Egypt: Case Study

Egypt Case StudyEgypt Case StudyInternational Conference on Policies for Water and International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry AreasFood Security in Dry Areas

24th 24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egyptto 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt

Prof. Hany RamadanProf. Hany RamadanDirector of Soils, Water and Environment Research Director of Soils, Water and Environment Research

InstituteInstituteAgricultural Research CenterAgricultural Research Center

Egypt has a total area of about Egypt has a total area of about 1002000 km1002000 km22 of which 55 367 of which 55 367 kmkm22, i.e. 5.5% are populated. , i.e. 5.5% are populated.

The Egyptian terrain consists of a The Egyptian terrain consists of a vast desert plateau interrupted by vast desert plateau interrupted by the Nile Valley and Delta which the Nile Valley and Delta which occupy about 4% of the total occupy about 4% of the total country area. country area.

Most of the cultivated land is Most of the cultivated land is located close to the banks of the located close to the banks of the Nile River, its main branches and Nile River, its main branches and canals, and in the Nile Delta. canals, and in the Nile Delta.

Major CropsMajor Crops Several crop groups are cultivated in Egypt, i.e. cereals, fibre Several crop groups are cultivated in Egypt, i.e. cereals, fibre

crops, sugar crops, grain legume, oil seed crops, forage, crops, sugar crops, grain legume, oil seed crops, forage,

horticulture crops, medical crops, aromatic and ornamental horticulture crops, medical crops, aromatic and ornamental

crops. The major field crops are cotton, rice and maize in the crops. The major field crops are cotton, rice and maize in the

summer season and wheat, Egyptian clover, and faba bean in summer season and wheat, Egyptian clover, and faba bean in

the winter season. the winter season. Over the years, crop production systems have became more Over the years, crop production systems have became more

specialized to meet the increasing needs of the industrialized specialized to meet the increasing needs of the industrialized

food systems.food systems. These systems are in need to incorporate technological These systems are in need to incorporate technological

advances that include new knowledge on management and advances that include new knowledge on management and

genetics to be sustainable in the long term. genetics to be sustainable in the long term.

Old Cultivated Lands: 5750000 feddan (2.4% of Egypt Area)

New Cultivated Lands: 3680000 feddan (1.5 % of Egypt Area)

The Old and New Cultivated areas in Egypt

Cropped area, 2002 to 2017, new and old land

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New Land Old Land

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Cultivated and cropped area in old and new land (2006-2008).

Crop Area EstimationCrop Area Estimation

الشرقية الشرقية محافظة محافظةالحسينية الحسينية مركز مركز

HesaniaHesaniaDistrictDistrict

Wheat Wheat and and

alfalfaalfalfa

CottonCotton

Crop Area Estimation

محافظة محافظة البحيرةالبحيرة

أبو أبو مركز مركزحمصحمص

Abo HomosAbo HomosDistrictDistrict

Land Use Map Land Use Map Of the Studied Of the Studied

AreasAreas

Soil Map of Soil Map of the Studied the Studied

AreasAreas

Map of agro-Map of agro-ecological ecological

zones in the zones in the Nile Delta Nile Delta and Valleyand Valley

Agro-ecological Agro-ecological zonezoneArea in Feddan Area in Feddan

ETo RangeETo RangeDominant SoilsDominant SoilsCultivated CropsCultivated Crops

Zone 1Zone 18,275,3878,275,3872.65 – 3.622.65 – 3.62Typic TorrertsTypic TorrertsTypic TorrifluventsTypic Torrifluvents

Rice, Maize, Wheat, Clover, Sugar Rice, Maize, Wheat, Clover, Sugar Beat, FruitsBeat, FruitsVegetablesVegetables

Zone 2Zone 242,348,75042,348,7503.63 – 4.433.63 – 4.43Typic TorrertsTypic TorrertsTypic Torrifluvents Typic Torrifluvents Typic QuortzisanmentsTypic Quortzisanments

Maize, Cotton, Wheat, Clover, Maize, Cotton, Wheat, Clover, Faba bean, Fruits, Vegetables.Faba bean, Fruits, Vegetables.

Zone 3Zone 325,243,00625,243,0064.44 – 5.124.44 – 5.12

Typic TorrertsTypic TorrertsTypic Torrifluvents, Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Quortzisanments & Typic Quortzisanments & Rocky LandRocky Land


Zone 4Zone 422,864,25622,864,2565.13 – 5.645.13 – 5.64

Typic TorrertsTypic TorrertsTypic Torrifluvents, Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Calciorthids & Rocky Typic Calciorthids & Rocky LandLand


Zone 5Zone 535,294,64335,294,6435.65 – 6.085.65 – 6.08

Typic TorrertsTypic TorrertsTypic Torrifluvents, Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Calciorthids & Rocky Typic Calciorthids & Rocky LandLand

Maize, Cotton, Wheat, Clover, Maize, Cotton, Wheat, Clover, Faba bean, Fruits, Sugar caneFaba bean, Fruits, Sugar caneVegetablesVegetables

Zone 6Zone 672,215,08972,215,0896.09 – 6.666.09 – 6.66Typic Torrerts , Typic Torrerts , Typic Quortzisanments & Typic Quortzisanments & Typic TorriorthentsTypic Torriorthents


Zone 7Zone 733,604,58333,604,5836.67 – 7.576.67 – 7.57Typic Torrerts , Typic Typic Torrerts , Typic Quortzisanments & Typic Quortzisanments & Typic TorriorthentsTorriorthents


Description of agro-ecological zone of Nile Delta and Valley

Egypt is divided into seven agro-ecological zones – i.e. uniform zones on the basis of combinations of soil, landform, land cover and climatic characteristics

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Water Resources and Extraction in Egypt (billion m3/year) (2010)

SourceSourceAvailable Available amounts amounts

Used Used amountsamounts

Renewable waterRenewable waterSurface waterSurface water55.555.555.555.5Ground waterGround water8.58.58.58.5Percentage used in agriculturePercentage used in agriculture80%80%51.2%51.2%

Non conventional water Non conventional water Sea Water Desalination Sea Water Desalination 0.250.250.250.25Agricultural drainage waterAgricultural drainage water7.47.47.47.4

Drainage waterDrainage water1.01.01.01.0Precipitation Precipitation 2.02.01.51.5TotalTotal74.6574.6574.1574.15

Egypt StatisticsEgypt Statistics

Population, total (2010) Population, total (2010) 81,121,077.081,121,077.0 Rural population (2010) Rural population (2010) 46,401,256.046,401,256.0 Labor force, total (2009) Labor force, total (2009) 26,536,262.926,536,262.9 Labor force, female (% of total labor force) (2009) Labor force, female (% of total labor force) (2009)

23.023.0 Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line (% of Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line (% of

rural population) (2008) rural population) (2008) 30.030.0 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of

population) (2008) population) (2008) 22.022.0 Income share held by lowest 20% (2005) Income share held by lowest 20% (2005) 9.09.0

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Key drivers and constraints in the field of water Key drivers and constraints in the field of water policiespolicies

The constrains are Egypt’s expected population growth The constrains are Egypt’s expected population growth and related water demand for public water supply, and related water demand for public water supply, economic activities, and agriculture. economic activities, and agriculture.

To relieve the population pressure in the Nile Delta and To relieve the population pressure in the Nile Delta and Valley, the government has embarked on an ambitious Valley, the government has embarked on an ambitious program to increase the inhabited area in Egypt. program to increase the inhabited area in Egypt.

Industrial growth, the need to feed the growing Industrial growth, the need to feed the growing population and hence a growing demand for water by population and hence a growing demand for water by agriculture, and horizontal expansion in the desert areas, agriculture, and horizontal expansion in the desert areas, etc. cause a growing demand for water. etc. cause a growing demand for water.

At the same time, the available fresh water resources are At the same time, the available fresh water resources are expected to remain more or less.expected to remain more or less. 15

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Key drivers and constraints in the field of food Key drivers and constraints in the field of food securitysecurity

The domestic supply of food in Egypt is undergoing a crisis The domestic supply of food in Egypt is undergoing a crisis of dangerous proportions. of dangerous proportions.

This crisis, caused by a combination of international and This crisis, caused by a combination of international and domestic factors, threatens Egypt's economy and domestic domestic factors, threatens Egypt's economy and domestic politics.politics.

Global factors (Biofuels as an oil replacement, climate Global factors (Biofuels as an oil replacement, climate change, rising transportation costs, changes to the global change, rising transportation costs, changes to the global agricultural commodities market) affect Egypt passively, agricultural commodities market) affect Egypt passively, though increased price and food insecurity.though increased price and food insecurity.

Domestic factors (population increase, urban encroachment Domestic factors (population increase, urban encroachment on agricultural land, changing domestic dietary habits, on agricultural land, changing domestic dietary habits, limitation of agricultural subsidies).limitation of agricultural subsidies).

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Key drivers and constraints in the field of Key drivers and constraints in the field of environmentenvironment

The increase in population, industrial and The increase in population, industrial and agricultural activities has resulted in a rapid agricultural activities has resulted in a rapid deterioration of the quality of the water resources, in deterioration of the quality of the water resources, in the Nile Delta. the Nile Delta.

This low water quality threatens public health, This low water quality threatens public health, reduces its use for economic activities and damages reduces its use for economic activities and damages the natural ecology of the water systems. the natural ecology of the water systems.

Massive expenditures are needed to reduce the Massive expenditures are needed to reduce the pollution loads and to provide the population with pollution loads and to provide the population with adequate drinking water .adequate drinking water .

Climate change and desertification.Climate change and desertification. Salt intrusion causes soil degradation.Salt intrusion causes soil degradation. 17

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Urban Encroachments on The Delta and Nile Valley Urban Encroachments on The Delta and Nile Valley

Great Cairo using SPOT Image Great Cairo using SPOT Image 20012001

Studied Area = 311105 FedStudied Area = 311105 Fed

Urban Area in 2001 = 43711 FedUrban Area in 2001 = 43711 Fed

Annual Rate of Change = 1054.5 Fed Annual Rate of Change = 1054.5 Fed per yearper year

Urban Area 1991- 2001 = 10545 Urban Area 1991- 2001 = 10545 FedFed

Class in 1991Class in 1991Class in 2011Class in 2011NameNameArea (KmArea (Km22))LandLandSeaSeaEroded AreaEroded Area4.3316734.331673SeaSeaLandLandAccreted AreaAccreted Area1.1129991.112999LandLandLandLandUnchanged LandUnchanged Land279.7439279.7439SeaSeaSeaSeaUnchanged SeaUnchanged Sea22.8114722.81147

1991 2011 From 1991 - 2011

Salinity ClassSalinity Class

Area (fed.)Area (fed.) % %of of area area 19601960 1960196020112011

Change from 1960 to Change from 1960 to 20112011

Normal SalineNormal Saline10646.610646.632024.632024.621378.021378.029.1529.15Moderately SalineModerately Saline15988.815988.87799.27799.2--8189.68189.6--11.1711.17Highly SalineHighly Saline5096.35096.311416.711416.76320.46320.48.628.62Very Highly SalineVery Highly Saline41601.541601.518489.618489.6--23111.923111.9--31.5231.52TotalTotal73333.073333.069730.169730.1--3603.13603.1

ClassClassArea (fed.)Area (fed.) % %of area in 1960of area in 1960Improved AreaImproved Area40084.9840084.9854.6654.66Degraded AreaDegraded Area4676.674676.676.386.38Not changed AreaNot changed Area28571.6828571.6838.9638.96TotalTotal73333.073333.0100100

Key drivers and constraints in the Key drivers and constraints in the field of employmentfield of employment

The agriculture sector growth is fundamental to The agriculture sector growth is fundamental to labor employment and wage growth.labor employment and wage growth.

50 percent of the employment created by high 50 percent of the employment created by high sector balanced growth as a result of increased sector balanced growth as a result of increased agriculture incomes.agriculture incomes.

A further 17 percent of the employment growth A further 17 percent of the employment growth is directly due to agriculture, while 44 percent of is directly due to agriculture, while 44 percent of employment growth is due to non-agriculture employment growth is due to non-agriculture sector . sector .

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Water policies implemented for the sake of Water policies implemented for the sake of water allocation and managementwater allocation and management

The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) has developed a National Water Resources (MWRI) has developed a National Water Resources Plan (NWRP) with three major steps: Plan (NWRP) with three major steps:

(1) development of additional water resources and (1) development of additional water resources and cooperation with the Nile Basin Riparian countries; cooperation with the Nile Basin Riparian countries;

(2) making better use of the existing water resources (2) making better use of the existing water resources and increasing water use efficiency; and increasing water use efficiency;

(3) protection of water quality and the environment. (3) protection of water quality and the environment. 24

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CASE STUDYCASE STUDYCommunity-based optimization of the management of scarce Community-based optimization of the management of scarce

water resources in agriculture in west Asia and North Africawater resources in agriculture in west Asia and North Africa: :

Phase I and IIPhase I and II

Phase I (2004-2008)Phase I (2004-2008)Phase II (2010-2013) Phase II (2010-2013)

The Initial ChallengeThe Initial Challenge The main long-term development goals of the project The main long-term development goals of the project

are to achieve sustainable and profitable agricultural are to achieve sustainable and profitable agricultural production based upon the efficient and sustainable production based upon the efficient and sustainable management of the scarce water resources.management of the scarce water resources.

To achieve these goals the project developed and tested, To achieve these goals the project developed and tested, with community participation, water management with community participation, water management options that increase water productivity and optimize options that increase water productivity and optimize water use, and which are economically viable, socially water use, and which are economically viable, socially acceptable, and environmentally sound.acceptable, and environmentally sound.

The main problem addressed in this case study was to The main problem addressed in this case study was to increase water and land productivity in three sites, i.e. increase water and land productivity in three sites, i.e. old land, new land and salt affected land.old land, new land and salt affected land.

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Characteristics of the old landCharacteristics of the old land

The selected site, El-Makata, The selected site, El-Makata, is located in east Menofia is located in east Menofia Governorate in the Middle Governorate in the Middle Delta.Delta.

The selected site, has an The selected site, has an intensive cropping pattern intensive cropping pattern (two or three crops a year).(two or three crops a year).

Surface irrigation systems are Surface irrigation systems are prevalent.prevalent.

There are severe drainage There are severe drainage problems associated with a problems associated with a high water table, and land high water table, and land fragmentation. fragmentation.

The soil of the old lands is The soil of the old lands is clayey, EC value is 0.43 clayey, EC value is 0.43 dS/m and pH value around dS/m and pH value around 8.0.8.0.

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Characteristics of the salt affected areasCharacteristics of the salt affected areas

El-Serw site has the general characteristics El-Serw site has the general characteristics of marginal lands: drainage system of marginal lands: drainage system problems, high water table, increased soil problems, high water table, increased soil salinity, seawater intrusion, pollution due salinity, seawater intrusion, pollution due to extensive use of chemicals and low to extensive use of chemicals and low water quality.water quality.

All farmers use surface irrigation systems. All farmers use surface irrigation systems. The area under study is about 8000 ha, The area under study is about 8000 ha, which represents about 15% of the total which represents about 15% of the total cultivated area. cultivated area.

It is irrigated with fresh water, drainage It is irrigated with fresh water, drainage water, and a mix of the two. water, and a mix of the two.

Such soils are generally of high salinity Such soils are generally of high salinity and/or have a high exchangeable sodium and/or have a high exchangeable sodium percentage. percentage.

It is characterized by a high clay content It is characterized by a high clay content and high pH values – ranging between 8.0 and high pH values – ranging between 8.0 and 8.4.and 8.4.

Characteristics of the new landsCharacteristics of the new landsThe selected site, El-Husain The selected site, El-Husain village, is located in Behira village, is located in Behira Governorate in North Delta and Governorate in North Delta and it serves an area of about 100 fed. it serves an area of about 100 fed. The soils of the site are mostly The soils of the site are mostly sandy with low fertility and sandy with low fertility and relatively low water holding relatively low water holding capacity. capacity. Crops are grown under modern Crops are grown under modern irrigation systems.irrigation systems.The site has the general The site has the general characteristics of the new lands: characteristics of the new lands: no fixed cropping pattern, no fixed cropping pattern, shortage of irrigation water, shortage of irrigation water, especially in summer and especially in summer and availability of improved irrigation availability of improved irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler systems (drip and sprinkler irrigation).irrigation).

This study focused on the importance of water productivity and This study focused on the importance of water productivity and land productivity on attaining food security. land productivity on attaining food security.

This was addressed by cultivating crops on wide furrows in old This was addressed by cultivating crops on wide furrows in old and salt affected soil and use deficit irrigation in the three sites.and salt affected soil and use deficit irrigation in the three sites.

The challenge was to convince farmers to implement these The challenge was to convince farmers to implement these interventions. interventions.

The recommended irrigation techniques are simple practices that The recommended irrigation techniques are simple practices that can be easily implemented by the farmers and leaded to can be easily implemented by the farmers and leaded to significant increases in the yield, crop water productivity, and significant increases in the yield, crop water productivity, and water saving.water saving.

Deficit irrigation saved a relatively high proportion of the Deficit irrigation saved a relatively high proportion of the applied water and did not result in any significant losses in yield applied water and did not result in any significant losses in yield for the major crops.for the major crops.

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Actions ImplementedActions Implemented

InterventionsInterventionsCrops and site.Crops and site.

Wide furrows, raised bed& Wide furrows, raised bed& planting in hills. planting in hills.

Wheat (Wheat (old old land).land).

Maize (Maize (oldold lands) and cotton (lands) and cotton (old old &&marginalmarginal lands)lands)

W.F, broadcasting then raised-W.F, broadcasting then raised-bed with full or 0.8 N.reqbed with full or 0.8 N.req

Wheat (Wheat (oldold and and marginalmarginal lands)lands)

Full irrigationFull irrigationWheat (Wheat (oldold ,, marginal marginal andand newnew lands), faba bean (lands), faba bean (newnew lands) and berseem (lands) and berseem (marginal marginal lands).lands).

Maize (Maize (oldold lands) and cotton (old &lands) and cotton (old &marginal marginal lands).lands).

0.7 of full irrigation0.7 of full irrigation

With full or 0.8 N.reqWith full or 0.8 N.req

0.7 full irrigation 0.7 full irrigation

Wheat (Wheat (oldold andand marginalmarginal lands), berseem (lands), berseem (marginalmarginal lands).lands).

Maize (Maize (oldold lands) and cotton ( lands) and cotton (old old &&marginalmarginal lands).lands).

0.8 or0.8 or

0.85 of full irrigation 0.85 of full irrigation

Wheat and faba bean(Wheat and faba bean(newnew lands).lands).

Ground nut (Ground nut (newnew lands)lands)

Dry planting.Dry planting.Berseem (Berseem (old old lands)lands)

4 & 8 day\7cm water depth, 4 & 8 day\7cm water depth, saturation and raised-bedsaturation and raised-bed

Rice (Rice (marginalmarginal lands)lands)

Results & ImpactsResults & Impacts

Our interventions were conducted in the farmers Our interventions were conducted in the farmers fields, where field days and harvest days, farmers fields, where field days and harvest days, farmers schools and farmers training helped in spreading it.schools and farmers training helped in spreading it.

The results was measured by the amount of The results was measured by the amount of harvested yield and by calculation of water and land harvested yield and by calculation of water and land productivity. productivity.

Farmers in the surrounded areas benefited from our Farmers in the surrounded areas benefited from our interventions when they applied it in their fields.interventions when they applied it in their fields.

Our interventions helped in saving water, increased Our interventions helped in saving water, increased the yield of cultivating crops and increased farmers the yield of cultivating crops and increased farmers net revenue.net revenue.

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0

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y Kg\m3 R.Y R.W R.WP

Kg\m3 1.344 1.975 1.951 0.822 1.035 1.006

R.Y 1 1.14 1.12 1 1.035 1.005

R.W 1 0.79 0.77 1 0.822 0.822

R.WP 1 1.47 1.45 1 1.259 1.224

FarmerRSB, o.8nr

RSBnr FarmerRSB, o.8n r

RSB, nrEl-SerwMonofia

Wheat

Raised beds (Wide Furrows) effectsRaised beds (Wide Furrows) effects::

Saved 24% water, 20% nitrogen and increase yield by 11% .

Traditional Raised-seed bed

0

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Kg\m3 0.66 0.833 1.536 1.99

R.Yield 1 1.11 1 1.0065

R.Water 1 0.765 1 0.7775

R.WP 1 1.3 1 1.294

Farmer W.Fh Farmer W.Fh

CornCotton

Raised bed saved water and increased water productivity by 20-25%.

Maize and Cotton Crops (Old and Marginal Lands)Maize and Cotton Crops (Old and Marginal Lands)::

El-SerwEl-Serw

In salt-affected soils, when the crop was irrigated with 70% of its water requirement, the reduction in wheat yield was 8% of that produced under full irrigation.

The trials on wheat in the new lands showed that with the application of 80% of the crop water requirement, the yield losses were only 2%, but the crop water productivity was significantly increased by 38% higher than that obtained from the usual practices of the farmers.

RiceRice trials under different irrigation trials under different irrigation intervals were conducted in the marginal intervals were conducted in the marginal lands. lands.

Irrigation at Irrigation at 4 days 4 days intervals with a water intervals with a water depth of 7 cm depth of 7 cm resulted in a resulted in a 9% water saving 9% water saving and an and an increase in rice yield of nearly 7%, increase in rice yield of nearly 7%, compared to that obtained by the farmer’s compared to that obtained by the farmer’s practices;practices;

Irrigation interval 8 days Irrigation interval 8 days with the same with the same water depth increased the amount of water water depth increased the amount of water savedsaved by nearly by nearly 22%22%, showing a yield , showing a yield similar to that under the farmers’ irrigation similar to that under the farmers’ irrigation practices with practices with 2% yield loss2% yield loss;;

Saturating the soil Saturating the soil with irrigation water with irrigation water appeared to be the practice which lead to the appeared to be the practice which lead to the highest water saving (around 44%); highest water saving (around 44%); but the but the yield was reduced yield was reduced by nearly by nearly 16%16% as as compared with that obtained under the compared with that obtained under the farmers’ irrigation practices.farmers’ irrigation practices.

Modeling activitiesModeling activities Two models (CROPWAT and Yield-Stress) in phase I were calibrated Two models (CROPWAT and Yield-Stress) in phase I were calibrated

using old data and validated using the field data.using old data and validated using the field data. The results showed that the CROPWAT model can be used for irrigation The results showed that the CROPWAT model can be used for irrigation

scheduling and predicting wheat yield reductions at new lands and old scheduling and predicting wheat yield reductions at new lands and old lands conditions.lands conditions.

Yield-Stress model was used reschedule irrigation by studying examining Yield-Stress model was used reschedule irrigation by studying examining the depletion of soil water. the depletion of soil water.

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1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91101111121131141151161

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Irrigation water was a lot in the last 2 irrigations. The model was used to simulate the effect of reducing the amount of applied irrigation water by reducing the amount of the last 2 irrigations, which saved 22% of the applied irrigation water, with 0.13% yield reduction.

Although, during the phase I, the project achieved several Although, during the phase I, the project achieved several short and medium term objectives, more skilled human and short and medium term objectives, more skilled human and financial resources were needed to fine tuning the new financial resources were needed to fine tuning the new developed technologies. developed technologies.

Moreover, a second phase was needed to upscale the findings Moreover, a second phase was needed to upscale the findings at institutional level and out-scaling the results to other similar at institutional level and out-scaling the results to other similar locations and countries.locations and countries.

The objectives of phase II were: The objectives of phase II were: to determine the optimal bed width and furrow length.to determine the optimal bed width and furrow length. To evaluate the effect of furrow spacing (raised bed width) To evaluate the effect of furrow spacing (raised bed width)

and furrow length on water/nutrients dynamics and water and furrow length on water/nutrients dynamics and water productivityproductivity..

Using modeling to maximize water productivity of certain Using modeling to maximize water productivity of certain watershed by improving water budget.watershed by improving water budget.

Figure (1): Soil salinity content on harvest day for wheat planted on 50 m strip length, 1.3 m wide furrow.

Figure (2): Soil salinity content on harvest day for sugar beet planted on 50 m strip length, 1.3 m wide furrow.

Figure (3): Soil salinity content on harvest day for maize planted on 50 m strip length, 1.3 m wide furrow.

The figures showed salinity accumulation at harvest day for the 3 crops. It reflect the model sensitivity in simulating the accumulation.

Wide furrow machineIrrigation of wide furrows

Sugar beet planted on wide furrowWheat planted on wide furrow

Figure (4): Soil salinity on harvest day of wheat grown under 125% ETc

Figure (5): Soil salinity on harvest day of wheat grown under 100% ETc

These graphs showed how sensitive is the model in simulating soil salinity under different irrigation treatments in new land.

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These graphs showed how sensitive is the model in simulating soil salinity under different furrow width treatments in salt affected soil.

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned The main lessons learned are community participation to adapt such The main lessons learned are community participation to adapt such

interventions.interventions. Farmers school and farmers training ( farmers to farmers exchange views and Farmers school and farmers training ( farmers to farmers exchange views and

acceptance).acceptance). The opportunity associated are rationalize use of irrigation water through an The opportunity associated are rationalize use of irrigation water through an

effective water management. effective water management. Integrated soil and water practices considered the corner stone for any Integrated soil and water practices considered the corner stone for any

sustainable development sustainable development The challenges faced in implementing these policies are shortage of water The challenges faced in implementing these policies are shortage of water

resources, fragmentation of land, lake of awareness from water users, absence of resources, fragmentation of land, lake of awareness from water users, absence of

irrigation advisory system. irrigation advisory system. Upgrading strategies and capacity building are other actions may be Upgrading strategies and capacity building are other actions may be

implemented.implemented. Inte

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EmergingEmerging Issues Issues

Increasing investment in the field of soil Increasing investment in the field of soil and water, upgrading irrigation and and water, upgrading irrigation and drainage system at the national level, drainage system at the national level, enhance irrigation improvement activity enhance irrigation improvement activity and establish effective irrigation system and establish effective irrigation system are suggestions to tackle these emerging are suggestions to tackle these emerging challenges.challenges.

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Main recommendations to policy-makers Main recommendations to policy-makers for scaling-up, and for reducing constraintsfor scaling-up, and for reducing constraints

I.I. Policy makers awareness of such constrains Policy makers awareness of such constrains from the beginning of the action (from from the beginning of the action (from identification phase , searching for solutions identification phase , searching for solutions and implementing pilot program).and implementing pilot program).

II.II. Focus on integrated soil and water Focus on integrated soil and water management tools to save the environment management tools to save the environment and sustain agricultural production.and sustain agricultural production.

III.III. Concentrate on water saving and soil Concentrate on water saving and soil conservation program.conservation program.

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Thanks for listeningThanks for listening

Questions, comments and suggestions are welcomeQuestions, comments and suggestions are welcome

Egypt: Case Study

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Transcript of Egypt: Case Study