Developing essential oils in Malaysia
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Developing Essential Oils in Developing Essential Oils in Malaysia as a Global Malaysia as a Global
IndustryIndustry
Mohamed Murray HunterSchool of Bioprocess Engineering
Northern Malaysian University College of Engineering
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Introduction
Essential oil industry
almost non-existent in Malaysia – WHY?
Industry unknown
Crops Unknown
Economics Unknown
Benchmarking
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Essential Oil
A volatile oil obtained from a
wide variety of plant, scrub,
and tree species and from
various parts of the plant
anatomy, such as the roots,
rhizomes, wood bark, leaves,
stems, fruit, flowers and seeds.
Usually extracted by hydro or
steam distillation, expression
or effleurage - Hunter 1996
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H&R Guide to Fragrance Ingredients
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H&R Guide to Fragrance Ingredients
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Other Aromatic Compounds
Concretes & Absolutes
Balsams & Resins
Extracts & Tinctures
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H&R Guide to Fragrance Ingredients
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H&R Guide to Fragrance Ingredients
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H&R Guide to Fragrance Ingredients
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H&R Guide to Fragrance Ingredients
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Potential Models of Essential Oil Production
• Co-operative or Contract growing (community organisation)
• Small Scale Plantation (boutique/niche/agro tourism /vertical integration – manufacture consumer products)
• Large Scale Plantation (competitive cost advantage required to enter market)
• Production of Essential Oil as a Bi-product (focus on other industry, timber, etc)
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Opportunities
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Ranking Criteria 1. Potential Returns 2. Production Costs 3. Capital Investment 4. Crop Suitability 5. Risk 6. Time Frame of Opportunity 7. Level of Difficulty to enter Market 8. Personal Bias
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What Not to Consider• Lemongrass Cost of production, small market
• Citronella Cost of Production, Elasticity of supply
• Patchouli Establishment costs, elasticity of supply
• Rose Oil Labour intensive, requires great organisation, cost of production
• Jasmine Cost of production, high investment, requires great organisation, labour intensive
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10. Geranium (pelargonium species)
Potential High Value Boutique Crop
Good for Hilly Terrain
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9.Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga)
UV Properties
Flavour Ingredient
Easy to cultivate
Niche Oil –specialised market
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8.Melaleuca bracteata
Source of Aromatic Ethers that can Assist in Relieving Plant Stress
Cultivates Well in Malaysia
Rapidly Growing Market
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7. Artemisia annuaA source of artemisinin for treatment of malaria
World Shortage
Straight forward cultivation
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6. Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium)
Not Strictly Essential Oil
Solvent Extraction
Rapidly Growing Market for Pyrethrum as Organic Pesticide
Excellent Crop for Highlands – Pahang, Terengganu,Kelantan, Sarawak, Sabah
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5. Backhousia citriodora (Lemon Myrtle)
High Investment to Expand Industry in Australia
Strong Demand as an Ingredient for tea
Good Crop to Grow in Most Parts of Malaysia
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4. Persicaria odoratum (Kesum)New Material
Good Highland Crop
Small Scale High Value
Pests Easily Controlled
Doesn’t need Registration as an Aromatic Chemical
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3. Eucalyptus citriodoraGood Northern Crop
Easy to Cultivate
Oil is a bi-product
Excellent & High Valued Hard Wood
One year for oil
10 years for timber
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2.Cajuput (Gelam) Melaleuca cajuputi
Local Tree
Number potential Markets
Can Basically Set Price
Easy to Cultivate
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1. Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
No Stable Production
Forecast Shortage
Potential Downstream
Suitable All Areas
Few Pest & Disease Issues
Small or Large Scale Production
Established Market
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Product and Market Price of Tea Tree Oil 1982-2005
0
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200
300
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60019
82
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
To
nn
es
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Price (AUD)
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Just Out of Top 10
• Pandan Absolute (Pandanus odorus)
• Tobacco Leaf Absolute (Various sps. Nicotiana)
• Agarwood (Aquilaria sps.)
• Star Anise Oil (Illicium verum)
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What Do We Do Next?
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Natural Product Development Process (Aromatic)
Biological Screening
Screening For Development Potential
Regulatory Screening
Market Development Environmental
Analysis
Evaluation of Capabilites
Market Analysis
Technical Development
Commercialis -ation Strategies
Development Process
Screening Process
Opportunities & Threats
Theoretical & Biological Screening
REACH, BPD, SCP, GRAS, etc
Finance, Knowledge, Land Tenure, etc
Project Development in the Field
Market, Customers, Options
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Screening Process
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Biological Screening
• Bio-prospecting• Literature Review• Consider Reintroduction of a Crop• Consider Introduction of New Crop
Identify Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil
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Screening For Development Potential
• Match Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil to Possible Market Uses
• Evaluate Application Potential of Essential Oil
• Evaluate Yields, Cost of production
• Evaluate Time and Cost of Development
• Value Determination (Use Criteria)
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Screening
• Require Knowledge of Essential Oil Applications
• Require knowledge of International Market
• Require Knowledge of International Regulations
• Need to Collaborate with Industry Parties
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Screening Protocols
• Anti inflammatory
• Anti microbial
• Skin whitening
• UV absorbing
• Anti age actives
• Flavour & fragrance application
• Aromatherapy
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Regulatory Screening
• United States
- GRAS (Genarally Regarded as Safe)
• RIFM – Collections of Monographs
• Food and Drug Administration
• Europe – REACH, BPD, SCP
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Development Process
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Environment Analysis
Opportunities & Threats
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Evaluation of Resources & Capabilities
• Resources - Funding - Time - Facilities & Infrastructure - Equipment - Literature• Capabilities - Available Skills (Research Team) - Experience
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Market Analysis
• Knowledge of Industry
• Knowledge of Potential Applications
• Knowledge of Customers
• Understanding of Derived Demand
• Understanding of Trends
• Understanding of Other Developments & Improving Technology and Knowledge
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Essential Oil Technical Development
• Project Preparation and Early Work
- Stakeholders
- Team
- Objectives
- Funding
- Plan
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Essential Oil Technical Development
• Land Selection
- Suitable (Soil, Rainfall, drainage, access)
- Climate
- Location
- Tenure
- Future Expansion
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Essential Oil Technical Development
• Development of Propagation Material
- Easy to Domesticate?
- Seed Collection (genetic variance)
- Other Propagation Methods
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Essential Oil Technical Development
Planting
Harvesting Techniques
Extraction
Techniques
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Essential Oil Technical Development
Are Developed Techniques able to Create a
Viable and Economic Industry?
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Marketing Strategies
• Develop in Conjunction with International Company
- They will have their own strategy
• Raw Material
• Finished Product
• Local Market
• International Market
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Conclusion
• Multi-disciplinary Approach• Market Orientation• Focus on Research Objectives• Economic Basis• Focus on Regulatory Issues• Passion for the Business• Strategise your business (production/market)
where you want to be?, what is the way you will approach the business?
• Look for spin-offs (i.e., mulch, dried leaves, etc)
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Thank You