Documentation of Realization of Rectangular Microstrip Patch

8/18/2019 Documentation of Realization of Rectangular Microstrip Patch

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Realization of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by

Probe Feeding Technique

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHE!R !F TECH"!!#$

IN

ECTR!"%C& A"' C!MM("%CAT%!" E"#%"EER%"#

BY

$)*E"+ATE&H ,-.(/--01234

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*)&(BRAMA"$AM,-.(/-A01624

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDENCE OF

B)*E"+ATE&H7AR R!A8

&r)Asst)Prof8 'epart9ent of ECE)

'EPARTME"T !F EECTR!"%C& : C!MM("%CAT%!" E"#%"EER%"#

*%#"A";& %"&T%T(TE !F TECH"!!#$ A"' AER!"A(T%CA

E"#%"EER%"#(Approved by AICTE !d A""#$#%ed %o 5"T(ni


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'EPARTME"T !F EECTR!"%C& : C!MM("%CAT%!"

E"#%"EER%"#

*%#"A";& %"&T%T(TE !F TECH"!!#$ : AER!"A(T%CA

E"#%"EER%"#DESHMU'HI (&) POCHAMPALLY (M&) NALGONDA * +,-.-/

CERT%F%CATE

T0#1 #1 %o 2er%#"y %0% %0e Pro=ect >or? e!%#%$ed Realization of

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by Probe Feeding Technique 01 bee! 2rr#ed o3% by

$)*E"+ATE&H -.(/-A0123

*)"A#ARA5( -.(/-A012.

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U!#ver1#%y or I!1%#%3%e "or %0e 6rd o" !y de7ree9

Signature of the Internal Guide Signature of theHead of the Department

B)*E"+ATE&H7AR RA! &)&)#)") &R%"%*A&A RA!

Sr9A11%9Pro") Depr%4e!% o" ECE Hed o" %0e Depr%4e!% o" ECE

S#7!%3re o" %0e E@ternal E@a9iner


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CONTENTS;


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Realization of Rectangular

Microstrip Patch Antenna by

Probe Feeding Technique

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna :

A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide

beam antenna fabricated b! etching the antenna

element pattern in metal trace bonded to an

insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed

circuit board, with a continuous metal la!er bonded

to the opposite side of the substrate which forms

a ground plane" #ommon microstrip antenna shapes

are s$uare, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but

an! continuous shape is possible" Some patch

antennas do not use a dielectric substrate and

instead are made of a metal patch mounted abo%e a

ground plane using dielectric spacers& the resulting

structure is less rugged but has a wider bandwidth"

'ecause such antennas ha%e a %er! low pro(le, are

mechanicall! rugged and can be shaped to conform

to the cur%ing s)in of a %ehicle, the! are often

mounted on the e*terior of aircraft and spacecraft,

or are incorporated in to mobile

radio communications de%ices"


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icrostrip -atch Antenna

Design Specications of a Rectangular

Microstrip Patch Antenna by probe feeding

technique

Softare Specications:

• .he software used here is the A!S"S #FSS

13"/ 0High re$uenc! Structural Simulator

de%eloped b! Ansoft"

• .he HSS Antenna Design )it is a standalone

GIbased utilit! which automates the geometr!creation, solution setup, and postprocessingreports for o%er +/ antenna elements "

• #hassis ull si5e des)top wor) station tower

• -rocessorIntel *enon 6+

• emor! 74 G' 8A

• Storage 2+7G'

• 9perating s!stemwindows :p;%ista;


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#ardare Specications:

.he 8ectangular icrostrip -atch Antenna b! probe

feed techni$ue is designed on substrate".he

parameter speci(cations of rectangular microstrip

patch antenna are mentioned as follows as ,

• Substrate selection .he four most commonl!

used substrate material are Hone!bee

0,Duroid0and

.hic)ness is about h>1"+mm"

• .he ?ength and width of substrate are 1@"@4mmand 24"@4mm"

• A copper plate dimension of ?g > 11//mm between patches"

$#APT%R &'

'( ' )ntroduction to Antennas:

In the 1=@/s, there were onl! a few antennas in the

world" .hese rudimentar! de%ices were primarl! a

part of e*periments that demonstrated the

transmission of electromagnetic wa%es" '! orldar II, antennas had become so ubi$uitous that their


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use had transformed the li%es of the a%erage person

%ia radio and tele%ision reception" .he number of

antennas in the nited States was on the order of

one per household, representing growth ri%aling the

auto industr! during the same period"

'! the earl! 21st centur!, than)s in large part to

mobile phones, the a%erage person now carries one

or more antennas on them where%er the! go 0cell

phones can ha%e multiple antennas, if G-S is used,

for instance" .his signi(cant rate of growth is not

li)el! to slow, as wireless communication s!stemsbecome a larger part of e%er!da! life" In addition,

the strong growth in 8ID de%ices suggests that the

number of antennas in use ma! increase to one

antenna per obCect in the world 0product, container,

pet, banana, to!, cd, etc"" .his number would dwarf

the number of antennas in use toda!" Hence,

learning a little 0or a large amount about of antennas couldnt hurt, and will contribute to ones

o%erall understanding of the modern world"

'(*(Types of Antenna+s and their #istory:

In the 1=@/s, there were onl! a few antennas in the

world" .hese rudimentar! de%ices were primarl! a

part of e*periments that demonstrated thetransmission of electromagnetic wa%es" '! orld

ar II, antennas had become so ubi$uitous that their

use had transformed the li%es of the a%erage person

%ia radio and tele%ision reception" .he number of

antennas in the nited States was on the order of

one per household, representing growth ri%aling the

auto industr! during the same period"


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'! the earl! 21st centur!, than)s in large part to

mobile phones, the a%erage person now carries one

or more antennas on them where%er the! go 0cell

phones can ha%e multiple antennas, if G-S is used,

for instance" .his signi(cant rate of growth is notli)el! to slow, as wireless communication s!stems

become a larger part of e%er!da! life" In addition,

the strong growth in 8ID de%ices suggests that the

number of antennas in use ma! increase to one

antenna per obCect in the world 0product, container,

pet, banana, to!, cd, etc"" .his number would dwarf

the number of antennas in use toda!" Hence,learning a little 0or a large amount about of

antennas couldnt hurt, and will contribute to ones

o%erall understanding of the modern world"

Heinrich Hert5 de%eloped a wireless communication

s!stem in which he forced an electrical spar) to

occur in the gap of a dipole antenna" He used a loopantenna as a recei%er, and obser%ed a similar

disturbance" .his was 1==7" '! 1@/1, arconi was

sending information across the atlantic" or a

transmit antenna, he used se%eral %ertical wires

attached to the ground" Across the Atlantic 9cean,

the recei%e antenna was a 2// meter wire held up

b! a )ite "In 1@/7, #olumbia ni%ersit! had an 6*perimental

ireless Station where the! used a transmitting

aerial cage" .his was a cage made up of wires and

suspended in the air, resembling a cage "

A rough outline of some maCor antennas and their

disco%er!;fabrication dates are listed


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1" Bagida Antenna, 1@2/s

2" Horn antennas, 1@3@" Interesting, the earl!

antenna literature discussed wa%eguides as Ehollow

metal pipesE

3" Antenna Arra!s, 1@4/s

4" -arabolic 8eFectors, late 1@4/s, earl! 1@+/s

+" -atch Antennas, 1@


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7" -IA, 1@=/s

#urrent research on antennas in%ol%es

metamaterials 0materials that ha%e engineered

dielectric and magnetic constants, that can be

simultaneousl! negati%e, allowing for interesting

properties li)e a negati%e inde* of refraction" 9ther

research focuses on ma)ing antennas smaller,

particularl! in communications for personal wireless

communication de%ices 0e"g" cell phones" A lot of

wor) is being performed on numerical modeling of

antennas, so that their properties can be predicted

before the! are built and tested"

'(,(Para-eters of Antenna:

In order to describe the performance of an antenna,

we use %arious, sometimes

interrelated, parameters"

8adiation pattern, beamwidth

-ower

Directi%it!, gain, aperture

8adiation resistance

Radiation Pattern:


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0Antenna 8adiation -attern" An antenna radiation

pattern or antenna pattern is de(ned as a

mathematical function or a graphical representation

of the radiation properties of the antenna as a

function of space coordinates"

De(ned for the far(eld"

As a function of directional coordinates"

.here can be feld patterns 0magnitude of the

electric or magnetic (eld

or power patterns 0s$uare of the magnitude of theelectric or magnetic(eld"

9ften normali5ed with respect to their

ma*imum%alue"

.he power pattern is usuall! plotted on a

logarithmic scale ormore commonl!

in decibels"

Radiation Pattern .obes:

A radiation lobe is a portion of the radiation pattern

bounded b! regions of

relati%el! wea) radiation intensit!"


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ain lobe

inor lobes

Side lobes

'ac) lobes

/ea-idth:

.he beamwidth of an antenna is a %er! important

(gure of merit and often is used as a tradeo

between it and the side lobe le%el& that is, as the

beamwidth decreases, the side lobe increases and

%ice %ersa"

.he beamwidth of the antenna is also used to

describe the resolution capabilities

of the antenna to distinguish between two adCacent

radiating sources or radar targets"

0Half-ower 'eam idth 0H-'0In a planecontaining the direction of the ma*imum of a beam,

the angle between the two directions in which the

radiation intensit! is onehalf %alue of the beam"

0irstJull 'eamwidth 0J'0 Angular separation

between the (rst nulls of the pattern"

Directi1ity:


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.he ratio of the radiation intensit! in a gi%en

directionfrom the antenna to the radiation intensit!

a%eraged o%er all directions"

.he a%erage radiation intensit! total power

radiated b! the antenna di%ided b! 4¼"

Stated more simpl!, the directi%it! of a

nonisotropic source is e$ual to the ratio of its

radiation intensit! in a gi%en direction o%er that of

an isotropic source"

D>D0> >

Antenna 2ain: .he parameter that measures the

degree of directi%it! of antennaKs radial pattern is

)nown as gain" An antenna with a higher gain is

more eecti%e in its radiation pattern" Antennas are

designed in such a wa! that power raises in wanted

direction and decreases in unwanted directions"

2 3 4poer radiated by an antenna564poer

radiated by refernce antenna5

Aperture: .his aperture is also )nown as the

eecti%e aperture of the antenna that acti%el!

participate in transmission and reception of

electromagnetic wa%es" .he power recei%ed b! the

antenna gets associated with collecti%e area" .hiscollected area of an antenna is )nown as eecti%e

aperture"

Pr3Pd7Aatts

A3pr6 pd -*

Directi1ity and /andidth: .he directi%e of an

antenna is de(ned as the measure of concentrated


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power radiation in a particular direction" It ma! be

considered as the capabilit! of an antenna to direct

radiated power in a gi%en direction" It can also be

noted as the ratio of the radiation intensit! in a

gi%en direction to the a%erage radiation intensit!"'andwidth is one of the desired parameters to

choose an antenna" It can be de(ned as the range of

fre$uencies o%er which an antenna can properl!

radiates energ! and recei%es energ!"

Polarization: An electromagnetic wa%e launched

from an antenna ma! be polari5ed %erticall! and

hori5ontall!" If the wa%e gets polari5ed in the %ertical

direction, then the 6 %ector is %ertical and it re$uires

a %ertical antenna" If %ector 6 is in hori5ontal wa!, it

needs a hori5ontal antenna to launch it" Sometimes,

circular polari5ation is used, it is a combination of

both hori5ontal and %ertical wa!s"

%8ecti1e .ength: .he eecti%e length is the

parameter of antennas that characteri5es the

eLcienc! of the antennas in transmitting and

recei%ing electromagnetic wa%es" 6ecti%e length

can be de(ned for both transmitting and recei%ing

antennas" .he ratio of 6 at the recei%er input to


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the intensit! of the electric (eld occurred on the

antenna is )nown as recei%ersK eecti%e length" .he

eecti%e length of the transmitter can be de(ned as

the length of the free space in conductor, and

current distribution across its length generates same(eld intensit! in an! direction of radiation"

%8ecti1e .ength 3 4Area under non&unifor-

current distrbution564Area under unifor-

current distribution5

Polar diagra-: .he most signi(cant propert! of an

antenna is its radiation pattern or polar diagram" Incase of a transmitting antenna, this is a plot that

discusses about the strength of the power (eld

radiated b! the antenna in %arious angular directions

as shown in the plot below" A plot can also be

obtained for both %ertical and hori5ontal planes M

and, it is also named as %ertical and hori5ontal

patterns, respecti%el!

'(9( M%T#D.2":


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.he words antenna 0plural antennas in S 6nglish,

although both EantennasE and EantennaeE are used

in International 6nglish and aerial are used

interchangeabl!" 9ccasionall! the term EaerialE is

used to mean a wire antenna" Howe%er, note theimportant international technical Cournal, the IEEE

Transactions on Antennas and Propagation" In

the nited Ningdom and other areas where 'ritish

6nglish is used, the term aerial is sometimes used

although antenna has been uni%ersal in

professional use for man! !ears"

.he origin of the word antenna relati%e to wireless

apparatus is attributed to Italian radio

pioneer Guglielmo arconi" In the summer of 1=@+,

arconi began testing his wireless s!stem outdoors

on his fathers estate near 'ologna and soon began

to e*periment with long wire EaerialsE" arconi

disco%ered that b! raising the EaerialE wire abo%ethe ground and connecting the other side of his

transmitter to ground, the transmission range was

increased" Soon he was able to transmit signals o%er

a hill, a distance of appro*imatel! 2"4 )ilometres

01"+ mi" In Italian a tent pole is )nown as l'antenna

centrale, and the pole with the wire was simpl!

called l'antenna. ntil then wireless radiatingtransmitting and recei%ing elements were )nown

simpl! as aerials or terminals"

'ecause of his prominence, arconis use of the

word antenna 0Italian for pole spread among

wireless researchers, and later to the general public"

In common usage, the word antenna ma! referbroadl! to an entire assembl! including support

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal


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structure, enclosure 0if an!, etc" in addition to the

actual functional components" 6speciall! at

microwa%e fre$uencies, a recei%ing antenna ma!

include not onl! the actual electrical antenna but an

integrated preampli(er or mi*er"

An antenna, in con%erting radio wa%es to electrical

signals or %ice %ersa, is a form of transducer"

Antennas are re$uired b! an! radio recei%er or

transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the

electromagnetic (eld" 8adio wa%es

areelectromagnetic wa%es which carr! signalsthrough the air 0or through space at the speed of

light with almost no transmission loss" 8adio

transmitters and recei%ers are used to con%e!

signals 0information in s!stems including broadcast

0audio radio, tele%ision, mobile telephones, i

i 0?AJ data networ)s, trun) lines and pointto

point communications lin)s 0telephone, datanetwor)s, satellite lin)s, man! remote

controlled de%ices such as garage door openers, and

wireless remote sensors, among man! others" 8adio

wa%es are also used directl! for measurements in

technologies including radar, G-S, and radio

astronom!" In each and e%er! case, the transmitters

and recei%ers in%ol%ed re$uire antennas, althoughthese are sometimes hidden 0such as the antenna

inside an A radio or inside a laptop computer

e$uipped with ii"

According to their applications and technolog!

a%ailable, antennas generall! fall in one of two

categories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_mixerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_waveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLANhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_openerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_mixerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_waveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLANhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_openerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy


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1" 9mnidirectional or onl! wea)l! directional

antennas which recei%e or radiate more or less

in all directions" .hese are emplo!ed when the

relati%e position of the other station is un)nown

or arbitrar!" .he! are also used at lowerfre$uencies where a directional antenna would

be too large, or simpl! to cut costs in

applications where a directional antenna isnt

re$uired"

2" Directional or beam antennas which are

intended to preferentiall! radiate or recei%e in aparticular direction or directional pattern"

In common usage EomnidirectionalE usuall! refers to

all hori5ontal directions, t!picall! with reduced

performance in the direction of the s)! or the ground

0a trul! isotropic radiator is not e%en possible" A

EdirectionalE antenna usuall! is intended to

ma*imi5e its coupling to the electromagnetic (eld inthe direction of the other station, or sometimes to

co%er a particular sector such as a 12/O hori5ontal

fan pattern in the case of a panel antenna at a cell

site"

'oth the %ertical and dipole antennas are simple in

construction and relati%el! ine*pensi%e" .he dipoleantenna, which is the basis for most antenna

designs, is a balanced component, with e$ual but

opposite %oltages and currents applied at its two

terminals through a balanced transmission line 0or to

a coa*ial transmission line through a so

called balun" .he %ertical antenna, on the other

hand, is a monopole antenna" It is t!picall!connected to the inner conductor of a coa*ial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirectional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirectional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable


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transmission line 0or a matching networ)& the shield

of the transmission line is connected to ground" In

this wa!, the ground 0or an! large conducti%e

surface pla!s the role of the second conductor of a

dipole, thereb! forming a complete circuit" Sincemonopole antennas rel! on a conducti%e ground, a

socalled grounding structure ma! be emplo!ed to

pro%ide a better ground contact to the earth or

which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that

function regardless of 0or in absence of an actual

contact with the earth"

*()ntroduction of the Microstrip Antenna

*('()ntroduction

icrostrip antenna is a printed t!pe of antenna

consisting of a dielectric substrate with relati%e

permitti%it! and permeabilit! where sandwiched inbetween a ground plane and a metallic patch" .he

concept of microstrip antenna was (rst proposed in

1@+3, twent! !ears before the practical antennas

were produced "

Since the (rst practical antennas were de%eloped in

earl! 1@


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strip antennas was held in Jew e*ico" .he

microstrip antenna is ph!sicall! %er! simple and Fat,

these are two of the reasons for the great interest in

this t!pe of antenna"

icrostrip antennas ha%e se%eral ad%antages

compared to other bul)! t!pe of antennas" Some of

the main ad%antages of micro strip antennas are

that it has low fabrication cost, its lightweight, low

%olume, and low pro(le con(gurations that it can be

made conformal, it can be easil! be mounted on

roc)ets, missiles and satellites without maCormodi(cations and arra!s of these antennas can

simpl! be produced "

Howe%er, micro strip antennas ha%e some

drawbac)s including narrow bandwidth, low power

handling capabilit! and low gain" 'ut with

technolog! ad%ancement and e*tensi%e research

into this area these problems are being graduall!o%ercome"

In man! practical designs, the ad%antages of

microstrip antennas far outweigh their

disad%antages" ith continuing research and

de%elopment it is e*pected that micro strip antennas

will replace con%entional antennas for mostapplications" Some of the notable applications for

microstrip antennas are in the areas of mobile

satellite

#ommunications, the Direct 'roadcast Satellite

0D'S s!stem and Global -ositioning S!stem 0G-S"

icrostrip antennas also found useful in nonsatellite


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based application such as remote sensing and

medical h!perthermia application"

2eneral Description

In its simplest form, micro strip antenna is a

dielectric substrate panel sandwiched in between

two conductors" .he lower conductor is called

ground plane and the upper conductor is )nown as

patch" icrostrip antenna is commonl! used at

fre$uencies from to 1// GH5 and at fre$uencies

below ultra high fre$uenc!, H micro strip patch

become e*ceptionall! large" .he radiating patch can

be design in %arious shapes according to the desired

characteristics" Illustrated in igure 1"1 is the

simplest structure of a rectangular microstrip patch

antenna"

$onducting .ayers : .he common materials used for conducting surfaces

are copper foil or copper foil plated with corrosion

resistant metals li)e gold, tin and nic)el" .hese

metals are the 3 main choice because of their low

resisti%it!, resistant to o*idation, solderable, and

adhere well to substrate"


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An alternati%e to metal for conducting surface is to

use conducti%e in)" It is easier to fabricate but ha%e

three disad%antages" irst, is that conducti%e in)s

cannot be soldered in the usual wa!, to o%ercome

this solder pastes are used" Secondl! is o*idation,but the eect is negligible since the o*ide is also

conducti%e" .he third is the problem of sil%er ion

migration" Sil%er ions tend to migrate under humid

conditions and this will cause a short across the

conducti%e in) lines"

Dielectric Substrate :

.he (rst step in designing micro strip antenna is tochoose the suitable substrate" .here are %arious

t!pes of substrate a%ailable in mar)et that pro%ides

considerable Fe*ibilit! in the choice of a substrate

for particular applications"

In most cases, considerations in substrate

characteristics in%ol%ed the dielectric constant and

loss tangent and their %ariation with temperature

and fre$uenc!, dimensional stabilit! with processing,

homogeneit! and isotropicit!" In order to pro%ide

support and protection for the patch elements, the

dielectric substrate must be strong and able to

endure high temperature during soldering process

and has high resistant towards chemicals that areused in fabrication process"


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23

.he surface of the substrate has to be smooth to

reduce losses and adhere well to the metal used"

Substrate thic)ness and permitti%it! determine the

electrical characteristics of the antenna" .hic)er

substrate will increase the bandwidth but it willcause the surface wa%es to propagate and spurious

coupling will happen" .his problem howe%er, can be

reduced or a%oided b! using a suitabl! low

permitti%it! substrate" 'elow are si* categories of

dielectric material that are used for substrates"

01#eramic Alumina 0 r > @"+, tan 0δ

> /"///3 .his t!pe of dielectric has low loss but brittle" It has

high fre$uenc! applications and also has e*cellent

resistance against chemicals" .he temperature

range for alumina is up to 17//o#"

02 S!nthetic materials .eFon 0 r > 2"/=, tan 0δ >

/"///4 .hese materials possess good electric properties but

ha%e a low melting point and ha%e poor adhesion"

.he dimensional stabilit! for this substrate is

relati%el! poor but reinforcement with glass or

ceramic will impro%e the dimensional stabilit! to

fairl! good"

03 #omposite materials M Duroid 0 r > 2"2 ;7"/; 1/"=,

tan 0δ > /"//1


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04 erromagnetic errite 0 r > @ 17, tan 0δ

>/"//1

.his t!pe of dielectric is biased b! an electrical (eld"

.he resonant fte$uenc! of the antenna depends

upon the biasing& hence magneticall! tuneable

antennas are possible"

0+ Semiconductor Silicon 0 r > 11"@, tan 0δ

>/"///4

.his t!pe of dielectric can be integrated into circuit,

but onl! small areas are a%ailable so it is not suitable

for antenna applications"

07 iberglass o%en (berglass 0 r > 4"==2, tan 0 >

/"//2

.his material is relati%el! low in cost for such low

loss tangent" Howe%er, wo%en (bers tend to be

anisotropic and this is undesirable in man! designs "

*(*( Microstrip Feeds :

atching is usuall! re$uired between the antenna

and the feed line, because antenna input

impedances dier from customar! +//hm line


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impedance" An appropriatel! 7 selected port location

will pro%ide matching between the antenna and its

feed line" And the location of the feed line also

aects the radiation characteristics" .here are three

common techni$ues for e*citing a particularmicrostrip antenna" .hese are coa*ial probe,

microstrip line and aperture coupling"

.he coa*ial probe is the most popular techni$ue and

is illustrated in igure 1"3" .he coa*ial connector is

attached to the ground plane and the coa*ial center

conductor e*tends through the substrate and isattached to the radiating patch" or coa*ial probe

the location of the feed is normall! located at one

third of the distance from the center of the patch to

the side" .he ad%antages of this method are that the

probe location can selecti%el! e*cite additional

modes and it can be use with plated %ias for multi

la!er circuits"

$oa;ial feed

In the second techni$ue, micro strip line is

connected directl! to the radiating patch& see igure

1"4" .he location of the feed line ma! aect a small

shift in resonant fre$uenc!, due to the change incoupling between the feed line and the antenna"


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.his techni$ue pro%ide good polari5ation howe%er, it

is %er! diLcult to minimi5e the spurious radiation

from the microstrip line" Spurious radiation will

increase sidelobes on the radiating pattern"

Microstrip .ine Feed

In the aperture coupling the feed line and the patch

are on dierent sides of the ground plane " A slot is

cut in the ground plane to couple the

electromagnetic to the radiating patch, thus no %ia

connectors needed" .his techni$ue is to a%oid

spurious radiation escapes from the feed line andcorrupt the sidelobes or polari5ation of the antenna"

Aperture coupling feed


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,()ntroduction of #FSS softare

HSS is a commercial (nite element method sol%er

for electromagnetic structures from Ans!s" .he

acron!m originall! stood for high fre$uenc!

structural simulator" It is one of se%eral commercial

tools used for antenna design, and the design of

comple* 8 electronic circuit elements including

(lters, transmission lines, and pac)aging" It was

originall! de%eloped b! -rofessor Poltan #endes and

his students at #arnegie ellon ni%ersit!" -rof"

#endes and his brother Jicholas #sendes founded

Ansoft and sold HSS standalone under a 1@=@

mar)eting relationship with Hewlett-ac)ard, and

bundled into Ansoft products"Q1R After %arious

business relationships o%er the period 1@@72//7,

H- 0which became Agilent 66sof 6DA di%ision and

Ansoft went their separate wa!sQ2R Agilent with the

criticall! acclaimedQ3R 6 6lement and Ansoft with

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEsofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEM_Elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEsofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEM_Element


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their HSS products, respecti%el!" Ansoft was later

ac$uired b! Ans!s"

In this wor) a dual band rectangular microstrippatch antenna along with the inno%ati%e

metamaterial structure is proposed at a height of

3"2mm from the ground plane, which consists of a

rectangular geometr! incorporated with c shaped

structure" .his wor) is mainl! focused on increasing

the potential parameters of microstrip patch

antennas and anal!5ing the dual band operation of proposed antenna" .he proposed antenna is

designed to resonate at 2"4


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• -#' 'oard odelling M -ower; Ground planes,

esh Grid Grounds, 'ac)planes

• Silicon;GaAsSpiral Inductors, .ransformers

• 6#;6I M obile #ommunications M -atches,

Dipoles, Horns, #onformal #ell -hone Antennas,uadra(lar Heli*, Speci(c Absorption 8ate

0 SA8, In(nite Arra!s, 8adar Section 08#S,

re$uenc! Selecti%e Surface 0SS

• #onnectors M #oa*, S-;:-, 'ac)plane,

.ransitions

• a%eguide M ilters, 8esonators, .ransitions,

#ouplers• ilters M #a%it! ilters, icrostrip, Dielectric

• HSS is an interacti%e simulation s!stem whose

basic mesh element is a tetrahedron" .his

allows !ou to sol%e an! arbitrar! 3D geometr!,

especiall! those with comple* cur%es and

shapes, in a fraction of the time it would ta)e

using other techni$ues"• .he name HSS stands for High re$uenc!

Strucutre Simulator" Ansoft pioneered the use of

the inite 6lement ethod 06 for 6

simulation b! de%eloping ; implementing

technologies such as tangential %ector (nite

elements, adapti%e meshing, and Adapti%e

?anco5os pade Sweep 0A?-S" .oda!, HSScontinues to lead the industr! with inno%ations

such as odes to Jodes and ull wa%e Spice"

• Ansoft HSS has e%ol%ed o%er a period of !ears

with input from man! users and industries" In

industr!, Ansoft HSS is the tool of choice for

High producti%it! research, de%elopment, and

%irtual protot!ping"


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Analysis of Rectangular Microstrip Patch

Antenna and Meta-aterial Structure ith

Si-ulated Results :

.he 8ectangular icrostrip -atch Antenna is

designed on 84 0?oss! substrate" .he parameter

speci(cations of rectangular microstrip patch

antenna are mentioned " .hese are calculated from

the abo%e discussed formulae"

Probe Feed Patch Antenna )ntroduction:

Top1ie


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II M Getting Started

'! now, !ou can launch HSS, opening a proCect and name it

TprobeUeedU-atchUAntennaV"

.hen set the solution t!pe

select the menu item HSS W Solution .!pe

choose Dri%en .erminal

clic) 9) button

.o set the units

select the menu item ,D Modeler W


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))) > $reating the Probe Feed Patch Antenna

' > Substrate

.o draw the Substrate, clic) on the toolbar" .hen draw a

bo* b! (lling the following data as shown below"

* > Patch

.odrawthe-atch,clic)onthetoolbar".hendrawrectangleb!(llingthe following dataas shown below


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.henassignaperfect6boundar!tothepatch"SelectPatch0doubl

eclic)0select

Assign /oundary ? Perfect %@

#round Plane

Todr6%0eGro3!dP$!e)2$#28 o!%0e%oo$br9T0e!dr6re2%!7$eby"#$$#!7 %0e

"o$$o6#!7 d% 1 10o6! be$o69


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.henassignaperfect6boundar!tothepatch"Select2round0d

oubleclic)0and select Assign /oundary? Perfect %@

9 > $oa; $able

.he antenna is e*cited using a coa* cable port" .his port is

located under the

patch".odrawthecoa*cableport,westartb!drawingthein(nite

ground#ut9ut as shown below9


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.hen select the 2round

X$utut,rightclic),select%ditW/oolean WSubstract,

#reate the coa*"

Sotocreatethecoa*,selectthemenuite-DraW$ylinder0the

nenterthedataas described below


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#reate the #oa* -in

So Select the menu itemDraW$ylinder0 then enter the

data as described below

#reatethea%eport

.o create a circle thatrepresents the port

Select the menu itemDraW$ircle0 then enter the data as

shown below


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.o assign wa%e port e*citation, select Port ', then go to

menu item HSS W 6*citations W Assign W a%e port

#reate the -robe,

.ocreatetheprobe,selectthemenuitemDraW$ylinder0thenenterthedataas shown below

Assign Boundary

Todr6%0eA#rBo)2$#28 o!%0e%oo$br9T0e!dr6boby"#$$#!7%0e "o$$o6#!7 d% 1

10o6! be$o69


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Jow select 'o* 1, right clic)W Assign 'oundar! W radiation

B > Analysis Setup

inall!, !ou ha%e !our model read! to run" Jow !ou need toidentif! !our anal!sis setup" .o create ananal!sis setup,

select the menuitem #FSS W Analysis Setup W Add

Solution Setup" In the Solution Setup window, clic) the

general tab, Solution fre$uenc! is 2"++GH5 ,a*imum

Jumber of -asses Is 2/ and a*imum Delta Sper -ass is

/"/2"

C > ADD

Frequency Seep

.oaddafre$uenc!sweep,selectthemenuitem

#FSSWAnalysisSetup WAdd Seep( Select Solution

Setup Setup1"#lic)9N button".hen6ditSweepindow"


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Sweep .!pe ast, re$uenc! Setup .!pe?inear #ount,

Start1 GH5, Stop 3 GH5, #ount 2//" #lic) 9N button"

> Model Ealidation

.o%alidatethemodel,selectthemenu#FSSWEalidation

$hec= "#lic)the#lose button" .o %iew an! errors or warnings

messages, use the essage anager"

>

Analyz

e

.o start the solution process, select the menu

item #FSS WAnalyze" 9r clic) on the icon "

'G& Solution Data

Jote.heSolutionDatawindowcanbealsodispla!ed b!

rightclic) on the Setup1underanal!sisontheHSSdesigntree"Jotealso that

the default%iewis-ro(le"Select the #on%ergence tab


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.he simulation will stop as soon as the

results con%erge, which is at pass 1/"

$reateRepors

.o create a report,

select8esultsW#reate8eport"

Set8eport.!petoodalS-arameters,Displa!.!peto8ectangu

larthenclic)9N

button"

Inthe.racesindow,setSolutiontoSetup1Adapti%e1"IntheBt

ab,set#ategor! to S -arameter, uantit! to S 0wa%eport,

wa%eport, unction to d' and clic) Add .race button" #lic)


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Done button" Jote that !ou can create an! t!pe of report it

all depends on user

'*& RadiationPattern

.o create 2D polar far (eld plot go to 8esults W create

8eport" hen the new window pops up change the 8eport

.!pe to Far Field and Displa! t!pe to Radiation Pattern

then clic) 9N"


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,D P.AR P.T S&PARAM%T%R:

2R


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,(* Ad1antages of Microstrip antenna:

• icrostrip antennas are relati%el! ine*pensi%e to

manufacture and design because of the simple 2

dimensional ph!sical geometr!"• .he! are usuall! emplo!ed at H and higher

fre$uencies because the si5e of the antenna is directl!

tied to the wa%elength at the resonant fre$uenc!"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance


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• It is relati%el! eas! to print an arra! of patches on

a single 0large substrate using lithographic techni$ues"

• -atterns are somewhat hemispherical, with a

moderate directi%it! 0about 7= d' is t!pical"

Disad1antages of Microstrip antenna:

• ?ow bandwidth 0but can be impro%ed b! a %ariet! of

techni$ues" 'andwidths of a few percent are t!pical"

• 6Lcienc! ma! be lower than with other antennas "

6Lcienc! is limited b! conductor and dielectric

lossesY, and b! surfacewa%e loss"

• 6*tra radiation occurs from its feeds and Cunctions"

9(APP.)$AT)!S:

.he icrostrip patch antennas are well )nown for their

performance and their robust design, fabrication and their

e*tent usage" .he ad%antages of this icrostrip patch

antenna are to o%ercome their demerits such as eas! to

design, light weight etc", the applications are in the %arious

(elds such as in the medical applications, satellites and of course e%en in the militar! s!stems Cust li)e in the roc)ets,

aircrafts missiles etc" the usage of the icrostrip antennas

are spreading widel! in all the (elds and areas and now the!

are booming in the commercial aspects due to their low cost

of the substrate material and the fabrication" It is also

e*pected that due to the increasing usage of the patch

antennas in the wide range this could ta)e o%er the usage of

the con%entional antennas for the ma*imum applications"icrostrip patch antenna has se%eral applications"


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H(Future scope of Micro Strip antenna+s:

.he e*plosi%e growth in the demand for wirelesscommunication and information transfer usinghandsets and personal communications 0-#Sde%ices has created the need for maCorad%ancements of antenna designs as a fundamentalpart of an! wireless s!stem" 9ne t!pe of antennasthat ful(lls most of the wireless s!stemsre$uirements is the microstrip antennas" .heseantennas are widel! used on base stations as well ashandheld de%ices" icrostrip antennas ha%e a%ariet! of con(gurations and are currentl! the mostacti%e (eld in antenna research and de%elopment"

.he microstrip antennas, due to their greatad%antages, ha%e increasingl! wide range of applications in wireless communication s!stems ashandheld mobile de%ices, satellite communications!stems, and biomedical applications" In most -#S,the handheld antenna is placed on a smallplastic;shielding bo* that is in close pro*imit! tobiological tissue of user bod! hence its radiationma! cause health ha5ardous eects" Added to theoperational re$uirements, the users and ser%icepro%iders usuall! demand wireless units withantennas that are small and compact, cost eecti%efor manufacturabilit!, low pro(le, and eas! tointegrate with other wireless communication s!stemcomponents" .he antenna designer must consider allthese issues besides the electrical characteristics of the antenna performance which include antennatuning 0operating fre$uenc!, ZS8 and return loss0input impedance, bandwidth, gain and directi%it!,radiation pattern, di%ersit!, and si5e of the chassis0e*pressed as a function of wa%elengths andspeci(c absorption rate 0SA8 of the antenna" .hese

design considerations ha%e led antenna designers to


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consider a wide %ariet! of structures to meet theoften conFicting needs for dierent applications"

.his special issue contains dierent topics aboutmicrostrip antennas" Jew designs are in%estigated

for se%eral wireless communication applications"-apers are classi(ed from sur%e! about mostliterature publications in se%eral topics as 8 energ!har%esting to new designs in ' antennas,recon(gurable antennas, smart I9 s!stems, andso forth"

e hope the readers and researches of microstrip

antenna s!stems will (nd in this special issue notonl! new designs about dierent microstrip antennacharacteristics but also %aluable information aboutnumerical anal!sis and fabrications"

icrostrippatch elements on a conical surface are acon(guration of great potential interest" Howe%er, nomutual coupling data for this case ha%e been found

in the published literature" .his ma! be due to thecomple*it! of anal!5ing the near (elds on a coatedcone" .here are %er! few references in the literaturein which the radiation characteristics of microstrippatch antennas on cones ha%e been anal!5ed" .heresults found were obtained using a ca%it! model of the patch" Also, conformal spherical antennas ha%eattracted interest" A well)nown e*ample is the

dome radar antenna" .his antenna has a passi%etransmissiont!pe lens of hemispherical shape" hatdo radomes ha%e to do with conformal arra!antennas 8adomes are usuall! thought of asdielectric shell structures protecting an antennainstallation" If made of metal, a dense arra! of openings 0slots can pro%ide the necessar!transmission properties within a restricted range of

fre$uencies" .he result is a conformal fre$uenc!selecti%e structure 0SS" It is not an antenna, of


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course, but %iewed from the outside it e*hibits allthe radiating characteristics of a cur%ed antennaarra! of radiating elements, Cust li)e a conformalantenna" .he hemispherical surface pro%ides anacti%e area subtended b! a conical angle of 12/O bee*pected to be independent of the scan directionsince we are dealing with a spherical surface"Howe%er, for scan angles larger than a certain %alue,in our case 3/O from the 5enith, the eecti%e areadecreases and is hal%ed at the @/O scan limit basedon our assumed ma*imum scan angle 7/O" 9nealternati%e is to e*tend the sphere downward to

ma)e the eecti%e area constant with scan .he microstrip arra!s mounted on a sphericalsurface ha%e the ad%antages of wideangleco%erage" Such spherical microstrip arra!s areusuall! designed to ha%e radiation co%erage o%ernearl! a full hemisphere, which can (nd applicationsin ground stationtosatellite, aircrafttosatellite, andsatellitetosatellite communication lin)s"

.he conical microstrip arra! ma! be used to pro%idetrac)ing antennas for highspeed missiles, where thefront end of the missile ma)es a design usingcon%entional planar microstrip antennas impractical"9ther uses are in cur%ed bodies that ha%e conical ornearl! conical surfaces" As for the conical microstriparra! with t!pical geometr! reports of related

designs are relati%el! scant!"

8esults for 6 and Hplane mutual coupling forc!lindrical microstrip antennas and the cur%atureeects on the mutual coupling ha%e been presentedin the thesis" 9n the other hand, the cur%atureeects on the mutual coupling in the design andperformance of microstrip antennas mounted on a

spherical and the conical ground surface conformingto nose cone and canop! ma! be in%estigated"


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'! following a theoretical formulation similar to thatfor the wide c!lindrical microstrip line, the currentdensit! on the coupled lines ma! (rst be e*pandedin terms of combinations of )nown basis functionsfor modelling the surface current densit! on thecoupled microstrip lines for numerical con%ergence"Since discontinuities in microstrip lines, caused b!abrupt changes in the geometr! of the stripconductor ma! generate radiating and surfacewa%es, accurate characteri5ation of the discontinuit!characteristics of microstrip lines is desired"

B($onclusion:

uture aircraft s!stems must ha%e the abilit! toadapt to fend for itself from rapidl! changing threatsituations" .he aircraft s!stems need to be designedto tac)le d!namicall! threat in the form of 6lectronicAttac)" In order to thwart the detection of operatingfre$uenc! b! the enem! and pre%ent the Camming of signals, it is necessar! to design a fre$uenc! agile

microstrip patch antenna" Such a recon(gurablepatch antenna ma! be designed b! emplo!ingmultidielectric la!ers and a co%er la!ers, placeddirectl! on the surface of the aircraft" Impedancebandwidth, an important characteristic of microstrippatch antennas can be signi(cantl! impro%ed b!using multila!er dielectric con(guration" .heantenna thus, designed ma! be used for speci(c

highperformance airborne applications and suitabl!be utili5ed for reali5ation of fre$uenc! hopping" orlarge 0a5imuthal angular co%erage conformal arra!sof these antennas can be mounted on singl! cur%edc!lindrical surface with low pro(le" .he singl! cur%edsurface can also be used as an appro*imation of theshape of an aircraft wing, fuselage or e*ternal pods"Such a design is e*pected to facilitate the use of

antenna in defence applications in radar and


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communication s!stems to a%oid detection b!enem!" #hapter 1 of the thesis is de%oted tointroductor! o%er%iew" In subse$uent of the thesiseorts ha%e been made to design multidielectricmicrostrip patch antennas with a co%er la!er whichare fre$uenc! agile, suitable for speci(c highperformance airborne applications and areconformable for mounting on singl! cur%edc!lindrical surface of an aircraft" .he designperformance anal!sis of such microstrip patchantennas and scope of further wor) are presented inthe following sections of this chapter9

C(R%F%R%!$%:

Microstrip antennas: the anal!sis and design ofmicrostrip antennas and arra!s b! Da%id " -o5ar, D"Schaubert, I666 Antennas and -ropagation Societ!

Antennas and a%e -ropagationb! A" Harish and" Sachidananda,

https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22David+M.+Pozar%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Society%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22David+M.+Pozar%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Society%22


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Documentation of Realization of Rectangular Microstrip Patch

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Transcript of Documentation of Realization of Rectangular Microstrip Patch