EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH IFIRST BIMESTER

ESCUELA: CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION MENCION: INGLES

NOMBRES: Lcda. Alexandra Zuniga Ojeda

PERIODO: ABRIL/AGOSTO 2009

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Welcome

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LA GUÍA DIDÁCTICA

PARTES QUE COMPREDE

D AT S IN FODATOS INFORMATIVOSA IVOS

IINTRODUCCIÓN

OBJETIVOS

CONTENIDOS

ORIENTACIONES PARAEL ESTUDIO

ACTIVIDADES COMPLEMENTARIASO RECOMENDADAS

ANEXOS

EVALUACIONES A DISTANCIA

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QUÉ ES

ES LO QUE ELPROFESOR EN EL

SISTEMA PRESENCIAL

Instrumento didáctico.

Auxiliar del texto básico.

Guía al estudiante en el aprendizaje de la asignatura.

Orienta en el manejo del texto.

Especifica las actividades o tareas que los alumnos deben desarrollar como evaluación a distancia.

DESARROLLO DE LOS CONTENIDOS6

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GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Define basic concepts of Educational Research.

Identify the multiple research designs and their characteristics.

CHAPTER 1

SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

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What is Science? Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary “…

knowledge attained through study or practice,"

Wikipedia: Science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.

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What is research?

Creswell (2008) “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.”

Anderson (1998) “Research in education is a disciplined attempt to address questions or to solve problems through the collection and analysis of primary data…”

Why is Educational Research important?

Education needs improvement. Educators face a lot of problems. Research: Problem-solving activity Develops results that help to

answer questions. Answers help to do things better. Educators become more efficient.

How to Research Identify a research problem (a problem

or issue in education that needs to be solved)

Review the literature (locate valuable information related to the topic)

Specify a purpose for research (the objective or intent of your research)

Collect data (means to gather information from the sample)

Analyze and interpret the data (analyze the information gathered )

Write the Report 9

Sources of Knowledge Authority (experience of monarchs, despots and clerics)

Tradition (The passing down of customs of a culture from generation to generation.)

Expert opinion (Broad awareness and familiarity with the subject matter)

Personal experience (People’s experience)

Reason common sense (Involves reasoning by observing specific cases)

Documentation (Usually government documents or knowledge that society keeps stored)

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Other sources Libraries (specialized library and become with

library)

Books (provide summaries and general backgrounds)

Periodicals (journals)(major inf. of prior researches)

Theses and dissertations (new areas of research in the same field)

Conferences (are indicator of what research is in vogue.

On-line data bases (technological tool a vast amount of research inf.)

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Ways of reasoningDeductive reasoning

A thinking process in which one proceeds from general to specific statements using prescribed rules of logic.

Deductive reasoning arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations.

The major premise,

The minor premise,

The conclusion

PREMISEa proposition that forms the basis of an argument.

Example

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All men are mortal

Socrates is a man

(Therefore,) Socrates is mortal

conclusion

minor premise

major premise

Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning takes events and

makes generalizations. In inductive reasoning a conclusion is

reached by observing examples and generalizing from the examples to the whole.

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Examples

1. I always hang pictures on nails. Therefore: All pictures hang from nails.

2. Many speeding tickets are given to teenagers.

Therefore: All teenagers drive fast.

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Summary

In a good deductive argument, the premises entail the conclusion. That is, if the premises are all true, then the conclusion has to be true.

In a good inductive argument, the premises make the conclusion probable. That is, despite that the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true.

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Forms of Research Basic Research

Basic research is concerned with searching for knowledge, that is fundamental and contributes to theory formation.

Gay and Airasian (2003) Basic research involves the process of collecting and analyzing information to develop or enhance a theory.

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Applied Research

This research is concerned with knowledge which has immediate applications.

Gay and Airasian (2003) Is conducted to evaluate its usefulness in solving practical educational problems.

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Forms and Types of Research

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How can the researcher influence the research?

By having expectations for certain outcomes.

By making influenced interpretations of observations.

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The influence of the Researcher

Selection of the topic Design of the experiment Interaction between the researcher

and experimental conditions Interpretation of the data

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CHAPTER 2

Types of research and the Scientific Method

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Scientific Method Wikipedia. Scientific method refers to bodies

of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.

A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

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In summaryWhat is a research

Method? “Is an approach to addressing a

research question or problem…” “Research methods all need data,

though its precise nature varies from one approach to another as does the method by which it is processed…”

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Anderson (2000)

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Steps of the Scientific Method Comparison between

Mason and Bramble (1997) Wikipedia

1.Identification of a problem area

2.Clarification and definition of the problem

1.Define the question or problem 2.Gather information and resources (observe)

3.Proposal of a plausible solution and observation according to an approach designed to test the solution.

3. Form hypothesis

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Steps of the Scientific Method Comparison between

Mason and Bramble (1997) Wikipedia

4.Decisions of the proposed solution based upon the data gathered and observations made.

4.Perform experiment and collect data 5.Analyze data

5.Comparison of the proposed solution with previous findings and other observation to determine how the solution may be integrated with what is already known.

6.Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypotheses

7.Publish results 8.Retest (frequently done by other scientists)

Types of Research

Classic categorization by Tamayo y Tamayo (2005)

Types of Research

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Research Type Methods/ Approaches

Descriptive Case studyContent analysisEthnographyHistoriographyObservation

Experimental ComparativeCorrelationalEx-post factoQuasi-experimentalObservation

Tips to conduct a research

Be aware of the different types of research.

With this knowledge, select the correct method to be used in the research.

The types of research can be combined

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General Steps for research

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The planning process

The research process

Clarify or define the problem/need

Think about the research Specify the project time frameIdentify the topicDefine the research questions

Gather information

Conduct a literature searchWrite a literature review

Anderson (2000)

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The planning process

The research process

Identify strategies, tools, and methods and then consider alternatives and SWOT (strengths , weaknesses, opportunities, threats)

Select a research designDefine a study populationDevelop data collection instrumentsDiscuss the limitationsForecast the ethical issuesProject how the data will be analyzedCreate the budget

Anderson (2000)

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The planning process

The research process

Implement Collect dataAnalyze and interpret data

Evaluate Write and disseminate research findings Identify lessons learned

Anderson (2000)

Characteristics of educational research

1. Educational Research attempts to solve a problem.

2. Research involves gathering new data from primary or first-hand sources or using existing data for a new purpose.

3. Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.

4. Research demands accurate observation and description.

5. Research generally employs carefully designed procedures and rigorous analysis.

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6. Research emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles or theories that will help in understanding, prediction and/or control.

7. Research requires expertise-familiarity with the field; competence in methodology; technical skill in collecting and analyzing the data.

8. Research attempts to find an objective, unbiased solution to the problem and takes great pains to validate the procedures employed.

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9. Research is a deliberate and unhurried activity which is directional but often refines the problem or questions as the research progresses.

10.Research is carefully recorded and reported to other person interested in the problem.

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Historical Research

Slavin (2007)To find connections between events in the past.

In education, it can help to explain why particular educational practices did or did not work in the past.

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The steps of the Historical ResearchFirst stage

The problem is formulated. Availability of the necessary data.

Second stage

Collection of historical data.

Third stage

Determine the authenticity and accuracy of the material.

Fourth stage

Knowledge gained is integrated and synthesized into explanations.

Fifth stage

The data and interpretation of previous steps are integrated to form a more general concept.

Descriptive Research Mason and Bramble (1997) “Represents a

broad spectrum of research activities having the common purpose of describing situations, events, or phenomena…”

In other words, descriptive research involves a variety of activities which describe present situations in real contexts and the description might be quantitative or qualitative. 41

Quantitative: description of data is based on counts or measurements which are generally reduced to statistical indicators such as frequencies, means and ranges.

(quantification of the phenomena)Qualitative: data can be presented in

prose, or through audio tape, photographs of films.

(observations, impressions and interpretations of researchers. 42

Ex Post Facto Research “After the fact” referred to as causal

comparative. Investigations are conducted to

search for causes of things that have already happened by comparing previously established conditions.

It is useful when the variables being investigated cannot be controlled by the experimenter. (could be a problem) 43

Experimental/Quasi-Experimental

Involves systematic manipulation of experimental conditions in which extraneous influences are controlled or eliminated.

Experimental studies involve comparing conditions under various setting of the treatment

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Experimental and Quasi-Experimental

Subjects might be divided into two groups (random assignment of subjects)

One group undergo a treatment condition (experimental or treatment group)

The other group receives a neutral treatment (control group)

Group comparison after the treatment is applied

The only difference between the two groups should be the treatment.

Assignment First BimestreOBJECTIVE PARTActivity 1 True and false statements.

ESSAY PARTActivity 2 Write two examples of deductive and

two examples inductive arguments and write the concept of each one.

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Activity 3Find an article in a professional journal that reports a research study, then identify the steps of the scientific method and write the correct information under the name of the corresponding step.

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Activity 4 Describe in your own words each type

of research. And give the title of a research done according to each type and the source from which you retrieved each one.

Historical ResearchDescriptive ResearchExperimental ResearchQuasi-Experimental Research

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Final Suggestions Work with a dictionary all the time. When you retrieve information from

the internet copy the name of the source, so you can cite and avoid plagiarism.

Search any source in English or Spanish that can contribute to understand the topics of this subject.

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QUESTIONS ???

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