Effect of Long-Term ApplicationEffect of Long-Term Applicationof Biosolids onof Biosolids on

Molybdenum ContentMolybdenum Content of Winter Wheat Forageof Winter Wheat Forage

Effect of Long-Term ApplicationEffect of Long-Term Applicationof Biosolids onof Biosolids on

Molybdenum ContentMolybdenum Content of Winter Wheat Forageof Winter Wheat Forage

Nick Basta and Bill RaunNick Basta and Bill RaunDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences

Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University

Nick Basta and Bill RaunNick Basta and Bill RaunDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences

Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University

Mo ConcernsMo ConcernsMo ConcernsMo Concerns

• Molybdenosis in CattleMolybdenosis in Cattle Biosolids Mo may increase forage MoBiosolids Mo may increase forage Mo May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.•High pH soil (liming) may increase concernHigh pH soil (liming) may increase concern

• Molybdenosis in CattleMolybdenosis in Cattle Biosolids Mo may increase forage MoBiosolids Mo may increase forage Mo May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.•High pH soil (liming) may increase concernHigh pH soil (liming) may increase concern

Experimental Design: Experimental Design: RCB, 3 RepsRCB, 3 RepsTreatments: Treatments: 1414N Sources: N Sources: Biosolid, Ammonium nitrateBiosolid, Ammonium nitrateN Rates: N Rates: 0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr Non-factorial treatments:Non-factorial treatments:Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Planting: Planting: (October 15, 1998)(October 15, 1998)Forage Sampling: Forage Sampling: Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes 4 (December 9, 1998) 4 (December 9, 1998) Winter Wheat VarietyWinter Wheat Variety: Tonkawa: TonkawaForage Processing: Forage Processing: Samples dried and ground to pass Samples dried and ground to pass 150 uM (100 mesh)150 uM (100 mesh)

Experimental Design: Experimental Design: RCB, 3 RepsRCB, 3 RepsTreatments: Treatments: 1414N Sources: N Sources: Biosolid, Ammonium nitrateBiosolid, Ammonium nitrateN Rates: N Rates: 0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr Non-factorial treatments:Non-factorial treatments:Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Planting: Planting: (October 15, 1998)(October 15, 1998)Forage Sampling: Forage Sampling: Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes 4 (December 9, 1998) 4 (December 9, 1998) Winter Wheat VarietyWinter Wheat Variety: Tonkawa: TonkawaForage Processing: Forage Processing: Samples dried and ground to pass Samples dried and ground to pass 150 uM (100 mesh)150 uM (100 mesh)

Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods

Treatment structure and grain yield means, 1994-1998, Stillwater, OK.

Trt N rate N Source 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Avg pHkg/ha ---------------------------- bu/ac ---------------------------

1 0 - 6.9 7.4 9.1 16.8 28.8 13.8 6.82 0 - 5.6 7.7 8.6 19.1 23.9 13.03 40 SS 7.8 8.5 10.8 23.2 35.4 17.14 80 SS 9.2 8.5 9.8 22.5 33.4 16.75 160 SS 13.2 8.5 18.4 20.8 45.4 21.26 240 SS 15.4 9.1 13.7 20.7 42.1 20.27 480 SS 22.4 15.3 12.2 21.7 53.6 25.0 6.08 40 AN 26.5 9.2 5.0 20.4 30.6 18.39 80 AN 25.9 13.5 7.6 26.2 42.6 23.110 160 AN 28.6 17.8 9.9 32.4 51.2 28.011 240 AN 38.5 21.1 8.0 35.0 45.2 29.512 480 AN 34.8 19.1 8.3 38.0 46.2 29.2 4.613 480 SS+L 24.8 15.6 13.1 24.2 55.5 26.7 6.614 480 AN+L 32.5 19.7 11.6 42.3 55.2 32.2 4.8

L - lime applied at a rate of 8960 kg/ha (4 tons/acre) in the first year of the study

Treatment structure and grain yield means, 1994-1998, Stillwater, OK.

Trt N rate N Source 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Avg pHkg/ha ---------------------------- bu/ac ---------------------------

1 0 - 6.9 7.4 9.1 16.8 28.8 13.8 6.82 0 - 5.6 7.7 8.6 19.1 23.9 13.03 40 SS 7.8 8.5 10.8 23.2 35.4 17.14 80 SS 9.2 8.5 9.8 22.5 33.4 16.75 160 SS 13.2 8.5 18.4 20.8 45.4 21.26 240 SS 15.4 9.1 13.7 20.7 42.1 20.27 480 SS 22.4 15.3 12.2 21.7 53.6 25.0 6.08 40 AN 26.5 9.2 5.0 20.4 30.6 18.39 80 AN 25.9 13.5 7.6 26.2 42.6 23.110 160 AN 28.6 17.8 9.9 32.4 51.2 28.011 240 AN 38.5 21.1 8.0 35.0 45.2 29.512 480 AN 34.8 19.1 8.3 38.0 46.2 29.2 4.613 480 SS+L 24.8 15.6 13.1 24.2 55.5 26.7 6.614 480 AN+L 32.5 19.7 11.6 42.3 55.2 32.2 4.8

L - lime applied at a rate of 8960 kg/ha (4 tons/acre) in the first year of the study

Chemical Characteristics of soil (0-30 cm) prior to treatment application__________________________________________________________________

pH Organic C Total N NH4-N NO3-N K P CEC--------g kg-1-------- -----------------mg kg-1---------------- cmol kg -1

6.4 11.9 1.1 7.0 5.0 25.3 30.2 13.05___________________________________________________________________

Chemical Characteristics of soil (0-30 cm) prior to treatment application__________________________________________________________________

pH Organic C Total N NH4-N NO3-N K P CEC--------g kg-1-------- -----------------mg kg-1---------------- cmol kg -1

6.4 11.9 1.1 7.0 5.0 25.3 30.2 13.05___________________________________________________________________

Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)

•City of StillwaterCity of Stillwater•Anaerobic-digestionAnaerobic-digestion•City of StillwaterCity of Stillwater•Anaerobic-digestionAnaerobic-digestion

Year1993199419951996199793-7EPA

median

Year1993199419951996199793-7EPA

median

Cu (ppm)928756684454507600

741

Cu (ppm)928756684454507600

741

Mo (kg/ha)0.470.170.260.150.150.18

Mo (kg/ha)0.470.170.260.150.150.18

Mo (ppm) 50.2

9.325.716.716.417.0

9

Mo (ppm) 50.2

9.325.716.716.417.0

9

Forage CollectionForage CollectionForage CollectionForage Collection

Feekes 4 (tillering)Feekes 4 (tillering)Split forage samples: Split forage samples: washed and unwashedwashed and unwashed

Feekes 4 (tillering)Feekes 4 (tillering)Split forage samples: Split forage samples: washed and unwashedwashed and unwashed

Growth Stages in Growth Stages in CerealsCereals

Growth Stages in Growth Stages in CerealsCereals

TilleringTilleringTilleringTillering

Stem ExtensionStem ExtensionStem ExtensionStem Extension HeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingRipeningRipeningStageStageRipeningRipeningStageStage

Chemical AnalysisChemical AnalysisChemical AnalysisChemical Analysis

Wet digestion (HNOWet digestion (HNO33/HClO/HClO44))

ICP analysisICP analysis TJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nmTJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nm LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)

Wet digestion (HNOWet digestion (HNO33/HClO/HClO44))

ICP analysisICP analysis TJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nmTJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nm LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)

ResultsResultsResultsResults

02468

10121416

0 100 200 300 400 500

N rate, kg/ha

Cu

, mg

kg

-1

AN-w

SS-w

AN-uw

SS-uw

CopperCopperCopperCopper

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.6

0 100 200 300 400 500

N rate, kg/ha

Mo

, mg

kg

-1

AN-w

SS-w

AN-uw

SS-uw

MolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenum

020

4060

80100

120140

160

0 100 200 300 400 500N rate, kg/ha

Cu

/Mo

AN-w

SS-w

AN-uw

SS-uw

Cu/MoCu/MoCu/MoCu/Mo

CopperCopperCopperCopper

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

AN-w SS-w AN-uw SS-uw

Cu

, mg

/kg

480

480L

MolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenum

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

AN-w SS-w AN-uw SS-uw

Mo

, m

g/k

g

480

480L

Cu/MoCu/MoCu/MoCu/Mo

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

AN-w SS-w AN-uw SS-uw

Cu

/Mo

480

480L