DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 102 389 CE 003 114

TITLE Private and Commercial Pilot: Ligher-Than-AirAirship. Flight Test Guide. (Part 61 Revised).

INSTITUTION Federal Aviation Administration (DOT), Washington,D.C. Flight Standards Service.

REPORT NO A061-63PUB DATE 74NOTE 50p.

EDRS PRICE HF-$0.76 HC-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS *Aircraft Pilots; *Certification; Federal

Legislation; Standards; *Study GuidesIDENTIFIERS Airplanes; *Airships; Dirigibles

ABSTRACTThe flight test guide assists the applicant and his

instructor in preparing for the flight test for the Private orCommercial Pilot Certificate with a Lighter-Than-Air Category andAirship Class Rating under Part 61 (revised) of Federal AviationRegulations. It contains information and guidance concerning pilotoperations, procedures, and maneuvers relevant to the flight testrequired for those certificates. They are: preflight operations;ground operation; takeoffs an0 landings; straight-and-level flight,climbs, descents, and turns; precision flight maneuvers; navigation;emergency operations; maneuvering by reference to instruments(commercial); preparing and filing IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)flight plans and complying with IFR clearances (commercial); IFRradio navigation (commercial); instrument approaches (commercial);and emergencies IFR (commercial). A suggested flight test checklistis included listing items concerning the acceptability of theairship, items of personal equipment, and necessary personal records.(AG)

AC 61-63

- -

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION &WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONTI IS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODJCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW DI OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

PRIMATE and

COMMERCIAL PILOT

Lighter-Than-AirAirship

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AC 61-63

FLIGHT TEST GUIDE

Part 61 Revised]

PRIVATE AND

COMMERCIAL PILOT

Lighter-Than-Air

Airship

1974

U.S. DEPARTMENT OFTRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Stardards Service

3

PREFACE

Part 61 (revised) of Federal AviationRegulations, effective November 1, 1973, es-tablishes a new concept of pilot training andcertification requirements. To provide atransition to these revised requirements, Part61 (revised) permits the applicant, for aperiod of 1 year after the effective date, tomeet either the previous requirements orthose contained, in the revised part. Theprevious requirements for the Private PilotCertificate and the Commercial Pilot Certifi-cate are outlined in Part 61, prior to Novem-ber 1, 1973.

This flight test guide, AC 61-63, has beenprepared by Flight Standards Service of theFederal Aviation Administration to assist theapplicant and his instructor in preparing forthe flight test for the Private or CommercialPilot Certificate with a Lighter-Than-AirCategory and Airship Class Rating underPart 61 (revised). it contains informationand guidance concerning the pilot operations,procedures, and maneuvers relevant to theflight test required for those certificates. Asuggested flight test checklist is included for

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the convenience of those who may find sucha checklist useful.

In addition to providing help to the appli-cant and his instructor, this guide will beuseful to FAA inspectors and designated pilotexaminers in the conduct. and standardizationof flight tests. Persons using this guide inconnection with airship pilot training andflight tests should also refer to the applicableFederal Aviation Regulations; Airman's In.formation Manual; pertinent advisory cir-culars; and training publications recom-mended by the manufacturer of the airshipused.

Comments regarding this guide may bedirected to the 11.S. Department of Transpor-tation, Federal Aviation Administration,Flight Standards Technical Division, P.O. Box25082, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125.

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CONTENTSPage

Preface

Applicants' Flight Test Checklist vii

General Information 1

Pilot Operations 9

I. PREFLIGHT OPERATIONS

A. Certificates and Documents _ 9B. Airship Performance and

Limitations 9C. Airship Car Loading and

Heaviness Limitations 10D. Weather Information 10

E. Line Inspection 11

F. Airship Servicing 11

G. Engines and Systems PreflightCheck 12

II. GROUND OPERATIONSA. Ground Handling 13B. Mooring 14C. Rigging (Private) 14

HI. TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS

A. Upship Takeoffs 15B. Wheel Takeoffs 16C. Landings 16D. Use of Two-Way Radio 17

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Page

IV. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT,CLIMBS, DESCENTS AND TURNS

A. Straight- And-Level Flight __ 18B. Climbs and Descents 18C. Turns 19

V. PRECISION FLIGHT MANEUVERS

A. Rectangular Course 20B. Turns About a Point 21C. Eights Around Pylons 21

VI. NAVIGATION

A. Flight Planning 22B. Conduct of Planned Flight _ 23C. Diversion to an Alternate 24

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. Partial or Complete Loss ofPower 25

B. Free Ballooning 25C. Emergency Use of Ripcord 26D. Systems or Equipment Mal.

functions 27

VIII. MANEUVERING BY REFERENCETO INSTRUMENTS (COMMER-CIAL/

A. StraightAndLevel Flight __ 28B. Turns 28C. Climbs and Descents 29D. Precision Turns 29

iv

IX. PREPARING AND FILING IFRFLIGHT PLANS, AND COMPLY-ING WITH IFR CLEARANCES(COMMERCIAL)

A. Preparing and Filing an In-strument Flight Plan

B. Complying with IFR Clear.ances

X. IFR RADIO NAVIGATION (COM-MERCIAL)

A. VOR NavigationB. MW NavigationC. Navigation by ATC Instruc

tions

Page

30

31

32

32

32

XI. INSTRUMENT APPROACHES(COMMERCIAL)

A. VOR Approach 33

B. ILS Approach 34

C. Localizer Approach 35

D. ADF Approach 36

XII. EMERGENCIES IFR (COMMER-CIAL)

A. Loss of Radio Communica-tions

B. ASR (Airport SurveillanceRadar) Approach

C. Recovery From Unusual At-titudes

37

37

38

Page

D. Equipment or instrumentMalfunctions 39

E. Missed Approach Procedures 39

9vi

APPLICANT'S FLIGHT TEST CHECKLIST( Suggested )

APPOINTMENT WITH INSPECTOROR EXAMINER: Name

Time/Date

ACCEPTABLE AIRSHIP

Aircraft Document:AirworthineNs CertificateRegistration CertificateOpTating Limitations

Aircraft Maintenance Records:Airworthiness Inspections

FCC Station LicenseView-Limiting Device (Commercial)

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

Current ChartsComputer and PlotterFlight Plan FormFlight LogsCurrent AIM

PERSONAL RECORDS

Pilot CertificateMedical CertificateSigned RecommendationWritten Teat ResultsLogbookNotice of Disapproval (if applicable)

1:3 Approved School Graduation Certificate(if applicable)

FCC Radiotelephone Operator PermitExaminer's Fee (if applicable)

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GENERAL INFORMATION

PILOT TRAINING AND CERTIFICATIONCONCEPT

Pert 61 of the Federal Aviation Regulationshas been revised and upgraded to reflect thecomplexity of the modern aircraft as well asits operating environment. In the past, air-man certification requirements could be metby training a student to pass a written testand then to demonstrate his ability to performpredetermined flight training maneuvers dur-ing a flight test. Rather than merely dupli-cating on the flight test the maneuvers usedfor training, the new training and certificationconcept requires that the applicant receiveinstruction in and demonstrate his compe-tency in all pilot operations listed in pertinentsections of FAR Part 61 (revised). A pilotoperation, as used herein, is a group of re-lated procedures and maneuvers involvingskills and knowledge required to safely andefficiently function as a pilot. The specificprocedures and maneuvers used to teach thepilot operations are not listed in FAR Part 61(revised). Instead, the instructor is pet-mitteci to select procedures and maneuversfrom industryapproved training publicationspertinent to the certificate or rating sought.

The instructor indicates by logbook endorsement that the applicant has demonstratedcompetency in all the required pilot operationsand considers him qualified to pass the flighttest. On the flight test, the examiner' selectsthe procedures Ind maneuvers to he per-formed by the applicant to show competencyin each required pilot operation.

' The word "examiner" is used hereafter in thisguide to denote either the Federal Aviation Admin-istration Inspector or designated pilot examiner whoconducts an official flight tog.

lAw)

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USE OF THIS GUIDE

The pilot operations in this flight test guide,indicated by Roman numerals. are requiredby Part 61 treviseell§ 61.107 for the pri-vate pilot and § 61.127 for the commercialpilot. This guide is intended only to outlineappropriate pilot operations and the minimumstandards for the performance of each proce-dure or maneuver which will be accepted bythe examiner in,. evidence of the pilot's com-petency. It not intended that the applicanthe tested on every procedure or maneuverwithin each piLt operation, but only thoseconsidered necessary by the examiner to de-termine competency in each pilot operation.Where appropriate. certain procedures ormaneuvers may be evaluated separately or incombination with other procedures or ma-neuvers. Certain procedures and maneuvers.pertinent only to the private or commercialapplicant. are so indicated. Procedures andmaneuvers not so indicated apply to bothapplicants.

When. in the judgment of the examiner.certain demonstrations are impractical, com-petency may be determined by oral testing.

This guide contains an Objective each

required pilot operation. Under each pilotoperation. pertinent procedures or maneuversare listed with Descriptions and Acceptable

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Performance Guidelines.

L The Objective states briefly the pur-pose of each pilot operation required on theflight test.

2. The Description provides informationon what may be asked of the applicant re-garding the selected procedure or maneuver.The procedures or maneuvers listed have beenfound most effective in demonstrating the ob-jective of that particular pilot operation.

3. The Acceptable Performance Guide-lines include tly., factors which will be takeninto account by the examiner in decidingwhether the applicant has met the objectiveof the pilot operation. The airspeed, altitude,and heading tolerances given represent theminimum performance expected in good flyingconditions. However, consistently exceedingthese tolerances before corrective action isinitiated is indicative of an unsatisfactoryperformance. Any procedure or action, orthe lack thereof. which requires the interven-tion of the examiner to maintain safe flightwill be disqualifying.

Emphasis will be placed on procedures,knowledge. and maneuvers which are mostcritical to a safe performance as an airshippilot. During the entire flight test. evaluationof the applicant's performance will be basedprimarily on his use of good operating prac-tices and sound judgment in avoiding criticalsituations.

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GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR FLIGHT TESTS

The ability of an applicant for a private orcommercial pilot certificate, or for an aircraftrating on that certificate. to perform the re-quired pilot operations is based on the fol-

lowing:

I. Performing procedures and maneuverswithin the airship's performance capa-bilities and limitations, including useof the airship's systems.

2. Performing emergency procedures andmaneuvers appropriate to the airship.

3. Piloting the airship with smoothnessand accuracy.

4. Exercising judgment.

5. Applying his aeronautical knowledge.

6. Showing that he is the master of theairship. with the successful outcomeof a procedure or maneuver neverseriously in doubt.

If the applicant fails any of the requiredpilot operations he fails the flight test. Theexaminer or the applicant may discontinuethe test at any time when the failure of arequired pilot operation makes the applicantineligible for the certificate or rating sought.If the test is discontinued, the applicant isentitled to credit for only those entire pilotoperations that he has successfully performed.

5

FLIGHT TEST PREREQUISITES

An applicant for the airship pilot flight testis required by revised § 61.39 of the FederalAviation Regulations to have: ( I .) passed theappropriate airship pilot written test within21- months before th, date he takes the flighttest, (2) the applicable instruction and aero-nautical experience prescribed for the pilotcertificate he seeks. (31 at least a secondclass medical certificate issued within the past12 months for a commercial or at least athird class medical certificate issued withinthe past 21- months for a private. (4) reachedat least 17 years -)f age for a private or 18years for a commercial. and (5) a writtenstatement from a certificated commercial pilotwith a Lighter-Than-Air Airship Class Ratingcertifying that he has given the applicantflight instruction in preparation for the flighttest within 60 days preceding the date ofapplication, and finds him competent to passthe test and to have o satisfactory knowledgeof the subject areas in which he is shown tohe deficient by his Airman Written TestReport.

AIRSHIP AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTSFOR FLIGHT TEST

The applicant is required by revised § 61.45to pros ide an airworthy airship for the flighttest. This airship must be capable of. andits operating limitations must not prohibit.the performance of the pilot operations re-

quired on the flight test. The followingequipment is relevant to the pilot operationsrequired by revised § 61.107 for the privatepilot flight test, and by revised § 61.127 forthe commercial pilot night test:

[NOTE: Items 4 and 5 are applicable tocommercial pilot flight test only]

1. Two-way radio suitable for voicecommunications with aeronauticalground stations.

2. A radio receiver which can be utilizedfor available radio navigation facili-ties (may be the same radio used forcommunications) .

3. Operating instructions and limitations.The applicant should have an appro-priate checklist, an Owner's Manual/Handbook, or, if required b the air-ship used, an FAA-approve(' AirshipFlight Manual. Any manufa,lurer'spublished recommendations or oper-ating limitations that are applicableto the specific airship will be ob-

served.

'The phrase "manufacturer's published recom-mendations" is used hereafter in this guide to denoteFAA-approved Airship Flight Manual material whensuch material has been approved for the airship typeor other manufacturer's published recommendationssuch as "Owner's Manual," **Owner's Handbook,""Bulletins," and "letters" for the safe operation ofthe airship model or series, in the absence of anapproved Airship night Manual.

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4. Appropriate flight instruments for thecontrol of the airship during instru-ment conditions. Appropriate flightinstruments are considered to be thoserequired by FAR Part 91, for flightunder instrument flight rules.

5. A suitable view-limiting device, easyto install and remove in flight, forsimulating instrument flight condi-tions.

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PILOT OPERATIONSProcedures/Maneuvers

I. PREFLIGHT OPERATIONS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can ensure

that he meets pilot requirement s. that the airship is airworthy and ready for safe ,iight,and that suitable weather conditions exist.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Certificates and Documents

1. Description The applicant may beasked to present his pilot and medical certifi-cates and to locate and explain the airship'sregistration certificate. airworthiness ertifi-aw. operating manual or FAA-approved Air-ship Flight Manual (if required) and equip-ment list. In addition. he is expected to heable to explain the airship and engine log-books or other maintenance records.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be knowledgeableregarding the location. purpose, and sig-nificance Of each required item.

B. Airship Performance and LimitationsI. Description The applicant may be

orally quizzed On the performance capabili-

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ties, approved operating procedures, andlimitations of the airship used. This includespower settings, placarded speeds, and fuel andoil requirements. In addition, the manufac-turer's published recommendations or FAA-approved Airship Flight Manual should beused to determine the effects of temperature,pressure altitude, wind, and car weight onperformance.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be evaluated on hisability to obtain, explain, and apply the in-formation which is essential in determiningthe performance capabilities and limitationsof the airship used.

C. Airship Car Loading and HeavinessLimitations

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate the application of theapproved data for the airship used to deter-min airship car loading and heaviness limita-tions for takeoff and landing.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall determine loadsand load distribution in relation to unit lift,ear heaviness and frame distribution, andshall make necessary load adjustments to re-main within limits.

D. Weather Information1. Description The applicant may be

asked to obtain Aviation Weather Reports,Area and Terminal Forecasts, and Winds

10

20

Aloft Forecasts pertinent to the proposed

flight.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-

lines The rpplicant shall demonstrate that

he knows what weather information is perti-

nent (partiularly wind conditions) and howto best obtain this information, and that hecan interpret and understand its significancewith respect to his proposed flight.

E. Line Inspection

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a visual inspection to

determine the airship's airworthiness and

readiness for flight. This includes all re-

quired equip;,,ent and documents. A check-

list provided ;iv the manufacturer or operatorshould be used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-

lines The applicant shall use an orderlyprr eedtirt in conducting a preflight inspection

of the airship. He shall know the significanceof each item checked and recognize any un-safe condition.

F. Airship Servicing

I. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a visual check to deter-mine that the fuel is of the proper grade andtype and the supply of fuel and oil is adequatefor the proposed flight. He should take ap-propriate action to eliminate possible fuel

contamination in the airship.

21

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall know the gradeand type of oil and fuel specified for the air-ship and be able to determine the amount offuel required to complete the flight. Hr shallknow where to find all fuel and oil fillers. andthe capacity of each tank. as well as the loca-tion of the battery. He shall also know theproper steps fur avoiding fuel contaminationduring and following servicing,

G. Engines and Systems Preflight Check

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a check to determinethat the engines are operating within accept-able limits and that all systems, equipment,and controls are functioning properly andadjusted for takeoff. A checklist provided bythe manufacturer or operator should he used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall use proper proce-dures in engine starting and runup and inchecking airship systems. equipment. andcontrols to determine that the airship is readyfor flight. Careless operation in dose Ft et-imitv to obstruction.:. ground persfnmel. orother aircraft shall he disqualifying.

H. GROUND OPERATIONS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can coordi-nate flight and ground crew activities for safe

zz12

and efficient control of the airship during allground operations.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Ground Handling

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate the ground handling ofthe airship by stabilizing it in a position ormaneuvering I fig ing 1 it on the surface underits own power. or while in the hone ?' of theground crew or by the combined efforts of thepilot and ground crew. The ground operaLions should be conducted under the directcontrol or supervision of the applicant and hewill he expected to: (I determine that theairship's movement or the surface is clear ofobstructions: (2) comply with local airportrules and tower instructions; 13) trim theairship to ensure maxinami controllabilitywhile in the hands : the ground crew; (4)maneuver the airship on the surface in a safemanner demonstrating adequate knowledge ofballasting and trimming procedures, pressurecontrol, and correct Mk' of controls and en-gines. In addition the applicant may beasked to demonstrate. anti respond to, thehand signals used for communication with theground crew chief.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The appficarii shall demon-strate saleoperations of the airship on the surface. Heshall know the purpose and responsibilities ofeach member of the ground crew. Consid.

13

"1

oration shall be given to the (1) safety of theground handling crew and equipment; (2)proper use of the throttles to prevent the air-ship from drifting astern or ahead; (3) care-ful attention to ballasting to make certain thatthe airship does not become too light or heavyfor existing conditions; (4) maintenance ofadequate envelope presinre; and (5) alertnessfor and proper response to signals from thecrew chief.

8, Mooring1. Description The applicant may be

asked to describe or perform a recommendedmethod of securing the airship in position.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be evaluated onhis knowledge of or his competence in per-forming mooring procedures. He shall takethe necessary basic preliminary steps to ensurethat mooring arrangements will be suitable,adequate, and compatible with any otherflight activity. He shall also be evaluated onhis judgment of weather conditions, choke ofmooring method (mast), site selection, anyrequirements for mast erection, and the properuse of basic and special equipment associatedwith the mooring process.

C. Rigging (Private)1. Description The applicant may be

orally quizzed on the manufacturer's approvedrigging procedures including (I) layout ofthe envelope and ear; (2) checking the bal-

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!wick for leaks: (3 ( checking the envelopefor leaks. correct internal suspension systeminstallation. correct rip panel and ripcord in-stallation; (.11 envelope inflation; and (51attaching the di n-hi 1, ear.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his ability to explain the riggingprtpcedurrs for the airship used

III. TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can accom-plish sat.. takeoffs and landings under allnormally anticipated conditions.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Upship TakeoffStatic Lift (Equilib-rium), Negative Lift (Heavy), and Positiveift (Light)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate' an upship takeoff withthe airship ballasted heavy. light. or inequilibrium. This maneuver includes propercontrol and trim of the airship while in thehands of the ground handling crew duringweighoffs. pretakeoff checks. and takeoffs.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his planning. judgment. ballast-ing and trimming technique. power applica-

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4.

tion, direction and attitude control. smooth-ness, coordination. and communication andcooperation with the ground handling crew.Exceeding the car weight limitations or anyaction that creates a hazard to personnel orequipment shall be disqualifying.

B. Wheel TakeoffI. Des cription The applkant may be

asked to 0-monstrate a wheel takeoff with theairship ballasted heavy. This maneuver in-chides proper control and trim of the airshipwhile in the hands of the ground handlingcrew during weighoffs, pretakeoff checks,and takeoffs.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevalueed on his planning, judgment, ballast-ing and trimming technique, power applica-tion, direction and attitude control. smooth-ness. coordination. and communication andcooperation with the ground handling crew.Exceeding the car weight limitations or anyaction that creates a hazard to personnel orequipment shall be disqualifying.

C. Landing Static Lift (Equilibrium),Negative Lift (Heavy), and Positive Lift(Light)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a landing with the air-ship ballasted heavy. light, or in equilibrium.This maneuver includes a static weighoff andtrimming of the airship prior to starting the

approach. Altitude and airspeed should becontrolled to fly the airship into the hands ofthe ground handling crew with minimumforward speed.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance :dal beevaluated on his planning, judgment. ballast-ing and trimming technique. power applica-tion. direction and attitude control. smooth-ness. coordination and onnmunitati(m andcooperation with the ground handling crew.Exceeding the car weight limitations or anyaction that creates a hazard to personnel orequipment shall be disqualifying.

D. Use of Two-Way Radio1. Description The applicant may be

asked to demonstrate the use of d:ignatedfrequencies and recommended voice proce-dures to report position and state intentionsregarding flight, and to obtain pertinent in-formation an 'l clearances. Where applicable.he will he expected to use Airport TerminalInformation Service, Airport Advisory Serv-ice. Control Tower. Approach and DepartureControl, and UNICOM

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall determine the typeof communication facilities available, selectcorrect frequencies, and use appropriate com-munications procedures to obtain and ac-knowledge necessary information. Failing tocomply with airport traffic procedures or in.

ifori7

struetions without permission to do so shallbe disqualifying.

IV. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT, CLIMBS,DESCENTS, AND TURNS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can com-petently manein yr the airship while dividinghis attention using instruments and outsideisual re.rerences.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Straight-And-Level Flight1. Description The applicant may he

asked to maintain selected altitudes. headings.and airspeeds using outside references kindflight instruments.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his ability to (1) maintain alti-tilde and heading with a minimum of pitchinganti yawing: t21 adjust and maintain thetrim of the airship for maximum control-lability; and (3) use' the controls in a smooth,well-coordinated manner. Deviation of +100ft. from the selected altitude shall be consid-ered disqualifying, unless corrected promptly.

B. Climbs and Descents1. Description The applicant may be

asked to ascend to, and descend to selectedaltitudes at predeterznined rates.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his (1) ability to have the air-ship in static equilibrium or nearly so, whenpracticable; (2) understanding of the airsystem and its limitations for trimming pro-cedure, coordination, and smooth change inthe airship's attitude; (3) ability to controlrate of ascent or descent within reasonablelimits; (4) awareness of the necessity foradequate pressure control and the effect statictrim has on controllability; (5) ability tocontrol gas pressure within acceptable inchesof water; and (6) ability to return the airshipto straight-and-level flight at the selectedaltitude.

C. Turns

. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate turns to the left and tothe right. The turns should be made atcruising speed with approximately minimumturning radius and while maintaining the se-lected altitude within reasonable limits.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his (1) coordination; (2) alert-ness; (3) rudder technique in controlling theconstantly changing drift angle; and (4)ability to anticipate the need for elevatorecni.rol to counteract the elevator effect pro-duced by the rudder while turning.

;14;9 19-

V. PRECISION FLIGHT MANEUVERS

Objective

To determine that the applicant is able tomaneuver the airship at a constant altitudeover a predetermined ground path in varyingwind conditions, while dividing his attentioninside and outside the airship.

Procedures /ManeuversA. Rectangular Course

1. Description The applicant may beasked to follow a rectangular or square coursearound and outside of a selected area. He isexpected to correct for wind drift so theground track is parallel to the sides of theselected area and equidistant from each side.He should perform the maneuver both to theright and to the left, maintaining a constantaltitude.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-line, The applicant shall rcadik,, select theground reference and maintain the desiredtrack in relation to that reference. Properlycoordinated turns, smooth control usage, anddivision of attention shall he required. Devia-tion of -±100 ft. from the selected altitudeshall he considered disqualifying unless cor-rected promptly. Also, excessive maneuver-ing to correct for wind drift, flight belowminimum safe altitude prescribed by regula-tions, or failure to observe other aircraft shallbe disqualifying.

B. Turns About A Point1. Description The applicant may be

asked to perform a ground track maneuverin which a constant radius of turn is main-tained. 1-k should opplv necessary ruddercorrection to compensate for the continuallychanging drift angle, so as to circle andmaintain a uniform distance from a promi-nent reference point on the ground. Heshould perform the manetner both to thrright and to the left, maintaining a constantaltitude.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the air-ship so that the ground track is a constantdistance from the reference point. Perform-ance shall be evaluated on the basis of properwind drift correction. airspeed control. coor-dination, altitude control. and vigilamv forother aircraft. Diation of -.-100 ft. fromthe selected altitude shall be considered dis-qualifying unless corrected promptly. Also.flight below minimum safe altitude prescribedby regulations. or failure to observe other air-craft shall be disqualifying.

C. Eights Around Pylons1. Description The applicant may be

requested to perform right and left turnsaround two ground reference points or pylons.A turn should be mathe in each direction.applying necessary rudder correction to com-pensate for the continually changing drift

angle, so as to circle and maintain a uniformdistance from the pylons. The ground trackshould he in the form of a figure "8".

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the air-ship so that both loops of the "8" are of equalsize, Performance shall be evaluated onproper wind drift correction. airspeed control,coordination, altitude control and vigilancefor other aircraft. Deviation of -±100 ft.from the selected altitude shall he considereddisqualifying unless corrected promptly. Also,flight below minimum safe altitude prescribedby regulations. or failure to observe otheraircraft shall be disqualifying.

VI. NAVIGATION

Objective

To determine that the applicant can pre-pare for and conduct a safe, expeditiouscrosscountry flight.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Flight Planning

1. Description The applicant may beasked to plan a cross-country flight to a pointat least 2 hours away at the cruising speed ofthe airship used. Planning should includethe obtaining of pertinent and availableweather inform-tion; plotting the course onan aeronautical chart; selecting checkpoints;measuring distances; and computing flight

322

time, headings, and fuel requirements. TheAirman's Information Manual should be usedas a reference for airport information,NOTAMS, and such other appropriate guid-ance as may be extracted from its contents.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines All flight planning operations shall bemeaningful. accurate, and applicable to thetrip proposed. The applicant shall explainhis plan for the flight. verify his calculations,and present his sources of information anddata.

B. Conduct of Planned Flight

1. Description The applicant may beasked to perform the planned flight usingpilotage, dead reckoning. and VOR or Al)!'radio aids as appropriate to the equipmentin the airship. He should make good thedesired track, determine position by referenceto landmarks, and calculate estimated timesof arrival over checkpoints. He may also heasked to intercept and follow a VOR radial,or an NDB bearing using ADF. recognizestation passage, and determine position bymeans of cross bearings. (The applicant willnot be asked to perform these VOR and ADFprocedures if he has shown competency inthem on a previous FAA flight test.)

The applicant should set out on the cross-country flight which he had planned beforetakeoff. The planned course should be fol-

23

lowed at least until the applicant establishesthe compass heading necessary to stay on1:0111-SV. and can give a reasonable estimate ofhis groundspeed and time of arrival at hisfirst point of intended landing.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall: 1 1 establish andmaintain headings required to stab 077 course;121 rorretiv identify position; 13 providereasonable estimates of times of arrival overcheckpoints and destination with an apparenterror of nut more than 10 minutes; and (I.)maintain altitude within 2..200 ft. of the se-lected cruising altitude.

C. Diversion to an Alternate1. Description When requested by the

examiner to divert to an alternate airport. asmight be necessary to avoid adverse weather.the applicant is expected to determine thenew course. This may be accomplished bymeans of pilotage, (lead reckoning. or radionavigation aids.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall take prompt actionto avoid the announced hazard and eitherproceed toward the alternate or land at asuitable area and plot the new course. Heshall compute, within a reasonable time. a

new heading and estimate the flying- time andrequired fuel to reach the alternate.

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can reactpromptly and correctly to emergencies whichmay occur during flight.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Partial or Complete Loss of Power

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate his knowledge of correc-tive action for: (1) partial loss of power;(2) complete loss of power; (3) rough en-gine; (4) carburetor ice; (5) fuel starvation;and (6) engine or nacelle fire intlight. Theexaminer may, with no advance warning, re-duce power to simulate engine malfunction.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's prompt analysis of the situationand on his remedial course of action. Heshall perform the emergency procedures incompliance with the manufacturer's publishedrecommendations. Any action which createsunnecessary additional hazards shall be dis-qualifying.

B. Free Ballooning (Ballast Control andValving of Gas)

1. Description The applicant may heasked to demonstrate free ballooning as anemergency means of controlling the airshipto a safe landing in the event both engines

should fail. The examiner may, with no ad-vance warning. reduce power on both enginesto simulate failure. The applicant will beexpected to bring the airship to an equilib-rium condition as soon as possible after thecessation of powered flight. He will also beexpected to select a suitable landing site anddemonstrate that he can establish an accept-able rate of descent, minimizing ballast dump-ing and helium valving.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall he evaluated on theapplicant's prompt analysis of the situationarl. on his remedial course of action. Heshall perform the emergency procedures incompliance with the manufacturer's publishedrecommendations. Any action which createsunnecessary additional hazards shall be dis-qualifying.

C. Emergency Use of Ripcord

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate his knowledge of theuse of the ripcord in an emergency situation.The examiner may orally quiz the applicanton the manufacturer's approved ripping pro-cedures.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be evaluated onthe thoroughness of his knowledge of whenthe ripcord should be used and the properripping procedure to be used.

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D. Systems or Equipment Malfunctions

1. Description Thu applicant may beasked to demonstrate his knowledge of correc-tke action for: (1) electrical system emer-gencies; (21 fuel otter gt.twies ; ( 31

propeller emergencies; (-I, control systememergencies; and t.'") envelope emergencies.When practicable. the examiner may, with110 adanee warning. simulate or state that aselected emergency exists. The applicant willbe expected to perform. or explain. the l'HICI--

gency procedures fur the simulated malfunc-tion.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's prompt analysis of the ituationand his remedial course of action. 1-k. shall

perform the emergency procedures in com-pliance with the manufacturer's publishedrecommendations. Any action which createsunnecessary additional hazards shall be dis-qualifying.

VIII. MANEUVERING BY REFERENCE TOINSTRUMENTS (COMMERCIAL)

Objective

To determine that the applicant can safelyand accurately maneuver the airship in in-strument conditions.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Straight-And-Level Flight

1. Description The applicant may beasked to elemonstrate his ability' to control theairship solely by reference to !light instru-ments while performing straight,and.leyelHight.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall heevaluated on his ability to (1) maintain altitilde. heading, and airspeed with a minimumof pitching and yawing; (2) adjust and maintain the trim of the airship for maximumcontrollability; (3) use the controls in asmooth. well coordinated manner. Deviationof :±100 ft. from the selected altande shollhe considered disqualifying unless correctedpromptly.

B. Turns

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate his ability to control andmaneuver the airship solely by reference toflight instruments while performing left andright turns.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall heevaluated on his (11 coordination; (2) alert-ness; (3) rudder technique. in controlling therate of turn: and (4) ability to anticipate theneed for elevator control to counteract theelevator efrectproduced by the rudder while

1..."

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turning. Deviation of --.±100 ft. from '.he se-lected altitude shall be considered disquialify-ing unless corrected promptly.

C. Climbs and Descents

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate his ability to control andmaneuver the airship solely by .eference toflight instruments while performing ascentsand descents at the rate of 5(X) ft. per minute.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his (1) ability to have the air-ship in static equilibrium or nearly so. whenpracticable; (2) understanding of the airsystem and its limitations for trimming pro-cedure. coordination. and smooth change inthe airship attitude; (3) ability to controlrate of ascent or descent to arrive at the as-signed altitude within L4=10 seconds of hisestimate; (4) ability to maintain airspeedwithin mph of the assigned speed; (5)ability to control envelope gas pressure atacceptable inches of water during ascents anddescents; and (6) ability to return the airship to straightandlevel flight at the selectedaltitude.

D. Precision Turns

I. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate his ability to control andmaneuver the airship solely by rePrence toflight instruments while performing precision

standard rate turns (right and left) of 180°and 360''.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his (1) coordination; (2) alert-ness; (3) technique in controlling thr rate ofturn; (1) ability to stop the turns on prede-termined headings within .±-10" for 180°turns and within for 360" turns; (5)ability to maintain airspeed within -±10 mphof selected sped and (6) ability to maintaina selected altitude within +.100 ft.

IX. PREPARING AND FILING IFR FLIGHTPLANS, AND COMPLYING WITH IFRCLEARANCES (COMMERCIAL)

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can develop

and file a functional plan of action for an IFRflight and abide by appropriate clearanceswithin the National Airspace System.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Preparing and Filing an Instrument

Flight Plan

I. Description The applicant may beasked to prepare, and submit for the exam-iner's review, an instrument flight plan for a2hour IFR cross-country flight (see FlightPlanning Procedures of Op-ration, VI) basedon a prepared 11;14,,:ht log and information con-

4A-730

tained in the Airman's Inlormation Manual,Enroute Charts, Instrument Approach Pro-cedure Charts, and other appropriate sourcesof information. This includes facilities forall departures and arrivals.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the accuracy of the flight plandeveloped, and his knowledge of proceduresfor sling it with ATC.

B. Complying With IFR Clearances1. Description The applicant may be

asked to demonstrate that he can accept actualor simulated ATC 1FR clearances correctly,and that he can comply accurately with ATCinstructions and procedures.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of the accuracy of hiscompliance with IFR clearance and ATC in-structions, his acceptance and acknowledge-ment of instructions, and his familiarity andcompliance with standard ATC procedures.

X. IFR RADIO NAVIGATION (COMMER-CIAL)

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can safely

and efficiently navigate in instrument condi-tions in the National Airspace System in com-pliance with Instrument Flight Rules and ATCclearances and instructions.

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Procedures/ManeuversA. VOR Navigation

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate:

a. Intercepting a VOR radial at a pre-determined angle.

b. Tracking on a selected VOR radial.c. Determining position using inter-

secting radials.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his accuracy in determining hisposition by means of cross bearings, his inter-ception procedures, and his ability to main-tain orientation and the assigned flight path.

B. ADF Navigation1. Description The applicant may be

asked to use ADF for homing, intercepting,and tradcing predetermined radio bearings toand fron nondirectional beacons, and for de-termining position by use of cross bearings.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his accuracy in determining hisposition by means of cross bearings, his inter-ception procedures, and his ability to main-tain orientation and the assigned track.

C. Navigation by ATC Instructions1. Description The applicant may be

asked to show that he can comply with ATC

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instructions and procedures. This includesnavigation by adherence to radar vectors andspecific instructions for headings and altitudechanges.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Evaluation of the applicant's perform-ance shall be based on his promptness andaccuracy in responding to and complying withATC navigation instructions.

XI. INSTRUMENT APPROACHES (COM-MERCIAL)

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can execute

safe and accurate instrument approaches topublished minimums under instrument con-ditions.

Procedures /Maneuvers

A. VOR Approach

7. Description The applicant may berequested to demonstrate a published VORapproach procedure.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall descend at theproper rate to the MDA so as to arrive at aposition from which a normal landing ap-proach can be made, straight-in or circling.as appropriate. Deviations of more than ±-10mph from the desired approach speed shall

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be disqualifying. Errors in altitude of morethan 100 ft. below prescribed altitudes duringthe initial approach or descending below theMDA prior to the examiner reporting therunway environment in sight, shall be dis-qualifying. If a circling approach is made,exceeding the radius of turn dictated by pub-lished visibility minimums or descending be-low the MDA prior to reaching a positionfrom which a normal approach to the landingrunway can be made, shall also be disquali-fying.

B. ILS Approach

7. Description The applicant may berequested to demonstrate a pub!ished ILSapproach procedure.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines As directed by the examiner, the ap-plicant shall descend on a straight-in approachto the DH, or on a circling approach to theMDA, arriving at a position from which anormal landing approach can be madestraight-in or circling, as appropriate. Devia-tions of more than ±10 mph from the desiredapproach speed shall be disqualifying. Errorsin altitude of more than 100 ft. below pre-scribed altitudes during the initial approach,full scale deflection of the CDI or the glideslope indicator after glide slope intercerion,or descending below the DR or MDA priorto the examiner reporting the runway environ-

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went in sight, shall be disqualifying. If acircling approach is made, exceeding theradius of turn dictated by published visibilityminimums or descending below the MDAprior to reaching a position from which anormal approach to the landing runway canbe made shall also be disqualifying.

C. Localizer Approach1. Description The applicant may be

requested to demonstrate a published localizerapproach, or an ILS (Back Course) approachprocedure.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall descend at theproper rate to the MDA so as to arrive at aposition from which a normal landing ap-proach can be mad:, straightin or circling,as appropriate. Deviations of more than ±10mph from the desired approach speed shallbe disqualifying. Errors in altitude of morethan 100 ft. below prescribed altitudes duringthe initial approach., full scale deflection ofthe CDI, or descending below the MDA priorto the examiner reporting the runway environsment in sight, shall be disqualifying. If acircling approach is made, exceeding theradius of turn dictated by published visibilityminimums or descending below the MDAprior to reaching a position from which anormal approach to the landing runway canbe made, shall also be disqualifying.

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D. ADF Approachi. Description The applicant may be

requested to demonstrate an ADF approachusing a published Nl)B (non-directionalbeacon) approach procedure.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall descend at theproper rate to the MDA so as to arrive at aposition from which a normal landing ap-proaA can be made, straight -in or circling,as appropriate. Devictions of more than Li:10mph from the desired approach speed shallhe disqualifying. Errors in altitude of morethan 100 ft. below prescribed altitudes duringthe initial approach. or descending below theMDA prior to the examiner reporting therunway environment in sight, shall be dis-qualifying. If a circling approach is made,exceeding the radius of turn dictated by pub-lished visibility minimums or descending be-low the MDA prior to reaching a positionfrom which a normal approach to the landingrunway can be made, shall also be disquali-fying.

XII. EMERGENCIES 1FR (COMMERCIAL)

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can

promptly recognize and take appropriate ac-tion for abnormal or emergency conditionsand malfunctions while in instrument condi-tions.

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Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Loss of Radio Communications

1. Description The examiner may sim-ulate loss of radio communications. Theapplicant should know the actions requiredpertaining to altitudes, routes, holding pro-cedures, and approaches.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Evaluation shall be based on the ap-plicant's knowledge of, and compliance with.the pertinent procedures required by Part 91of the Federal Aviation Regulations and theemergency procedures outlined in the Air-man's Information Manual. An explanationor simulation of the proper procedures forloss of radio communications is acceptable.

B. ASR (Airport Surveillance Radar)Approach

I. Description The applicant may berequested to demonstrate an ASR approachprocedure as directed by ATC or simulatedby the examiner to the published straight-inor circling MDA.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall descend at theproper rate to the MDA so as to arrive at aposition from which a normal landing ap-proach can be made, straight-in or circling,as appropriate. Deviations of more than ±-10mph from the desired approach speed shall

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be disqualifying. Errors in altitude of morethan 100 ft. below prescribed altitudes (luringthe initial approach, or descending below theMDA prior to the examiner reporting therunway environment in sight, shall be dis-qualifying. If a circling approach is made,exceeding the radius of turn dictated by pub-lished visibility minimums or descending be-low the MDA prior to reaching a positionfrom which a normal approach to the landingrunway can be made, shall also be disquali-fying.

C. Recovery from Unusual Attitudes

1. Description The examiner mayplace the airship in unusual flight attitudeswhich may result from lapse of attention orabnormal trim condition. The applicantshould recover and return the airship to theoriginal attitude, altitude, and heading. Forthis demonstration, the examiner may simulatemalfunctions in one or more flight instru-ments.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Evaluation shall be based on thepromptness, smoothness, and accuracy dem-onstrated. All maneuvering shall be con-ducted within the operating limitations of theairship used. Any action, or lack thereof,which makes it necessary for the examinerto take over to correct the condition or toavoid exceeding any operating limitations ofthe airship, shall be disqualifying.

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D. Equipment or Instrument Malfunc-tions

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate his ability to respondto simulated malfunctions of equipment andinstruments. Occasionally during the per-formance of simulated instrument flight ma-neuvers described elsewhere in this guide, theexaminer may simulate a partial or completeloss of flight instruments, navigation instru-ments, or equipment.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall respond to emer-gency situations in accordance with proce-dures outlined in the manufacturer's publishedrecommendations. The applicant's perform-ance shall be evaluated on the basis of hiscompetency in maintaining airship control,his knowledge of the emergency procedures,the judgment he displays, and the accuracyof his operations.

E. Missed Approach Procedures

1. Description At any time during aninstrument approach, the applicant may beasked to execute the missed approach proce-dure depicted on the approach chart beingused. If the examiner does not specificallyask for the missed approach but he fails toreport the runway in sight at the DH orMDA, the applicant should immediately ini-tiate the missed approach procedure as de-scribed on the chart, or as directed by ATC.

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2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The evaluation shall be based on theapplicant's timely and correct execution ofthe missed approach procedure.

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