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Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Sara Dalzel-Job Slide 2 Overview Gaze and mutual gaze - background Eye movements in virtual environments Second Life Previous study Limitations Whats next? 2 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 3 Gaze and Mutual Gaze background Mutual Gaze: Social accessibility Affiliative conflict theory (Argyle & Dean, 1965) anxiety? Facilitates task performance Fry and Smith (1975); Fullwood and Doherty-Sneddon (2006) Shared Gaze Joint attention Mutual gaze, full gaze awareness and effective communication Monk & Gale (2002) 3 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 4 Gaze and Mutual Gaze background Investigating mutual gaze: Argyle & Dean (1965) Bailenson et al. (2001, 2004) Limitations 4 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 5 Gaze and Mutual Gaze background Investigating mutual gaze: Argyle & Dean (1965) Bailenson et al. (2001, 2004) Limitations To be subjected to the continual gaze of another is a very unnerving experience, for to be the object of anothers attention is to be vulnerable to him. (Kendon, 1967) 5 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 6 Questions of Interest 1.Does staring by one conversational partner at another maximise mutual gaze between the dyad? If not, where does the stared-at person look instead of returning the gaze? 2.Does mutual gaze facilitate task performance? What about if youre being stared at? 6 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 7 Second Life Business, learning, socialising Adaptable to different domains Build a task/paradigm easily and cheaply Adapt it to answer the question you require User-friendly interface Freely available for public use Behaviourally realistic avatars Realistic eye and body movements Can program to act as an agent / bot Useful for studying social interactions in a highly controlled environment 7 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 8 Eye movements in Second Life 8 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Using eyes to drive an avatar (Vickers et al, 2008) Eye movements in response to redundant vs. necessary gestures (Dalzel-Job et al., 2008) Mutual gaze and interpersonal distance between avatars in SL (Yee et al., 2007) Slide 9 Design Instruction Givers View 9 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 10 Design Instruction Givers ViewInstruction Follower's View 10 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 11 Design Instruction Givers ViewInstruction Follower's View 2 conditions Informative and Uninformative; 15 tasks in each 52 participants; 27F; mean age 23.4 11 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 12 View of Instruction Follower 12 Don't Look Now: The relationship between mutual gaze, task performance and staring in Second Life Slide 13 Results Gaze t(21)=2.705; p