Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
-
Upload
ndush-pradjadisastra -
Category
Documents
-
view
18 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 1/65
By :
Achadiyani, dr.
DIGESTIVE TRACT
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 2/65
I. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
A. Components : The organs include :
- Oral cavity
- Oral pharynx
- Esophagus
- Small intestine (duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum!- "arge intestine (cecum and appendix, colon!
- #ectum
- $nal %anal
B. General Struture Feature : The &alls organs consist o' layers :
) *ucosa
+ part :
- epithelium - lamina propria - muscularis mucosae
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 3/65
!. Su" muosa :
- Irregular connective tissue
#. $usular%s e&terna : layers o' smooth muscle :- inner circular - outer longitudinal
- outer longitudinal
'. Serosa an( a()ent%t%a
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 4/65
Schematic structure o' a portion o' the digestive tract &ith variouscomponents and their 'unctions
Duct of associatedgland (transport of
secretion)
Lamina propria(support)
Submucosa (support)
Muscularismucosae (mucosal
motility)Submucosal plexus(control of muscle
activity)illus (increase ofucosal surface)
Gland in thelamina propria
(secretion)Inner circularmuscle layer
(motility)Myenteric plexus(controls muscle
contractions)Gland in
submucosal layer(secretions)
Lymph nodule(immunedefense)
uterlongitudinalmuscle layer
(motility)
Serosa(support)
Mesothelium(protective coating!
reduction offriction)
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 5/65
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 6/65
A. L%ps :
There is a transition 'rom non
4eratini5ed mucous mem/rane to the4eratini5ed strati'ied s6uamous epithelium
o' the s4in
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 7/65
"I3 ("ongitudinal Section!
"# $order of thelip% transiton&one'# eurovascular
bundle# rbicularis oris
muscle
*# +pidermis
,-# Dermis
,,# Sebaceousgland
,.# /air follicles(t#s and l#s)
,0# +rectormuscle(arrector pilimuscle)
,1# S2eat gland 3duct andsecretingportions,4# +rector
muscle(arrector pili
,# +pithelium ofthe labial
mucosa.# Lamina propria
of labial mucosa
0# Super5cialartery
1# Labial mucousglands of themucosa 3 alveoliand duct
4# Vein
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 8/65
B. Ton-ue :
There are types o' papillae :
) 9ili 'orm papillae
9ungi 'orm papillae
+ 9oliate papillae
%ircum vallate papillae
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 9/65
8. Nerves (t.s)
9. Arteriole
10. Venule
11. Serousalveoli
12. Interlobularducts
13. Mucousalveoli
14. !cretor"duct
1#. Venule1$. Arterioles
1%. Nerve (l.s)
18. Mucosa &e'iteliu andlaina 'ro'ria
1. Mucosa &e'iteliu andlaina 'ro'ria 2. Muscle (l.s)
3. Muscle (t.s)
4. *un+i,or 'a'illa &e'iteliu andlaina 'ro'ria #. Muscle (o.s)
$. *ili,or 'a'illae
%. *un+i,or 'a'illae
-on+ue & A'e!
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 10/65
1. in+ual e'iteliu
2. aina 'ro'ria
3. Secondar" 'a'illae
4. Venules
#. -aste buds
$. S/eletal uscle,ibers
%. !cretor" ducts
8. Strati,ied suaouse'iteliu
9. ircular ,urro(sulcus)
10. all o, te cicular,urro (sulcus)
11. -aste buds
12. Serous alveoli o,+lands o, te vallate
'a'illae (von bners+lands)
13. !cretor" duct (l.s)
14. -ransversesection o, uscle,ibers
-5N67
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 11/65
-5N67
1. Mucosal rid+es
2. i,,use l"'atictissue
3. Adi'ose cells
4. Mucous alveoli('osterior lin+ual+lands)
#. S/eletal uscle(o.s)
$. 'iteliu andlaina 'ro'ria o,ucosal ,old
%. !cretor" duct
8. Arteriole andvenule
9. Nerve (l.s)
10. S/eletal uscle(l.s)
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 12/65
III. TEETH AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE
A. HISTOLOGIC STRUCTURE
. TOOTH STRUCTURE :
a 3ulp %avity
/ entin
c Enamel
d %ementum
!. ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE
a 3eriodontal ligament / $lveolar /one
c ingiva (ums!
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 13/65
Diagram of a sagittal section from an incisor toothin position in the mandibular bone
ron
5dontoblasts
oot
nael
entin
uticleNec/:ul'
Alveolar bone
:eriodontal li+aent
6in+iva
oot canal
eentuA'ical ,oraen
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 14/65
B. TOOTH DEVELO/$ENT
Sur'ace o' tongue on the region close to its ; < shaped /oundary
/et&een the anterior and posterior portions O/serve the lymphoidnodules, lingual tonsils, glands and papillae
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 15/65
IV. /HAR*N0
The pharynx is shared /y the respiratory and digestive tracts
. T+e Resp%rator1 p+ar1n&
- Its superior portion
- "ined /y respiratory epithelium
!. T+e Oral p+ar1n& 2orop+ar1n&3
- Its in'erior portion
- "ined /y non 4eratini5ed strati'ied
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 16/65
V. ESOPHAGUS
- Mucosa : - Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Lamina propria : esophageal cardiac glands
- Muscularis mucosae
- Sub Mucosa : - esophageal glands
- Muscularis Extera :
- he upper third : skeletal muscle
- he middle third : skeletal and smooth muscle- he lo!er third : smooth muscle
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 17/65
833E# ESO3=$8S (T#$>S;E#SE SE%TIO>!
1. Strati,ied suaouse'iteliu
2. aina 'ro'ria
3. Muscularis ucosae(soot uscle)
4. Subucosa
#. ircular uscle la"er(s/eletal)
$. onnective tissuebeteen uscle la"ers
%. on+itudinal uscle
la"er (s/eletal)
8. Adventitia
9. "'atic nodule
10. uct 'assin+ trou+uscularis ucosae
11. Mucos alveoli(eso'a+eal +lands)
12. ucts13. Arteriole and venule
14. Adi'ose cells
1#. Venule
1$. Adi'ose tissue
1%. Arter"
18. Vein
19. Nerves
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 18/65
VI. STO$ACH
The stomach has major regions :
- %ardia
- 9undus
- %orpus (1ody!
- 3ylorus
Gastr% muosa
- lining o' simple columnar epithelium
- They secrete a neutral mucus
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 19/65
4 Lam%na propr%a :
a. Car(%a : - %ardiac glands (/ranched tu/ular!
- 3roduce mucus and lyso5yme
". Fun(us an( Corpus 2"o(13
- 9undic glands :
) 3arietal cells : =%l, intrinsic 'actor
%hie' cells : pepsinogen, lipase
+ Serotonin secreting cells
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 20/65
. /1lorus
4 /1lor% -lan(s :
- $ll glandular cell types may /e present
- 3arietal cells : rare - %hie' cells
- astrin-secrening cells (-cells!
4 $usular%s muosae : - inner : circular
- outer : longitudinal
4 Su"muosae
4 $usular%s e&terna %s arran-e( %n # la1ers :
- inner : o/li6ue
- middle : circular
- outer : longitudinal
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 21/65
#egions o' the stomach and their histologic structure
:it
;unction o, +landand base o, 'itaina 'ro'ria6lands
Muscularis ucosaeardia
:it
ardia
so'a+us
:it
uodenu:"lorics'incter
Nec/
Nec/
<ase
<od"
6land
6land
aina 'ro'ria
"' noduleMuscularisucosae
Subucosa:"lorus
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 22/65
%$#I$ ("O>IT8I>$" SE%TIO>!
1. a'illar" (t.s)
2. a'illar" (l.s)
3. Venules
4. Arteriole#. Venule it
eol"=ed
blood$. Muscularis e!terna &inner la"er (sootuscle)
%. Subucosa8. Muscularis ucosae &
inner circular and outerlon+itudinal la"ers
9. Arter" iter"troc"tes
10. Strati,ied suaouse'iteliu o, eso'a+us
11. so'a+eal +lands12. so'a+eal cardiac +lands
(t.s)13. ucts o, eso'a+eal +lands
(t.s)14. aina 'ro'ria o,
eso'a+us
1#. uct o, eso'a+ueal +lands(l.s)1$. aina 'ro'ria o, stoac
1%. ardiac +lands
18. 6astric e'iteliu (ucouscolunar)
19. *oveolae (+astric 'its)
20. 6astric +lands
21. ie, cells
22. Mucous nec/ cells23. :arietal cells
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 23/65
STO*$%= : 98>%8S O# 1O?
1. Sur,ace e'iteliu(ucous secretin+colunar)
2. <aseent ebrane
3. aina 'ro'ria
4. *oveolae (+astric'its)
#. 6astric +lands>nec/ re+ion
$. Mucous nec/ cells
%. :arietal cells
8. *oveola
9. 6astric +land o'enin+into ,oveola
10. 6astric +land(nec/)
11. aina 'ro'ria
12. 6astric +land>transverse section
13. ie, cells
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 24/65
STO*$%= : 98>%8S O# 1O?
1. 6astric +lands (l.S)
2. aina 'ro'ria
3. :arietal cells
4. ie, or ="o+eniccells
#. Sub+landular
re+ion o, telaina 'ro'ria
$. Venule
%. Subucosa
8. :arietal cells
9. ie, or ="o+eniccells
10. 6astric +lands(t.s)
11. :arietal cell
12. ie, or="o+enic cells
13. Muscularisucosae (circularla"er)
14. Muscularisucosae(lon+itudinal la"er)
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 25/65
VII. S$ALL INTESTINE
The small intestine, &hich include :- duodenum : retroperitoneal
- jejunum : intraperitoneal
- ileum : intraperitoneal
To increase the a/sorptive sur'ace :
) 3licae circulares (@erc4ringAs value! :
consisting mucosa and su/mucosa
Intestinal villi : epithelium B lamina propria
+ *icro villi
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 26/65
Electron micrograph o' epithelium o' the small intestine Chen vie&ed &ith
the light microscope, a/undant microvilli at the apex can /e seen to 'or, the
striated /order $t le't are lymphocytes migrating in the epithelium In the
center is an enteroendocrine cell (E! &ith its /asal secretory granules
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 27/65
A
<
Muscularis ucosaeaina
'ro'ria
6lands (cr"'ts)
ells slou+in+ o,,
Soot uscle
a'illar"
6oblet cells
"'atic ca'illar"
Striated border
Soot uscle
"'oc"tes
Soot uscle
nteroendocrinecells
"'oc"tes
6oblet cells
Mitosis
:anet cells
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 28/65
Schematic diagram illustrating the structure o' the small intestine
$ The small intestine under lo& magni'ication In the villus to the le't,
o/serve the des6uamation o' the epithelial cells 1ecause o' constant
mitotic activity o' the cells 'rom the /lind end the glands and the
up&ard migration o' these cells (dashed arro&s!, the intestinal
epithelium is continuously rene&ed O/serve the intestinal glands (o'
"ie/er4uhn!
1 The intestinal glands have a lining o' intestinal epithelium and go/let
cells (upper portion! $t a lo&er level, the immature epithelial cellsare 're6uently seen in mitosisD note also the presence o' 3aneth and
enteroendocrine cells $s the immature cells progress up&ard, they
di''erentiate and develop microvilli, seen as a striated /order in the
light microscope %ells proli'eration and cell di''erentiation occur
simultaneously in the /lind end o' these glands% $ villus tip sho&ing the columnar covering epithelium &ith its
striated /order and a moderate num/er o' go/let cells %apillaries, a
lymphatic capillary, smooth muscle cells and leu4ocytes can /e seen
in the connective tissue core o' the villlus "ymphocytes are in the
epithelial layer in great num/ers %ells are sloughing o'' at the apex
o' the villus
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 29/65
$uosa o, t+e small %ntest%ne :
) ;illi
Intestinal glands (crypts o' "ie/er4uhn!
- These simple tu/ular glands
- They are lined /y :
7 a/sorptive cells
7 go/let cells7 panethAs cells
7 entero endocrine cells
7 undi''erentiated cells
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 30/65
S*$"" I>TESTI>E : 8OE>8*("O>IT8I>$" SE%TIO>!
1. inin+ e'iteliu &colunar cells itstriated borders and+oblet cells
2. Intervillous s'ace
3. Intertinal villus (l.s)
4. Muscle ,ibers in a villus
#. Intestinal +lands o'enin+into intervillous s'aces
$. Intestinal +lands (l.s)
%. Intestinal +lands (t.s)
8. uodenal +lands
9. is'laced ,ibers o, teuscularis ucosae
10. Arteriole11. Venule
12. :aras"'atetic
+an+lion o, te "enteric'le!us
13. Villi it core o, laina'ro'ria and uscle ,ibers
14. aina 'ro'ria 'ro'er
1#. Muscularis ucosae
1$. uodenal +landse!tendin+ into te ucosa
1%. Subucosa itduodenal +lands
18. Muscularis e!terna &inner circular and outerlon+itudinal la"ers
19. Serosa (visceral'eritoneu)
S*$"" I>TESTI>E JEJ8>8* I"E8*
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 31/65
S*$"" I>TESTI>E : JEJ8>8* < I"E8*
1. Villi (l.s)
2. Intervillous s'aces
3. Intestinal +lands(cr"'ts o, ieber/un)
4. 'iteliu#. aina 'ro'ria
$. Muscularis ucosae
%. Subucosa
8. ircular uscle
la"er
9. on+itudinaluscle la"er
10. Serosa
19. Adi'ose tissue
20. Neurovascularbundle
21. "'atic nodule
11. Sur,ace e'iteliu & striated? ordered and +oblet cells
12. Villus (t.s)
13. Villus (o.s)
14. ontracted villus
1#. Soot uscle,ibers in villi
1$. Villi (t.s)
1%. Intestinal +lands(t.s)
18. :aras"'atetic
+an+lia o, te"entric 'le!us
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 32/65
1. 6oblet cells inintestinal +lands
2. ells it striatedborders
3. :anet cells (cells it acido'ilic+ranules)
4. Muscularis
ucosae (l.s)
1. Ar+"ro'ilic,ibers in telaina 'ro'ria
2. Ar+enta,,in cellsin intestinal+lands
:AN-@ S A6N-A**IN S
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 33/65
VIII. LARGE INTESTINE5 t+%s %nlu(es
- caecum
- ascending (colon!
- transverse (colon!
- descending (colon!
- sigmoid (colon!
- rectum
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 34/65
A. $uosa :
- #ectum : vertical 'olds called the rectal columns (o'
*orgagni!
B. Su"muosa :
- lo&er rectum : hemorrhoidal plexus
C. $usular%s e&terna :
- %olon : smooth muscle at the outer longitudinal layer is
gathered into + thic4 longitudinal /ands called taenia coli
D. a()ent%t%a an( Serosa
( !
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 35/65
"$#E I>TESTI>E %O"O> (C$"", T#$>S;E#SE SE%TIO>!
1. Seresa (visceral'eritoneu)
2. :aras"'atetic +an+lia o, te"enteric 'le!us
3. Arterioles
4. Venules
#. Muscularis e!terna &inner circular la"er(l.s)
$. Muscularis e!terna & outerlon+itudinal la"er (l.s)%. a'illaries
8. Arteries and vein
9. Subucosa
10. Muscularis ucosae
11. :aras"'atetic+an+lion
12. Arteriole13. Nerves
1#. 6landulare'iteliu & +obletcells
14. Sur,ace e'iteliu &colunar it striatedborders
1$. Intestinal +lands (t+.s)1%. "'atic nodule
18. 6erinal center
19. aina 'ro'ria
20. Intestinal +lands (l.s)
21. Intestinal +lands (t.s)
22. 6oblet cells
23. "'atic nodule
24. Serosa 2#. Muscularis e!terna
2$. Subucosa
2%. Mucosa
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 36/65
3hotomicrograph o' a sectiono' large intestine O/serve theintestinal glands &ith a/undant
go/let cells
Mesocolon
Mucosa
Subucosa
ircular uscle
-enia coli (lon+itudinaluscle)
A''endi!e'i'loica
%ross section o' colon
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 37/65
I0. A//ENDI0 2VER$IFOR$ A//ENDI03
- evagination o' the in'erior end o' the cecum
- many lymphoid nodules
- smaller - 'e&er and shorter crypts than colon
$ppendix (3anoramic vie& transverse section!
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 38/65
$ppendix (3anoramic vie&, transverse section!
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 39/65
0. ANAL CANAL
6 T+e muosa :
7 cm has typical colonic epithelium7 #eplaced /y strati'ied s6uamous epithelium continues
to the anal opening
6 Lam%na propr%a : =emorrhoidal plexus
6 Su"muosa : 6se/aceous glands
- circum anal apocrine s&eat glands
6 $usular%s
7 Inner : thic4 circular layer o' smooth muscle involuntary internal anal sphincter
4 D%stal : composed o' s4eletal muscle voluntary external
anal sphincter
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 40/65
$>$" %$>$" ("O>IT8I>$" SE%TIO>!
4. 'iteliu o, te rectal
#. Muscularis ucosae
$. "'atic nodule
%. Intestinal +land
8. aina 'ro'ria
9. Sub ucosa
10. ectuanus Bunction
11. Anal Valve
12. -erinal uscularis ucosa
13. 'iteliu and laina'ro'ria o, teanal ucosa
14. Internal anal s'incter
1#. Internal eorroidal'le!us
1$. !ternal anal s'incter>
subcultaneous
division (s/eletal uscle)
1. Muscularis e!ternao, te rectu &tic/ened circularla"er (internal anals'incter
2. Muscularis e!ternaouter lon+itudinalla"er
3. evator ani uscle(s/eletal uscle)
A .
7 ' ' e r ' a r t o , a n
a l c a n a l
< .
o 2 e r '
a r t o , a n a l c a n a l
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 41/65
istinguishing 'eatures o' the &alls o' the digestive tract
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 42/65
%ontd distinguishing 'eatures o' the &alls o' the digestive tract
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 43/65
GLANDS ASSOCIATED 7ITH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
A. Components o, t+e s1stem :
. Sal%)ar1 -lan(s :
- parotid glands- su/mandi/ular glands
- su/lingual glands
!. /anreas
#. L%)er '. Gall "la((er
B. Glan(ular Su" un%t
. Lo"es
!. Lo"ules
#. A%n% 2or Al)eol%3
C. E&or%ne Duts :
. Intra lo"ular (uts : a. Inter alate( (uts
". Str%ate( (uts
!. Inter lo"ular (uts
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 44/65
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 45/65
T+e struture o, t+e su"man(%"ular 2su"ma&%llar13
-lan(. A%n% %n t+e seretor1 port%on are ompose( o,
p1ram%(al serous 2l%-+ter olor3 an( muous 2st%pple(3
ell an( t+e tu"ules o, muous ells. T+e nule% o, serousells are eu+romat% an( roun(e( an( an aumulat%on
o, rou-+ en(oplasm% ret%ulum %s e)%(ent %n t+e "asal
t+%r( o, t+e ell. T+e ape& o, t+e ell %s ,%lle( 8%t+
prote%n 9 r%+ seretor1 -ranules. T+e nule% o, muous
ells5 ,lattene( 8%t+ on(ense( +romat%n5 are loate(
near t+e "ases o, t+e ells. $uous ell +a)e l%ttle rou-+
en(oplasm% ret%ulum an( onta%n (%st%nt seretor1
-ranules. T+e s+ort %nteralate( (uts are l%ne( 8%t+
u"o%(al ep%t+el%um. T+e str%ate( (uts are ompose( o,olumnar ells 8%t+ su+ +arater%st%s o, %on
transport%n- ells as "asal mem"rane %n)a-%nat%ons an(
m%to+on(r%al aumulat%on. $1oep%t+el%al ells are
s+o8n %n (arer olor.
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 46/65
I. SALIVAR* GLANDS : . /AROTID GLANDS :
4 Serous seretor1 ells
4 /arot%( seret%ons : 6 !; < total sal%)ar1
)olume
S$"I;$#? "$> : 3$#OTI
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 47/65
S$"I;$#? "$> : 3$#OTI
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 48/65
!. SUB $ANDIBULAR 2 SUB$A0ILLAR*3 GLANDS
6 3roduced 2F G o' the salivary volume
- %ontain serous and mucous mostly serous :
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 49/65
/+otom%ro-rap+ o, a set%on o, +uman su"man(%"ular -lan(.O"ser)e t+e presene o, (ense o, t+%s tu"uloa%nar -lan(. In t+elo8er r%-+t re-%on %s a str%ate( (ut 2SD3. T+e arro8 %n(%ates a(em%lune 8+ere serous ells are eentr%all1 (%splae(5 assum%n-
t+e ,orm o, a resent.
# SUB LINGUAL GLANDS:
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 50/65
#. SUB LINGUAL GLANDS:
- 3roduced . G o' the salivary volume
- %ontain mucous and serous mostly mucous
3hotomicrograph o' a humansu/lingual gland sho&ing the
predominance o' mucous cells
Examples o' an intralo/ular (I!
and connective < tissue
ensheathed interlo/ular (E!duct are also present
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 51/65
II. /ANCREAS
6 The pancreas is serous
- %ontain islets o' langerhans
- %ells types : 3ancreatic acinar cells,
centro acinar cells
I l d
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 52/65
:otoicro+ra' soin+ te
a''earance o, te acinar 'ortion o,
te 'ancreas it its secretor" cells.
<asal laina Intercalatedduct C"o+en
+ranules
Acinar cells
entroacinar cells
Sceatic drain+ o, te structure o, 'ancreatic acini.
Acinar cells (dar/er color) are '"raidal> it +ranules at
teir a'e! and rou+ endo'lasic reticulu at te cell
base. -e intercalated duct 'artl" 'enetrates te acini.
-ese duct cells are /non as centroacinar cells (li+ter
color). Note te absence o, "oe'itelial cells.
3$>%#E$S (SE%TIO>$" ;IEC!
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 53/65
3$>%#E$S (SE%TIO>$" ;IEC!
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 54/65
3$>%#E$TI% $%I>I
(S3E%I$" 3#E3$#$TIO>!
3$>%#E$TI% IS"ETS
(S3E%I$" 3#E3$#$TIO>!
1. C"o+en
+ranules
2. <aso'ilic
(croo'ilic)
1. Al'a cells
2. <eta cells
3. a'illaries
4. onnectivetissue
#. :ancreaticacinus
III LIVER
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 55/65
III. LIVER
a. General Struture
6 partly covered /y lissonAs capsule
- %ells are arranged in one-or -cell-thic4 plates that
are separated /y the hepatic sinusoids
- The liver has a dual /lood supply :
7 3ortal vein
7 =epatic artery
$lso has + drainage systems :
7 =epatic vein
7 "ymphatic vessels
7 1ile duct
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 56/65
-ree diensional as'ect o, te noral liver. In te u''er center veinD in te loer center>
te 'ortal vein. 5bserve te bile canaliculus (dar/er color)> liver 'lates (li+ter color)>
@erin+s canal> Eu',,er cells sinusoid> ,atstorin+ cell> and sinusoidal endotelial cell.
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 57/65
B.General Funt%ons :
) 3rotein Synthesis 1ile productions
+ *eta/olit storage
etoxi'ication H Inactivation
C. Bloo( Suppl1
) =epatic portal vein
=epatic artery
+ =epatic sinusoid %entral vein
. =epatic vein
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 58/65
Schematic diagram of a
classic liver lobule. Branches
of the hepatic artery (HA) and
hepatic portal vein (PV) empty
blood into hepatic sinusoids
(S) through !hich it flo!
to!ard the central vein. "he
endothelial lining of the
sinusoids is discontinuous
and is separated from theradial plates of hepatocytes
by the space of Disse. Bile
canaliculi receive bile from
the hepatocytes that border
them and convey it to!ard thebile ducts in the portal triads.
"he arro!s sho! that blood
and ile flo! in opposite
directions.
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 59/65
D. CELL T*/ES :
) =epatocytes @up''erAs cells
+ 9at-storing cells
E. LIVER LOBULES :
) %lassic liver lo/ule
3ortal lo/ule
+ =epatic acinus (o' #appaport!
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 60/65
Schematic dra!ing illustrating the
territories of the classic liver
lobules hepatic acini and portal
lobules. "he classic lobule has acentral vein (#V) and is outlined by
the solid lines that connect the
portal spaces (PS). "he portal
lobules (lighter color) have their
centers in the portal spaces$ they
are outlined by lines that connectthe central veins (upper triangle).
"he portal lobules constitute the
portion of the liver from !hich bile
flo!s to a portal space. "he hepatic
acinus (dar%er color) is the regionirrigated by a single distributing
vein (diamond shaped figure).
&ones of the hepatic acinus are
indicated by ' '' and '''.
"I;E# "O18"E"I;E# "O18"E
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 61/65
"I;E# "O18"E"I;E# "O18"E
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 62/65
"I;E#"I;E#
eticuloendoteliu
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 63/65
"I;E#"I;E#
<ile canaliculi
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 64/65
F. B%l%ar1 trat :
1ile canaliculus /ile ductules (also called cholangioles
or =eringAs canals! /ile ducts hepatic duct
common /ile duct (ductus choledochus!
IV. GALL BLADDER :
A. $uosa :
- Simple columnar epithelium
- "amina propria
B. $usular%s :
- Smooth muscle 'i/ers
C. A()ent%t%a = Serosa
GALL BLADDER
7/17/2019 Digestive Tract (Achadiyani)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/digestive-tract-achadiyani 65/65