EFFECT OF DIFFERENT THICKNESS OF DIE ON THE STABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS IN PELLETING PIG FEED

Nedeljka Spasevski, Bojana Kokić, Saulius Bliznikas, Gintautas Švirmickas, Đuro Vukmirović, Radmilo Čolović, Jovanka Lević

Institute for Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Corresponding author nedeljka.spasevski@fins.uns.ac.rs

INTRODUCTION

• Pelleting is a process of pressing conditioned material trough die with specific dimensions of openings and thickness. •Conditioning in animal feed production is process of converting mixed mash with use

of heat, water, pressure and time, to a physical state which is more suitable for compaction of feed mash. •Conditioning increases production capacity and, in the same time, affects physical,

nutritional, and hygienic quality of produced feed •During condensation of the steam, a thin film of water is created around the particles,

which, together with the temperature increase, facilitates binding between particles. •When steam is used, the temperature of pellets after leaving the die is generally higher

in comparison with that of the conditioned meal due to the frictional heat in the die •With pelleting, increasing die hole length increases pellet residence time in the die,

resulting in improved pellet durability although it may affect lysine reactivity. •Addition of heat and water leads to changes of components, such as starch and protein,

in a way that binding property comes into effect• In this paper, it was investigated how different thickness of die at pellet press affects

stability of amino acids in pelleting process.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

•Complete mixture for pigs II (from 15 to 25 kg) was conditioned in double-shaft pedal mixer ‑ steam conditioner, Muyang SLHSJ0.2A, China, up to moisture content of about 16 % until material reached temperature of 80°C. Batch size was 25 kg. Steam was injected in the conditioner under pressure of 2 bars.• Conditioned material was pelleted on flat die pellet press 14-175, AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. Diameter of openings of pellet die was 6 mm, and die thickness was 18 mm (1:3) and 48 mm (1:8), respectively. • Temperatures of the dies 1:3 and 1:8 were 57,6°C and 64°C, respectively. Pellets were stored for 24 hours under room conditions in order to achieve stabile temperature.• Moisture content was determined with moisture analyzer (OHAUS MB 45, Switzerland), in conditioned material. Samples were milled to pass 1 mm sieve. • Amino acids were determined with HPLC using the AccQTag method. This method is based on a derivatizing reagent developed specifically for amino acid analysis. • Waters AccQ·Fluor Reagent (6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate, or AQC) is an N-hydroxy-succinimide-activated heterocyclic carbamate. • Separating the derivatives was obtained on reversed-phase HPLC, column Nova Pak C-18 (150×3.9mm, 5μm). The detection was obtained using the Waters 470 Scanning Fluorescence Detector.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the content of non essential and essential amino acids expressed in g/kg DM, for unprocessed sample and pelleted samples with dies 1:3 and 1:8, which had temperatures 57,6°C and 64°C, respectively. As seen from the presented result, there is a reduction in the level of amino acid content in relation to unprocessed sample for all examined amino acids. For die 1:3 and 1:8 total amino acid content decreased 2,21% and 3,85%, respectively.

Table 1. Amino Acids Content Figure 1. shows % of reduction of non essential amino acid content after thermal treatment (conditioning and pelleting). In comparison to unprocessed sample, for both dies there is a decrease of content of all non essential amino acids. For aspartic acid, serine and glicine, decrease of content is higher when using die 1:8, while for alanine the decrease of content remains the same.

Threonine Valine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine

98.75

99.69

94.87

98.0898.58

97.2696.49

97.0696.40 96.59

Amino acids in g/kg DM

For die 1:3 amino acid content it decreased in %For die 1:8 amino acid content it decreased in %

Aspartic Acid Serine Glicine Alanine

97.7998.16

99.01

97.14

96.28

96.98

97.8397.45

Amino acids in g/kg DM

For die 1:3 amino acid content it decreased in %For die 1:8 amino acid content it decreased in %

Tyrosine   Phenylalanine Histidine Lysine   Arginine

92.35

99.16 98.0796.48

98.10

84.20

96.78 96.70 95,84 95.26

Amino acids g/kg DMFor die 1:3 amino acid content it decreased in %

For die 1:8 amino acid content it decreased in %

Fig. 1. Decrease of non essential amino acids content after thermal treatment

Figure 2. and 3. show % of reduction of essential amino acid content after thermal treatment. As for non essential amino acids, reduction of content of essential amino acids is higher when using die 1:8, while methionine is the only exception and that result can be explained by error of method. When using die 1:3 and temperature 57,6°C, valine showed to be the most thermostable and tyrosine the most thermolabile. When using die 1:8 and temperature 64°C, glicine showed to be the most thermostable and again tyrosine the most thermolabile. It can be seen that pellet die thickness has negative effect on amino acid stability, because die 1:8 cause higher friction between mash material and thus higher temperature of the die.

CONCLUSION

For die 1:3 total amino acid content decreased by 2,21% and with die 1:8 it decreased by 3,85% because of higher temperature in the pelleting process. As shown in the results and discussion, increased temperature in the process of pelleting pig feed undoubtedly lead to the reduction of amino acids especially essential amino acids. Considering that the essential amino acids human and animal body can not synthesize, in the future more attention should be paid to the choice of die and thermal treatment in the process of pelleting.

Fig.2. Decrease of essential amino acids content after thermal treatment (part 1)

Fig. 3. Decrease of essential amino acids content after thermal treatment (part 2)

Amino acids in g/kg DM

unprocessed Die 1:3

w=15.97% Die 1:8 w=16%

Non Essential amino acidsAspartic Acid 14,57 14,25 14,03Serine 9,35 9,17 9,07Glicine 11,59 11,47 11,34Alanine 12,95 12,58 12,62

Essential amino acidsThreonine 6,56 6,48 6,38Valine 8,53 8,51 8,23Methionine 7,42 7,04 7,20Isoleucine 7,31 7,17 7,05Leucine 19,06 18,79 18,41Tyrosine   5,90 5,45 4,96Phenylalanine 9,07 8,99 8,78Histidine 6,93 6,80 6,70Lysine   9,97 9,62 9,56Arginine 10,56 10,36 10,06

Total content of amino acids 139,77 136,68 134,39