Digestive and Excretory System. Nutrients 6 Nutrients for Good Health 1. Waterinvolved in almost all...
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Transcript of Digestive and Excretory System. Nutrients 6 Nutrients for Good Health 1. Waterinvolved in almost all...
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Digestive and Excretory System
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Nutrients
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6 Nutrients for Good Health
1. Water involved in almost all chemical reactions
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2. Carbohydrate
main source of energy
grains, fruits, vegetables
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3. Protein growth and repair of body’s cells and tissue (8 out of 20 amino acids come from food)
Meat, cheese, eggs
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4. Fats energy and key componants of cell membranes, neurons, hormones
animal fats (saturated)oils (unsaturated *good)
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5. Minerals inorganic materials body uses to carry out processes in cells, build and repair tissue
calcium, sodium, potassium
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6. Vitamins organic molecules that work with enzymes to regulate cell function, growth, development
Vitamin DVitamin K
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Nutritional Needs for Good Health
• Eating a balanced diet
• Calorie: energy that comes from food
• Different foods have different amount of energy
• Calories should mostly come from grains, fruits, and vegetables
• Include physical activity
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Food Labels
• help you make good choices
• Food Labels Tell you:
• serving size and number: different for each food item
• calories and calories that come from fat
• nutrients to limit: trans fat can cause cell damage, too much of these nutrients cause obesity
• nutrients to target: required for each day
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• Compare the total fat content on each label. Rank them from lowest to highest.
• Compare the vitamin C content on each label. Rank them from lowest to highest.
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The Digestive System
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• Digestion: large complex molecules in food are broken down into smaller molecules
• Digestive system: organs that break down food into energy that can be used in cells• Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus• Sphincters: rings of muscles that keep
food moving by opening and closing
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Digestion Takes Place Through:
• Interaction of enzymes• Stomach acid• Hormones• Bile from liver• Nerves and muscles
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• Each organ helps break down food
• After digestion, nutrients are absorbed by body and transported
• Wastes are eliminated
• Food enters mouth until it leaves the body about 24-33 hours
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• Mechanical Digestion: physical breaking apart of food
• Chemical Digestion: use of other substances to break down food
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Digestion in Mouth
• Teeth grind food into smaller pieces
• Salivary glands release enzymes and moisten food (ex: Amylase: digests starch)
• Tongue pushes food back toward esophagus
• Esophagus: tub that connects mouth to stomach
• Peristalsis: rhythmic, involuntary contraction of smooth muscles in digestive organs
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Digestion in Stomach
• Stomach: muscular sac that can stretch up to 2 times its original size
• Proteins are digested in stomach and small intestine
• Fats/sugars digest in small intestine
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• Stomach muscles churn breaks down food and mixes with digestive juices
• Stomach lining secretes gastic juices (HCL and pepsin) and forms a semi-liquid mixture called Chyme
• Stomach pushes chyme slowly into small intestine
• Stomach also secretes mucus to protect the lining
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Digestion in Small Intestine
• Completed here
• Long narrow tube where most digestion takes place
• Carbohydrates, protein, fat are digested in duodenum
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• Enzymes/hormones from pancreas, liver, and gall bladder flow ehre• Pancreas neutralizes acid, stops pepsin• Liver filters blood and produces bile
(digest fats) • Bile is stored in the gall bladder
• Proteins broken down to single amino acids
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Absorption
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• Most occur in small intestine
• Absorption: process by which nutrients move our of digestive system
• Small intestine: has three main strucutres lining, villi, microvilli
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Specialized Structures
• Folds increase surfaces area
• Villi: fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients
• Micovilli: tiny projections on villi
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3 Parts of Small Intestine: different parts absorb different molecules
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Nutrients and Liver
• Blood leaves small intestine and enters liver
• Liver enzymes can build more comple molecules• Make glycogen storage for glucose
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Water and Wastes: Large Intestine (colon)
• Absorb water
• Remaining waste makes solid waste
• Wastes fibers, bacteria, undigested fat/protein
• Stored in rectum, removed by anus
• Bacteria live in colon
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Excretory System
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• Eliminates non-solid wastes from body through sweat, urine, and exhalation to maintain homeostasis
• Wastes are toxic material, excess water, salts, CO2, urea, minerals, vitamins
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Organs• skin, lungs, kidneys, ureteres, urinary bladder, and
urethra
• Lungs: remove CO2 and water vapor
• Sweat glands: release water/salts• Kidneys: filter and clea blood to produce urine• Ureter: tube carries urine from kidney to bladder• Urinary bladder: store half liter of urine• Urethra: release urine to outside environment
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Structure of Kidney
• Pair about the size of fist
• Inner layer (medulla) outer layer (cortex)
• Packed with nephrons (individual filtering units)
• Blood enters through renal artery and leaves through renal vein
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3 Functions of Homeostasis
1. Remove waste products from blood
2. Maintain fluid balances
3. Release hormones (bone health, produce red blood cells, and regulate blood pressure)
• Buildup of wastes in blood can cause many problems
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Nephrons Clean Blood and Make Urine
• 3 step process
• 1. Filtration• Supplied with blood to glomerulus (ball of capillaries
inside of Bowman’s capsule)
• 2. Reabsorption • Excess water becomes urine
• 3. Excretion• Urine is produces
• Keeps blood pH at the proper level
• Flows to bladder released by urethra
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Urine Testing
• used by doctors to tell when something is wrong with kidneys (infection)
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Injury/Disease
• Transplant: need to have similar tissues, but you can survive with one kidney
• Dialysis: patients blood is cleaned and chemically balanced
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