Developing High Throughput Mammalian Expression Platforms ... · Challenges with Mammalian Systems...

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Developing High Throughput Developing High Throughput Mammalian Expression Mammalian Expression Platforms Platforms Ben Hughes ([email protected]) BPN Conference, Brisbane 2009 BPN Conference, Brisbane 2009

Transcript of Developing High Throughput Mammalian Expression Platforms ... · Challenges with Mammalian Systems...

Page 1: Developing High Throughput Mammalian Expression Platforms ... · Challenges with Mammalian Systems • Time and resource‐intensive – Technically complex, lower cell density and

Developing High Throughput Developing High Throughput Mammalian Expression Mammalian Expression 

PlatformsPlatforms

Ben Hughes ([email protected])

BPN Conference, Brisbane 2009BPN Conference, Brisbane 2009

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AIBN, University of QLD

St. Lucia Campus

• AIBN houses > 350 researchers– Varied human health research areas

• Biotherapeutic production

• Vaccines and delivery systems

• NCRIS Biologics Facility– 200m2 of dedicated clean rooms for mammalian cell 

culture and downstream processing

– Bioreactors to 100‐L scale

– Protein analysis and characterisation

• Acyte Biotech Pty. Ltd.– Spin‐off company (UNSW/UQ)

– Novel IP for mammalian expression

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PresentationPresentation OutlineOutline

• Background and drivers– Use of mammalian cells for biotherapeutic manufacture

• mAbs and CHO cells

• Developing high throughput platforms– Transient protein production

• EpiCHO system

– Stable cell lines• Leveraging high throughput instruments

• Fed‐batch optimisation

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Mammalian Biotherapeutic Manufacture

• Widely used host system– Account for ~ 50% of marketed recombinant proteins

• > 70% produced in CHO1

– Well characterised  platform processes to 20KL

• Produce bioactive molecules– Correct folding and desirable post‐translational modifications

– Proven track record / acceptance by regulatory bodies

• Ideally suited for mAb production– > 30% of biopharmaceuticals in current clinical trials2

• Sustained double digit growth through 2007

• Surpassed growth factors as the highest selling category of biologics

1 Aggarwal S, 2007, Nat. Biotechnol2  Walsh G, 2006, Nat. Biotechnol.

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Challenges with Mammalian Systems

• Time and resource‐intensive– Technically complex, lower cell density and yields 

• Higher COGs

– Selection of high‐producing, quality cell lines  • Clone identification / verification ranges from 4‐12 months

• Cell line instability issues

• Restricted access– Major advances of the last decade are not ‘freely’ available

• Heavy licensing costs for access to production cell lines / vectors

• Proprietary media and fed‐batch processes

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Rapid Production of mAbs

• Recognising these challenges our group directs research towards:– Improved cell lines (focus on CHO and mAbs)

– Molecular engineering of expression platforms

– High‐throughput and intelligent single cell isolation

• Consortium formed under Federal ICIP grant – Low‐cost mAb production (transient and stable mammalian cells)

• Acyte Biotech Pty. Ltd

• Agen Biomedical Ltd.

• BioPharmaceuticals Australia

– Demonstrate that this technology is available to Australian researchers and companies 

• There exist alternative options for mammalian expression

• Adding value to your process

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Presentation Outline

• Background and drivers– Use of mammalian cells for biotherapeutic manufacture

• mAbs and CHO cells

• Developing high throughput platforms– Transient protein production

• EpiCHO system

– Stable cell lines• Leveraging of FACS and ClonePix instruments

• Fed‐batch optimisation

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Transient Expression Systems

• Rapid generation of recombinant protein – Allows for timely screening of pre‐clinical drug candidates

• Gram quantities in 1‐3 weeks

– Expression in a wide variety of mammalian systems• Transient systems in HEK continue to outperform CHO

• Challenges for transient systems:– Rapid dilution of plasmid DNA as cell proliferates– Continuity of host cell line 

• Early stage material often manufactured in HEK, while final production host is CHO

► Ideally require a CHO‐based transient system that maintains high expression levels over an extended period

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The EpiCHO System

• EpiCHO is a transient expression system that provides for amplified and prolonged recombinant protein expression– Two key elements:

1. The host cell line CHO-T– Suspension adapted to SFM– Constitutively expressing PyLT

2. The expression vector pPyEBV

hCMV EBNA-1 promoterGOI OriP EBNA-1 PyOri

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Prolonged Expression with EpiCHODay 2 Day 5 Day 8 Day 11 Day 14

Non-replicating plasmid

Non-replicating plasmid

pPyEBV

pPyEBV

CHO-T

CHO-K1

• Transient transfection with destabilised EGFP reporter

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Prolonged mAb expression with EpiCHO

• CHO‐T cells transfected with Agen Ab– Evaluated productivity in different growth media

• 50% media dilution 4 hours post transfection

• Shift to hypothermic conditions (32°C)Ab2 Mab Concentrations Over 25 days (Lipofectamine)

0

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CHO-S SFMII SFM4CHO CDM4CHO PowerCHO2 ProCHO5 CD CHO

Medium Fed Post Transfection

Ant

ibod

y C

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ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Day 3 Day 7 Day 11Day 15 Day 20 Day 25 60% increase

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Scalable Transient Production

• Traditionally challenging to maintain productivities and efficiency upon scale‐up– Transfected Agen mAb at 7L volume in a disposable Wave reactor

• Small scale controls (duplicate 125mL shake flasks)

0

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Wave Small scale control Wave AI control

MA

b C

once

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tion

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Day 4Day 8Day 15Day 20 • Wave culture not   

linearly scaled

• Gram quantity from a  10L wave should be achievable

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CD CHO + Feed

CHO Fusion + Feeds

SFM4CHO + Feeds

EpiCHO Path Forward

• Continue large‐scale transfections– Optimise wave growth (base addition for pH control)

– Evaluate alternative culture vessels (3‐L disposable flasks)

• Evaluation of new media (data for 32°C growth only)– Fed‐batch

• Hydrolysates

– Supplements• IGF‐1

• rTransferrin

– Extended culture duration and viability

– 50% increase in IVC

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Presentation Outline

• Background and drivers– Use of mammalian cells for biotherapeutic manufacture

• mAbs and CHO cells

• Developing high throughput platforms– Transient protein production

• EpiCHO system

– Stable cell lines• Leveraging high throughput instruments

• Fed‐batch optimisation

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Stable Expression Technology

• We have assembled a complete set of “in‐house” expression vectors

– Modular design

– Proprietary high‐level expression technology

– Out‐performs commercial mammalian vectors

– Options for several expression units on a single plasmid

• Stable cell line– Based on a low‐passage ATCC CHO‐K1 variant

• Suspension adapted

• Maintained in fully defined conditions

– Custom designed metal amplification system

– Modified DHFR+ vectors also in use

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High Throughput Technologies for Cell Selection

• Automated high‐throughput instruments:

• Facilitates rapid selection of high‐expressing clones– Utilises Acyte technology

• Expression vectors with two‐colour transcriptional reporters

BD FACS AriaIIGenetix ClonePix FL

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Acyte Dual Bicistronic Reporter / Expression Vectors

* Attenuated internal ribosomal entry siteSleiman RJ et al. (2008) Biotech. & Bioeng. 

IgG Heavy chain (HC) EGFP

aIRES*

IgG Light chain (LC) EYFP

aIRES*DNA

Heavy chain plasmid Light chain plasmid

mRNA

Protein

Assembledantibody

LC

HCEGFP EYFP

Secreted

IntracellularIntracellular

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FACS Single cell analysis of IgG LC/HC transcription in transfected pools

UntransfectedControl

Negative

Transfected with EGFP‐HC plasmid 

only

EGFP‐HC+

Transfectedwith EYFP‐LC plasmid onlyEYFP‐LC+ Transfected pool

(2 plasmids)

Antibody expressing cells(both chains)

EGFP Fluorescence (IgG HC Transcription)

EYFP

 Fluorescence (IgG

LC Transcription

)

 

High mAbexpressers

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Typical FACS Workflow

• BD FACSAriaII™: high speed data acquisition and cell sorting at rates up to 70,000 cells/sec in up to 15 parameters, along with single cell deposition for clonal isolation

Select cells

EGFP (mAb HC)

EYFP

(mA

bLC

)

BD FACS AriaII

Expansion and Production

96-well plate culture. Verify clonality, screen for growth

and productivity

CloneSelect Imager

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Genetix ClonePix FL

• Automated high resolution imager with sterile robotic picking head– Selection of cells secreting recombinant proteins (e.g. mAbs). 

– Plate cells at low concentration in semi‐solid media• Single cells grow into discrete colonies (7‐14 days)

– Secreted recombinant product detected by fluorescently tagged antibodies specific for the target protein.

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Selecting mAb Producing Clones

• Example composite image (white‐light and florescent images)– Clearly identifies secreting colonies of interest

– Selection criteria can be customised to select high‐producing, robustly growing colonies 

Colony #

Fluo

rescen

ce Intensity

Transfer top 10 colonies to 96‐well plate

Evaluate 1000’s of cells / plate

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Pool AFACS enriched

pool A

Electroporationsetting-B

Electroporationsetting-A

ClonePix Advantages

• Increased success rate for growth post picking • Provides a visually intuitive feedback on cell line and transfection conditions

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Stable Expression of the Agen mAb

• Stable pools generated with Agen antibody cDNA – clones selected for scale‐up in ~5 months 

– Project timeline:• cDNA resynthesis  3 weeks

• Vector construction / verification 4 weeks

• Electroporation and G418 selection 3 weeks

• Clonal isolation:– FACS and ClonePix 2‐4 weeks

• Clonal screening / adaptation  2‐4 weeks

• Clone verification:– Fed‐batch analysis / monitoring stability 6‐8 weeks

– Note: Pools were not amplified

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Analysis of Selected Clones

• ClonePix FACS 

#186 (32 mg/L) mCh

erry

Fluo

rescen

ce  (IgGLC Transcription

)

EGFP Fluorescence (IgG HC Transcription)

• Good correlationwith ELISA productivity

83

186

201

#201 (118 mg/L)

#83 (98 mg/L)

(7‐day batch accumulations)

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Fed Batch Evaluation

• Investigated commercially available media / supplements– Spent media analysis

• Glucose / glutamine• Amino acids• Trace minerals

– Hydrolysates– Temperature shift– CHO Efficient Feed

• Standard conditions:– ICD = 0.2 x 106 cells/mL

• 100% media exchange

– 125mL baffled shake flasks• 250mL square bottles

– 37°C, 7.5% CO2, 170‐200 RPM

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Efficient Feed Supplements “A” and “B”

• Chemically defined, protein free– Contains: Carbon source, concentrated amino acids, vitamins, salts, trace minerals– Does not contain: Lipids, hydrolysates, or growth factors

• Mini‐DOE for multi‐day feeding:– 15% initial feed was beneficial – Adding B or A+B yielded highest titer

• Noted altered cellular metabolism with reduced lactate /ammonia accumulation• Increased cell diameter, higher osomolality (~350 mOsm/L)

• Follow‐up experiment with most promising conditions:– Additionally investigated addition of hydrolysates– Hypothermic temperature shift

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ControlFeed B (0,2,4,6)Feed A+B (0,2,4,6)Feed B (0,3,6)Feed A+B (0,3,6)Control + D6 Soytone

Efficient Feed Optimisation

• Feed A+B (day 0,3,6) yields best cell growth and mAb titer– Positive effect of Day 6 Soytone addition (cell growth and pH)

Identified optimal feeding conditions

32°C temperature shift 0

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\

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Scale‐up of Fed‐batch process

• Performed 25‐L fed‐batch process (50‐L Cultibag)– pH manually adjusted (%CO2 and 1M Na2CO3  addition)

– Culture Feeds:• Efficient Feed A+B 

– 15% Day 0, 3, 10% Day 6

• L‐glutamine – 8mM Day 0, 5mM Day 6

• Soytone Hydrolysate– 5g/L Day 9

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25‐L mAb Production Run

• Cell growth and viability:

32°C temperature shift

120% IVCIncrease

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Metabolites and pH profiles:

– Wave pH maintained at ~ 6.7• No base addition to small scale cultures 

– Reduced lactate in Efficient Feed cultures• Wave suffered elevated pH (7.9) for initial 12 hours

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25‐L mAb Productivity Results

• Continued fed‐batch evaluations– Re‐adaptation of above clone to alternative media and feeds:

170% increase

• Significant mAb increaseover batch control

• Product quality   retained as compared to Agen reference mAb

• Acceptable productivity for non‐amplified clone (qp ≈ 7 pg/cell.day)

Media Feed IVC increase Titer increaseCD CHO (control) 15% A+B - -

SFM4CHO 15% A+B 2% -54%CHO Fusion None 19% 76%CHO Fusion Fusion Hydrolysate 24% 18%

Page 32: Developing High Throughput Mammalian Expression Platforms ... · Challenges with Mammalian Systems • Time and resource‐intensive – Technically complex, lower cell density and

Summary

• Successfully demonstrated mAb production both transient and stable expressions systems

– This technology is readily available to the Australian biotech industry 

• EpiCHO is a transient system that promotes elevated and prolonged expression

– Platform for rapid scalable production

• High‐throughput equipment are powerful tools for efficient and intelligent clonal isolation

– Provide continuous feedback for streamlining clonal selection

• Significant process improvements can be realised with fed‐batch optimisation– “Off the shelf” solutions (+ a liberal amount of sweat)

Page 33: Developing High Throughput Mammalian Expression Platforms ... · Challenges with Mammalian Systems • Time and resource‐intensive – Technically complex, lower cell density and

Acknowledgements– Agen

– Michael Gerometta

– Katey Whitham

– BioPharmaceuticals Australia

– David Hughes

– Brett Whitecross– QLD and Federal Governments

– Suppliers

– InVitro

– SAFC

– Invitrogen

– BD

– Millipore

– Novozymes

– GE

– Sartorius‐Stedim

– Genetix

• AIBN – Mammalian Cell Engineering Group

– Peter Gray

– Trent Munro

– Warren Pilbrough

– Joe Codamo

– Stefanie Dietmair

– Jeff Hou

• AIBN – NCRIS Biologics Facility

– David Chin 

– Karen Hughes

– Steve Mahler

– Michael Song

– Ashleigh Linville

– Jongwei Wooh

– Kristin Raphaelli

– Kym Hoger

– Cherrine Chan

Images courtesy of http:\\en.ec.cn, www.theanimalfiles.com