DP&NM Lab POSTECH, Korea Location Based Services, 2006 “Location Based Services - Survey”...

DP&NM LabPOSTECH, KoreaLocation Based Services, 2006

“Location Based Services - Survey”

Assignment #5

CS 600, Distributed Systems

“Location Based Services - Survey”

Assignment #5

CS 600, Distributed Systems

Young J. Won

Nov. 22, 2006

DPNM, POSTECH

Email : [email protected]

DP&NM LabPOSTECH, Korea

(2)Location Based Services, 2006

Outline Location Based Service

- Definition- Extending Today’s Web?- Mobile Communication Outlook

Technologies in 3G, WLAN, and beyond- Location Data Types- Location Acquisition- Architecture- Accuracy

Conclusion- Research Issues- Standard Activities- Reference



Quote

“The Internet will not be successfully translated to the mobile world without location awareness which is a significant enabler in order to translate the Internet into a viable mobile economy”…

Bob Egan, Vice President

Mobile & Wireless, Gartner Group



Definition: Location Based Services (1/2)

Positioning

Internet

GIS

MobileServices

InternetLocationServices

MobileGIS

MobileInternet

LBS



Definition: Location Based Services (2/2) Definition:

A Location Based Service is any product, service, or application that uses knowledge of a mobile subscriber’s location to offer value to the mobile subscriber or to a third party

Mobile LBSs- Resource and information services based on the location

- Allow customers or applications to request and receive information based on their geographic location while on the move

maps, activities, emergency response, law enforcement, inventory control, geo-fencing, demographic data collection, and so on

Growing field:

LBSs revenues will be exceeding $10 billion in the U.S. and $50 billion worldwide in 2008. [Reference: Keyira Inc.]



Extending the Today’s Web? Event Web (Active Web) applications are

- They may be location- and time- dependent- Many may not be about surfing the web, but about

searching for location- and time-dependent information

Web 3.0???



It’s Here Already! – KTiDS & SKT

[Reference: http://www.u-lo.co.kr]



Mobile Communication: An OutlookThe type of services the end users have paid and would like to pay in the future

Monthly income per user in Euro [Reference: Nokia]

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Location based services

Commercials

Entertainment

Information servicesPayment transactions

Music and video

Internet surfingDownload from internetChat on internetMultimedia messages

Text messages

Vide conferencing

Normal speech

Fixed subscription fees

Div. telecomm.

Photo messages



Consumer Mobile Services - Hype Cycle, 2006.

Visibility

Technology

Trigger

Technology

TriggerSlope of EnlightenmentSlope of Enlightenment

Maturity

OperationalValue

OperationalValue

StrategicValue

StrategicValue

Plateau will be reached in:

less than 2 years 2 to 5 years 5 to 10 years more than 10 yearsobsoletebefore plateau

Peak of Inflated

Expectation

Peak of Inflated

ExpectationTrough of

DisillusionmentTrough of

Disillusionment

Plateau of

Productivity

Plateau of

Productivity

•Location based services

•Ringtone mobile

downloads

•Multi media messaging service

•Mobile video on demand•Mobile gaming

•Chat

•Mobile email

•Mobile TV streaming

•Mobile gambling

•VOIP over WLAN

•VOIP WWAN

•Mobile banking

•Mobile blogging

•Mobile payment

•Presence on mobile

•Mobile TV broadcasting

•Mobile search

•Wireless Instant

Messaging

[Reference: Hype Cycle, Gartner Group]



Location Data Types Absolute location

- Source: GPS receivers, mobile phone networks, geocoding- Geometric location of user

Latitude, longitude, elevation, error margin

- Directional indicator (speed and heading)

Symbolic location (address, semantic related)- Source: reverse geocoding, fixed beacon, manual entry- e.g., company/building/floor/office, airline/airplane/seat,

road networks

Network location- Source: any computer or mobile device- Host name, domain name, IP address of a computer



Location Acquisition Self-positioning devices

- Require processing power at device- Provide privacy and parallelism- e.g., Car navigation system, GPS-enabled cell phone

Infrastructure-based solution- Requires transmission power at device- Provides broader device compatibility- Centralized vs. distributed location acquisition

Devices continuously report their positions to a centralized location server

Detection of (or by) nearby objects



LBS Architectures Key functionality

- Location data management

- Location query processing

Centralized client-server architecture- Mobile client report their positions periodically

- Servers handle the location query and location data management

Distributed client-server architecture- Partition the location query task into server site processing and

mobile object side processing

- Using server mediation to establish the communication between mobile objects

Decentralized peer to peer computing architecture- Mobile clients serve as server, client, and router for each location

query and location data management task



Positioning Techniques in 3G Networks Practical techniques in locating handsets for GSM networks:

- Cell-ID (Cell Identity) and Cell-ID with TA (Timing Advanced)

- TOA (Time-of-arrival) and TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival)

- E-OTD (Enhanced-Observed Time Difference)

- A-GPS (Assisted-Global Positioning System)

Possible techniques for 3G networks- Cell-ID (or Cell Global ID)

- Cell-ID with RTT (Round Trip Time)

- OTDOA (Observed Time Difference of Arrival, standards in UMTS)

- A-GPS (Assisted-GPS)

Proposed architecture by the 3GPP for 3G networks- GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Centre)

- SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Centre)

- LMU (Location Measurement Units)



Illustrations



AccuracyTechnology Rural Suburban Urban Indoor

Cell ID 1 – 35 km

Typically 15 km

1 – 10 km

Typically 5 km

0.5 – 5 km

Typically 2 km

If Pico cells are deployed typically 10 – 50 m

Cell ID + TA TA gives no major improvements in accuracy. However, it is a good parameter to check whether a handset has connected to the nearest cell.

E-CGI 250 m – 35 km 250 m – 2.5 km

50 – 550 m Highly variable

More accurate than Cell ID + TA

E-OTD 50 – 150 m 50 – 150 m 50 – 150 m Good

Severe multi-path and blocking may sharply degrade performance in difficult urban conditions. Poor performance in low BTS density areas such as rural environments. Will fall back to cell ID if method fails

A-GPS 10 m 10 – 20 m 10 – 100 m Variance

Still not proven in many indoor environments – will fall back to Cell ID if method fails

Level Method Handset dependence

Basic

Enhanced

Advanced

CI, CI+TA, CI+TA+RX

E-OTD, TOA

A-GPS

NO

Yes/NO

Yes



Positioning Techniques in WLAN Practical techniques for LBSs in WLAN (IEEE 802.11)

- RSS-based approaches Received Signal Strengths: requires denser installation of APs

or minimum of 3 APs

- SNMP-based approaches IP-MAC address mapping, DHCP log search, SNMP trap

approach

- RADIUS-based approaches IP-MAC address mapping, Authentication step

- Device-driven approaches Active scan, Passive scan (both require to handle beacon

frames) – probe request & response

Extra: Internet-based location acquisition- IP-address as position and position based DNS



Localization Alternatively called, ‘Localization’

- Determining geographical locations of persons or devices in wireless networks

- Ubiquitous office/home, visitor guidance, network management/resource planning, and wireless network attacker localizer

Techniques- Signal types: infrared (e.g., Active Badge), ultrasound (e.g., MIT

Cricket, UCLA Medusa), Ultra-wideband (e.g., Ubisense), RF- Many are indoor applicable methodologies

Existing methods- RSS pattern-matching approach

Time-varying signal strength: high fluctuation due to RF fading, mobility Configuration overhead: frequent full-scale survey and training

- Path loss model based approach- Dedicated hardware based approach- Signal-distance map from RSS [Lim ‘06, INFOCOM]



LBS in Wibro & More … (1/2) GaeSoft’s LBS Platform Solution for Wibro

- LBS platform project in KT’s Wibro (2005.8 ~ 2006.3)- Implementing location gateway, LBS server, GIS server- http://www.gaeasoft.co.kr/lbs/glp.php

Pointi, LBS Frontier Corporation- LBS/GIS/Telematics/Alert platform for KT, KTF, and KTH- http://www.pointi.com/new/solution/LBSPlatform.htm

TSC Systems- Indoor location tracking using ZigBee

Device solution- Qualcomm’s BREW offers LBS related APIs- IBM’s LBS guide using XML to represent location information- Sprint, Nokia, DevX, Inventsure, Northstream, Openwave, Sun, and

so on



LBS in Wibro & More … (2/2)

Infravalley- LBSP provides integrated mobile service environment inter-working with

various application solutions- http://www.infravalley.co.kr/ps/sub3_newfile02/e_sub2_2.php

Note- 7:3 = GPS enabled phone: Non-GPS phones- Currently, 50% of the current location responses are from Cell ID



Research Issues Architectural issue

- Enables fast processing

Dynamic billing- Adding another dimension to billing

strategy

Real-time Tracking- Query: Position reporting - Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN)

Accuracy- What can we do to improve more?

Privacy & Security- Anonymity

Service discovery- Revenue generation

Time

Content

Location

LBS in next generation wireless mobile networks

- Issues, directions, consistency of the current systems



Standard Activities, WGs & Conferences 3GPP TS22.071

OGC (Open GIS Consortium) OpenLS

Presence (pic.internet2.edu)- Harvard university

Where 2.0- http://conferences.oreillynet.com/where2007/- More GIS (Geographical Information System) oriented- O’reilly annual conference on location technology and future outlook

IEEE- Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies- Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems- Conference on e-Business Engineering- Many more…

Else- FCC (Federal communications Commission)



Conclusions “Where 2.0 was the most interesting and provocative

conference I have ever attended.” – CTO, MetaCarta

Let’s face a whole new dimension- A new set of services and applications- Developing a killer app in next generations of wireless world



References (1/2)1. Long Liu. “Mobile Web and Location Based Services,” presented at WAIM,

Hong Kong, June 17-20, 2006.

2. J. DeLoach and C. Verbil. “Location Based Services: Beyond a Simple Lat/Lon”, BREW Conference 2006.

3. P. Ibach and M. Horbank. “Highly Available Location-based Services in Mobile Environments,” http://www2.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~horbank/ISAS_Ibach_Horbank_revised.pdf/.

4. K. Rannenberg. “Location Based Services,” Mobile Commerce & Multilateral Security, 2005.

5. White Paper. “Location Based Services Summary,” http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=83161/.

6. White Paper. “Location Based Services Network Overview,” http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=85091/.



References (2/2)7. SE.23 Permanent reference document on location based services,

http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/applications/location.shtml/.

8. Exodus Solutions, “M-Guide Cultural Location Based Information Services,” http://www.content-village.org/incacontent/upload/mguide_CalimeraWorkshopZadar_0604.pdf/.

9. John Kim. “Location-Based Services (LBS): An Emerging Innovative Transport Service Technology,” STELLA Thematic Network, 2002

10. M. Bradley, I. Wang, and M. Huang. “The Potential Use of Location Based Services in Mobile Commerce Applications,” http://www.massey.ac.nz/~dviehlan/LocationBasedServices.ppt/.

11. A. P. Silva. “Location Based Services,” http://cserg0.site.uottawa.ca/ftp/pub/Presentations/SITE_LBS.ppt/.

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