1300

na

wi

li8 ekologia

mecnierebi rom samxedro generlebiviT mkerdze

medlebs atarebdnen, ekologi jin likinsi erT-erTi

yvelaze ufro mkerddamSvenebuli gmiri biologi iqne-

boda. misi bolo jildoebia 2001 wlis nacionaluri

medali mecnierebisaTvis da 2003 wlis cisferi prizi,

romelsac aniWeben «garemos problemebis gadaWrisaT-

vis warCinebuli mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis». doq-

torma likinsma es ukanaskneli jildo Tavis didi xnis

TanamSromelTan, herbert burmanTan gaiyo. likinsma

masTan erTad pirvelma Caatara «grZelvadiani ekolo-

giuri kvlevebi» habard brukis eqsperimentul tyeSi,

niu hamfSias TeTr mTebSi. rogorc ekosistemis Seswav-

lis institutis prezidenti da direqtori niu iorkis

StatSi, igi xelmZRvanelobs mecnierTa da swavlulTa

did gunds, magram yovel zafxuls brundeba habard

brukSi, imisaTvis, rom ganagrZos kvlevbi tyisa da

wylebis ekosistemis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. Cven misi

interviu habard brukis erT-erTi istoriuli kvlevis

adgilze CavwereT.

rogor moeqca habard brukis

eqsperimentuli tye Cveni ekosistemis

kvlevis centrSi?

roca 1961 wels darmutis fakultetze daviwye

muSaoba iq Sevxvdi herb bormans, romelmac gamiziara

Tavisi idea tyis ekosistemis SeswavlisaTvis mcire

wyalgamyofebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. habard brukis

eqsperimentuli tye swored amgvari kvlevebisaTvis

gamodgeboda, Tanac axlosac iyo. ase, rom es erT-

erTi iseTi xelsayreli SemTxvevaTagani iyo, roca

yvelaferi erTmaneTs daemTxva. Cemi mecnieruli kari-

eris didi wili swored amgvari uecrad gamoCenili iRb-

liani Sansis Sedegia, anu roca fxizlad xar TvaliT,

yuriT, gonebiT da rogorc ki kargi Sansi gamoCndeba,

xelidan ar uSveb da akeTeb raRac sasargeblo saqmes.

ratom aris habard bruki aseTi

mimzidveli, rogorc tyis masivi,

ekosistemis kvlevebisaTvis?

CvenTvis interesis aRmZvreli Tavidanve am eko-

sistemis sirTulesTan dapirispireba iyo. idea martivi

iyo. Cven gamoviyeneT samedicino analogiis principi.

gadavwyviteT, rom SegveZlo, gagvezoma wylis qimiuri

Semcveloba iseve, rogorc eqimi akeTebs pacientis

sisxlis qimiuri Semcvelobis analizs, imisaTvis, rom

gagvego Cveni pacientis – wyalgamyofis sijansaRe.

Cven gvindoda, gagvezoma qimiuri Semcvelova siste-

mis yvela parametrSi: sistemaSi Camaval, rogoricaa

magaliTad, naleqebi, da sistemidan gamaval, rogori-

caa magaliTad, sistemidan gadinebuli wyali da aqedan

gvecada, gagvego pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareo-

bis Sesaxeb. Cven nebismier wyalgamyofSi vpoulobT

adgils, sadac ZiriTadi bazisi zedapirTan axlosaa

da iq hidrometrul sadgurs vaSenebT, romelsac aseve

wyalsacavi hqvia. mTidan Camomavali mTeli wyali Cvens

wyalgamyofs gaivlis da amdenad, Cven SegviZlia Zalian

zustad gavzomoT wylis qimiur SemadgenelTa raode-

noba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.

es Tqveni amgvari kvlevebis 42-e

zaf xulia aq habard brukSi.

interviu

jin e. likinsTan

1301

albaT Za lian Znelia aseTi

xangrZlivi kvlevebisaTvis

dafinansebis mopoveba.

Cveni winadadebebi kvlevebisaTvis grantebis mo-

sapoveblad ZiriTad aqcents akeTebs moklevadian

sakiTxebze, romlebic saWiroeben grZelvadian mona-

cemebs. magaliTad, grZelvadiani monacemebi habard

brukidan, romelic Seexeboda mJave wvimebis arsebobis

dadgenas, Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo. igi aseve Seexebo-

da amindis moklevadiani gazomvebis monacemTa bazis

Seqmnas imasTan dakavSirebiT, mJave wvimebis problema

uaresdeba Tu ukeTesdeba. moklevadiani ekologiuri

kvleva habard brukis kvlevebis maxasiaTebeli krite-

riumi gaxda.

rogori iyo xalxis reaqcia habard

brukSi mJave wvimebis gamovlenasTan

dakavSirebiT?

Tumca mJave wvimebi adre ukve Seswavlili iyo

Svedi mecnierebis mier, Cveni kvleva warmoadgenda

pirvel dokumentalur masalas Crdilo-amerikaSi

mJave wvimebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. roca Cven 1972 wels

gamovaqveyneT pirveli masala mJave wvimebis arsebobis

Sesaxeb, presam didi xmauri atexa. imis gamoaSkaraveba,

rom wvima ar iyo jansaRi, xalxisTvis Zalian mtkinveu-

li sakiTxi aRmoCnda. habard brukidan aRebuli grZel-

vadiani monacemebi Zalian Zlieri argumenti aRmoCnda

saimisod, rom vinme Segvdaveboda mJave wvimis arsebo-

baSi da vfiqrob, samarTliani iqneba imis aRniSvna, rom

am grZelvadiani monacemebis xarisxma wvlili Seitana

`sufTa haeris aqtis~ 1990 wlis SesworebaSi, rac mJave

wvimasa da wiaRiseuli sawvavis Jangvas Soris kavSirebis

arsebobas Seexeboda.

habard bruki aseve cnobilia tyis

gaCexvis eqsperimentebiT tyis Cexvis

Sedegebis Seswavlis mizniT.

rogor axerxebT aseTi farTomasSta-

biani eqsperimentebis Catarebas

da ra ZiriTadi Sedegebi gaqvT?

aseTi eqsperimentuli manipulaciis magaliTs war-

moadgens, magaliTad, roca Cven vCexavT xeebs erT-erT

wyalgamyofTan da am moWril xeebs iqve vtovebT, sa-

dac isini daecnen. Semdeg Cven viyenebdiT herbicidebs,

rom SevaCeroT xelaxali zrda ylortebis amoyra 3

wliT. Semdeg vadarebT Cveni eqsperimentuli wyal-

gamyofisa da sxva wyalgamyofis monacemebs, romelsac

xeli ar Sexebia. Cven movelodiT, rom eqsperimentuli

wyalgamyofidan ufro meti wyali daiRvreboda da es

marTlac ase aRmoCnda. rasac ar movelodiT, iyo is,

rom daRvrili wylis qimiuri Semadgenloba ase Seicv-

leboda. magaliTad nitratebis done wyalSi avarda im

maCveneblamde, rac aRemateba adamianisaTvis janmrTe-

li sasmeli wylis standartebs. xeebis gaCexvam niadag Si

azotis ciklacia daarRvia da akumulirebuli azotis

nitrati wyals gahyva. azotis danakargi Senelda 1 wlis

Semdeg, magram niadagis zogierTi sakvebis, rogoricaa

magaliTad kalciumis Semcveloba jer ar dabrunebia im

dones, rac tyis gaCexvamde 1965 wels iyo.

rogor uTavsdeba tyis Cexvis

es eqsperimenti tyis menejments?

kvlevas fundamentaluri mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni

Zireuli warmodgenebis CamoyalibebisaTvis imis Ses-

Cemi mecnieruli karieris didi wili swored amgvari uecrad gamoCenili iRbliani Sansis Sedegia, anu roca fxizlad xar TvaliT, yuriT, gonebiT da rogorc ki kargi Sansi gamoCndeba, xelidan ar uSveb da akeTeb raRac sasargeblo saqmes.

1302

axeb, Tu Tavad ekologia rogor egueba amgvar samu-

Saoebs. magram presam didi xmauri atexa da es yvelaferi

gadaitana tyis gaCexvis Sesaxeb dapirispirebis WrilSi.

Cveni grZelvadiani monacemebis safuZvelze 1978 wels

samecniero statiaSi Cven SevTavazeT, rom SesaZlebe-

lia tyis gaCexva am tipis tyeebSi Tu specifikur in-

struqciebs davicavT. tyis Cexva ar SeiZleba cicabo

ferdobze anda did farTobze, da ra Tqma unda, wylis

arxi daculi unda iyos, magram rac yvelaze ufro mniS-

vnelovania, konkretul adgilze tye ar unda iCexe-

bodes xSirad. Tu tyes metismetad xSirad gavCexT,

sistema gamoifiteba arsebiTi sakvebisagan. es isevea,

rogorc baRSi. Tu Tqven gamudmebiT iRebT da arafers

abrunebT, Tqven gamofitavT niadags. tyis servisma mi-

iRo 100 wliani rotaciis politika (tyis garkveuli se-

qcia SeiZleba gaiCexos mxolod 100 weliwadSi erTxel)

da Cven amiT Zalian vamayobT. tyis menejmentis proto-

koli mecnierebas eyrdnoba.

habard brukSi warmoebulma romelma kvleviTma proeqtebma SeiZleba miipyros rogorc ekologiuri sazogadoebis, aseve Cveulebrivi xalxis yuradReba?

riCard holmsi da misi kolegebi darmutis koleji-

dan axla awarmoeben marTlac SesaniSnav grZelvadian

Seswavlas Citebis populaciis Sesaxeb. vfiqrob, rom

maTi erT-erTi RirSesaniSnavi aRmoCenaTagania is, rom

yvela saxeobis Citebis mTliani raodenoba, romlebic

tyeSi binadroben, dRes 1969 welTan SedarebiT samjer

naklebia. zogierTi saxeoba raodenobrivad gamravle-

bulia, maSin roca sxva saxeobebi saerTod aris gamqra-

li. axla kvlevis fokusSia sakiTxebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogori gavlena SeiZleba iqonios Citebis populaciaze

iseTma faqtorebma, rogoricaa mtaceblebi, sakvebze

misawvdomloba da sxva. kidev erTi proeqti, romelic

me Rireulad mimaCnia, exeba am xeobis ZirSi mdebare pa-

tara lamaz tbas, romelsac sarkis tba hqvia. erT-erTi

pirveli, ris gakeTebasac me aq muSaobis dasawyisSive

Sevudeqi, daaxloebiT 1965 wels, iyo tbaze yinulis

safaris arsebobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb monacemebis

Cawera. yinulis safaris xangrZlivoba dakavSirebu-

lia tbis siTbos maragis mTlian moculobasTan. ase,

rom es aris temperaturisa da klimatis cvalebadobis

maCvenebeli. rogorc mosalodnelia, yinulis safaris

xangrZlivobis periodi Zalian gansxvavebulia drois

mcire monakveTSic ki, radganac amindia gansxvavebu-

li wliTiwlobiT. magram Cvenma grZelvadianma mona-

cemebma uCvena, rom tbaze yinulis safaris arsebobis

xangrZlivobaSi aRiniSneba statistikuri maCveneblis

uaRresad sayuradRebo Semcireba. dRes daaxloebiT

19 dRiT naklebi periodis ganmavlobaSi faravs yinuli

tbas, vidre 1960 wels. es aris globaluri daTbobis

aSkara maCvenebeli.

Tqveni muSaobis paralelurad habard brukSi, Tqven brZandebiT ekologiuri kvlevebis institutis (e.k.i.– IES) prezidenti da direqtori. ra gibiZgaT Tqven 20 wlis win, rom gagecvalaT prestiJuli mudmivi SemosavliT uzrunvelyofili kaTedra kornelSi, araSemosavliani kvlevebisa da saganmanaTleblo profilis institutSi.

am SekiTxvas xSirad misvamen Cemi kolegebi, zogs mi-

aCnia, rom me sigiJe Cavidine. eki-Si Tanamdebobaze Ses-

asrulebeli samuSaos aRweram damanaxa, rom es ZiriTa-

dad niSnavda, rom me SemeZlo mekeTebina yvelaferi,

risi gakeTebac mindoda, imden xans, ramden xansac

saqmes kargad gavakeTebdi da es me Zalian momewona. me

viyavi eki-is damfuZnebeli direqtori da uaRresad

vamayob imiT, rom institutma aseTi warCinebu li saer-

TaSoriso reputacia moipova. Cven gvyavs mecnierTa

ubrwyinvalesi gundi, romlebic xSirad muSaoben pro-

eqtebze mdinare hadsonSi zebras ganmanadgurebeli

orkaredi niJarebis Sesaxeb (Muttilus). es proeqtebi

saWiroa infeqciuri daavadebebis kvlevebisaTvis, maT

Soris Elymus aenarius-is ekologiisaTvis.

ratom gizidavT ase mravaldisciplinaruli gundze orientirebuli kvleva, romelsac

Tqven eki-Si awarmoebT?

mravalma gonebam SeiZleba ufro swrafi da ufro

ukeTesi progresi moitanos, vidre erTma. dRes mec-

nierebaSi didi proeqtebis ganxorcielebis erTaderT

gzas warmoadgens gunduri muSaoba, gansakuTrebiT im

sferoebSi, romlis wamyvani Taviseburebaa bio-kom-

pleqsuroba, magram aseTi gunduri TanamSromlobis

mecnierebisaTvis saWiroa, rom kolegebisadmi sruli

ndoba gqondes. vfiqrob, kursdamTavrebulebs ufro

meti praqtikis saSualeba unda mivceT, rom movamzadoT

isini kvleviT gundebSi samuSaod.

1303

praqtikasa da wrTvnas rac Seexeba, eki Tavis samecniero misias saganmanaTleblo programasTan erTad asrulebs. TqvenTan kursdamTavrebulebs

aqvT raime Sansi?

Cven gvaqvs NSF, erovnuli kvleviTi praqtika kurs-

damTavrebulTaTvis (REV). yovel gazafxuls aT an Tormet students varCevT. kvleviT samuSaoebSi monaw-

ileobis miRebis garda SerCeuli studentebi iReben

instruqciebs, rogor daweron samecniero naSromi,

ipovon samsaxuri da ra aris samecniero eTika. am weli-

wads ori am studentTagani aq habard brukSi awarmoebs

kvlevas. jgufis danarCeni wevrebi ki momaval kviras

apireben Camosvlas.

ram gagiRvivaT bunebisadmi interesi?

me gavizarde indianaSi, patara fermaSi da adreuli

bavSvoba fexSiSvelasa maqvs gatarebuli tyeSi da gan-

sakuTrebiT tbis midamoebSi. roca kolejSi Sevedi,

vapirebdi gavmxdariyavi dawyebiTi skolis maswav-

lebeli da beisbolis mwvrTneli. magram myavda erTi

profesori, romelmac daiJina, rom damemTavrebina

aspirantura. aspiranturaSi ganacxadi mxolod imis

gamo Sevitane, rom Tavidan amecilebina misi risxva da

viskonsinis universitetSi wavedi swavlis gasagrZele-

blad, sadac Seviswavle tbebis sistemebi. es kidev erTi

CemTvis gamoCenili Sansi iyo.

ra gavlena iqonia Tqvens Sexedulebaze bunebis Sesaxeb Tqvenma 42 wlianma gamocdilebam romelic aq, habard brukSi miiReT?

habard brukma uamravi SesaniSnavi sakvlevi sakiTxi

da Tema momca. me daviwye rogorc gulubryvilo fer-

merma biWma da movedi yvelaze ufro daxvewili teqnol-

ogiebis gamoyenebamde, imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gameca am

kompleqsuri sistemis Sesaxeb uamrav SekiTxvaze da me

vcdilobdi, davxmarebodi adamianebs imis gagebaSi, Tu

ratomaa mniSvnelovani am tipis kompleqsuri siste-

mebis dacva bunebis ekosistemebSi. adamiani pativs unda

scemdes bunebas, radgan igi warmoadgens fundamenta-

lur sasicocxlo sistemas: es aris sufTa haeri, sufTa

wyali, sufTa niadagi da noyieri sakvebi. da Tu Cven am

ekosistemebs saSualebas mivcemT, isini amouwuravni

iqnebian da ganagrZoben Cveni im sasicocxlo resurse-

biT momaragebas, rac gvWirdeba. habard brukma Secvala

Cemi cxovreba da SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, rom viRaca

me fuls mixdis imisaTvis, rom me am ulamazes adgilas

vimuSao.

1304

Sesavali:

ekologiis masStabebi

organizmebi Ria sistemebs warmoadgenen, maTsa

da garemos Soris arsebobs uwyveti urTierTkavSiri

– es am wignis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Temaa.

organizmebsa da garemos Soris urTierTkavSiris

Seswavlas ewodeba ekologia (berZnuli sityvidan

oikos –saxli, kera da logos- codna, sityva).

aRniSnuli urTierTkavSiri gansazRvravs or-

ganizmTa sivrcobriv ganawilebasac da maT sim-

Widrovesac. mas ukavSirdeba sami ZiriTadi SekiTxva,

romlebsac Cveulebriv svamen ekologebi: sad cxov-

roben organizmebi? ratom binadroben isini iq, sa-

dac maT vpoulobT? ramdenia erTi saxeobis individi

ama Tu im adgilsamyofeloSi? ekologebi agreTve

Seiswavlian, Tu ra gavlenas axdens organizmisa da

garemos urTierTkavSiri saxeobaTa raodenobaze

garkveul adgilas. isini ikvleven agreTve , niadagSi

nivTierebaTa cvlas tyeSi an tbaSi an populaciaTa

matebis siCqares.

Tavisi farTo masStabis gamo ekologia aris bio-

logiis uaRresad rTuli (kompleqsuri) da sain-

tereso, da amasTanave sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis

matarebeli sfero. ekologia avlens biosferos

sim didres _ sicocxliT dasaxlebuli dedamiwis

mTlian sivrces _ da SeuZlia mogvawodos fundamen-

taluri codna, rac mogvexmareba imaSi, rom dava-

konservoT da SevinarCunoT es simdidre, romelsac

dRes, ise rogorc arasdros, emuqreba adamianis aq-

tiurobiT gamowveuli safrTxe. biosferos simdi-

dre gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa tropikul tyeebSi,

rogoricaa magaliTad, panamis tye, sadac cxovrobs

xoWo-herkulesi (Dynastes hercules), romelic asaxu-

lia suraTze 50.1.

dedamiwis tropikuli tyeebi warmoadgens mil-

ionobiT saxeobis sacxovrebels, 5-dan 30 milionamde

jer kidev auRwereli mwerebis, obobebis da sxva

arTropodebis CaTvliT. faqtiurad biosferos yve-

la nawili dasaxlebulia mravalferovani cocxali

formebiT, romelTa umravlesobac, gansakuTrebiT

mikrobuli saxeobebi, mecnierebisaTvis ucnobia. es

Tavi gagacnobT ekologiis mecnierebas da aRwers

zogierT faqtors, cocxals Tu aracocxals, rac

gavlenas axdens organizmTa distribuciaze. igi aseve

mimoixilavs wylisa da xmeleTis binadarTa ZiriTad

tipebs, sad cxovroben isini da sad midian ekologebi

maT Sesaswavlad.

50Sesavali ekologiasa

da biosferoSi suraTi 50.1 panamis tyis erT-erTi

areali asaxavs biosferos simdidres.

amosavali koncefciebi:

50. 1 ekologia Seiswavlis organizmisa da garemos urTierTzemoqmedebas.50. 2 organizmisa da garemos urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgens saxeobaTa gavrcelebis limitacia (SezRudva)

50. 3 abioturi da bioturi faqtorebi zegavlenas axdenen wylis biomebis struqturasa da dinamikaze.

50. 4 klimati didad gansazRvravs xmeleTis biomebis struqturasa da distribucias.

1305

koncefcia 50.1ekologia Seiswavlis organizmebisa da garemos urTierTzemoqmedebebs

adamians yovelTvis ainteresebda sxva organizmTa

distribucia da raodenoba. preistoriul periodSi

adamianebs, monadireebsa da Semgroveblebs, uwev-

daT imis Seswavla, Tu sad SeiZleboda nadirisa da

sakvebad vargisi mcenareebis uxvad moZieba.

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebasTan erTad da

cxovelTa moSeneba-moSinaurebasTan erTad adamianma

ufro meti iswavla imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlenas ax-

dens garemo mcenareTa da cxovelTa zrdaze, gadar-

Cenasa da gamravlebaze. mogvianebiT naturalistebi,

aristoteledan darvinamde da Semdegac, aRwerdnen

da Seiswavlidnen organizmebs bunebriv yofaSi, ak-

virdebodnen da sistematurad iwerdnen dakvirvebis

Sedegebs. araCveulebrivad didi codna SeiZleba

dRes kidev SeviZinoT aRwerilobiTi mecnieruli

midgomidan (romelic mimarTulia aRmoCeniTi mecni-

eruli midgomisaken) (ix. Tavi 1.) amdenad, bunebis

istoria rCeba ekologiuri mecnierebis fundamenta-

lur nawilad.

aRwerilobiTi mecnierebis saxiT arsebu li, xan-

grZlivi istoriis mqone mecniereba, ekologia, aseve

warmoadgens zust eqsperimenul mecnierebas. miuxeda-

vad im sirTuleebisa, rac Tan axlavs bunebriv gare-

moSi eqsperimentebis Catarebas, ekologebi xSirad

amowmeben TavianT hipoTezebs savele eqsperimentebSi.

jin likinsisa da misi kolegebis mier warmoebuli

grZelvadiani kvleva habard brukis eqsperimentul

tyeebSi erT-erT magaliTs warmoadgens (ix. inter-

viu win). savele eqsperimentebis sxva magaliTebs war-

moadgens kvlevebi, romlebSic mkvlevarebi zomaven

balaxismWamel cxovelTa gavlenas mcenareTa jiSebis

mravalferovnebaze, eqsperimentuli ‘daxuruli ter-

itoriebisa’ da Ria kontrolis mqone teritoriebis

Sedarebis gziT, romlis mizania garkveuli balax-

ismWameli cxovelebis saxeobaTa dacva.

ekologebis yuradReba kon-

centrirebulia kompleqsur sis-

temebze, rac mecnierebs ubiZgebs

SesaZleblobaTa sruli gamoy-

enebisaken ufro Tanmimdevruli

Sedegebis misaRebad. SesaZloa,

swored amitomac arian ekologebi

inovatorebi miRebuli daskvnebis

gamoyenebaSi. Tqven am TavSi mra-

vali ekologiuri eqsperimentis

magaliTs SexvdebiT.

ekologia da evoluci-

uri biologia

ekologia da evoluciuri

biologia aris ori mWidrod da-

kavSirebuli mecniereba. dar-

vini organizmTa distribuciaze

da maTi specifikur garemosTan

adaptaciaze dakvirvebebma im az-

ramde miiyvana, rom garemos faq-

toris sxvadasxvagvar urTierTz-

emoqmedebas populaciis SigniT,

SeeZlo gamoewvia evoluciuri

cvlilebebi. (ix. Tavi 22). dRes

Cven uamravi monacemi gagvaCnia,

CrdiloeTi avstraliis klima-ti cxelia, nestiania da sezon-uri unaleqobiT xasiaTdeba.

wiTeli kengu-ru binadrobs qveynis SigniT mSral da nax-evrad mSral re-gionebSi, sadac naleqebi iSvia-Tia da wlebis g a n m a v l o b a S i araTanabaria.

samxreT -aR-mosavleT avs-traliaSi nes-tiani, grili klimatia.

samxreT avstraliaSi civi, nestiani zamTar-ia da cxeli, mSrali zafxuli.

kenguru/km2

gavrcelebis sazRvari

tasmania

suraTi 50.2 adgilis Seswavlis safuZvelze dadgenili wiTeli kengurus siWarbe da distribucia avstraliaSi.

1306

imis dasturad, rom rac xdeba ekologiuri drois

farglebSi (wuTebSi, TveebSi, wlebSi), meordeba

igive ufro farTomasStabiani, evoluciuri drois

farglebSi (dekadebSi, saukuneebSi, aTaswleulebSi

da ufro didi drois monakveTebSi). magaliTad, Se-

vardens, romelic mindvris TagvebiT ikvebeba, aqvs

swrafi gavlena mxverpl populaciaze garkveuli

individebis daxocvis gamo, amdenad mcirdeba popu-

laciis moculoba (ekologiuri efeqti) da icvleba

genuri fondi (evoluciuri efeqti). mtacebeli-msx-

verplis urTierTzemoqmedebis erT-erTi grZelva-

diani evoluciuri Sedegi SesaZloa gaxdes Tagvebis

seleqcia bewvis Seferilobis mixedviT, rac daicavs

(kamuflaJirebas gaukeTebs) cxovelebs.

organizmebi da garemo

nebismieri organizmis garemo moicavs abiotur

anu aracocxal komponentebs – qimiur da fizikur

faqtorebs, rogoricaa temperatura, Suqi, wyali

da sakvebi nivTierebebi, da biotur anu cocxal

komponentebs – yvela saxis organizmebi anu biote-

bi (biota), romlebic warmoadgenen individualuri

garemos Semadgenel nawils. sxva organizmebs Seu-

ZliaT Seejibron am individs sakvebis an sxva resur-

sis mopovebaSi, mxverplad gaixadon is, parazitad

iqcnen, TviTon gaxdnen misi sakvebi anda Secvalon

misi fizikuri Tu qimiuri garemo.

ekologiuri kvlevebis centralur sakiTxs war-

moadgens sxvadasxva garemos komponentebis, rogorc

abioturis aseve bioturis, zegavlenis Sswavla. mag-

aliTad suraTi 50.2. uCvenebs avstraliuri wiTeli

kengurus geografiul gavrcelebas da warmogvid-

gens ori SekiTxvis safuZvels: ra aris is garemo

faqtorebi, rac akontrolebs iseTi saxeobebis geo-

grafiul distribucias, rogoricaa wiTeli kenguru?

da ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben mis siWarbes. sura-

Tze 50.2. mocemulia zogierTi klimaturi faqtori,

romlebsac ekologebi wiTeli kengurus SemTxvevaSi

ganixilaven: sayuradReboa, rom wiTeli kenguru ar

cxovrobs avstraliis periferiebSi, sadac sveli,

nestiani klimaturi pirobebia. aRsaniSnavia isic,

rom wiTeli kenguru ufro uxvadaa im adgilebSi,

sadac klimati ufro mSralia da wliTiwlobiT ufro

cvalebadi xdeba. es aris ruqaze muqi yavisferidan

narinjisferamde aRniSnuli adgilebi. am adgilebis

sazRvrebTan, sadac klimati ufro nestiania vidre

siRrmeSi da romlebic ruqaze mocemulia Riafrad,

wiTeli kenguru iSviaTia.

aRniSnuli faqtorebi gviCvenebs, rom abioturi

faqtorebi, naleqis raodenoba da mravalferovneba,

gavlenas axdens avstraliaSi wiTeli kengurus dis-

tribuciaze, magram wiTeli kengurus distribuci-

aze kontroli mxolod abioturia? iqneb klimati

axdens wiTeli kengurus populaciaze arapirdapir

gavlenas iseTi bioturi faqtorebis meSveobiT, ro-

goricaa paTogenebi, parazitebi, konkurentebi, mta-

ceblebi da sakvebis arseboba-ararseboba. magaliTad,

wiTel kenguruze cud gavlenas axdens ufro nes-

tiani adgilebi, romlebic xelsayrelia paTogenebisa

da parazitebisaTvis? ekologebs sWirdebaT mravali

faqtoris Sejameba da alternatuli hipoTezebis

ganxilva, roca cdiloben, axsnan siWarbisa da dis-

tribuciis magaliTebi.

ekologiis qvesferoebi

ekologia SeiZleba daiyos sxvadasxva qvesfer-

oebad, romlebic Seiswavlian sakiTxebs dawyebuli

individualuri organizmebis ekologiiT, damTavre-

buli ladSaftisa da ekosistemis dinamikiT. (suraTi

50.3.). yoveli qvesfero iyenebs Tavis gansakuTrebul

terminologias da QSeiswavlis specifikur sakiTxebs.

Tumca Tanamedrove ekologiuri mecniereba sul

ufro arRvevs sxvadasxva sferoebs Soris tradici-

ulad arsebul gamyof sazRvrebs.

organizmis ekologia SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg qve-

disciplinebad: fiziologiuri ekologia, evoluci-

uri ekologia da qcevis ekologia. organizmis eko-

logia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor umklavdeba organizmis

struqtura, fiziologia da qceva (cxovelebis Sem-

TxvevaSi) im gamowvevas, rasac garemo sTavazobs.

populacia. es aris erTi da imave saxeobis indi-

videbis jgufi, romlebic cxovroben garkveul ge-

ografiul teritoriaze. populaciis ekologia kon-

cent rirebulia ZiriTadad im faqtorebis Seswavlaze,

rac gavlenas axdens erTi saxeobis individebis ra-

odenobaze erT konkretul teritoriaze.

erToba moicavs yvela saxeobis yvela organizms,

romlebic erT konkretul teritoriaze cxovroben.

es aris mravali sxvadasxva saxeobis populaciaTa er-

Tianoba. amdenad erTobaTa ekologiis kvlevis sfero

moicavs erTobebSi saxeobaTa urTierTzemoqmedebis

mTlian areals. kvlevis es areali koncentrirebu-

lia iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa:

rogor zegavlenas axdens erTobis struqturasa

da organizaciaze iseTi faqtorebis urTierTmoq-

1307

medeba, rogoricaa: mtacebloba, Sejibri, daavadebe-

bi da aseve abioturi faqtorebi, rogoricaa Careva

(myudroebis darRveva).

ekosistema moicavs yvela abiotur faqtors, gar-

da saxeobaTa mTliani erTobebisa, romlebic konkre-

tul teritoriaze cxovroben. ekosistema, magaliTad

tba, SeiZleba Seicavdes sxvadasxva erTobebs. ekosis-

temis ekologiaSi maxvili gakeTebulia sxvadasxva

biotur da abiotur komponentebs Soris energiisa

da qimiuri ciklaciis sakiTxebze.

landSaptis ekologia Seiswavlis ekosistemis sfe -

ros. misi ori magaliTia: mdinaris gaswvriv Camwkri-

vebuli xeebis rigis koridori meCxeri mcenareuli

safariT dafarul dablobze, anda balaxiT Semofar-

gluli marjnis rifebis monakveTebi.

rogor aris yvelaferi es mowyobili geografi-

ul regionSi. nebismieri landSafti an zRvis peizaJi

Sedgeba sxvadasxva tipis `monakveTebis~ mozaikisagan.

garemos am maxasiaTebels ekologebi uwodeben `mon-

akveTebad dayofas~.

landSafturi ekologiuri kvlevebi yuradRebas

amaxvilebs im faqtorebze, romlebic akontroleben

energiis, nivTierebebisa da organizmebis urTierT-

gacvlas ekosistemis monakveTebs Soris, romlebic

Tavis mxriv landSaftsa da zRvis peizaJebs qmnian.

biosfero aris globaluri ekosistema – es aris

planetis ekosistemebis mTliani jami. ekologiis es

udidesi sfero moicavs sicocxliT dasaxlebuli

dedamiwis mTlian moculobas: es aris zRvis donidan

ramodenime kilometris simaRlis atmosfero, qvemoT

_ xmeleTi zRvebis CaTvliT, romelTa siRrmeSic

sul cota sami kilometris simaRlis kldeebia, _

miwa, tbebi, mdinareebi, gamoqvabulebi da okeaneebi,

romelTa siRrme ramodenime kilometria. biosferos

doneze kvlevis magaliTebia analizi imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogori gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos dedamiwis kli-

matze da Sedegad, mTlianobaSi sicocxleze, atmosf-

eruli CO2-is koncentraciis cvalebadobam.

(a) organizmis ekologia. rogor poulobs kuziani veSapi adgils, sadac is na-Sirers aCens?

(b) populaciuri ekolo-gia. garemos ra faqtorebi moqmedeb irmis Tagvis gam-ravlebis sixSireze?

(g) sazogadoebis ekologia. ra faq-torebi moqmedeb konkretuli tyis Semadgeneli saxeobebis mraval-ferovnebaze?

(d) ekosistemis ekologia. ra faqtorebi akontrolebs zomieri balaxovani ekosistemis fotosin-Tezur gasavals?

(e) landSaftis ekologia. am lanSaftze gamo-saxuli xeebi uzrunvelyofen tyis cxovelebis gavrcelebis koridorebs. ra zRvramde vr-celdebian es xeebi?

suraTi 50.3. ekologiis sxvadasxva sferoebSi gaCenili kiTxvebis magaliTebi.

1308

ekologia da garemos dacvis sakiTxebi. imis gamo,

rom termini ekologia xSirad eSlebaT publikacieb-

Si garemos dacvis sakiTxebTan, metad mniSvnelova-

nia ganvmartoT gansxvaveba ekologiasa da garemos

dacvis sakiTxebs Soris (romelic iRwvis bunebri-

vi garemos SenarCunebisa da dacvisaTvis). garemos

dacvis problemebs rom SevexoT, saWiroa gvesmodes

is rTuli da delikaturi urTierToba rac arsebobs

organizmebsa da garemos Soris. ekologiis mecniere-

ba swored am codnas gvTavazobs. magaliTad, Tu Cven

gvecodineba rom fosfati xels uwyobs tbebSi wy-

almcenareebis zrdas Cven SegveZleba, gadavwyvitoT

da SevzRudoT fosfatiT mdidari sasuqebis gamoy-

eneba garSemo midamoebSi, imisaTvis, rom davicvaT

tba wyalmcenareebis Warbi xlarTebisagan.

sazogadoebis dRevandel codnas garemos dacvis

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb saTave daudo 1962 wels reiCel

karsonis wignma, `Cumi gazafxuli~ (suraTi 50.4.).

dRes ukve klasikad qceul am wignSi karsons surda,

eTqva, rom iseTi pesticidebis farTo gamoyenebas,

rogoricaa DDT, Sedegad mohqonda mravali iseTi orga-

nizmebis populaciis mospoba, romelTa ganadgureba

gegmaSi ar iyo.

dRes mJavis daleqvam lokalizeba gaukeTa Sim-

Sils, rac iseTi movlenebis Sedegs warmoadgenda,

rogoricaa: miwis araswori gamoyeneba da populaci-

is zrda, niadagisa da mdinareebis toqsikuri narCe-

nebiT mowamvla, gadaSenebuli, anda saSiSroebis qveS

myofi saxeobebis siis zrda. sacxovrebeli garemos

ganadgureba mxolod nawilia im problemebisa, rac

emuqreba Cvens saerTo saxls, dedamiwas, sadac Cven

milionobiT sxva cocxal formebTan erTad vcxov-

robT.

bevri gavleniani ekologi, jin likinsis CaTvliT,

acnobierebs imis pasuxismgeblobas, rom saWiroa

gaagebinon kanonmdeblebsa da sazogadoebas im gadaw-

yvetilebaTa Sesaxeb, rac garemoze uaryofiT zemo-

qmedebas axdens. am pasuxismgeblobis mniSvnelovani

nawilia mecnieruli kompleqsurobisa da garemos

dacvis sakiTxTa erTmaneTTan dakavSireba. poli-

tikosebi da kanonmdeblebi xSirad moiTxoven cal-

saxa pasuxs garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebul iseT

SekiTxvaze, rogoricaa: ramdeni Zveli naSeni tyea

saWiro `nairferovani bunebis~ gadasarCenad. ekolo-

giur kvlevebs SeuZlia, rasakvirvelia, arsebiTi

informaciis mowvda politikuri gadawyvetilebis

misaRebad sacxovrebeli garemos SenarCunebasTan

dakavSirebiT. pasuxi amgvar SekiTxvebze xSirad sxva,

Semdgom SekiTxvebsac badebs. magaliTad: ramdeni bu

unda gadavarCinoT? ramdenad aucilebelia maTi ga-

darCena? ramden xans SeZleben isini sicocxles am

saxis tyeSi? ekologebs SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva

amgvar SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemiT, ise, rom xalxmac

da kanonmdeblebmac SeZlon swori gadawyvetilebis

miReba garemos dacvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

Tumca Cveni ekologiuri informacia arasdros

srulyofili ar aris, mainc ar SegviZlia gadavdoT

gadawyvetilebebis miReba garemos dacvis sakiTxebT-

an dakavSirebiT iqamde, vidre yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi

ar gveqneba.

magram iqidan, rac Cven namdvilad viciT biosfer-

os urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb, iqneb Wkvianuri iyos,

davicvaT sifrTxilis principi, romelic SeiZleba

ubralod gamovxatoT ase: ̀ sifrTxiles Tavi ar stki-

va~. aldo leopoldma, cnobilma veluri sicocxlis

konservatorma, kargad gadmosca sifrTxilis prin-

cipi, roca dawera: `SekeTebisas yvelaze gonivrulia

ar gadavagdoT arc erTi WanWiki~.

koncefcia 50.1 Semowmeba1. daupirispireT erTmaneTs ekologia da gare-

mos dacva, rogor ukavSirdeba ekologia ga-remos dacvas.

2. rogori gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos ekolo-giuri drois masStabSi momxdarma movlenam evoluciuri drois masStabSi momxdar mov-lenaze.

3. ekologiis romel sferos exeba qvemoT CamoTvlili?a) ekologi, romelic Seiswavlis avstrali-

aSi wiTeli kengurus distribuciasa da si Warbes.

b) ekologi, romelic swavlobs im cvlile-bebs, ra pirobebSic mcenareuli jiSebi yvelaze ufro Warbad vrceldeba tyeSi

xanZris Semdeg.

suraTi 50.4 reiCel karsoni. dRevandeli garemos damcvelTa moZraobisaTvis saTao wignSi, `umi gazafxu-li~, karsonma gagzavna mesiji: `bunebaze kon-troli~. es is frazaa, romelic qed maRlurad gaiges, romelic daibada biologiisa da filoso-fiis neandertamul xana-Si, roca miaCndaT, rom buneba arsebobda ada-mianisaTvis mosaxmare-blad.

1309

koncefcia 50.2organizmebisa da garemos urTierTzemoqmedeba limitirebas ukeTebs saxeobaTa distribucias

22-e TavSi Cven ganvixileT biogeografia, indi-

vidTa saxeobebis distribucia warsulSi da awmyoSi,

evoluciuri Teoriis konteqstSi. ekologebma didi

xania gaacnobieres biosferoSi organizmTa distri-

buciis globaluri da regionaluri modelebi. ken-

guruebi binadroben avstraliaSi da ara CrdiloeT

amerikaSi, maSin, roca orkapa antilopebi (Antilocap-

ra americana) gvxvdebian SeerTebuli Statebis dasav-

leTSi da ara evropasa da afrikaSi. saukuneze meti

xnis win darvinma, valasma da sxva bunebismcodneebma

(naturalistebma) daiwyes distribuciis farTo mod-

elebis identifikacia biogeografiuli arealebis

dasaxelebiT. (suraTi 50.5.). Cven dRes vukavSirebT am

biogeografiul arealebsa da kontinenturi dinebis

modelebs.

biogeografia gvaZlevs codnas, rac warmoadgens

karg safuZvels imis gasacnobiereblad, Tu ra iwvevs

saxeobaTa geografiuli distribuciis limitirebas.

imis gasagebad, Tu rogor SeZles ekologebma amis

garkveva, modiT, gaviaroT im SekiTxvaTa seriali,

romelic mocemulia suraTze 50.6.

gafantva da distribucia

gafantva aris individTa mWidro populaciis cen-

tridan an maTi mSobliuri teritoriebidan gamosvla

da gadaadgileba. organizmTa globalur distribu-

cias ganapirobebs magaliTad: ratom ar arian ken-

guruebi Crdilo amerikaSi? biogeografma SeiZleba

SemogvTavazos es martivi hipoTesa: isini iq ver mox-

vdnen, radganac maTi gafantvisaTvis arsebobda bari-

eri. es areali kengurusaTvis miudgomeli aRmoCnda,

magram Tu kengurum, romelic xmeleTsaa mijaJvuli,

ver moaxerxa Crdilo amerikamde miRweva sakuTari

ZalebiT, sxva organizmebma, romlebic grZel man-

Zilze gadaadgilebas adaptirebulni arian, magali-

Tad zogierTi jiSis Citebma, moaxerxes. organizmTa

gafantvis Seswavlas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, ro-

gorc evoluciaSi geografiuli izolaciis kvlevis

(ix. Tavi 24), aseve saxeobaTa mimdinare geografiuli

distribuciis farTo modelebis kvlevisaTvis.

bunebrivi gavrcelebis arealebi

gafantvis roli warmoCindeba, roca organizmebi

afarToeben maTi binadrobis arealebs da midian im

teritoriebze, sadac maT adre ar ucxovriaT. mag-

aliTad, cattle agret (ix. suraTi 53.10.), romelic

gavrcelebulia afrikaSi, evraziasa da avstraliaSi,

200 wlis win am Zlier frinvels ver SexvdebodiT

amerikis teritoriaze, magram 1800-iani wlebis bo-

los maT SeZles atlantikis okeanis gadafrena da

samxreT amerikis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis nawilis da-

pyroba. iqidan isini TandaTanobiT gavrceldnen

CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT centralur amerikaSi,

iqidan ki Crdilo-amerikaSi da 1950-ian wlebSi miaR-

wies floridas. mas Semdeg isini farTod gaiSalnen

da dRes isini gavrcelebuli arian wynari okeanis

sanapiroebamde dasavleTiT, xolo samxreT kanadamde

CrdiloeTiT.

didkuda SoSia (Quiscalus mexicanus), didi zo-

mis TvalsaCino Citi, romelic enaTesaveba SaSvsa da

molaRurs, kidev erTi im saxeobaTagania, romelmac

droTa ganmavlobaSi gavrcelebis arealebi gaifarTo-

va da meqsikis yuris sanapiroebidan da rio-grandes

xeobidan CrdiloeTisken gavrcelda (suraTi 50.7).

suraTi 50.7. didkuda SoSiebis populaciis gavr-

celeba aSS-Si 1974-1996 wlebSi. am saxeobam 22 weli-

suraTi 50.5 biogeografiuli arealebi. kontinenturi dinebebi da barierebi, rogoricaa udabnoebi da mTagrexile-bi, yvelaferi es ganapirobebs garkveul florasa da faunas dedamiwis umTavres biogeografiul arealebSi. arealebi mkve-Trad ar aris Semofargluli. isini erwymis im zonebs, sadac momijnave arealebis saxeobebic Tanaarseboben.

Txis rqis tropiki

kirCxibis tropiki

palearqtikuli

neotropiuli

eTiopiuri

nearqtikuli

aRmosavluri

avstraliuri

ekvatori

1310

wadSi mniSvnelovnad gaifarTova gavrcelebis are-

alebi.

bunebrivi gavrcelebis arealebis gafarToeba

TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs gafantvis gavlenas distri-

buciaze, magram gafantvis dakvirvebis saSualeba Za-

lian iSviaTad gveZleva. Sedegad, ekologebi xSirad

mimarTaven eqsperimentul meTodebs, imis gasarkvevad

Tu ra rols TamaSobs saxeobaTa distribuciis lim-

itirebaSi gafantva.

saxeobaTa transplantacia

imis gasarkvevad warmoadgens Tu ara gafantva

ZiriTad faqtors ditribuciis limitaciaSi, yvelaze

pirdapir gzas warmoadgens dakvirvebis warmoeba

saxeobaTa ganzraxi Tu uneblie transplantaciis Se-

degebze im arealebSi, sadac isini adre ar binad-

robdnen. transplantacia iTvleba warmatebulad,

roca saxeobebi mxolod ki ar gadarCebian da ganagr-

Zoben sicocxles axal garemoSi, aramed roca isini

gamravlebasac SeZleben. amdenad transplantaciis

war mateba ganisazRvreba mxolod araumcires sicocx-

lis erTi ciklis dasrulebis Semdeg. Tu trans-

plantacia warmatebulia, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,

rom saxeobaTa gavrcelebis potenciali ufro didia,

vidre maTi faqtobrivi gavrcelebis arealis moc-

va. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, saxeobebs SeuZliaT

icxovron kidev sadme garkveul teritoriaze, sadac

isini amJamad ar binadroben.

saxeobebi axal geografiul teritoriaze Seyva-

nisas xSirad arRveven erTobebs da im ekosistemas,

romlebSic isini Siyvanes da vrceldebian winaswar

ganzraxuli arealis miRma Sor manZilze. (ix. Tavi

55). Sesabamisad ekologebi transplantaciis eqsperi-

mentebs dRes xSirad ar mimarTaven. amis nacvlad

isini aRnusxaven monacemebsa da Sedegebs im movle-

nebisa, roca saxeobebi sxva miznebisTvis iqnen tran-

splantirebulni. magaliTad sanadiro cxovelebis

Se mosayvanad, anda roca moxda saxeobebis uneblie

transp lantacia.

qcevisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis

SerCeva (seleqcia)

rogorc transplantaciis eqsperimentebi gviC ve-

nebs, zogierTi saxeoba srulad ar iyenebs misi gavr-

celebis potencials, maSinac ki, Tu maT fizikurad

aqvT SesaZlebloba gaifanton daukavebel adgilebSi.

mivyveT Cveni kiTxvebis nusxas suraTidan 50.6: ra

rols TamaSobs qceva distribuciis limitaciaSi?

roca individebi Tavs arideben garkveul sacxovrebel

adgils, maSinac ki, Tu es adgili maTTvis xelsayre-

lia, maTi distribuciis limitacia xde ba sacxovrebe-

li adgilis seleqciis mixedviT. Tumca sacxovrebe-

li adgilis seleqcia rogorc wesi, cxovelebs exeba,

mcenareebsac SeuZliaT SearCion sacxovrebeli ad-

gili, magaliTad, iseTi Teslis warmoqmniT, romelic

Rvivdeba mxolod mkacrad gansazRvrul konkretul

garemo pirobebSi – miuxedavad imisa, rom mcenaree-

bs gadaadgilebis saSualeba ara aqvT, radganac maT

fesvebi aqvT miwaSi. Tumca sacxovreblis SerCeva

saxeobebi ar aris, vinaidan

gavrcelebas gabneva zRu-davs?

diax

ara

areali miuwvdomelia an dro araxelsayrelia

gavrcelebas qceva zRu-davs?

habitatis SerCeva

gavrcele-bas bioturi faqtorebi (sxva saxeobebi) zRudavs?

mtaceblebi, paraz-itebi, konkurencia, daavadebebi

gavrcelebas abioturi faq-torebi zRudavs?

qimiuri faqtorebi

wyali, Jangbadi, marilianoba, pH, niadagis nivTierebebi da a. S.

temperatura sinaTle niada-gis struqtura xanZari te-nianoba da a. S.

fizikuri faqtorebi

diax

diax

ara

ara

suraTi 50.6 geografiuli distribuciis limitirebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa nusxa. ekologebi, roca isini saxeobaTa dis-tribuciis limitacias swavloben, ganixilaven amgvari SekiTxvebis rigs.

1311

aris erT-erTi yvelaze Znelad gasagebi ekologi-

uri procesTagani, zogierTi magaliTi mainc Zalian

kargadaa Seswavlili mwerebis saxeobaTa sacxovreb-

lis SerCevis CaTvliT. mdedri mwerebi xSirad deben

kvercxebs mxolod Zalian mcire raodenobis stimu-

lis pasuxad, ramac SeiZleba SezRudos mwerTa dis-

tribucia garkveul maspinZel-mcenareebTan. larvas

(matls), evropul simindis mburRavs, SeuZlia, magal-

iTad, ikvebos sxvadasxva mravalferovani mcenaree-

biT, magram mas vxvebiT mxolod da mxolod simindSi,

radganac kvercxismdebel mdedrebs izidavs simin-

dis mier gamoyofili surneli. ganvixiloT koRo

anofelesis ekologia. es mweri, rogorc daavadebis

Zalian mniSvnelovani gadamtani, farTod aris Ses-

wavlili. misi Seswavla erT-erTi RonisZiebaTagania,

romelic Catarda malariis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg

brZolisTvis.

anofelesis yvela saxeoba asocirdeba sacxovre-

beli adgilis garkveul tipTan. saocaria, magram

aS karad xelsayreli tropikuli sacxovrebeli adgi-

lebis didi areali mTlianad Tavisufalia saSiSi

ko Roebisagan. maTi distribuciis Semaferxebeli faq-

to ri aRmoCnda mdedri koRoebis mier kvercxis dasa-

debad adgilis SerCeva. rogorc Cans, tropikuli ko-

Ro suleli unda iyos, radganac is ar debs kvercxebs

misTvis aSkarad xelsayrel brinjis yanebSi. magram

misi es saqcieli SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom brinjis

yanebi evoluciurad axali sacxovrebeli garemoa da

koRo ar aris masTan adaptirebuli. adaptacia ue-

crad ar xdeba, arc evolucia warmoSobs iseT or-

ganizmebs, romlebic srulyofilad arian adaptire-

bulni yvelanair garemosTan. (ix. Tavi 23)

bioturi faqtorebi

Tu qceva saxeobaTa, maSin Cveni Semdegi SekiTx-

va iqneba: distribuciis SemzRudvel faqtors bio-

turi faqtorebi anu sxva saxeobebi warmoadgens?

mraval SemTxvevaSi saxeobebs ar SeuZliaT daasru-

lon sicocxlis cikli Tu isini sxva axal arealSi

transplantirdebian. gadarCenisa da gamravlebis

unaris arqona SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iyos sxva

organizmebTan negatiuri urTierTzemoqmedebiT. es

SeiZleba iyos mtacebloba, parazitoba, daavadebebi

anda Sejibri. anda gadarCena da gamravleba SeiZleba

limitirdes sxva saxeobaTa aryofniT, romlebzedac

transplantirebuli saxeobebi damokidebulni arian.

magaliTad, damtvervis meSveobiT gamravlebadi gan-

sakuTrebuli saxeobis mcenaris aryofnam SeiZleba

xeli SeuSalos transplantirebuli mcenareebis

jiSebs gamravlebaSi, Tumca amgvari specifikuri

damokidebuleba iSviaTia. geografiuli distribuci-

is bioturi limitaciis faqtorebis ufro gavrceleb-

uli magaliTebia mtaceblebi (organizmebi, romlebic

xocaven TavianT msxverplebs) da balaxismWamelebi

(organizmebi, romlebic ikvebebian balaxeuliT da wy-

almcenareebiT). yvelaferi martivia, im organizmebs,

romlebic Wamen, SeuZliaT im organizmebis distri-

buciis limitacia, romlebsac isini Wamen.

modiT ganvixiloT balaxismWamelebis mier sakve-

bi mcenareebis jiSebis distribuciis limitaciis

erTi specifikuri SemTxveva. garkveul zRvis ekosis-

temebSi xSirad gvxvdeba urTierTdapirispirebuli

da mokidebuleba zRvis zRarbebis siWarbesa da wy-

alqveSa mcenareebis (rogoricaa murawyalmcenare)

siWarbes Soris. im adgilebSi, sadac cxovroben zR-

vis zRarbebi, romlebic wyalqveSa mcenareebiT ikve-

bebian, wyalmcenareTa didi grovebi Warbad fexs ver

ikideben. ase, rom, am SemTxvevaSi wyalmcenareebi-

saTvis adgilobrivi distribucia kontroldeba zR-

vis zRarbebis mier. am tipis urTierTzemoqmedeba

Se iZleba Semowmdes `mocilebisa da damatebis~ eqs-

perimentis saSualebiT. avstraliaSi, sidneisTan

ax los kvlevebisas v.j. fleCerma sidneis univer-

sitetidan, Seamowma hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom zRvis

zRarbebi warmoadgenen wyalmcenareebis distribuci-

is makontrolebel faqtors. fleCeri fiqrobda, rom

axali arealebis dakaveba

weli

suraTi 50.7 SeerTebul StatebSi 1974-dan 1996 wlamde did-kuda graklis gamravlebadi populaciebis gavrceleba. 22 weli-wadSi graklma gamravlebis areali mniSvnelovnad gazarda.

1312

Tu es hipoTeza swori aRmoCndeboda, maSin SesaZle-

beli iqneboda ufro met wyalmcenares daepyro is

adgilebi, saidanac zRvis zRarbebi iqnebodnen mo-

cilebulebi. amis sapirispirod, Tu zRvis zRarbebs

davamatebT im adgilebSi, sadac wyalmcenareebi ux-

vadaa, wyalmcenareebis raodenoba Semcirdeba. erTi

sirTule, romelic am dros arsebobs aris is, rom

xSirad zRvis zRarbebis garda maTTan erTad im adg-

ilebSi, sadac wyalmcenareebi SeiZleba gamravldes,

cxovroben kidev sxva balaxismWamelebic. fleCeri-

saTvis saWiro iyo manipulaciuri savele eqsperi-

mentebis serialis Catareba. imis gamo, rom zRvis

zRarbebis gavlena Seeswavla wyalmcenareebze sakv-

lev arealSi mas zRvis zRarbebis izolireba mouxda.

(suraTi 50.8).

mtaceblebisa da balaxismWamelebis garda saxe-

obaTa distribuciis makontrolebeli faqtoris

roli aseve SeiZleba Seas-

rulos sakvebi resursebis

a r s e b o b a - a r a r s e b o b a m ,

parazitebma, daavadebebma

da Sejibrma. saubedurod,

amgvari limitaciis zogi-

erT yvelaze ufro tragi-

kul SemTxvevas adgili

aqvs maSin, roca adamians

(nebsiT Tu uneblied) Sehy-

avs egzotikuri mtacebeli

anda Seaqvs daavadeba axal

arealSi da amiT adgilo-

briv bunebriv saxeobebs

anadgurebs. am tipis mag-

aliTebs Tqven naxavT 55-

e TavSi, roca ganvixilavT

konservaciul ekologias.

abioturi

faqtorebi

bolo SekiTxva Cveni

SekiTxvebis nusxidan ganix-

ilavs abiotur faqtorebs,

rogorc distribuciis ma-

kontrolebel faqtorebs.

organizmTa globalur

distribuciaze did gav-

lenas axdens iseTi abio-

turi faqtorebi, rogori-

caa regionaluri sxvaoba

temperaturis, wylis da

mzis sxivebis TvalsazrisiT. ganxilvis dros saWiroa

gvaxsovdes, rom garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ro-

gorc sivrcobrivi heterogenuloba, aseve temporal-

uri heterogenuroba. sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, igi

gansxvavdeba sivrcobrivad da drois mxriv. Tumca

dedamiwis or regions SeiZleba hqondes gansxvave-

buli pirobebi mocemul droSi, bioturi faqtorebis

dRiur da wliur amplitudebs SeuZliaT waSalon an

gaamkveTron regionaluri maxasiaTeblebi.

temperatura

garemos temperatura warmoadgens metad mniS-

vnelovan faqtors organizmTa distribuciaSi, rad-

ganac igi gavlenas axdens biologiur procesebze.

ujredebi SeiZleba daskdes Tu wyali, romelsac

u. j. fletCerma sidneiTan axlos (avstralia) gamoikvlia wyalmcenareebiT mkvebavi ori cxovelis, zRvis zRarbisa da zRvis niJariani moluskebis gavlena wyalmcenareebis raodenobaze. sakontrolo adgilis mezobeli arealebidan an zRvis zRarbebi, an moluskebi, an orive saxeoba amoiRes.

fletCerma wyalmcenareebis arealSi zRvis zRarbian da uzRarbo adgilebs Soris didi sxvaoba daafiqsira.

zRvis moluskebis da zRvis zRarbebis, an mx-olod zRvis zRarbebis amoReba wyalmcenaree-bis raodenobas. mniS-vnelovnad zrdida.

im arealebSi, sadac rogorc zRvis zRar-bebi, aseve moluskebi binadrobda, an arealebSi, saidanac mxolod moluskebi amoiRes, wyalmcenaree-bi TiTqmis aRar darCa.

zRvis zRarbi

zRvis niJariani moluski

zRvis zRar-bebic da moluskebic amoRebulia.

mxolod zRvis zRarbebia amoRebuli

mxolod zRvis moluske-bia aamoRebuli

kontroli (zRvis zRar-bebi da zRvis moluskebi erTdroulad binadroben)

wyal

mena

ree

biT

daf

aru

li

ter

ito

ria

(%)

agvisto agvistoTebervali

zRvis moluskebisa da zRvis zRarbebis amoRebas wyalmcenareebiT dasaxle-buli farTobis zrda mohyva. es niSnavs, rom wyalmcenareebis gavrcelebaze orive saxeoba moqmedebs. zRvis zRarbebis amoRebis Sedegad wyalmcenareebis farTobi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba, mxolod zRvis moluskebis amoRebis Semdeg, ki umniSvnelod. fletCerma daaskvna, rom zRvis zRarbebi gacilebiT metad zRudaven wyalmcenareebis gavrcelebas, vidre zRvis moluskebi.

suraTi 50.8

eqsperimenti

kvleva moqmedebs Tu ara wyalmcenareebiT mkvebavi zRvis zRarbebi da zRvis moluskebi am wyalmcenareebis gavrcelebaze?

daskvna

Sedegebi

Tebervali

1313

isini Seicaven, gaiyineba. (es xdeba 0 gradus cel-

siusze ufro dabal temperaturaze), da umetesoba

organizmebis proteini kargavs bunebriv Tvisebebs

45celsius gradusze maRal temperaturaze. mci-

re raodenobis organizmebs SeuZliaT SeinarCunon

saWiro aqtiuri metabolizmi Zalian dabal an Zalian

maRal temperaturaze. uCveulo adaptaciis unari

saSualebas aZlevs zogierT organizms, rogoricaa

magaliTad, Termofiluri (siTbosmoyvaruli) pro-

kariotuli organizmebi (ix. Tavi 27), icxovros im

temperaturis pirobebSi, romelic Cveulebrivi

cxovrebis pirobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli temper-

aturis zRvrebs scildeba.

organizmTa Sinagan temperaturaze gavlenas ax-

dens garemo temperaturasTan misi temperaturis

urTierTgacvla. umetesoba organizmebs SeuZliaT

SeinarCunon garemos temperaturaze mxolod ra-

modenime gradusiT maRali an dabali qsovilis

tem peratura (ix. Tavi 40). ZuZumwovrebi da Citebi,

ro gorc endoTermebi, warmoadgenen ZiriTad gamon-

akliss, magram endoTermul saxeobebsac ki SeuZliaT

funqcionireba garemo temperaturis cvalebadobis

mxolod sakmaod viwro farglebSi.

wyali

saxeobaTa distribuciaSi meore umniSvnelovanes

faqtors warmoadgens wyliT uzrunvelyofis dra-

matuli nairferovneba. mtknari wylisa da zRvis

or ganizmebi cxovroben akvatur garemoSi. magram

umetesoba saxeobebisa moklebulia, rogorc mtknari,

aseve mariliani wylis garemo sacxovrebels. maTi

SezRudulobis gamo osmoregulaciisadmi. xmeleTis

organizmebi cxovroben gamoSrobis faqtiurad

gamud mebuli safrTxis winaSe da maTi globaluri

distribucia damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad Za-

luZT maT moipovon da Seinaxon wyali. udabnos or-

ganizmebi avlenen uwylo garemoSi wylis mopovebisa

da Senaxvisadmi sxvadasxvagvari adaptaciis unars,

rogorc es aRwerilia 44-e TavSi.

mzis Suqi

mzis Suqi TiTqmis mTlian ekosistemas uzrunve-

lyofs energiiT, Tumca energiis am wyaros uSualod

mxolod mcenareebi da sxva fotosinTezuri orga-

nizmebi iyeneben. Suqis intensivoba ar warmoadgens

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan faqtors sxvadasxva

saxmeleTo garemoSi mcenareTa zrdis limitaciisT-

vis, Tumca tyis mier daCrdilva warmoSobs SuqisaT-

vis Sejibrs tyian garemoSi. wylian garemoSi Suqis

intensivoba da xarisxi fotosinTezuri organizmis

distribucias zRudavs. wylis siRrmis yoveli metri

seleqciurad STanTqavs wiTeli Suqis 45%-s, da masSi

gamavali cisferi Suqis daaxloebiT 2%-s. amis Sede-

gad wylis garemoSi mimdinare fotosinTezi zeda-

pirTan SedarebiT axlos xdeba. fotosinTezuri or-

ganizmebi Tavad STanTqaven SemoWrili Suqis nawils,

romelic SemdgomSi wylis siRrmeSi qveda doneebSi

mcirdeba. Suqi aseve metad mniSvnelovania im mra-

vali organizmis ganviTarebisa da qcevisaTvis, rom-

lebic mgrZnobiareni arian fotoperiodebisadmi, anu

es aris dRisa da Ramis periodebis SefardebiTi xan-

grZlivoba. fotoperiodi ufro saimedo indikatoria

sezonuri movlenebisa, rogoricaa magaliTad, mcena-

reTa yvaviloba (ix. Tavi 39) anda cxovelTa migracia,

vidre temperatura.

qariqari zrdis organizmebze garemo temperaturis

gavlenas imiT, rom siTbos dakargva izrdeba aor-

Tqlebisa da konveqciis gamo (ix. Tavi 40). is aseve

xels uwyobs organizmebSi wylis dakargvasac, zrdis

ra aorTqlebiT gagrilebis dones cxovelebSi da na-

mis gamoyofis dones mcenareebSi. garda amisa, qars

SeiZleba hqondes mniSvnelovani zegavlena mcenareTa

morfologiaze, imiT, rom igi aferxebs totebis zr-

das. qarian mxares Sedegad moaqvs `droSisebri for-

mis~ efeqti. suraTi 50.9. qarisagan gamowveuli xis

totebis `droSisebri forma~.

kldeebi da niadagi

kldeebisa da niadagis fizikuri struqtura, pH, da

mineraluri Semadgenloba gavlenas axdens mce nareTa

da Sesabamisad, am mcenareebiT mkvebavi cxovelebis

suraTi 50.9 xis totebis zrda qaris mimarTulebis mixedviT.

1314

suraTi 50.8

kvleva globaluri klimatis struqtura

mzis sinaTlis intensivobis ganeduri cvalebadoba

mzis sinaTle dabali kuTxiT ecema

buniobisas mzis sinaTle zemodan pirdapir ecema

mzis sinaTlis dacemis dabali kuTxe

CrdiloeTi polusi

60˚ N

60˚ S

kirCxibis tropiki

30˚N

30˚ S

0˚ ekvagtoriTxis rqis tropiki

samxreTi polusiatmosfero

dedamiwis formis simrude iwvevs mzis sinaTlis intensivobis ganedur cvalebadobas. radganac mzis sinaTle tropikul zonas pirdapir ecema (es regionebia CrdiloeTi ganedis 23.5˚-sa da samxre-Ti ganedis 23.5˚-s Soris mdebareobs), yvelaze didi sixce da ganaTebis intensivoba zedapiris erTeulze aq aRiniSneba. maRal ganedebze mzis sxivebi dedamiwas daxrili kuTxiT ecema da amrigad, sinaTlis energia dedamiwis zedapirze ifanteba.

mzis sinaTlis intensivobis sezonuri cvalebadobadedamiwis daxriloba iwvevs sezonuri cvlilebas mzis radiaciis intensivobaSi. vinaidan planetis RerZi 23.5˚-iT gadaxrilia mzis irgvliv misi moZraobis orbitis sibrtyesTan SefardebiT, tropikebze modis mzis raidaciis yvelaze didi wyliuri raodenoba da yvelaze naklebi sezonuri cvalebadoba axasiaTebs. sinaTlisa da temperaturis sezonuri cvalebadoba TandaTan izrdeba polusebis mimarTulebiT.

ivnisis bunioba: Crdilo-eTis naxevarsfero gadaxrilia mzisken; CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi zafxuli iwyeba; samxreT naxevarsferoSi zamTari iwyeba.

martis bunioba: ekvatori mzes pirdapir uyurebs; arc erTi polusi araa gadaxrili mzis mimarTule-biT; dedamiwis yvela regionSi dRec da Ramec 12 sT-s. grZeldeba.

seqtembris bunioba: ekvatori mzes pirdapir uyurebs; arc erTi polusi araa gadaxrili mzisken dedamiwis yvela re-gionSi dRec da Ramec 12 sT-s. grZeldeba.

dekembris bunioba: CrdiloeT naxevarsfero mzisgan ixreba. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi zamTari iwyeba; samxreT naxevars-feroSi zafxuli iwyeba.

mudmivi gadaxra 23˚-iT.

ekvatori

1315

msoflioSi atmosferos cirkulaciis da naleqebis modeli

CrdiloeGTis polaruli wre

60°N

30°N

60°S

30°S

0°

samxreTis po-laruli wre

dasavleTis

Crdilo-aRmosavle-Tis mimarTuleba

uZraobis ekvatoruli zona

samxreT-aRmosavle-Tis mimarTuleba

dasavleTis

(ekvatori)

0°(ekvatori)

30° 23,5°0°

30°23,5°

daRmavali mSrali haeri tens Seiwovs

daRmavali mSrali haeri tens Seiwovs

aRmavali teniani haeri tens gamo-yofs

ariduli zona

tropikebi ariduli zona

ekvatorTan axlos mzis intensiuri gamosxiveba safuZvlad udevs msoflio masStabiT haeris cirkulaciis da naleqebis Tvisebebs. tropikebis maRali temperatura iwvevs dedamiwis zedapiridan wylis aorTqlebas. cxeli, teniani haeris masebis asvlas (cisferi isrebi) da polusebisken moZraobas. haeris aRmavali masebis wylis sacavis umetesi nawili icleba, rac tropikebSi Warb naleqebs iwvevs. did simaR-leze myofi, ukve mSrali haeris masebi (yavisferi isrebi), qveviT, dedamiwisken miemarTeba, Tan xmeleTidan tens iwovs da aridul klimats qmnis, romelic CrdiloeTi da samxreTi ganedis 30˚-is garSemo udabnoebis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs. Semdeg daSvebuli haeris masebis nawili polusebisken miemarTeba. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTi ganedis 60˚-ze haeris masebi isev zeviT adis da naleqebis Warb gamoyofas iwvevs (Tumca naklebs, vidre tropikebSi). Semdeg civi, mSrali, aRmavali haeri polusebisken miemarTeba, sadac dabla eSveba da ekvatorisken brundeba, Tan tens iwovs da polaruli regionebis SedarebiT unaleqo, mkacr, civ klimats ganapirobebs.

msoflioSi qarebis sqemadedamiwis zedapirTan haeris dineba msoflioSi qaris prognozirebad struqturas ganapirobebs. dedamiwa Tavisi RerZis garSemo brunavs, ami-tom ekvatorTan axlos regionebi ufro swrafad moZraobs, vidre po-lusebTan, rac gadaxris qars zemoT naCvenebi vertikaluri mimarTule-bidan da qmnis ufro aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis haeris dinebebs. tropikebSi grili qari aRmosav-leTidan dasavleTisken uberavs; zomier sartyelSi (tropikebsa da arqtikul an antarqtidul sarty-els Soris gabatonebuli regionebi) ari dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken uberavs.

1316

distribuciis limitaciaze, da amiT xels uwyobs

saxmeleTo ekosistemaSi `monakveTebis~ war moqmnas.

mdinareebsa da nakadulebSi substratas (fskeris

donis) Semadgenlobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios wy-

lis qimiur Semadgenlobaze, rac Tavis mxriv gav-

lenas axdens iq mobinadre cxovelebze. mtknari

wylisa da zRvis garemoSi substratas struqtura

gansazRvravs, romeli organizmebi SeiZleba iq cxov-

robdnen an izrdebodnen.

axla, roca Cven mimovixileT abioturi faqtore-

bi, romlebic organizmTa distribucias akontrolo-

ben, modiT, yuradReba gadavitanoT imaze, Tu ro-

gor icvlebian es faqtorebi klimatTan mimarTebaSi,

radganac mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is didi roli,

rasac klimati asrulbs saxeobaTa distribuciis

gansazRvraSi.

klimati

klimatis umTavres komponentebs da garkveul

arealebSi ZiriTadi amindis pirobebis ganmsazRvrel

faqtorebs warmoadgens oTxi abioturi faqtori –

temperatura, wyali, mzis Suqi da qari. klimatis

faqtorebi, metadre temperatura da wyali, gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens organizmTa

distribuciaze. Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT klimaturi

modelebi or doneze: makroklimatis anu es aris

modelebi globalur, regionalur da lokalur do-

neebze da mikroklimatis, Zalian sainterteso mod-

elebi, magaliTad modeli, romlis pirobebSic cxov-

roben waqceuli moris qveS organizmTa erTobebi.

modiT, ganvixiloT dedamiwis makroklimati.

globaluri klimatis modelebi

dedamiwis globaluri klimatis modelebi um-

Tavresad ganpirobebulia Semomavali mzis energiiTa

da planetis moZraobiT kosmosSi. mzis siTbos gav-

lena atmosferoze, xmeleTsa da wyalze iwvevs tem-

peraturis sxvadasxvaobas, haeris moZraobis ciklebs

da wylis aorTqlebas, rac Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs

klimatis dramatul nairferovnebas. suraTi 50.10,

momdevno or gverdze ajamebs dedamiwis klimatis

modelebs da maTi formirebis safuZvlebs.

regionaluri, lokaluri da sezonuri gavlena klimatze

axlomdebare wyluri warmonaqmnebi da topo-

grafiuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa mTagrexile-

bi, qmnian regionaluri klimatis variaciebs, xolo

landSaftis ufro mcire maxasiaTeblebi adgilo-

brivi, lokaluri klimatis variaciebs ganapirobeben.

klimatis es regionaluri da lokaluri variaciebi

biosferos monakveTebad dayofas uzrunvelyofen.

sezonuri variaciebi warmoadgens klimatze gavlenis

kidev erT faqtors.

wyluri warmonaqmnebi. okeanis dinebebi klima-tze gavlenas axdens imdenad, ramdenadac igi acxe-

lebs da agrilebs kontinentis sanapiro xazze wylis

zemoT dalagebul haeris masebs, romlebic SeiZleba

Semdeg gavrceldnen xme leTzec. sanapiro regione-

bi, rogorc wesi, ufro teniania vidre igive gane-

dis SidasaxmeleTo arealebi. grili, teniani hava,

romelsac SeerTebuli Statebis dasavleT nawilSi

samxreTisaken moZravi kaliforniis grili dine-

ba warmoqmnis, xels uwyobs zomieri wvimis tyeebis

ekosistemas, romlebSic wynari okeanis Crdilo-

dasavleTiT dominireben didi wiwvovani xeebi, xolo

samxreTiT did teritoriaze _ kalifornouli gigan-

turi xeebis Walebia. amis msgavsad meqsikis yureSi

Tbili dineba romelic karibis zRvidan Crdiloe-

Tis mimarTulebiT moZraobs CrdiloeT atlantikis

gavliT, arbilebs havas Crdilo evropis dasavleT

sanapiroze. amis Sedegad Crdilo-dasavleTi evropa

ufro Tbilia zamTris ganmavlobaSi vidre axali ing-

lisis StatSi, romelic ufro samxreTiT mdebareobs,

magram grildeba labradoris dinebis gamo, romelic

suraTi 50.11 didi wyalsatevebis Semarbilebeli gavlena klimatze. es suraTi asaxavs zafxulis Tbil dRis movlenebs.

xmeleTTan arsebuli Tbili haeri maRla adis.

did simaR-leze haeri civdeba

wylis zedapiris zeviT myofi civi haeri dabla eSveba

dabla daSvebuli haeri xmeleTisken moZrao-bs da Tbil haers devnis, romelic maRla adis.

1

4

3 2

1317

moZraobs grenlandiis sanapirodan samxreTis mimar-

TulebiT. zogadad, rom vilaparakoT, okeaneebi da

didi tbebi gavlenas axdenen axlomdebare saxmeleTo

garemoze.

zafxulis cxeli dRis ganmavlobaSi, roca

xmeleTi ufro cxelia vidre didi tba anda okeane,

xmeleTis zemoT arsebuli haeri cxeldeba da maRla

adis, xolo wylis grili haeris masebi xmeleTisken

inacvlebs (suraTi 50.11). RamiT haeri axla ukve Tbi-

li okeanedan anda tbidan maRla iwevs, xmeleTidan

ki grili haeris masebi wylisken gadainacvlebs da

amgvarad, Tbili haeris masebs cvlis sanapiro zoli-

dan gadmonacvlebuli grili haeris masebi.

magram wyalTan siaxlove yovelTvis ar arbilebs

havas. zafxulSi zogierT regionSi, centraluri da

samxreT kaliforniis sanapiros CaTvliT, okeanedan

daberili grili, mSrali niavi xmeleTs exeba, Tbeba,

STanTqavs nests da warmoqmnis cxel mSral havas

ramdenime milis manZilze. klimatis amgvari modeli

gvxvdeba agreTve xmelTaSua zRvis garSemo midam-

oebSi. aqedan modis am modelis saxelic: xmelTaSua

zRvis hava.

mTebi. mTebs mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs imaze, Tu ramdenad swvdeba mzis Suqi areals. mTebi gavlenas

axdens aseve lokalur temperaturazec da naleq-

ianobazec. samxreTisken daqanebuli mTis ferdobebi

CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi ufro met mzis Suqs iReben,

vidre iqve mdebare CrdiloeTisken daqanebuli fer-

dobebi da amis gamo isini ufro

Tbili da mSralia. es abioturi

gansxvavebani gavlenas axdens sax-

eobaTa distribuciaze. magali-

Tad, bevr mTebSi Crdilo ameri-

kis dasavleT nawilSi, naZvebsa da

sxva wiwvovanebs dapyrobili aqvT

CrdiloeTisken daqanebuli fer-

dobebi, maSin, roca samxreTisken

daqanebul ferdobebze buCqovani

orpiri qaris gamZle mcenareebia

gavrcelebuli. garkveul manZil-

ze ha eris temperatura mcirdeba

daaxloebiT 6 celsi usiT yoveli

1.000 metris simaRleze.

es xdeba gadenis zrdasTan er-

Tad temperaturis klebis para-

lelurad. CrdiloeTis zomier

zonaSi, magaliTad, yoveli 1.000

metris simaRlis zrda qmnis tem-

peraturis iseT cvlilebas, rac

eqvivalenturia ganedis 880 km-

iT zrdisas warmoqmnili temperaturisa. es gaxlavT

erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac gvanan mTebis mobi-

nadre biologiuri erTobebi im erTobebs, romlebic

qveda simaRleebze binadroben, oRond ekvatoridan

moSorebiT mdebare arealebSi.

roca Tbili da teniani haeri mTas uaxlovdeba,

igi maRla iwevs, grildeba da tens tovebs mwver-

valis qarian mxares. (suraTi 50.12.) mTis qarisgan

dacul mxares grili, mSrali haeri qvemoT eSveba,

STanTqavs tens da qmnis `wvimebis Crdils~. udab-

noebi, rogorc wesi, mTagrexilebis swored am mxares

gvxvdeba. es movlena TvalsaCinoa Crdilo amerikis

dasavleTSi: didi auzis teritoriebze da mohavis

udabnoSi. aseve afrikis gobis udabnoSi da sxva pa-

tara udabnoebSi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia kari-

bis kunZulebis samxreTi nawilisaTvis.

sezonuroba. dRis xangrZlivobaSi globaluri cv-lilebebis, mzis radiaciisa da win ganxiluli tem-

peraturis garda, lokalur garemoze gavlenas aseve

axdens wlis ganmavlobaSi mzis sxivis kuTxis cvli-

lebac. magaliTad sveli da mSrali haeris masebis

sartyelebi ekvatoris orive mxares nela moZrao-

ben CrdiloeTis da samxreTis mimarTulebiT mzis

dasxivebis kuTxis cvlasTan erTad da warmoqmnian

aSkarad SesamCnev svel da mSral sezons 20 gradu-

siani ganedis garSemo, sadac mravali SesaniSnavi

tropikuli tyea. amas garda, qaris modelebis sezon-

suraTi 50.12 mTebis gavlena naleqianobaze (wvimaze).

wynari okeanidan wamo-suli teniani haeri maRla moZraobs sanam ukiduresi dasavleTis mTebs aRwevs. did simaRleze is civdeba da na-leqebs warmoqmnis. am arealSi, msoflioSi yvelaze maRali xeebi, sanapiros maradmwvane sekvoia izrdeba.

ufro Rrmad xmeleTSi na-leqebis raodenoba isev izrdeba, vinaidan haeri maRali mTebis maRla moZraobs. aq ganlagebulia msoflioSi yvelaze Rrma Tovlis mwvervalebi.

siera nevadas sanapir-oze naleqebi mcirea. wvimis simciris gamo centraluri ne-vadas umetesi nawili udabnoa.

wynari okeane

sanapiros regioni

qaris mimar-Tuleba

siera Nnevada

aRmosavleTi

3

21

1318

uri cvlileba aseve warmoqmnis okeanis dinebis va-

riaciebs da zogjer iwvevs sakvebiT mdidari okeanis

siRrmis civi wylis zemoT amosvlas, da amdenad kve-

bavs im organizmebs, romlebic okeanis wylis zeda-

pirTan axlos cxovroben.

sezonuri temperaturis cvlilebebisadmi tbebic

mgrZnobiareni arian. zafxulisa da zamTris ganmav-

lobaSi zomier regionSi mdebare mravali tba Termu-

lad daSrevebulia (masSi Termuli Sreebi arsebobs)

– es niSnavs, rom masSi temperaturis mixedviTaa

Sreebi vertikalurad ganlagebuli. aseTi tbebi

ganicdian wylis naxevarwlian Serevas temperatu-

ris xasiaTis cvlilebis gavleniT. (suraTi 50.13.) am

morevs, rogorc mas uwodeben, tbis zedapiridan siR-

rmisaken miaqvs JangbadiT mdidari wyali, xolo siR-

rmidan zedapirisken amoaqvs sakvebiT mdidari wyali.

am process adgili aqvs gazafxulze da Semodgo-

maze. tbebis abioturi maxasiaTeblebis es cikluri

cvlilebebi arsebiTi mniSvnelobis matarebelia or-

ganizmTa arsebobisa da zrdisTvis am ekosistemis

yvela doneze.

mikroklimati

mikroklimatze garemos mravali maxasiaTebeli

axdens gavlenas Crdilebis ganlagebiT, niadagidan

aorTqlebiT da qaris modelebis cvliT. magaliTad

xeebi tyeSi xSirad zomiers xdian maT qveS arsebul

mikroklimats. Sesabamisad, xeebisagan Tavisufali

adgilebi ganicdian temperaturis ukiduresobebs,

vidre tyis interieri, mzis Zlieri dasxivebisa da

qarebis gamo, romlebic warmoiqmnebian Ria xmeleTis

swrafi gacxelebisa da gaciebis Sedegad. aseT adgi-

lebSi aseve maRalia aorTqlebis donec. tyis nawil-

Si miwis qveda fenebi ufro teniania, vidre zeda

fenebi da masSi izrdebian xeebis sxvadasxva saxeobe-

bi. mori an didi qva sacxovrebels warmoqmnis iseTi

organizmebisaTvis, rogoricaa salamandrebi, Wia-mat-

suraTi 50.13 sezonuri `morevi~ tbebSi zamTris yinulis safaris qveS.

zamTarSi tbis wylis yvelaze civi fena (0°C) ganlagebulia yinulis fenis qveviT; siRrmisken wylis temperatura TandaTan izrdeba da rogorc wesi, fskerTan 4°C –s aRwevs.

gazafxulze mze yinuls adnobs, zedapiris wyali 4°C –mde Tbeba da ufro civi Sreebis dabla eSveba. es procesi spobs Termul strati-fikacias. gazafxulis qari iwvevs wylis Rrma da zedapiruli fenebis Serevas, ris Sedegad Rrma fenebi JangbadiT (O

2) mdidrdeba, zedapi-

ruli fenebi ki sakvebi nivTierebebiT (ixileT grafiki).

Semodgomaze zedapiruli wyali ufro swrafad civdeba da mis qveS ganlagebul Sreebze dabla eSveba. es Sreebis xelaxal Serevas iwvevs, romelic grZeldeba zedapiris gayinvamde da zamTrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli temperaturuli ganawilebis damyarebamde.

zafxulSi, roca zedapiris Tbil wyals fskeris civi wylis-gan viwro vertikaluri zona – Termoklini gamoyofs (zona, sadac temperatura swrafad icvleba) tbaSi xdeba damaxasiaTebeli tem-peraturuli maxasiaTeblebis aRdgena.

tbi

s si

Rr

me (m

)

tbi

s si

Rr

me (m

)t

bis

siR

rme

(m)

tbi

s si

Rr

me (m

)

O2 (mg/l)

O2 (mg/l)

O2 (mg/l)

O2 (mg/l)

zamTari gazafxuli

Semodgoma zafxuliTermoklini

O2-is koncentracia

maRali (>8 mg/l)

saSualo (4-8 mg/l)

dabali (

1319

lebi da mwerebi. amgvari sacxovreblebi icaven or-

ganizmebs temperaturisa da naleqis siWarbisagan.

de damiwis nebismieri tipis garemos axasiaTebs erT-

nairi mozaika: es aris mciremasStabiani gansxvavebebi

abiotur faqtorebSi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

organizmTa lokalur distribuciaze.

grZelvadiani klimaturi cvlileba

Tu cxovelTa da mcenareTa geografiuli gavrce-

lebis limitaciaSi temperatura da tenianoba war-

moadgens wamyvan faqtors, globaluri klimaturi

cvlileba biosferoze axdens Zlier gavlenas. (ix. 54-

e Tavi). SesaZlo gavlenis ganWvretisaTvis erT-erTi

kargi saSualebaa, Tvali gadavavloT im cvlilebebs,

rasac adgili hqonda zomieri havis mqone regionebSi

yinulovani xanis dasasrulis Semdeg. daaxloebiT

16.000 wlis winandel periodSi Crdilo amerikisa da

evraziis kontinentebi dafaruli iyo kontinentu-

ri gletCerebiT (myinvarebiT). klimatis daTbobas-

Tan erTad da yinulovani safaris dnobasTan erTad

xeTa distribucia CrdiloeTisaken gavrcelda. am mi-

graciis detaluri aRnusxva Semonaxulia tbebsa da

tborebSi daleqili yvavilis mtvris narCenebi. (Sesa-

Zloa ucnaurad mogeCvenoT gamoTqma, tyeebis «mig-

racia», magram gaixseneT 38-e Tavidan, rom qarsa da

cxovelebs SeuZliaT mimofanton mcenareTa Tesli

zogjer Zalian Sor manZilze).

Tu mkvlevarebi SeZleben organizmTa axlandeli

geografiuli distribuciis limitaciaze klimaturi

faqtoris gavlenis gansazRvras, maT SeeZlebaT, gan-

Wvriton, rogor SeiZleba Seicvalos distribucia

klimatis daTbobasTan erTad. am sakiTxis ganxilvi-

sas, roca saqme exeba mcenareebs, ZiriTadi SekiTxva,

rac warmoiSveba aris: xdeba Tu ara Teslis gafantva

ise swrafad, rom aman SeZlos, SeinarCunos yvela

saxeobaTa migraciis done klimatis cvlis parale-

lurad. magaliTad aRmoCenili naSTebi gviCvenebs,

rom aRmosavluri maToTi (konio, cuga, wiwovani xe

amerikasa da aziaSi), yinulovani xanis bolo period-

Si CrdiloeTisken gavrcelebaSi TiTqmis 2.500 wliT

Seferxda da es nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo Teslis

mimofantvis SedarebiT neli tempis gamo.

modiT, ganvixiloT specifikuri SemTxveva, imas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor SeuZlia xeTa migraciis

damadasturebel aRmoCenil neSTebs mogvawodos if-

ormacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra biologiuri gavlenis

moxdena SeuZlia mimdinare globaluri daTbobebis

tendenciebs. suraTi 50.14. gviCvenebs amerikuli

wiflis (Fagus grandifolia) ori sxvadasxva klima-

turi modelis pirobebSi mimdinare da savaraudo-

samomavlo geografiuli gavrcelebis zonas. es mod-

elebi gvkarnaxoben, rom momdevno saukuneSi wiflis

CrdiloeTis masivebis zoli limitirebuli iqneba

700-900 kilometriT CrdiloeTisken, xolo samxreTis

masivebis gavrcelebis zoli ki gadainacvlebs Crdil-

oeTisaken kidev ufro did manZilze. YTu es winas-

warganWvreta daaxloebiT mainc sworia, maSin wiflis

gavrcdelebis zolma unda gadainacvlos Crdilo-

eTisken 7-9 kilometriT yovel weliwads imisaTvis,

rom fexi auwyos damTbar klimats. ukanaskneli yinu-

lovani xanis dasasrulis Semdeg wifelam migraciiT

dRevandeli distribuciis saxe miiRo weliwadSi mx-

olod 0,2 kilometris gadanacvlebis Sedegad. sam-

wuxaro daskvna saxezea: Tu adamiani ar Caeria da

wiflis gavrcelebas xeli ar Seuwyo im midamoebSi,

sadac mas arseboba SeuZlia, klimatis daTbobasTan

erTad migraciuli saxeobebi, rogoricaa magaliTad

amerikuli wifela SeiZleba gadaSendes.

suraTi 50.14 amerikuli wiflis mimdinare da mosalodneli gavrcelebis zona klimaturi cvlilebis ori modelis pirobebSi.

Tanamedrove arealisavaraudo areali

gadafarva

(a) ocdameerTe saukuneSi 4,5°C –iT daTboba

(b) ocdameerTe saukuneSi 6,5 °C –iT daTboba

1. moiyvaneT adamianis aqtivobis magaliTebi, ro melsac SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos saxeobaTa distribuciis gavrcelebas Semdegi saSuale-bebis SecvliT: a) mimofantvis b) bioturi urTierTmoqmedebis.

2. axseniT rogor axdens gavlenas mzis mier dedamiwis zedapiris araTanabari gacxeleba globaluri klimatis modelze.

pasuxebi ixileT damateba a)-Si.

koncefcia 50.2 Semowmeba

1320

abioturi da bioturi faq-torebi gavlenas axdens wylis biomebis struqturasa da din-amikaze

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rogor moqmedebs bioturi da

abioturi faqtorebi dedamiwaze organizmTa dis-

tribuciaze. am faqtorTa sxvadasxva kombinaciebi

gansazRvravs mravali biomis anu wylisa da xmeleTis

farTo geografiul regionebze gavrcelebul ekolo-

giur warmonaqmnTa ZiriTadi tipebis bunebas. modiT,

daviwyoT dedamiwis wylis biomebis ganxilviT.

wylis biomebi floben biosferos udides nawils.

dedamiwis garSemo maT yvelanair tips SevxvdebiT.

ekologebi asxvaveben mtknari wylis biomebsa da zR-

vis wylis biomebs. am sxvaobas safuZvlad udevs is

fizikuri da qimiuri gansxvavebebi, rac maT axasi-

aTebT. magaliTad zRvis biomebi, rogorc wesi, Sei-

caven saSualod marilis koncentraciis 3%-s, maSin,

roca mtknari wylis biomebi xasiaTdebian 1% -ze na-

klebi marilis koncentraciiT. zRvis udidesi biome-

bia okeaneebi. isini dedamiwis zedapiris 75% faraven

da amdenad, uzarmazari gavlena aqvT biosferoze.

okeaneebidan wylis aorTqleba uzrunvelyofs plane-

tis naleqis did wils. okeanis temperaturas udidesi

gavlena aqvs msoflio klimatsa da qaris modelebze.

amas SeiZleba davamatoT aseve isic, rom wyalmcena-

reebi da fotosinTezuri baqteriebi warmoqmnian

msof lios Jangbadis mniSvnelovan wils da STanTqavs

uzarmazari odenobis atmosferul naxSirorJangs.

mtknari wylis biomebi mWidrod ukavSirdebian

niadagebsa da xmeleTis biomebis biotur komponen-

tebs, romlebSic isini gaivlian anda romlebSic

ganlagebulni arian. mtknari wylis biomebis gansa-

kuTrebul maxasiaTeblebzec aseve axdens gavlenas

wylis dinebis siswrafisa da klimatis modelebi,

romelSic isini arseboben.

mravali wylis biomi, rogorc tbebi aseve zRvebi,

fizikurad da qimiurad daSrevebulia, rogorc es

gamosaxulia suraTze 50.16. Suqs STanTqavs rogorc

TviT wyali, aseve masSi mobinadre fotosinTezuri

organizmebi. amdenad misi intensivoba swrafad mc-

irdeba siRrmesTan erTad, rogorc es winac aRvniS-

neT. ekologebi asxvaveben zeda fotikur zonas

(sinaTlis zonas), sadac fotosinTezisaTvis sakma-

risi sinaTlea da qveda afotikur zonas (sinaTles

moklebul zonas), sadac mxolod mcire Suqi aRwevs.

yvela wylis biomis fskerTan arsebul substratas

(qveda fenas) ewodeba bentikuri zona (fskeris zona).

qviSisa da organuli da araorganuli naleqebis na-

revi (Slami), anu bentikuri zona, dakavebuli aqvT

koncefcia 50.3

suraTi 50.15 ZiriTadi wylis biomebis distribucia.

kirCxibis tropiki

ekvatori

Txis rqis tropiki

konti-nenturi Selfi

gasaRebi

tbebi

marjnis rifebi

mdinareebi

okeanis pela-giuri zona

mdinaris deltebi

mimoqcevis zona

abisaluri (siRrmis) zona (okeanis pela-giuri zonis dabla)

1321

organizmTa erTobebs, romelTac uwodeben bento-

sebs. maTi sakvebis umTavresi wyaroa mkvdari or-

ganuli nivTiereba, romelsac detriti hqvia. igi

ile qeba wylis fotikuri, produqtiuli zonidan.

okeanis fskeris yvelaze Rrma regionebs uwodeben

abisalur zonas (siRrmiseul zonas).

Termuli energia, romelic mzidan moedineba, aT-

bobs dedamiwaze arsebuli wylis zedapirs im siR-

rmemde, sadamdec mzis sxivi iWreba, magram siRrmis

wylebi sakmaod civi rCeba. amas Sedegad moaqvs is,

rom wylis temperatura tbebSi Sreebad lagdeba,

gansakuTrebiT zafxulsa da zamTarSi (ix. suraTi

50.13.). okeanesa da umetesoba tbebSi wylis viwro

Sre, romelsac Termoklini hqvia da romelSic

tempe raturis swrafi cvlileba xdeba, gamoyofs wy-

lis ze da, Tbil fenas qveda, civi fenisagan.

rogorc mtknari wylis, aseve zRvis wylis gare-

moSi saxeobaTa erTobebi ganlagebulni arian wylis

siRrmis, Suqis SemoWris xarisxis, sanapirodan daSo-

rebisa da Ria wyali vrs. fskeris mixedviT.

zRvis organizmTa erTobebSi kargadaa warmodge-

nili saxeobaTa distribuciis limitacia, romelic am

abioturi faqtorebis Sedegad wsrmoiqmneba. fito-

plaqtoni, zooplaqtoni da mravali sxva Tevzis saxe-

obebi, gvxvdeba SedarebiT naTel, fotikur zonaSi

(ix. suraTi 50.16 b.) imis gamo, rom wyali Suqs kargad

STanTqavs da okeane ki Zalian Rrmaa, okeanis umetesi

moculoba faqtiurad Suqs aris moklebuli (afoti-

kuri zona), da amitom maTSi cocxali organizmebi

naklebadaa. iq arseboben mxolod mikroorganizmebi

da manaTobeli Tevzebisa da uxerxemloebis Sedar-

ebiT mcire populaciebi.

1. bentosis (zRvis fskeris florisa da fau-nis) wylis mwerebi, (Plecoptera), romelTaT-visac saWiroa Jangbadis SedarebiT maRali koncentracia oligotroful tbebSi ufro ukeT icxovreben Tu evtroful tbebSi da ratom ?

2. ratom arian okeanis biomis dominanturi fotosinTezuri organizmebi fitoplakonebi da ara bentosis wyalmcenareebi anda fesvi-ani wylis mcenareebi.

pasuxebi ixileT damateba a-Si.

koncefcia 50.2 Semowmeba

momdevno oTx gverdze ixileT wylis

ZiriTadi biomebis mimoxilva.

suraTi 50.16 wylis garemos zonebi.

sanapiros zona ganaTebuli

zona

benTosuri (fskeris) zona sibnelis

zona

pelagiuri zona

mimoqcevis zona

sanapiros zonaokeanis zona

sinaT-lis zona

kontinentu-ri Selfi

benTosuri zona

pelagiuri zona

sibnelis zona

Rrma wylebis zona (okeanis fskeris yvelaze Rrma regioni)

mtknari wylis zona

0

200 m

2 500 - 6 000 m

(a) tbis zonebi. tbis garemos ZiriTadad sami fizikuri krite-riumis safuZvelze yofen: sinaTlis SeRwevadoba (sinaTlis da sibnelis zonebi), napiridan dacileba da wylis siRrme (sanapiros da mtknari wylis zonebi), Ria wyali (pelagiuri zona) an fskeris wyali (benTosuri zona).

(b) zRvis zonebi. tbebis msgavsad, zRvis garemos klasifi-kacia ZiriTadad eyrdnoba: sinaTlis SeRwevadobas (naTeli da bneli zonebi), sanapirodan manZils da wylis siRrmes (mimoqcevis, sanapiros da okeanuri zonebi) da Ria wylis (pelagiuri zona) an fskeris wylis zonebs (benTosuri da Rrma wylebis zona).

1322

kvleva: wylis biomebisuraTi 50.17

tbebi

Waobebi

qimiuri garemo tbebSi marilianoba (marilis Semcveloba), Jangbadis koncentracia da sakvebi nivTierebebis Semadgenloba Zalian cva-lebadia. es sidideebi SeiZleba sezonis mixedviTac mniSvnelovnad icvlebodes. oligotrofuli tbebi Raribia sakvebi nivTierebebiT da, rogorc wesi, mdidaria JangbadiT; eutrofuli tbebi mdidaria sakvebi nivTierebebiT, magram xSirad gamofitulia Jangbadisgan, gan-sakuTrebiT, Tu zamTarSi yinuliT ifareba, zafxulSi ki wylis Rrma fenebSi yinuli dnobas ver aswrebs. ologotroful tbebSi dabalia fskerze daleqili, gauxrwneli organuli nivTierebebis raodenoba, eutroful tbebSi ki maRalia. geologiri Tvisebebi oligotrofuli tbebis zedapiris farTobis Sefardeba siRrmesTan ufro mcirea, vidre eutrofuli tbebis. drois didi periodis Semdeg oligotrofuli tba SeiZleba eutrofulad gadaiqces, radgan Camonaden wyals tbaSi danaleqi da sakvebi nivTiere-bebi Seaqvs. fotosinTezuri organizmebi eutroful tbebSi fotosinTezis siC-qare ufro maRalia, vidre oligotrofulSi. fesviani da motivtive wy-lis mcenareebi sanapiros zonaSi - napirTan axlos, wyalmarCx, kargad ganaTebul adgilebSi binadroben. napirisgan moSorebiT tbis (mtknari wylis) zonaa, sadac wyali ufro Rrmaa, rac abrkolebs wylis fesviani mcenareebis mimagrebas. es zona dasaxlebulia fitoplanqtoniT da lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebiT.cxovelebi tbis zonaSi mcire zomis, motivtive cxovelebi anu zoo-planqtoni binadrobs, romelic fitoplanqtoniT ikvebeba. benTosis zona dasaxlebulia mravalferovani uxerxemlo cxovelebiT, romelTa saxeobrivi Semadgenloba nawilobriv damokidebulia Jangbadis Semcv-elobaze. Tu Jangbadi sakmarisia, tbis yvela zonaSi Tevzebi binadro-ben.adamianis gavlena sasuqebiT gamdidrebuli niadagidan Camonadeni wyaliT da qalaqis cxovelmoqmedebis narCenebiT dabinZureba iwvevs tbebis gamdidrebas organuli nivTierebebiT. aseT tbebSi swrafad izrdeba wyalmcnareebi - “yvavilobis efeqti”. tbebi Jangbadisgan ifiteba, rac Tevzebis masobriv daxocvas iwvevs.

fizikuri garemo. damdgari wyali SeiZleba ramdenime kvadratuli metris (tbori), an ramdenime aTasi kvadratuli kilometris far-Tobs (tbebi) faravdes (ixileT suraTi 50.16a). siRrmesTan erTad mcirdeba ganaTeba, rac stratifikacias ganapirobebs (ixileT sur. 50.16a). zomieri sartyelis tbebs SeiZleba sezonuri Termoklinebi axasiaTebdes (ixileT suraTi 50.13), tropikuli dablobis tbebs ki wliuri Termoklinebi.

fizikuri garemo. Tu teritoria wyliT dafarulia wylis mcenareebis arsebobisTvis sakmarisi periodis ganmavlobaSi, mas Waobs uwodeben. Waobebs yofen mudmivad daWaobebul da wyliT araregularulad momaragebulebad. qimiuri garemo. Waobis wyalSic da niadagSic organuli nivTierebebis da gaxrwnili masalis didi raodenobaa, amitom gaxsnili Jangbadis koncentracia priodulad dabalia. Waobebi xasiaTdeba gaxrwnili nivTierebebis da qimiuri damabinZureblebis filtraciis maRali unariT. geologiuri Tvisebebi. baseinis Waobi wyalmarCx baseinebSi dgeba, romlebic amaRlebuli adgilebis daSvebisa da tbebiT an tborebiT teritoriis dafar-vis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. mdinareebis Waobebi mdinareebis da nakadulebis napirebis wyalmarCx da periodulad datboril napirebze Cndeba. sanapiros zolis Waobebi didi tbebisa da zRvebis napirebis gaswvriv warmoiqmneba, sadac wyali tbis donis awevisa, an mimoqcevis Sedegad win da ukan moZraobs. amitom sanapiro zolis Waobebi rogorc mtknari wylis, aseve zRvis biomebs moicavs. fotosinTezuri organizmebi Waobebi dedamiwis erT-erTi yvelaze produq-tiuli biomia. wyliT gaJRenTili niadagi xels uwyobs mcenareebis zrdas: magaliTad, motivtive dumfarebis, lerwamis, islis mravali saxeobis, ameri-kuli lariqsis (wiwvovani) da Savi fiWvis. am mcnareebs axasiaTebs adaptaciebi, romelTa saSualebiT isini arseboben periodulad anaerobul, (wylis cudi aeraciis Sedegad), wyalSi an niadagSi. rogorc wesi, WaobebSi xemcenareebi, daWaobebul niadagSi ki torfis xavsebi izrdeba. cxovelebi. Waobi uxerxemloTa mravalferovani Tanasazogadoebebis habita-tia. uxerxemloebi, Tavis mxvriv, frinvelebis mravalferovnebas uzruinve-lyofen. balaxismWamlebi; dawyebuli kibosnairebiT, wylis mwerebis larvebiT

da ondatriT damTavrebuli, ikvebebian wyalmcenareebiT, gaxrwnili organuli masaliT da mcenareebiT. Waobian adgilebSi mravali mtacebeli binadrobs: magaliTad, nemsi-ylapiebi, wavi, aligatorebi da bu. adamianis gavlena. zog regionSi Waobebis 90% gaanadgura drenaJirebam da sxvadasxva masaliT amovsebam.

jorjiaSi okefenokes Waobebis erovnuli nakrZali

grand tetoni, vaiomingi, oli-gotrofuli tba

okavangos delta, botsvana, eutrofuli tba

1323

nakadulebi da mdinareebifizikuri garemo mdinareebisa da nakadulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani fizikuri Tviseba dinebaa. rogorc wesi, n