofdök hahf}~ökdfo qxh mdfh: .Fck ha cnjh}dyc mh `ofh~  |ahkoehk}h hihf}dyov aov mh}h~edkofdckhv mh ao Aht >4#><?<! mh 6 mh obcv}c! mh xvc mh acv ehmdcvhahf}~ökdfcv hk ha vhf}c~ |únadfc mh Fo}oaxÿo! aov hk}dmomhv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc mh Fo}oaxÿo mhnhk

?46 .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― mh Jodeh Mceåkbxhz%Eofoto Aox~kobo |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv! |ïb+ 694+?4= M+I+ =ª ]^AFV\+?48 Hvf~d}c |c~ Jodeh Mceåkbxhz %Eofoto Aox~kobo t |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv +?49 .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― mh Jodeh Mceåkbxhz %Eofoto Aox~kobo |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv! |ïb+ 62<+?42 .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― mh Jodeh Mceåkbxhz%Eofoto Aox~kobo |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv! |ïb+ 62>+?40 .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― mh Jodeh Mceåkbxhz%Eofoto Aox~kobo |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv! |ïb+ 620?44 .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― mh Jodeh Mceåkbxhz %Eofoto Aox~kobo |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv! |ïb+ 609+><< .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― mh Jodeh Mceåkbxhz%Eofoto Aox~kobo |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % 

Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv! |ïb+ 64=+><? .Faoyhv |o~o xko fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo hahf}~ökdfo hidfoz― mh Jodeh Mceåkbxhz%Eofoto Aox~kobo |xnadfomc |c~ ao hmd}c~doa Ao Aht % Ha Fckvxa}c~ mh acv Otxk}oedhk}cv! |ïb+ =<<+

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Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

 |~cecyh~ ha xvc mh ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo fcec fckmdfdök mh hjhfxfdök mh acv fck}~o}cv mha vhf}c~ 

 |únadfc+. 

O`c~o ao mxmo qxh vx~bh hv föec vh dk}h~|~h}o hvc mh föec  .vh |~cexhyh ha xvc mh ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo

fcec fckmdfdök mh hjhfxfdök mh acv fck}~o}cv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc+. 

◃ Vok}d Fovov><>! dk}h~|~h}o qxh: .ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo hv fckmdfdök mh hjhfxfdök mh acv fck}~o}cv

mha vhf}c~ |únadfc+. 

◃ Jcvh| Eck}h~mh ><6! c|dko qxh: .Kc `ot kdkbxko mxmo hk qxh dkv}ox~o ao cnadbofdök mh |~cecyh~ haxvc mh ao iof}x~o hahf}~ökdfo! |h~þ hv qxh omheïv mdfh fcec vh mhnh |~cecyh~: .fcec fckmdfdök mhhjhfxfdök mh acv fck}~o}cv mha vhf}c~ |únadfc.+ Tc! |o~}dfxao~ehk}h! kc yhc c}~o eokh~o mh

fxe|ad~ hv}h |~hfh|}c qxh kc vho |ckdhkmc fcec ~hqxdvd}c ao iof}x~ofdök hahf}~ökdfo hk fomo

 |adhbc mh fckmdfdckhv+. 

9+ FCKFAXVDCKHV+ @OFDO AO \^CIHVDCKOADZOFDÖK MH ACVHE\AHOMCV MHA VHF]C^ \ÚNADFC HK EO]H^DO MH FCK]^O]OFDÖK+

Exf`cv bhv}c~hv |únadfcv mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo |dhkvok qxh }cmc c fovd }cmc hv xko fxhv}dök qxh vh~hmxfh oa hv}xmdc t ao fce|~hkvdök mh xko kc~eo jx~åmdfo! ha ]^AFV\+

Komo eïv ahjcv mh ao ~hoadmom! bhv}dcko~ fck hidfofdo! hidfdhkfdo t hfckceåo ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo |~hfdvomh exf`cv eïv fckcfdedhk}cv t exf`ov `ondadmomhv:

?+ Föec icehk}o~ ao ~hv|ckvondadmom vcfdoa he|~hvo~doa!>+ Föec ioyc~hfh~ o fdh~}cv fcahf}dycv mhvioyc~hfdmcv! vdk aded}o~ ao fckfx~~hkfdo mh he|~hvov!

6+ Föec hahbd~ ha ehjc~ |~cfhmdedhk}c mh omjxmdfofdök!=+ Föec! fxïkmc t qxdäk mhnh |~hyh~ ao ‑hyhk}xoa― ecmdidfofdök mha fck}~o}c!8+ Föec vh o~}dfxaok t vh yoac~ok aov yo~dok}hv c ehjc~ov!9+ Föec ovhbx~oecv ao fckfx~~hkfdo mh he|~hvov t ao fce|h}hkfdo hk}~h aov edveov! oxkqxh onahecv

mh xk fck}~o}c ehkc~ c xk |~cfhmdedhk}c khbcfdmomc vdk |xnadfdmom+2+ _xä `h~~oedhk}o hahf}~ökdfo x}dadzoecv! kxhv}~c |h~ida mh fck}~o}ok}h! ao |ao}oic~eo mh

fck}~o}ofdök mha Hv}omc!0+ Föec vh kc}didfo t vh fcexkdfo hahf}~ökdfoehk}h ao omjxmdfofdök mha fck}~o}c!4+ Föec vh fckv}d}xth xko fhk}~oa mh fce|~ov! föec ixkfdcko t |o~o qxä vh~åo nxhkc |ckh~ao hk

ixkfdckoedhk}c+?<+ Föec he|hzoecv o |hkvo~ hk ao adfd}ofdök hahf}~ökdfo!

??+ +++

Exf`ov mh hv}ov fxhv}dckhv kc }dhkhk vx ~hv|xhv}o hk ha ]^AFV\ t kcv }hkhecv qxh voad~ o ao Aht ??#><<2 tmheïv kc~eo}dyo ‑hahf}~ökdfo‑ c qxdzï hk ao kc~eo}dyo vhf}c~doa fc~~hv|ckmdhk}h7 kc cnv}ok}h! `otfxhv}dckhv qxh ao kc~eo jx~åmdfo kc ~hvxhayh! t oúk ~hvcaydäkmcaov! ao hihf}dydmom mh ao ~hv|xhv}o! vx~hoadmom hk ao bhv}dök to kc mh|hkmh mha eh~c fckcfdedhk}c! vdkc mh ao |xhv}o hk |~ïf}dfo mh aov eïvhahehk}oahv `ondadmomhv |~cihvdckoahv: `onao~! hvfxf o~! hk}hkmh~! mdvfx}d~! vonh~ aahbo~ oofxh~mcv+++khfhvo~dcv |o~o eo}h~doadzo~ t ~hk}ondadzo~ ao khfhvo~do .fcaonc~ofdök hk}~h acv ö~bokcv

ydkfxaomcv oa cnjh}c fck}~of}xoa qxh vh |~c|ckh t acv ö~bokcv bhv}c~hv mh acv hp|hmdhk}hv mh

fck}~o}ofdök. + ><=

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99

8/2/2019 El texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/el-texto-refundido-de-la-ley-de-contratos-del-sector-publico 67/67

Hkfxhk}~cv mdbd}oahv hk ao Omedkdv}~ofdök Acfoa  % Måo >> mh Eo~zcc mh ><?> % Mh ?<:<< o ?>:<<

Xk nxhk |~cihvdckoa mh ao fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo mhnh o}hvc~o~ xko |ax~oadmom mh fckcfdedhk}c jx~åmdfcv!exf`cv mh haacv mha ]^AFV\! |h~c kc }cmcv t |cvhh~ t |~of}dfo~ aov `ondadmomhv khfhvo~dov |o~o xko bhv}dökhidfoz! hidfdhk}h t hfcköedfo mh ao fce|~o |únadfo+

Fcec mdfh Jc~bh \ä~hz! `ot qxh o|~cyhf`o~ hv}cv ecehk}cv mh f~dvdv t mh nojök hk kxhv}~cv c~bokdvecv mhfck}~o}ofdök! |o~o ao |~cihvdckoadzofdök mha |h~vckoa mh fck}~o}ofdök |únadfo+

><= Ha dkic~eh 0#<> mh ao Jxk}o Fckvxa}dyo mh Fck}~o}ofdök Omedkdv}~o}dyo mh ao Bhkh~oadmom mh Fo}oaxÿo! dkic~eh mha qxh vh hp}~ohkaov vdbxdhk}hv dk}h~hvok}hv fckfaxvdckhv:

?+ ]cmo fck}~o}ofdök vh jxv}didfo hk ao hpdv}hkfdo mh xko khfhvdmom mh xk ndhk c xk vh~ydfdc+>+ _xdäk }dhkh ao khfhvdmom mh xk ndhk c xk vh~ydfdc hv ~hv|ckvonah mh fckvhbxd~ ao dkic~eofdök hk qxh vh novo ao fce|~o+ Fcec

ad}h~oaehk}h kcv mdfh ha dkic~eh: .hv ~hv|ckvondadmom mh aov xkdmomhv omedkdv}~o}dyov qxh |~c|ckhk ao fck}~o}ofdök hp}h~komh of}dydmomhv t |~hv}ofdckhv idjo~ dkdfdoaehk}h! fck ha eïpdec ~dbc~ t ao onvcax}o ec}dyofdök! }cmcv acv hahehk}cv qxh}hkbok fckcfdedhk}c |o~o xko ehjc~ mhidkdfdök hk ha hp|hmdhk}h mh fck}~o}ofdök! mha cnjh}c fck}~of}xoa t mh vxv

d d }ä d m a nad d i } m a } }d } m } ö d d m .