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Design of an Improved Rapid Infuser for Safe and Reliable

Fluid Resuscitation during Surgical Care

AJDA AHMADI

Master of Science Thesis in Medical Engineering Stockholm 2014

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This master thesis project was performed in collaboration with SLL Innovation

Supervisor at SLL Innovation: Karin Bäckström

Design of an Improved Rapid Infuser for Safe and Reliable Fluid Resuscitation during Surgical

Care

Design av en förbättrad övertryckskammare för en säker och reliabel vätsketillförsel under

kirurgisk Vård

A J D A A H M A D I

Master of Science Thesis in Medical Engineering Advanced level (second cycle), 30 credits

Supervisor at KTH: Matilda Larsson Examiner: Mats Nilsson

School of Technology and Health TRITA-STH. EX 2014:85

Royal Institute of Technology KTH STH

SE-141 86 Flemingsberg, Sweden http://www.kth.se/

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ABSTRACT Rapid infusers are used for rapid fluid administration as a part of medical treatment during surgical procedures. The rapid infusers on the market today have proved to present various functional, usability and safety issues for the customers and the problems have not been adequately addressed. This has motivated SLL Innovation to develop a new improved rapid infusion system. The primary reason for considering the development of a rapid infuser device was to meet customer demands and improve safety during the acute situations when the system is to be used. The Quality Function Deployment method was used to describe the design problem systematically and facilitate the development of an improved design. To investigate the users’ issues with existing rapid infusion devices, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted individually with hospital staff that had experience with the rapid infuser. Customer requirements were subsequently identified to form a basis for the development process. The results of the study indicated an evident demand for a new product. A three-dimensional (3D) computer aided design (CAD) solution was presented with enhanced properties and features that met the specifications identified. All the customer requirements were addressed in the final result. Safety was the highest rated engineering specification, thus a lot of time and effort was dedicated to solutions that could affect the safety of the system positively. Although the final design is expected to be more efficient and safer than the competition, further research and work is needed before this can be ensured.

Keywords: fluid resuscitation, massive blood loss, pressure infuser, rapid infuser, Quality Function Deployment, QFD

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SAMMANFATTNING

Övertryckskammare används för snabb administration av vätska som en del av den medicinska behandlingen under kirurgiska ingrepp. De övertryckskammare som finns på marknaden idag har visat sig presentera olika funktionella, användbarhets- och säkerhetsproblem för kunderna och problemen har inte åtgärdats på lämpligt sätt. Detta har motiverat SLL Innovation att utveckla en ny förbättrad övertryckskammare. Den främsta orsaken till att utveckla en ny övertryckskammare var att möta kundernas krav och öka säkerheten vid de akuta situationer när systemet används. Quality Function Deployment metoden användes för att beskriva konstruktionsproblemet systematiskt och för att underlätta utvecklingen av en förbättrad produkt. För att undersöka användarnas problem med de befintliga systemen utfördes kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjukhuspersonal som hade erfarenhet av övertryckskammare. Kundernas krav kunde därefter identifierats och utgöra ett underlag för utvecklingsprocessen. Resultaten av denna studie visade en uppenbar efterfrågan på en ny produkt. En tredimensionell CAD lösning presenterades med förbättrade egenskaper och funktioner som uppfyllde de identifierade specifikationerna. Samtliga kundkrav behandlades i den slutgiltiga konstruktionen. Säkerhet var den högst rankade ingenjörsspecifikationen och därmed ägnades en hel del tid och arbete åt lösningar som kunde påverka säkerheten i systemet positivt. Trots att den slutliga konstruktionen förväntas vara effektivare och säkrare än konkurrenternas, behövs ytterligare forskning och arbete innan detta kan säkerställas.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my two supervisors, Matilda Larsson (STH KTH) and Karin Bäckström (SÖS), for your guidance and support for which I am very glad and grateful. Furthermore I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me and assisted me with resources during this project; interview participants, the MTA staff, proofreaders and discussion partners. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for your invaluable and endless support and encouragement.

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ABBREVIATIONS

3D

CAD

ER

IV

MDD

MPA

OR

QFD

SCC

SLSO

Three-dimensional

Computer aided design

Emergency room

Intravenous

Medical Device Directive

Medical Products Agency

Operating room

Quality funtion deployment

Stockholom Country Council

Healthcare Provision Stockholm County

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... V SAMMANFATTNING ........................................................................................ VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... IX ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. XI TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... XIII 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1

1.1 SLL INNOVATION ............................................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION ......................................................................... 2

2 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 3 3 DEMARCATIONS ......................................................................................... 4 4 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................ 5

4.1 HUMAN BODY FLUIDS ........................................................................ 5 4.2 FLUID RESUSCITATION ....................................................................... 6 4.3 RAPID INFUSERS ................................................................................. 7 4.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ................................................................... 8 4.4.1 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT ..................................................... 8 4.4.2 IDEA GENERATION ............................................................................ 11

5 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 13

5.1 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT ....................................................... 13 5.2 PROTOTYPING ................................................................................... 16 5.2.1 IDEA GENERATION ............................................................................ 16 5.2.2 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN ............................................................... 17

6 RESULTS ................................................................................................... 18

6.1 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT .................................................. 18 6.2 PROTOTYPING ................................................................................... 25 6.2.1 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN ................................................................ 25 6.2.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................... 26

7 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 30

7.1 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS .................................................................. 32 7.2 FUTURE WORK .................................................................................. 32

8 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 34 9 REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 35 APPENDIX A – INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ........................................................... 37 APPENDIX B – INTERVIEW RESULTS ............................................................... 39

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1 INTRODUCTION Surgical procedures can be associated with perioperative bleeding and the risk of massive hemorrhage followed by hemorrhagic shock. Hypovolemic and hemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening condition and is very often acute and critical. During these conditions the operating room (OR) is often a stressful and challenging environment for the surgeons and nurses. Efficient and reliable fluid resuscitation is a crucial and essential part of critical care and patient outcome. Fluid resuscitation is most commonly done with conventional gravity infusion [1]. The infusion can be hasted by the use of a hand-inflated infusion cuff. During hypovolemic or hemorrhagic shock these methods are inadequate. The rapid infuser is used in combination with fluid warming systems to allow rapid infusion of resuscitation fluids at body temperature in patients. Dr. John Sassano at the Presbyterian University Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania developed one of the first rapid infusers in 1982 consisting of a 3 liter fluid reservoir and a roller pump system [2]. Today there are several systems available on the market with different constructions and pressurized air sources. Rapid blood transfusion systems are used as a standardized procedure to achieve rapid blood replenishment during surgical procedures in the anesthesia and intensive care unit, emergency room (ER), obstetrics and gynecology and urology departments. The fluids infused are blood products, crystalloids and/or colloids. SLL Innovation at Stockholm South General Hospital (Södersjukhuset) in Stockholm, Sweden has identified various functional, usability and safety issues with the rapid infusers available at the hospital, motivating them to develop an improved rapid infuser. Thus, this master thesis was made for SLL Innovation at Stockholm South General Hospital and was intended to further investigate the issues and present possible design solutions to the identified problems.

1.1 SLL INNOVATION SLL Innovation was established in 2003 at Danderyds University Hospital and is an innovation system within the Stockholm County Council (SCC). SCC is responsible for public transport and all publicly financed healthcare in Stockholm. SCC is one of the biggest employers in Sweden and 96 percent of their employees work in healthcare. [3] SLL Innovation offers a concept to transform ideas from employees to new innovative products that facilitate their daily work and improves patient safety and care. They work closely together with the healthcare personnel and identify and

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develop ideas created by the hospital staff deemed to be commercialized. SLL Innovation also offers a variety of services for Medtech companies and entrepreneurs that are engaged in medical device development and are interested in cooperating with the healthcare sector. In 2010 SLL Innovation was established as the main innovative organization within SCC and is today a leading innovation system in Sweden, collaborating with Danderyds University Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital and Healthcare Provision Stockholm County (SLSO).

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION Several studies have investigated the technical sufficiency and efficiency of rapid fluid infusers. The results indicate that the rapid infuser is a highly valuable device in the treatment of severely hypovolemic patients [4, 5]. Although this system has been the most effective way of delivering fluid in a short span of time, many of the rapid infusion systems on the market today present several usability issues and limitations. The engineers at SLL innovation’s department at Stockholm South General Hospital have recognized a number of usability issues identified by the hospital staff regarding the rapid infuser’s pressure chambers. The biomedical engineers have likewise experienced issues with maintenance and repair of these devices. The issues involve e.g. the design, functionality, interface, reliability and safety of the device. Hence, SLL innovation has recognized a number of product improvement and development possibilities to help the users and engineers in managing this product and consequently improve healthcare quality and safety. The product manufacturers have been contacted to discuss improvement opportunities, but have shown no interest in making any changes. Therefore SLL innovation has taken the initiative to develop a rapid infuser design that can improve patient safety, fit the hospital needs and eventually get a company interested in commercializing their design.

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2 OBJECTIVES The general aim of this master thesis project was the development of the design of a new improved rapid infuser device with suggested features and modifications that facilitated the work for the hospital staff and consequently could improve patient outcome. More specifically, the aims of this project were:

• Confirm the demand for an improved rapid infuser device

• Identify the problems with the current devices and furthermore set the requirements and specifications for an enhanced design

• Perform a product research to investigate the products available on the market today

• Present an optimal design solution with improved properties that meets the specifications identified

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3 DEMARCATIONS The following limitations were set for this study:

• A design solution will be presented, however a prototype will not be manufactured

• The design is not intended for the urology department and such where the rapid infuser operates at a lower pressure value and only clear solutions bags are used

• The rapid infuser is sometimes used in combination with a fluid heater device and a

air detector system, nonetheless this study and design development does not include these devices

• The interview material in this study is based on research done at Stockholm South

General Hospital

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4 BACKGROUND This section contains an overview of the human anatomy regarding body fluids and fluid resuscitation. It also addresses and provides a description of the rapid infuser systems available today. Furthermore this section provides a background concerning the main methodologies for product development used during this master thesis work.

4.1 HUMAN BODY FLUIDS Body fluids constitute 55-60% of the total body mass depending on gender, and consists of 2/3 intracellular fluid, fluid within the cells and 1/3 extracellular fluid, the fluid outside the cells [6]. The extracellular fluid is divided into extravascular compartment, the space between the cells but not within the blood vessels that contains the interstitial fluid, and the intravascular compartment, the space within the blood vessels containing blood plasma. Water makes up for 45-75% of the total body mass and is the largest component of the body. The required amount of water and solutes must be present and correctly proportioned for the body to be in fluid balance.

Figure 1. Body fluid compartments, a) distribution of body solids and fluids in an average adult

female and male, b) exchange of water among body fluid compartments [6]

Blood is a liquid tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix, called blood plasma. The blood has two main components, blood plasma and formed elements. The formed elements include three types of blood cells,

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erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes, with different structure and functions. The specific functions of blood include transportation of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract and oxygen from the lungs. These products diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the body cells. The reverse direction is used when carbon dioxide and wastes from the cells are removed and transported to various organs e.g. the lungs and kidneys for elimination from the body. The blood also helps regulate the pH and adjust the body temperature. The leukocytes and different types of blood proteins help protect the body against disease in various ways. The blood can also clot to prevent massive blood loss after an injury.

4.2 FLUID RESUSCITATION

Hypovolemic shock is a decrease of intravascular (IV) volume resulting from e.g. internal and external hemorrhage, dehydration or a decrease of vascular permeability. Hypovolemic shock causes inadequate tissue perfusion and precipitation of cellular ischemia. Cardiac reserve and the rate of volume loss are two consequential factors in the development of hypovolemic shock and each stage of the development involves different physical compensatory responses. Clinical indicators of hypovolemic shock include e.g. low blood pressure, pale skin, elevated heart rate, altering mental status and decreased urine output [7]. Volume replacement is crucial and substantial procedure for resuscitation from hypovolemic shock. A blood volume loss of more than 40% is immediately life-threatening and within 15 minutes the mortality is 50% [7, 8]. Consequently, a fast and aggressive treatment is required during hypovolemic shock.

The fluids transfused are blood products, crystalloids and/or colloids. The most optimal choice of resuscitation fluid is an ongoing debate and research topic [9]. All IV fluids rapidly infused are warmed, to prevent and contain hypothermia. The allogeneic blood products transfused include erythrocytes and plasma. Crystalloids effect fluid resuscitation by expanding the interstitial volume. Normal saline is the most commonly used crystalloid fluid and is a solution of isotonic sodium chloride at 0.9% concentration. Ringer's acetate is another regularly used isotonic crystalloid solution. Colloids are large molecules and the principal benefit of colloids is effective resuscitation of plasma volume. An example of a colloid resuscitation fluid is volulyte. The dimension of the IV bag varies depending on fluid and volume.

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4.3 RAPID INFUSERS Administrating fluids to the patient by gravity infusion systems is insufficient when the rate of volume loss exceeds the rate of restoration. Rapid infusion systems are used as a standardized procedure today to achieve rapid fluid resuscitation during hypovolemic shock. Hand-inflated infusion cuffs represent the same concept as a blood pressure cuff and are ideal for ambulances due to their mobility. The IV bag is placed inside the cuff and inflated manually with a hand pump and pressure is applied to the fluid bag. Hand-inflated infusion cuffs are easy to use but have presented difficulties in maintaining a constant pressure, thus require constant pressure monitoring [5]. The rapid infusion system generates significantly higher flow rates than hand-inflated infusion cuffs. These devices allow infusion of fluid and blood products at precise rates and have shown ease, rapidity, precision and effectiveness in the resuscitation process for patients requiring massive transfusion [10]. There are two leading types of systems; one is driven by a compressor while the other needs to be connected to the hospital wall pressurized gas outlets. Although these devices have different pressurized air sources, their overall concept is similar. The system is mounted on an IV pole and includes one or two pressure chambers, a sealed fluid heater device, in some constructions an air detector device and interconnecting tubes. The fluid bags are spiked and placed in the chambers. The IV tubing must be adequately primed in order to remove all air bubbles. Once the system is turned on the internal inflation in the chamber grows, applying pressure to the fluid bag. If a double chamber system is used, one bag can be operating while the next bag is prepared in the other chamber. Rapid infusers systems are used during surgical procedures in the anesthesia and intensive care unit, ER, obstetrics and gynecology and the urology division. At the anesthesia and intensive care unit critically ill or injured patients are treated and surgical procedures are performed. They are responsible for anesthesia, intensive care and pain management in surgical interventions and implement both planned and emergency procedures. In anesthesia and intensive care major hemorrhage is a common and critical condition and can occur peri- and postoperative. Perioperative severe hemorrhage is a critical and life-threatening impediment for the patient and correspondingly complicates the surgical procedure, thus further increasing mortality rates [11]. The department of obstetrics and gynecology include surgical procedures like cesarean section, laparoscopy, hysterectomy and abortion. Postpartum hemorrhage is the worldwide leading cause of maternal mortality and is often

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unexpected and sudden [12]. Uterine atony and placenta accreta are examples of common causes of postpartum hemorrhage. Rapid infusers are used in urology for ureteroscopy and cystoscopy examinations. The field of application at the urology department differs from the other departments. Lower pressures are used and one clear solution fluid bag is often enough for a procedure. Pressurized saline is used as a standard solution for irrigation and to expand e.g. the urethra and the bladder to improve visualization and also for e.g. removing blood, tissue or stone fragments. [13] The fluid administration is performed by the the nurse anesthetist. Rapid fluid administration includes i.e. monitoring parameters, operating and managing the infusion device and regulating the administration rate. During excessive hemorrhage, rapid blood transfusion is a demanding and time-consuming duty and one nurse must completely engage in this task. Generally a rapid fluid infuser set is always available in an OR. When the risk for blood loss appears imminent, availability of a rapid fluid infuser is obligated.

4.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

4.4.1 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT An essential and often problematic part of the design process is to understand and define the customers’ problems and needs. There are many developed methods today for the generation of customer specifications, and one of them is called Quality Function Deployment (QFD) [14]. QFD is an efficient customer requirement development tool and is based on identifying the customer and ensuring that the engineering team has thoroughly understood the problems. It translates the requirements into measurable parameters and includes an evaluation of the competition. This method was developed in the mid-1970s in Japan and the Japanese automotive manufacturer Toyota improved the quality of their new car model while reducing their development time by one third and their development costs by 60% by using this method. [15] The QFD method includes eight steps, as follows: 1) Identify the customers 2) Determine the customers’ requirements 3) Determine relative importance of the requirements 4) Identify and evaluate the competition 5) Generate engineering specifications 6) Set up technical targets for the product

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7) Set engineering specification targets and importance 8) Identify relationships between engineering specifications During the implementation of each step, a matrix called the house of quality (figure 2) is successively filled out. The numbers in each “room” of the house of quality refers to the eight steps and are specified below.

Figure 2. Schematic view of the house of quality matrix [15] Step 1 - Identify the customers To enable the investigation of the customer needs and to understand the problems, the first step is to determine who the customers are. Both internal and external customers i.e. customers inside and outside the organization, must be considered. In many cases there is more than one customer group. Step 2 - Determine the customers’ requirements The next step is to determine what the customers want. The information regarding customer requirements should be collected from the customers themselves and there are different ways of doing so e.g. observations or surveys. The better the customer’s needs are understood and documented, the better the developers will be able to address them and make informed decisions. Information from customers can according to Ulrich and Eppingers method [16] be analyzed, clarified and translated into so called "need statements". Personal values are suppressed and the raw data is interpreted into concrete statements describing customers’ needs. There are guidelines to be followed, which are exemplified and can be found in figure 3.

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Figure 3. Examples and guidelines for translation into need statements [16] Step 3 - Determine relative importance of the requirements Step three of the process is to evaluate and rank the identified customer requirements. The requirements are weighted after importance and this hierarchy will later guide decision-making and indicate how much effort, time and money should be devoted to each requirement. There are different ranking methods e.g. rating the requirements on a scale of 1 to 10 or having a fixed sum and distributing rates. Some requirements are indispensable for the functioning of the product and are not included in the weighting. These types of requirements may be marked with an asterisk (*) in the house of quality matrix. Step 4 - Identify and evaluate the competition The next step is to study how satisfied the customer is now i.e. determining the competition’s ability to meet the customers’ requirements. This step raises awareness regarding existing solutions and improvement possibilities. Each existing product is assessed and the requirements are rated on a scale from 1 to 5 for each existing product. The rates represent the following: 1. The product does not meet the requirement at all. 2. The product meets the requirement slightly. 3. The product meets the requirement somewhat. 4. The product meets the requirement mostly. 5. The product fulfills the requirement completely.

Step 5 - Generate engineering specifications In order to assimilate the customer requirements, these need to be translated into technical requirements. These engineering specifications should be measurable

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parameters so that the engineers will be able to know if the system satisfies the customer. One customer requirement can have several technical translations. The requirements should also be marked with the symbol “↑” or “↓”, to tell whether more or less of the requirement is good. Step 6 - Set up technical targets for the product In this step the engineering specifications are related to the customer requirements. The relationships are graded according to numbers, as follows: 9 = strong relationship 3 = medium relationship 1 = weak relationship Blank = no relationship at all Step 7 - Set engineering specification targets and importance The basement of the house of quality is filled out in this step. The specifications importance is calculated to know how much effort should be devoted to the specification. Next the competitions products are compared and measured relative to the engineering specifications. Now the specification initial targets for the project can be developed. This establishes a basis for further product development and design. Step 8 - Identify relationships between engineering specifications The roof of the house of quality shows the relationships between the engineering specifications. The engineering specifications can be dependent on each other and this is noted in the roof section with a “+“ if the specifications have a positive effect on each other and a “-“ if it is negative.

4.4.2 IDEA GENERATION In the beginning of a project many ideas should be explored and considered, thus, brainstorming is a good method [16]. The aim of the method is to produce a large number of ideas and suggestions. Brainstorming may be the most creative and open-ended activity of the project. It is important to be open-minded and receptive to all sorts of ideas. This task can be useful for people working in a group but also for individual projects. Creating a product that meets the demands, is innovative and can differentiate itself on the market, requires a good and efficient concept generation. There are four factors that are applicable for the concept generation process [16]:

1. Criticism and judgment should be suspended during concept generation. Judgmental thinking should be converted into suggestions for alternative concepts.

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2. Generation of a large number of ideas increases the likelihood of completely exploring the solution space. Each idea has shown to act as a stimulus for other ideas, so a large number of ideas further stimulate the generation of even more ideas.

3. Ideas that may seem infeasible are actually valuable and should be welcomed. Infeasible ideas can often be improved and most importantly they stretch the boundaries of the solution space and encourage the group to think in a new way.

4. Abundant sketching surfaces should be provided since text and verbal language may be an inefficient and difficult tool when reasoning ideas.

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5 METHODOLOGY This section provides a description of the methodologies used throughout the stages of this master thesis. The methods used during the innovation process and the prototyping and how these were employed are described in detail in this section, starting with the QFD method. A template for the house of quality matrix was required, slightly modified and used for the QFD method [17].

5.1 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT Step 1 - Identify the customers By investigating were and how the rapid infuser is used the primary users could be identified. The products entire life-cycle was considered in order to identify all potential users relevant for this study. With the help of SLL Innovations contact person, nurse anesthetists and medical equipment coordinator Ulriqa Edin, users who had experience with the rapid infuser were identified and contacted. Step 2 - Determine the customers’ requirements To investigate the customers’ problems and finally determining their requirement, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted individually with seven participants who had experience with the rapid infuser. Six nurses from different departments were interviewed as well as two biomedical engineers. Semi-structured interviews are a partly flexible interviewing method and enables deeper exploration of experiences [18]. The questions did not necessarily have to follow the planned disposition and questions that were not included were also discussed. Each interview took around from 30-45 minutes and were recorded and transcribed. The questions were designed thoroughly in advance to cover all aspects related to the rapid infuser e.g. functionality, usability and safety. The questions were focused on how the participants experienced the device and what contexts affected their experiences. Two interview questionnaires were conducted, one for the nurses and one for the biomedical engineers, and can be found in appendix A, the attendant question are not included. In general the interviews were started with asking the participant for permission to record the interview. This was followed by a short introduction of the thesis objectives and the study area. Initially the participants were asked a few questions about their background, then the main interview questions were discussed. At the end of the interviews the participants were asked if they had something further to add. Three types of rapid fluid infusers are used at Stockholm South General Hospital, the Fluido Pressure Chambers (The Surgical Company BV, Amersfoort, Netherlands),

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the AutoPC (AceMedical, Seoul, Korea) and the Automatic Pressure infusor (Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Dublin, Ireland). The Fluido Pressure Chamber (figure 4) is used at the anesthesia and intensive care unit, ER and the obstetrics and gynecology department. The Fluido Pressure Chamber is suitable for 500ml and 1000ml fluid bags. It consists of a dual chamber configuration with a common pressure regulator and individual manometers. The chambers have two bag hangers at different heights for the different fluid bag sizes. To avoid overpressure, an overpressure relief valve is included, set at 300 mmHg. The chambers are connected to the Fluido Compressor for pressurized air supply. The system is used in combination with the Fluido Warming System for warming the fluids to body temperature and the Fluido Airguard System for detection of air in the tube. The Fluido Irrigation Set is a tubing system used to connect all the systems.

Figure 4. From left to right, the Fluido Pressure

Chambers and the AutoPC

Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals Automatic Pressure infusor is used at the anesthesia and intensive care, ER and the obstetrics and gynecology. The system is driven by compressed air from the hospital wall pressurized gas outlets and can deliver a maximum fluid pressure of 300 mmHg. The system is an IV pole mountable and consists of a single chamber configuration, a pressure regulator and a manometer. The product is available in a 500 ml and 1000 ml fluid bag compatible version and the chamber doors have one bag hanger at the top.

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The AutoPC (figure 4) is used at the urology department. The AutoPC is an IV pole mountable electrical pressure infuser with an internal compressor. At the Stockholm South General Hospital they have the single type system with one pressure chamber with a digital display. Pressure can be ranged between 100 mmHg to 300 mmHg and the chamber is available in 250 ml, 500 ml and 1000 ml fluid bag compatible versions. The system has an alarm when the pressure goes 20 mmHg over/under the set pressure. The chamber has one bag hanger at the top and two metal fingers at the bottom to slide the fluid bag behind. The new design was to be a refinement of an already existing product so observing the customer using the described products was another plausible method of determining requirements. A request to participate in the OR during a surgery was accepted. The working conditions and environment in the OR was observed as well as how the rapid infuser is used in its real context. To further understand the customers’ experiences and issues, the rapid infusers available at Stockholm South General Hospital were borrowed together with fluid bags of different sizes. The systems were set up and the safety and quality of the products were tested and evaluated. Positioning of fluid bags of various sizes in the chambers was tested. The infusion, inflation and deflation time was measured and the dimensions of the systems were noted. The user friendliness of the products was considered and noted during these tests. The results from the interviews and product testing were analyzed, clarified and translated into so called "need statements" according to Ulrich and Eppingers method [19]. Personal values were suppressed and the raw data was interpreted into concrete statements describing customers’ needs. Step 3 - Determine relative importance of the requirements The interview participants were contacted and consulted for the ranking process of the requirements. They rated the requirements on a scale of 1 to 10. The results from the different participants were in good agreement with each other so the average for each requirement was calculated and used in the QFD matrix [17]. Step 4 - Identify and evaluate the competition A literature study was conducted for the competitive analysis. The search engine Google was used for finding all available products on the market. Different combinations of the following words were searched: rapid, pressure, pressurized, infuser, infusor, transfusion, chamber, fluid, blood, irrigation and pump. For gathering of material concerning existing products, a few of the manufacturing and sales companies were also contacted for manuals etc.

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Step 5 - Generate engineering specifications As many engineering requirements as possible were generated in this step, and help was taken from a checklist listing all major types of engineering specifications [15]. The developed engineering requirements were then marked with the symbol “↑” or “↓”, to tell whether more or less of the requirement would be good. Step 6 - Set up technical targets for the product The engineering specifications were related to the customer requirements and graded with 9, 3, 1 or blank, and the center part of the matrix was filled out. Step 7 - Set engineering specification targets and importance The specifications’ importance was calculated by multiplying the importance weighting from step 3 with the relationship values from step 6 and summing these values for each engineering specification. Then the values were normalized and also noted in the QFD matrix. For the next part of this step, obtaining of all the products for the competitive analysis was needed for measurement of all the engineering specifications. Unfortunately since obtaining of all the products on the market was not a possibility; this step could not be carried out. Step 8 - Identify relationships between engineering specifications The engineering specifications that were dependent on each other were marked with a “+“ if the specifications had a positive effect on each other and with a “-“ if it was negative.

5.2 PROTOTYPING

5.2.1 IDEA GENERATION Brainstorming sessions were carried out individually but also with students and peers in the same field of study. Discussions concerning various ideas also took place with the external supervisor. In the initial phase brainstorming sessions were conducted to explore general solutions and ideas. Further on, the idea generation sessions were focused on specific features and detailed solutions. Specifications that acquired high ratings in the QFD matrix received extra focus during these sessions. The QFD also raised awareness regarding existing solutions and these were considered during the idea generation. During this phase the market was also explored for components and solutions that could be needed and implemented in the new design. E.g. accessibility, alternatives and cost were considered during the search and generation of a plausible solution.

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5.2.2 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN The choice of concept and design solutions was made in agreement with the supervisors. Initially several hand sketches were made to examine and analyze different design solutions. To design the prototype, the 3D CAD program for mechanical constructions, SolidWorks (Dassault Systemes, Velizy, France) was used. Within this program a 3D prototype and technical drawings were created. Measurements of fluid bags at the Stockholm South General Hospital lead to dimensioning of the chambers. The users and the situations in which the device is going to be used were constantly considered when developing the control panel. Also here, several hand sketches were made in forehand to examine and analyze different designs. Clear explanations and markings were considered in order to avoid misunderstandings and errors during handling.

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6 RESULTS The results from the different phases and the methods implemented are presented and described in this section. Material regarding the interviews mentioned in this section can be found in the appendix B.

6.1 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT The final result of the QFD matrix is illustrated in figure 5. The results from each step of the QFD method will be further described in detail as follows.

Step 1 - Identify the customers In this case the customers relevant for this study were identified as the healthcare personnel at the anesthesia and intensive care unit, obstetrics and gynecology and urology department and furthermore the biomedical engineers at the hospital. The following customers were identified and interviewed: Gunilla Karlernäs - nurse anesthetists and medical equipment coordinator. She works at the anesthesia and intensive care unit and has been working at Stockholm South General Hospital since 1977. Ulriqa Edin - nurse anesthetists and medical equipment coordinator. She has worked at the anesthesia and intensive care unit at Stockholm South General Hospital for 12 years. Ingela Vestin - nurse anesthetist and has worked at the anesthesia and intensive care unit at Stockholm South General Hospital for 31 years. Maie Zetterström - worked as a nurse for 34 years and nurse anesthetists for 10 years. She works at the obstetrics and gynecology division at Stockholm South General Hospital. Anna-Lena Holmström - surgical nurse at the division of urology and has been working at Stockholm South General Hospital for 16 years. Anders Arstrand - biomedical engineer and has worked at Stockholm South General Hospital for two years, whereof one year with rapid infusers. Daniel Eriksson - biomedical engineer and has worked at Stockholm South General Hospital with rapid infusers for five years.

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Figure 5. The result of the QFD house of quality matrix

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Step 2 - Determine the customers’ requirements The interview results from the participants were in good agreement with each other and indicated an evident demand for a new product with improved quality, functionality and usability. The answers from the interviews can be found in appendix B. The experienced problems will be described in this section to provide an understanding of the current situation and highlight the problem areas. In the OR the personnel needs to be able to move around easily and the equipment should preferably be movable in case of situations requiring rearrangement of the patient or the OR equipment [20].This was one of the mentioned problems with the pressurized air outlet connected infuser. The pressurized air outlet connected infuser’s air tube has a diameter of 140mm and the personnel considered it to be substantially obstructing and inconvenient. All the participants preferred the compressor driven construction that has a long power cord to solve this problem so that the system can be moved during the procedures. Nevertheless, when the device is close to the outlet the rest of the power cord is hung up or ends up on the floor. This is an identified hazard and there have been accidents in the OR due to power cords on the floor.

The conditions in the OR and the ER are often critical and it is a challenging environment for the hospital staff. Stress is constant for personnel working with critically ill patients [21]. The work pace is very high and the risk for error is always present and the personnel working with critically ill patients must be highly qualified and experienced. When a patient with e.g. massive hemorrhage is brought in, efficient and rapid fluid resuscitation is a crucial and acute task and the fluid bags need to be rapidly and easily installed in the chamber to start the infusion. The larger fluid bags at the hospital do not conform to the majority of the pressure chambers. This impedes the closing of the door, causing situations where the bag is pinched between the door and the chamber base and in worst cases causing the fluid bag to rupture. These situations when e.g. a blood bag ruptures in the OR are distressing and distracting for the personnel.

The chamber cannot have any protruding objects that can cause direct point pressure. This fact causes problems constructing an adequate bag hanger inside the chamber. The personnel experienced difficulties in hanging up the bag inside pressure chambers, and some nurses skip this step and try to hold the bag in place and quickly shut the door, even though the chambers depth are not constructed for simply placing the fluid bag inside, increasing the risk of the bag being placed incorrectly and rupturing, resulting in additional stress and time delay.

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Furthermore, no part of the spike or catheter should be inside the chamber as the pressure in the chambers can push the spike out. Thus the fluid bag should always be positioned close to the bottom of the chamber just above the passage for the catheter. Consequently the bag hangers’ height needs to be compatible with different bag sizes, which hasn’t been the case with the existing devices. Critical causes of health care-associated infections are inadequately cleaned, disinfected, or sterilized medical devices [22]. Rough surfaces, crevices and narrow lumens should be avoided since they make cleaning and disinfection of the equipment difficult. Blood contamination of the rapid infusers due to blood bag rupture was one of the mentioned issues. Most of the rapid infuser systems have hinged doors with many cracks making the cleaning process problematic. Due to this difficulty the devices contaminated with blood after a blood bag ruptures have to be sent to the biomedical engineers to be disassembled and cleaned thoroughly.

Another reported issue has been explosion of the internal inflation bags that are as previously mentioned situated inside the chambers. Situations have occurred during preparation for a rapid infusion treatment, when the nurses have turned on the system and shortly after become preoccupied with something else and accidentally left the chamber doors open. When this happens the internal inflation bag keeps growing and finally explodes over the patient and staff. It is known that the pressure of the infusion device must not exceed 300 mmHg. Exceeding 300 mmHg may negatively affect the blood cells or result in bag rupture. An interesting fact that was discovered during the interviews was that the nurses at the anesthesia and intensive care unit, ER and obstetrics and gynecology department don’t use pressures under 300 mmHg either. As a standard routine the pressure chambers are always set on 300 mmHg and they avoid regulating the pressure. The nurses say that when patient condition is stabilizing they regulate the infusion rate manually with the roller clamp. They leave the pressure infuser always set on 300 mmHg so that the system is ready to be used when needed, to reduce the number of tasks and increase efficiency. A time-consuming task that was discovered during an interview and during some test sessions with the different systems, was the manual deflation of the internal inflation bag once an e.g. blood bag is emptied and has to be exchanged. Once the internal inflation bag is fully inflated and the operating fluid bag emptied the nurses open the chamber to put in a new bag, but first they had to manually press out all the air out of the internal bag. As previously mentioned the Fluido Pressure Chamber is used in combination with the Fluido Warming System, Fluido Airguard system and the Fluido compressor. Each of these four systems has a power button. For example when an acutely ill

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patient comes to the ER in acute need of fluid transfusion, turning each system on individually is considered time-consuming and redundant. In addition some of these power buttons have also been referred to as inconveniently placed, for example the Fluido compressor’s power button is positioned under the device making it impossible to localize without placing your hand under and searching for it. The described problems were analyzed, clarified and translated into the following need statements:

Functionality ⋅ Electrical or self-provided system ⋅ Operates at 300 mmHg only ⋅ Detects air and temporarily stops the flow ⋅ Movable system ⋅ Deflation system

Structure ⋅ Compatible with standard fluid bags ⋅ Easy bag positioning ⋅ No sharp or protruding component

Usability ⋅ Ease of access to all switches ⋅ Ease of use ⋅ Rapid and efficient ⋅ User friendly interface

Personnel and patient safety ⋅ Ease of sterilization ⋅ Operates only when chamber doors are closed

Step 3 - Determine relative importance of the requirements The requirements were rated as follows and can be found in the second column from the left in figure 5:

Compatible with all standard fluid bags – 10p Operates only when chamber doors are closed– 10p Detects air and temporarily stops the flow– 10p Easy bag positioning – 9p Ease of sterilization – 9p Ease of use – 9p Operates at 300 mmhg only – 8p

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Movable – 8p No sharp or protruding components – 8p Rapid and efficient system – 8p Electrical or self-provided system – 7p User friendly interface – 7p Deflation system – 6p Ease of access to all switches – 6 Step 4 - Identify and evaluate the competition The following products were identified and included in the evaluation: A. Fluido Pressure Chambers (The Surgical Company BV, Amersfoort,

Netherlands) B. Automatic Pressure infusor (Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Dublin, Ireland) C. AutoPC (AceMedical, Seoul, Korea) D. Level 1 System 1000 (Smiths Industries Medical Systems, Rockland, USA) E. Ranger Pressure Infusor System Model 90032 (3M, Minnessota, USA) F. Ranger Pressure Infusor System Model 14500 (3M, Minnessota, USA) G. The 1-Liter Pressure Infuser Irrigation Pump (Conmed Corp., Utica, USA) H. The 3-Liter Pressure Infuser Irrigation Pump (Conmed Corp., Utica, USA) I. Infuser Irrigation Pump (Lagis, Taichung, Taiwan) J. Fluid management system 2000 (Belmont Instrument Corp., Billerica, MA) The relationship to the customer requirements can be found in figure 5 in the right column. The measurements and depths of the chamber could not be attained for a few products, thus the requirement “Compatible with all standard fluids” was excluded from the evaluation for all the products. Product J, the Fluid management system 2000 (FMS 2000), was the only identified product that had a construction and design different from the chamber design. The fluid bag catheter is connected directly to the FMS 2000 and pressure is applied by a roller-pump. The system is coupled with an induction heater and two air detectors. The customer experiences and requirements are based on the chamber design products, thus many of the user customer requirements couldn’t be related to the FMS 2000. Step 5 - Generate engineering specifications The following engineering specifications were generated:

⋅ System dimensions ⋅ Chamber dimensions ⋅ Weight ⋅ Cord/tube length ⋅ Set up time ⋅ Inflation time ⋅ Deflation time

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⋅ Time to learn system ⋅ Time to change bag ⋅ Usability ⋅ Reliability ⋅ Safety ⋅ Cost

Step 6 - Set up technical targets for the product The results of the engineering specifications relation to the customer requirements can be found in the center of the QFD matrix in figure 5.

Step 7 - Set engineering specification targets and importance The result of the calculation of the specification importance is presented below, in descending order. 1. Safety 2. Set up time 3. Usability 4. Time to change bag 5. Cost 6. Weight 7. Reliability 8. Time to learn system 9. Deflation time 10. System dimensions 11. Inflation time 12. Chamber dimensions 13. Cord/tube length

Step 8 - Identify relationships between engineering specifications Only one negative relationship between the engineering specifications was found and four positive (for details see the roof of the house of quality in figure 5).

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6.2 PROTOTYPING

6.2.1 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN The presented CAD design is an IV pole mountable device intended for pressurizing fluids to be rapidly infused. The detailed prototype was created using Solidworks.

Figure 6. The final CAD design of the rapid infuser including a) chambers, b) doors, c)

support fence, d) compressor case, e) air detector case, f) hinge and g) control panel position.

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Figure 7. The final CAD design from different angles

6.2.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

As illustrated in figure 6, the final design consists of two chambers (a) with doors (b), a case for the compressor (d) and one for the air detector (e). Improvement and development of an air detector system was not included in this study. However a proposal of the positioning of the air detector was made, in order to emphasize the design solution of a system with all required components in one. Thus the product has one power button for the whole system.

The pressurizing chamber comprises a base and a door. The base has an internal bladder bag connected to a compressor. The base and door are cavity formed, having the same shape as a fluid filled bag when hanging in a vertical position. Measurements of variously sized fluid bags led to dimensioning of the chambers. In order to fit all standard fluid bags and facilitate positioning of the bag, the chambers

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have a length of 300mm and width of 18mm. Because of the conformance of the chamber to larger fluid bags, there will be no need to manipulate the fluid bag to close the door, decreasing the risk of rupturing the bag and saving time. The door and the base are joined together with a strong two piece hinge, covered by a flexible plastic rail, thus reducing the number of open cracks and crevices.

Two sorts of material are used, plastic and rubber. The surfaces are smooth and nonporous to prevent trapping of biologic material and are made out of plastic. The chamber doors are designed in transparent plastic to enable visual inspection of fluid levels etc. To enable positioning of the bag in the bottom of the chamber a hanger construction was rejected. Instead two rubber support fences (c) were designed and placed on each side of the chamber. The chambers are also tilted back 30° for further facilitation of fluid bag positioning. As mentioned the device is compressor driven. Most of the operating theatres at Stockholm South General Hospital have ceiling pendant arms with electrical outlets and according to the hospital staff the plans are to install them in all ORs. Therefore the power cord of the prototype is situated on the upper part of the backside of the device, to be as close as possible to the ceiling arms. A long power cord to enable movability is preferred but the issue was when the power cord was on the floor, introducing fall hazards. To reduce this risk, but retain movability an internal retractable power cord reel is to be mounted on the back side of the device. Different constructions and products on the market were explored and the DuraReel medical cord reel (Ametek, Feasterville, USA) specifically designed for medical applications is a suggested product for this design. All contact surfaces are molded with an antimicrobial additive that does not wash off or diminish over time and the surface of the reel is made smooth to facilitate cleaning [23]. The durable 19.1-centimeter diameter reel fits a 3-meter cord. The reel enables extension to a desired length and when not in use smoothly retracted into the housing. There are optional mounting configurations and a recommended mounting bracket is illustrated in figure 8, as well as further measurement details.

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Figure 8. Recommended mounting bracket and measurement

details of the DuraReel medical cord reel [23]

To make the system more efficient and convenient a vacuum pump is to be installed for quick deflation of the internal chamber bag in between fluid bag changing. This saves time and requires less manual work when changing fluid bags. The result of the detailed control panel (g) can be found in figure 9. The power button illuminates when pressed and a green indicator notifies the user that the system is on. Once the system is on, the user can rapidly inflate or deflate a chamber, and once again a green LED notifies the user about which side is operating and if it is inflating or deflating. The system only operates at 300 mmHg during inflation. If there is a system fault and the pressure goes above 310 mmHg or under 290 mmHg the arrow above respectively under the digital pressure display will be illuminated. Besides the visual alarm there is also an audible alarm notifying the user of the system fault. In case of a system fault the system should be shut down and troubleshooting measures should be taken.

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Figure 9.a) Rapid infuser panel design b) Activated buttons. A green indicator notifies the

user that the system is on. A green indicator notifies the user that the chamber is inflating/deflating. An red indicator notifies the user if the pressure goes above/under 300

mmHg. The inflation or deflation of a chamber can only start if the chamber door is closed. A power switch is installed to cut the circuit/power supply when the door is open. A D2D door Interlock Power Switch (Omron, Kyoto, Japan) with minimum contact gap of 3 mm is suggested. This product has a pull-on lock model for easy maintenance. This enables power supply when the door is open by pulling out the plunger, when performing e.g. inspections and repair [24]. By closing the door after maintenance inspection, the switch will resume the normal momentary operation.

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7 DISCUSSION

The general purpose of this master thesis was to develop a design of a new improved rapid infuser device with suggested features and modifications that facilitated the hospital staffs’ work and consequently could improve patient outcome.

The QFD method was chosen because it was industrially proven to be beneficial and could be effectively realized with the given resources and time. QFD clarified the current solutions and their weaknesses and facilitated the development of a design that met the customer requirements. The method described the design problem systematically and formed the basis for the development of an improved design. User involvement was an essential and significant part of the QFD method and thus to this project. The results from the QFD method indicated an evident demand for an improved product. During the second step of the QFD method several comprehensive interviews were conducted and served as the main fact collection method of this thesis. Several previous reports have emphasized the value of using rapid infusion systems to administer large volumes of fluids to patients, however they also have shown that many of the safety issues and limited reliability undermines the products value [25, 26]. This fact was verified during the interviews. The interviews contributed to a greater understanding of rapid infusion systems and their weaknesses. All the customer requirements were addressed in the final result; however the results from the QFD indicated how much effort and time should be devoted to each requirement. Since safety was the highest rated engineering specification, a lot of time and effort was dedicated to solutions that could affect the safety of the system positively.

A compressor driven system was chosen to avoid the inconvenience and obstruction of an air tube. Furthermore the conclusion was drawn that the rapid infuser is always used in combination with an electrical fluid warmer and thus a power cord is unavoidable and always present for the entire system. The safety issues with the compressor driven system was the power cord storage. To reduce the risk of personnel accidents in the OR a safe and convenient cord management was realized by the use of a retractable cord reel. A health hazard affecting patient and personnel safety is health care-associated infection. This is a present health hazard due to the blood contamination of the rapid infusers because of the situations that lead to blood bag rupture. Initially, addressing these problems leading to fluid bag rupture the infection risk could be reduced. Solutions involving fluid bag positioning and chamber dimensioning were studied. One of the strengths of the new design is its compatibility with the different bag sizes,

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making positioning of the bag and closing of the door easier. The solution presented was tilting back the chambers. To further facilitate the fluid bag positioning, the hook design, that most of the systems on the market have today, was rejected and instead two rubber support fences were implemented on each side of the chamber. This is considered a promising design solution and can reduce the risk of the bag being pinched between the door and the chamber base and in worst cases causing a blood bag to rupture, a very distressing and distracting situation for the personnel. These solutions are expected to consequently save time and work for the nurses and the medical equipment department. Nonetheless, the risk for bag rupture cannot be considered absent and thus the surface and materials were designed and chosen to facilitate cleaning and disinfection.

Another safety aspect is the detection of air bubbles in the IV tube. Air embolism can be a life threatening event and a high level of vigilance is of great importance for rapid diagnosis and treatment of this condition [27]. A study by Comunale [26] stated that due to the lack of air-detection systems on rapid infusion devices, air infusion remains a potentially hazardous situation. Only three of the systems available today were sold with an integrated air detector device, the Fluido Pressure Chambers, the Level 1 System 1000 and the Fluid management system 2000. Despite the fact that the improvement and development of an air detector system was not included in this project, a proposal of the position was made in the CAD design, to present the suggestion of integrating this device in the system due to its importance for patient safety.

The second and third highest rated engineering specifications were the set up time and usability. An aspect that involved all three highest rated specifications was the rapid infuser rapidity and efficiency, and thus got additional attention and time. The conditions when the apparatus is needed are often acute and critical and the patient’s life is often dependent on the system set up speed. Factors that slowed down the process were, turning on the system, adjusting pressure and bag positioning. As a standard routine the pressure chambers were according to the nurses always set on 300 mmHg so that the system was always ready to be used and to reduce the number of tasks. Nevertheless it was discovered that all rapid infusers on the market today except one, the Ranger Pressure Infusor System Model 1450, had adjustable pressure. With this in mind the new rapid infuser is designed to only operate at 300 mmHg during inflation, to eliminate the risk of changing the pressure and guarantee a more efficient system. To further improve efficiency and usability, the product has one easy accessible main power button for the whole system. Furthermore the usability was considered throughout the entire development process. It was important to develop an interface that was user friendly and intuitive. The interface was designed so that it is hard to make mistakes, even during stressful situations. Another vital part of designing the interface and safe devices was the implementation of the alarms. A good alarm should get attention without startling

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people [29]. Furthermore the alarm needs to be easy to locate and the meaning of the alarm should be clear to the medical staff. Thus the alarm for too high or low pressure, were made as arrows and had a red color to signalize that something is wrong. In a later stage when a prototype can be manufactured, tests need to be run to evaluate how the users experience the alarms and the interface to ensure efficiency and usability. The competitive analysis raised awareness regarding existing solutions and improvement possibilities as well as enabling the announcement of the most optimal existing product today. The Ranger Pressure Infusor System Model 14500 (3M, Minnesota, USA) scored the highest ratings in fulfilling customer requirements and this product is proposed as the most optimal system on the market today.

7.1 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS

There were many benefits in involving the users in the development process. Nonetheless, parts of the collected material must be considered as subjective, e.g. the interview responses and consequently the analysis. The results from the evaluation of are partly dependent on the users' knowledge and skill. It can be difficult to know whether an issue with the equipment derives from the poor user knowledge or the products itself. However, most errors are due to inappropriate designs for user interaction, rather than mechanical failures [28]. The study is solely based on the participants’ perceptions, but the aim has been to consistently take into account this limitation. The compensation consisted of an open approach to negative results and an endeavor to cover a wide range of the participants’ experiences. Thus, further research may be needed to investigate and include objectively measurable issues. Practically all the interview participants mentioned the same issues and were in very good agreement with each other concerning requirements for a new product and the ranking of them. Nevertheless a limitation of this study is that it involved a relatively small sample of the primary users from one hospital. Even though a market research was performed and included in the development process; the interview material could only be based on the products the participants had used. In order to enhance the study's validity the study sample should be enlarged and include interview participants from different hospitals.

7.2 FUTURE WORK A new improved rapid infuser device can benefit the patient significantly, but it is also beneficial for the hospital. A safer, more reliable and efficient rapid infuser may lead to fewer complications, earlier recovery and discharge, consequently reducing costs and improving economics for the hospital. A more reliable and efficient system

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will save time and additional work, further reducing hospital costs. Although the final design is expected to be reliable and safe, as any new product the device may carry unpredicted risks. Thus, a risk analysis should be performed to justify the potential benefits over the potential risks. When selecting components and material the economics is a crucial factor. The final product must have a reasonable price without risking product quality or patient safety. Another important aspect for further work with this device is environmental sustainability. A sustainable design is beneficial for the environment and society, as well as economic vitality. Sustainability should be regarded during all stages of the product life. It should be considered during e.g. the material selection and manufacturing of a prototype, but as well as e.g. packaging and transportation in future phases. The choice of machinery and electronic components were not included in this study, but for future research, energy efficiency, environmental impact and cost should be considered when choosing components. The placement of a new rapid infuser on the market requires adhering to several regulations and directives. To place this product on the market in EU the requirements of the Medical Device Directive (MDD) must be fulfilled [30]. Every nation also has national regulations for medical devices that are based on EUs directives. The main Swedish legislation regulating medical devices is the The Medical Devices Act (1993:584) and The Medical Devices Ordinance (1993:876) [31]. In Sweden the Medical Products Agency (MPA) is the national authority responsible for implementation and monitoring of the directives. MPA's responsibility includes surveillance of the development, manufacturing and marketing of medical device. During future development projects these regulations and directives must be considered and implemented.

This study can be viewed as a pilot study and based on the presented results it can serve as a basis for further development. Finally the identified areas for further study are concluded as: • Investigate and include objectively measurable issues • Further investigate the demand and requirements with a national perspective • Study the electronic design and the choice of compressor and vacuum pump • Perform a risk analysis and a cost-effectiveness analysis • Perform a detailed study of relevant directives and regulations • Manufacture a prototype for testing and further evaluation

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8 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results indicated an evident demand for a new product with improved quality, functionality and usability. QFD clarified the current solutions and their weaknesses and facilitated the development of a design that met the customer requirements. All the customer requirements were addressed in the final result. Safety was the highest rated engineering specification, thus a lot of time and effort was dedicated to solutions that could affect the safety of the system positively. The presented design has the potential to meet the customer demands and improve the user experience. The system was engineered to provide added degree of safety and the final design is considered more efficient and safer than the competition. The Ranger Pressure Infusor System Model 14500 (3M, Minnesota, USA) scored the highest ratings in fulfilling customer requirements and is suggested as the most optimal system on the market today. Although the final design met the specifications identified and is expected to facilitate the hospital staffs’ work and consequently improve patient outcome, the previously mentioned areas of work are recommended for optimization and future additional projects before launching of this product.

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9 REFERENCES

1. Lopez, B.L., et al., The power infuser: A new device for rapid fluid infusion. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2003. 21(2): p. 129-132.

2. Cronbaugh, R., et al., Evaluation of a rapid infusion system. J Extra Corpor Technol, 1994. 26(4): p. 200-4.

3. SLL Innovation - supporting future. 2014-05-12]; Available from: http://www.webbhotell.sll.se/SLLInnovation/English/.

4. White, S.J., W.A. Hamilton, and J.F. Veronesi, A comparison of field techniques used to pressure-infuse intravenous fluids. Prehosp Disaster Med, 1991. 6(4): p. 429-34.

5. Iserson, K.V. and E. Criss, Combined effect of catheter and tubing size on fluid flow. Am J Emerg Med, 1986. 4(3): p. 238-40.

6. Tortora, G.J. and B.H. Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Vol. 2. 2008: John Wiley & Sons. p.1110-18.

7. Garrioch, M.A., The body's response to blood loss. Vox Sang, 2004. 87 Suppl1: p. 74-6.

8. Kumar, A. and J.E. Parrillo, Shock: Classification, Pathophysiology, and Approach to Management. 2008. p. 379-422.

9. Kobayashi, L., T.W. Costantini, and R. Coimbra, Hypovolemic shock resuscitation. Surg Clin North Am, 2012. 92(6): p. 1403-23.

10. Dunham, C.M., et al., The rapid infusion system: a superior method for the resuscitation of hypovolemic trauma patients. Resuscitation, 1991. 21(2-3): p. 207-27.

11. Gullo, A., et al., Severe bleeding in critical care, in Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency A.P.I.C.E. 2006, Springer Milan. p. 687-693.

12. Organization., W.H., Make every mother and child count, in The World Health Report. 2005. p. 62.

13. Levine, W.C., et al., Clinical Anesthesia Procedures of the Massachusetts General Hospital. 2012, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 422-24.

14. QFD Institute. 2014-09-23]; Available from: http://www.qfdi.org/. 15. Ullman, D.G., The Mechanical Design Process. McGraw-Hill Series in

Mechanical Engineering. 2009: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p.143-170. 16. Ulrich, K.T. and S.D. Eppinger, Product Design and Development. 2012:

McGraw-Hill. p. 68-120. 17. QFD Online. 2014-09-23]; Available from:

http://www.qfdonline.com/templates/. 18. Baumbusch, J., Semi-Structured Interviewing in Practice-Close Research. 19. Ulrich, K.T. and S.D. Eppinger, Product Design and Development. 2012:

McGraw-Hill.

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20. Friedman, D.M., et al., Increasing operating room efficiency through parallel processing. Ann Surg, 2006. 243(1): p. 10-4.

21. Berland, A., G.K. Natvig, and D. Gundersen, Patient safety and job-related stress: A focus group study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 2008. 24(2): p. 90 - 97.

22. Gold, K.M. and V.M. Hitchins, Cleaning assessment of disinfectant cleaning wipes on an external surface of a medical device contaminated with artificial blood or Streptococcus pneumoniae. American Journal of Infection Control, 2013. 41(10): p. 901 - 907.

23. Medical Grade Power Cord Reels. 2014-05-18]; Available from: http://www.ametekhunterspring.com/Products/Retractable-Power-Cords/Medical-Grade-Power-Cord-Reels.aspx.

24. D2D Power/Door Switch. 2014-05-04]; Available from: http://www.omron.com/ecb/products/pdf/en-d2d.pdf.

25. Stammers, A.H., et al., Utilization of rapid-infuser devices for massive blood loss. Perfusion, 2005. 20(2): p. 65-9.

26. Comunale, M.E., A laboratory evaluation of the level 1 rapid infuser (H1025) and the Belmont instrument fluid management system (FMS 2000) for rapid transfusion. Anesth Analg, 2003. 97(4): p. 1064-9, table of contents.

27. Sviri, S., W.P. Woods, and P.V. van Heerden, Air embolism--a case series and review. Crit Care Resusc, 2004. 6(4): p. 271-6.

28. Zhang J Fau - Patel, V.L., et al., Evaluating and Predicting Patient Safety for Medical Devices with Integral Information Technology BTI - Advances in Patient Safety: From Research to Implementation (Volume 2: Concepts and Methodology). p. 323-336.

29. Edworthy, J., Alarms are still a problem! Anaesthesia, 2013. 68(8): p. 791-794. 30. European Commission. Medical devices. 2014-10-02]; Available from:

http://ec.europa.eu/health/medical-devices/index_en.htm. 31. Läkemedelsverket. Legislation - Medical Devices. 2014-10-02]; Available from:

http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/product/Medical-devices/An-Introduction-to-Rules-and-Regulations/Legislation/.

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APPENDIX A – INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Interview questions for the nurses Personuppgifter ⋅ Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? ⋅ Vilken är din befattning? ⋅ Hur länge har du arbetat inom vården? Användning ⋅ Vilken övertryckskammare använder ni på er avdelning? ⋅ När använder du/ni systemet? ⋅ Vilket yrke har de som använder systemet? ⋅ Är en person ansvarig för systemet? ⋅ Vilka faktorer avgör användning av systemet? ⋅ Vilka vätskor används systemet för? ⋅ Finns den alltid i operationssalen? Funktionalitet ⋅ Vilket tryck använder ni oftast? ⋅ Hur ofta måste ni fylla på kammaren med ny påse? Finns det något varningssystem

för påfyllnad? ⋅ Vad bör man tänka på? Vilka risker finns? Infektionsrisk? ⋅ Är luftbubblor i blodet en stor risk? hur farligt är det? ⋅ Har den något system för detektion av luft? ⋅ Har det hänt att det kommit in luft? ⋅ Vilka vätskor används systemet för? ⋅ Hur rengör ni systemet? ⋅ Använder ni alltid två kammare? Utvärdering ⋅ Har övertryckskammaren några larmfunktioner? ⋅ Om ja, hur upplever du dessa? Vilken typ av larm är vanligast? Vilka larm är mest

kritiska och vid vilka tillfällen? Vilka larm är det viktigast att den har? Vad i pumparnas gränssnitt påverkar hur lätt/svårt det är att förstå olika larm? ⋅ Om nej, upplever du att det finns tillfällen då pumparna borde larma men inte gör

det? Skulle du vilja ha något typ av larm? Av vilken anledning? Hur ofta? Hur skulle du vilja att larmen var utformade? (Ljud, ljus, text mm) ⋅ Finns det några svårigheter vid insättning av blodpåsen? ⋅ Hur upplever du sladdar och slangar kring systemet? ⋅ Hur ser du på pumparnas ergonomiska utformning? ⋅ Vilka andra möjliga svårigheter ser du med systemet? ⋅ Om du använt olika system, vilken föredrar du?

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⋅ Ser du några förbättringsmöjligheter? Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb?

Interview questions for the biomedical engineers Personuppgifter ⋅ Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? ⋅ Vilken är din befattning? Användning ⋅ Vilka övertryckskammare utfört underhållsarbete på? ⋅ Hur ofta sker underhåll av denna produkt? ⋅ Hur går underhållet till? ⋅ Vad har du för erfarenhet av att arbeta med övertryckskammare? ⋅ Vilka problem är vanliga under underhållsarbetet? Utvärdering ⋅ Hur är den att rengöra? ⋅ Finns det några svårigheter eller onödiga moment i underhållsarbetet av denna

produkt? ⋅ Vad har sköterskorna sagt om systemet, vad har de klagat på? ⋅ Vad tycker du om en trådlös lösning? ⋅ Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? ⋅ Vilka förbättringsmöjligheter ser du?

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APPENDIX B – INTERVIEW RESULTS Interview 1 Personuppgifter

• Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? Jag heter Gunilla Karlernäs och jobbar på Anestesiavdelningen.

• Vilken är din befattning? Anestesisjuksköterska och medicinteknisk samordnare

• Hur länge har du arbetat inom vården? Sen 1977 Användning

• Vilken övertryckskammare använder ni på er avdelning? Fluidon och Mallincrodth.

• När använder du/ni systemet? Under operation, akuta fall och förlossningar. Vi har alltid koll på patientens blödning. Ibland transfunderas en påse i minuten för att hålla patienten vid liv.

• Vilket yrke har de som använder systemet? Nästan alltid sköterskan men läkare kan också göra det.

• Vilka faktorer avgör användning av systemet? Stora vätskeförluster.

• Vilka vätskor används systemet för? Blod komponenter och klara vätskor.

• Är det en akut åtgärd? Måste det ske snabbt? Ja den används när vätskor ska ges snabbt.

• Finns den alltid i operationssalen? Ja Funktionalitet

• Vilket tryck använder ni oftast? Använder alltid max trycket 300 mmHg. Vi rör inte ratten utan har den förinställd. Om vi vill sänka hastigheten reglerar vi dropphastigheten med droppreglaget.

• Hur ofta måste ni fylla på kammaren med ny påse? Finns det något varningssystem för påfyllnad? Beror på hur mycket patienten blöder.

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Nej håller koll på den, man kan ändå inte göra så mycket annat när en patient blöder mycket. Under stora blödningar är det en person som bara står och byter påsar, sen när det lugnar ner sig kan man sänka hastigheten med reglaget.

• Finns det några funktioner som är speciellt viktiga? Air guarden som detekterar luft.

• Finns det några funktioner som är mindre viktiga? Nej, inget jag kommer på.

• Vad bör man tänka på? Vilka risker finns? Om påsarna inte sitter rätt och man stänger dörren kan man få hål på dem. I en sådan situation där påsen går sönder och det blir blod överallt så är det såklart ett distraktionsmoment. Det sker även olyckor p.g.a. av att man inte satt i aggregatet ordentligt.

• Luftbubblor i blodet stor risk? hur farligt är det? Ja det är väldigt farligt, man kan avlida. Små mängder klarar man.

• Har den något system för detektion av luft? Ja air guarden, som stänger av flödet ifall den detekterar luft.

• Har det hänt att det kommit in luft? Ja

• Hur rengör ni systemet? Vi spritar det, men kommer det in för mycket får vi lämna in det till MTA så får de plocka isär apparaten och rengöra grundligt. Utvärdering

• Vilken information vill du ha vid inställning? Vilka val vill du kunna göra vid inställning? Något du saknar? Ett problem är att ibland har man satt på systemet och glömt luckan öppen så har den blåsts upp och exploderat. Då står det i en fotnot i bruksanvisningen att man inte får ha luckan öppen och sätta på systemet. Om man ser en risk med något händer det, det är inte frågan om när.

• Har övertryckskammaren några larmfunktioner? Ja

• Om ja, hur upplever du dessa? Hur ofta larmar pumparna? Vilken typ av larm är vanligast? Vilka larm är mest kritiska och vid vilka tillfällen? Vilka larm är det viktigast att den har? Vad i pumparnas gränssnitt påverkar hur lätt/svårt det är att förstå olika larm? Luftdetektorn har ljus och ljud. Den stoppar flödet tills man tagit bort luften, med en sprut, man aspirerar.

• Berätta hur du upplever övertryckskammarens gränssnitt! (Display, knappar, mm.) Den är väldigt enkel, har inte reflekterat över det.

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• Hur viktig är hygienen och att det är lätt att rengöra övertryckskammaren?

Väldigt viktigt att det ska vara lätt att rengöra, speciellt nu med alla multiresistenta bakterier. Den är svårt att rengöra därför måste vi ofta skicka ner till produkten till MTA.

• Finns det några svårigheter vid insättning av blodpåsen? Det är svårt att göra ett standard utförande för att det är hela tiden nya upphandlingar med nya påsar. Kammaren ska passa alla olika storlekar på påsar 1000 ml 500 ml osv. Med blodpåsar kan det ibland vara lättast att bara lägga in den och inte hänga upp den. Man kan klämma sönder anslutningarna ifall den inte sitter rätt.

• Hur upplever du sladdar och slangar kring systemet? El sladden är okej för det finns elförsörningsarmar i taket. Lättare att flytta runt med bara en elsladd.

• Hur ser du på pumparnas ergonomiska utformning? Den är bra

• Föredrar du automatisk eller manuell öppning av luckan? Vid automatisk stängning tror jag risken för klämning blir större, för man kan liksom inte känna att något sitter i vägen.

• Vilka andra möjliga svårigheter ser du med systemet? Strömavbrytare för kompressorn ligger på undersidan, så man kan inte visuellt se om den är av eller på utan måste leta under och känna om den är av eller på.

• Om du använt olika system, vilken föredrar du? El kompressor är behändigare

• Ser du några förbättringsmöjligheter? Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? Att utforma kammaren så att den passar alla olika påsstorlekar.

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Interview 2 Personuppgifter

• Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? Ulriqa Edin och jobbar på anestesi/IVA.

• Vilken är din befattning? Anestesisjuksköterska och anestesiavdelningens MT-samordnare

• Hur länge har du arbetat inom vården? 12 år jobbat som anestesisjuksköterska Användning

• Vilken använder du/ni på er avdelning? Vi har två olika tekniker på sjukhuset tryckluft driven och kompressor. Äldre modellen är tryckluft styrd. För ca 5 år sedan köpte vi en helhetslösning från fluido med värmare, kompressor och luftdetektor.

• Vilket yrke har de som använder systemet? Läkare/undersköterska? Anestesisjuksköterskan handhar övertryckskammare 80-85%, läkaren kan också.

• Är en person ansvarig för systemet? Oftast är det narkossköterskan själv som sköter patienten, anestesin och övertryckskammaren. Vid riktigt stora blödningar hinner man inte med att vara själv, utan får hjälp. Vid riktigt stora blödningar behövs det att en person bara sköter övertrycksinfusioner. En sköterska kollar på värdena och rapporteras medans den andra sköter infusionen och byte av påsar.

• Vilka faktorer avgör användning av systemet? Stora blödningar, akuta fall och planerade fall. Förväntade och oväntade fall. Ger även vätska, absolut vanligaste är blod. Kan ha börjat innan operation eller under operation.

• Vilka vätskor används systemet för? Blod, men ger även vanliga vätskor som kristalloider med övertryck tex ringeracetat, Kolloider som vololyt dextran lösning som är stora molekyler ges också.

• Finns den alltid i operationssalen? Vi har 27 salar och det finns 7 kompletta infusionset. I salar där det förväntas ske stora blödningar finns de alltid tillgänliga. Annars finns de några i förrådet för oförutsedda situationer som hämtas vid behov.

• Använder ni alltid två kammare? Ja vi har alltid två stycken. Laddar en under tiden så man direkt kan slå över när den är tom.

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Funktionalitet

• Vilket tryck använder ni oftast? Vi har den alltid på 300 mmHg som rutin. Aldrig högre för att det kan skada blodkropparna. Under utbildningen säger vi till alla att inte röra ratten utan vi har som rutin är alltid att ha den på 300 mmHg.

• Hur ofta måste ni fylla på kammaren med ny påse? Finns det något varningssystem för påfyllnad? Nej, man får titta på den.

• Luftbubblor i blodet stor risk? hur farligt är det?

Hört olika om hur farligt det är med luftbubblor så är inte säker men det känns tryggt med Fluido som larmar och stänger av när det kommer in luft.

• Har den något system för detektion av luft? Ja på Fluido.

• Har det hänt att det kommit in luft? Ja

• Hur rengör ni systemet? Ganska stora rengöringsbehov till och från. Daglig dags torkar vi av med ytdesinfektion. Vid stressade situationer kan de bli ett hål på påsen utan att man märker och sedan sätter man på systemet sprutas det ut på allt. När man då misstänker att det kommit in blod i apparaten felanmäls den och skickas ner till MTA där den öppnas upp plockas isär och rengörs. Alla här har nog varit med om det.

Utvärdering

• Har övertryckskammaren några larmfunktioner? Ja luftdetektorn har ett larm.

• Om ja, hur upplever du dessa? Vilken typ av larm är vanligast? Vilka larm är mest kritiska och vid vilka tillfällen? Vilka larm är det viktigast att den har? Vad i pumparnas gränssnitt påverkar hur lätt/svårt det är att förstå olika larm? Den är bra. Ljud och färg. Larmar inte i onödan.

• Finns det några svårigheter vid insättning av blodpåsen? Alla använder inte kroken utan jag tycker det är lättare att bara lägga in den. Lite jobbig speciellt med de nya påsarna som inte passar. Byter upphandlade påsar lite då och då. Och den nya påsen är lite kortare och bredare och passar inte riktigt. Hängaren i fluidon funkar inte. Ett ständigt problemet. Slänger in slarvigt och råkar få in aggregatet vilket förstör ballongen.

• Hur upplever du sladdar och slangar kring systemet? Alla drömmer ju om helt trådlösa anordningar men en elsladd funkar bra och är enkel. Men isåfall en sladd från hela maskinen, en trippel lösning bakom systemet.

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• Hur ser du på pumparnas ergonomiska utformning? Ja bra ergonomisk höjd.

• Vilka andra möjliga svårigheter ser du med systemet? Dåligt utformad strömbrytare. Jobbig eftersom den sitter under kompressorn, jättesvår att hitta. Blir man stressad är det lätt att glömma bort den. Alla delar har en egen på/avknapp,5 knappar totalt.

• Om du använt olika system, vilken föredrar du? Den med kompressor är lättare att handskas med. Tycker om den med kompressor och elsladd eftersom det bara är en sladd och enkel att ansluta i salarna lite varsomhelst. Men den med lufttryck har en tjock slang som ska anslutas och är jobbigt när den ska åka tvärs över salen.

• Ser du några förbättringsmöjligheter? Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? Viktigast är att få kamrar som klarar av alla sorters påsar. Nästa bekymmer är att den inte har ett övertrycksskydd. Sist var det så att sköterskan laddade hela systemet visste att det var en svårt sjuk patient, går ut för att hämta patienten men har inte märkt att luckan inte var stängd och systemet igång. Så den bara fortsatte växa tills den explodera. Borde ha en sensor som säger att luckan måste vara stängd för att den ska börja.

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Interview 3 Personuppgifter

• Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? Ingela Vestin och jobbar på anestesi/IVA

• Vilken är din befattning? Anestesisjuksköterska, jobbar kliniskt

• Hur länge har du arbetat inom vården? Sedan 1983

Användning

• Vilken använder du/ni på er avdelning? Fluido, Mallinckrodt, och vanliga manschetter.

• Vilket yrke har de som använder systemet? Läkare/undersköterska? Anestesiologen och anestesisjuksköterska

• En person ansvarig för systemet? Vad mer gör denna person? Ansvar för att patientens vitalfunktioner upprätthålls, cirkulation, hjärtat och andning.

• Vilka faktorer avgör användning av systemet? Dels under stora blödningar då man snabbt måste hinna ikapp. Dels ser vi det visuellt och dels märker vi det på parametrar vi övervakar, blodtrycket sjunker och pulsfrekvensen ökar. Ibland misstänks stora blödningar och vi vet på förhand, tex. När en tumör ligger nära ett stort kärl. Men ibland är det helt oförutsedda och oväntade blödningar.

• Finns den alltid i operationssalen? Finns i grunduppsättningen i våra operationssalar. Sen har vi några salar för mindre kirurgi där de inte alltid finns på plats.

• Finns det något alternativ till systemet? Övertrycksmanchetter. Enklare men inte lika säkra, finns alltid lite läckage och släpper lite i efterhand. Kräver mer koll också. Används mer för vätskor och inte lika kritiska situationer. Funktionalitet

• Vilket tryck använder ni oftast? Använder endast 300 mmhg

• Har den något system för detektion av luft? Ja Fluidon har en air guard.

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• Har det hänt att det kommit in luft? Ja det har hänt ibland.

• Vilka vätskor används systemet för?

Ringeracetat basalvätska, plasmaexpanderlösningar, medel med stora molekyler.

• Hur rengör ni systemet? Vi torkar av den med ytdesinfektion. Utvärdering

• Vilken information vill du ha vid inställning? Vilka val vill du kunna göra vid inställning? Något du saknar? Det är bra som det är nu.

• Har övertryckskammaren några larmfunktioner? Ja luftdetektorn har ett larm.

• Om ja, hur upplever du dessa? Vilken typ av larm är vanligast? Vilka larm är mest kritiska och vid vilka tillfällen? Vilka larm är det viktigast att den har? Vad i pumparnas gränssnitt påverkar hur lätt/svårt det är att förstå olika larm? Fluidon larmar vid luft och stänger av sig. Ljud och ljus, bra eftersom den bara larmar när den måste. Saknar inga larmar, inte för att byta påse.

• Berätta hur du upplever övertryckskammarens gränssnitt, rattar? (Display, knappar, mm.) På och av knappen på kompressorn sitter under, måste känna till vart den sitter för att veta.

• Upplever du att gränssnittet ger dig den information du behöver? Något du saknar (larm om tom påse eller flöde)? Jag saknar inget.

• Hur viktig är hygienen och att det är lätt att rengöra övertryckskammaren? Kan ibland bli väldigt dramatiska situationer vid väldigt stora blödningar då det går väldigt snabbt. En 70 kg man har ca 5 liter blod och kan tappa den volymen väldigt snabbt och man då måste ge blod riktigt snabbt. Vid dessa situationer behövs det bara att infusions aggregatet inte är i stucket ordentligt och då spottas den ut av övertrycket och det blir blod överallt. Under stressiga lägen är det svårt att vara försiktig med påsen.

• Finns det några svårigheter vid insättning av blodpåsen? Den lilla påsen är svår att hänga upp på fluidon, det är svårt att få den på kroken, sätter man påsen fel (sätter du den lilla i övrekroken) finns risk att trycket trycker ut eller förstör aggregatet. Vissa hänger inte upp men då riskerar man att aggregatet kommer i dåligt position och droppar det inte alls eller kommer ut.

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• Hur upplever du sladdar och slangar kring systemet? Slangar hamnar ofta på golvet och är i vägen och snubbelrisk. Så föredrar kompressor lösningen. Måste ha långa snabbar för att kunna flytta på systemet, men då hamnar de ofta på golvet.

• Hur ser du på pumparnas ergonomiska utformning? Bra höjd, men på/av knappen sitter långt ner på kompressorn jobbigt.

• Vad kan göra att pumparna blir lättare att handskas med, t.ex. lyfta, öppna eller flytta? Svårt att få upp luckan efter man haft den på, som att den låser sig efter att det varit tryck inuti.

• Om du använt olika system, vilken föredrar du? Kompressor lösningen

• Ser du några förbättringsmöjligheter? Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? Upphängningsanordningen för påsarna. Lättare att öppna luckan.

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Interview 4 Personuppgifter

• Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? Maie Zetterström och jobbar på kvinnokliniken.

• Vilken är din befattning? Narkossköterska på obstetriken

• Hur länge har du arbetat inom vården? Sköterska sedan 1980 och har jobbat som narkossköterska i 10 år

Användning

• Vilken övertryckskammare använder ni på er avdelning? Fluidon och Mallincrodth.

• När använder du/ni systemet? Vid gynekologiska ingrepp då en patient förlorat väldigt vätska eller blod. Initialt ger man ringeracetat och hoppas det räcker. Men sedan tar prover och märker vi att blodvärdet är för lågt, alltså för lågt hemoglobin (Hb) värde, måste man tillföra blod. Har man bra blodvärden kan man alltså ersätta blod/vätske förlusten med klara vätskor bara.

• Vilket yrke har de som använder systemet? Narkossköterskan har huvudansvaret vid stora blödningar.

• Vilka faktorer avgör användning av systemet? Initialt ger man ringeracetat och hoppas det räcker. Men sedan tar prover och märker vi att blodvärdet är för lågt, alltså för lågt hemoglobin (Hb) värde, måste man tillföra blod. Har man bra blodvärden kan man alltså ersätta blod/vätske förlusten med klara vätskor bara.

• Vilka vätskor används systemet för? Blod och klara vätskor som exempelvis ringeracetat och saltlösningar.

• Finns den alltid i operationssalen? Nej vi har dem inte alltid i rummet. Vi drar in dem när det finns risk för stor blödning, t.e.x vid en planerad kejsarsnitt eller när moderkakan sitter fast.

• Använder ni alltid två kammare? Ja vi använder alltid två kammare. Ibland har vi ringeracetat i den ena kammaren och blod i den andra. Vi kan använda ringeracetat för att spola ner eller få in allt liksom, vi vill inte slösa det som är i slangarna.

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Funktionalitet

• Vilket tryck använder ni oftast? Vi går inte över 300 mmhg. Vi har den alltid på 300 mmhg och om man vill ändra trycket ändrar man det med droppreglaget.

• Hur ofta måste ni fylla på kammaren med ny påse? Finns det något varningssystem för påfyllnad? Beror på hur mycket patienten blöder. Nej jag tittar på påsen om den är tom.

• Vad bör man tänka på? Vilka risker finns? Infektionsrisk? För personalen finns snubbelrisken alltid. För några år sedan var det en sköterska som snubbla på en sladd och föll och krossade knäskålen, men snart försörningsarmar i taket i alla operationsrum.

• Luftbubblor i blodet stor risk? hur farligt är det? Det är farligare än man trott, kroppen tolererar mindre ju mer centralet luften befinner sig. Problemet är om förmaken fylls med luft och kammaren slår tomt.

• Har den något system för detektion av luft? Ja Fluido har.

• Har det hänt att det kommit in luft? Ja.

• Hur rengör ni systemet? Tvål, vatten och sprit.

Utvärdering

• Har övertryckskammaren några larmfunktioner?

Ja luftdetektorn.

• Om ja, hur upplever du dessa? Vilken typ av larm är vanligast? Vilka larm är mest kritiska och vid vilka tillfällen? Vilka larm är det viktigast att den har? Vad i pumparnas gränssnitt påverkar hur lätt/svårt det är att förstå olika larm? Jag tycker larmet är bra. Känns tryggt med luftdetektor.

• Berätta hur du upplever övertryckskammarens gränssnitt, rattar? (Display, knappar, mm.) Jobbigt och tar tid att sätta igång allt, många av och på knappar, stressande om man missat något.

• Upplever du att gränssnittet ger dig den information du behöver? Något du saknar (larm om tom påse eller flöde)?

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• Finns det några svårigheter vid insättning av blodpåsen? Krokarna i kammaren är inte optimala, jag använder inte krokarna, bara sätter in påsen. Aggregatet måste hamna rätt annars trycks sen ut. Händer med jämna mellanrum. Vissa på lufttyck bättre än fluidos krokar. Fluidon är bökig.

• Hur upplever du sladdar och slangar kring systemet? Som sagt var det en sköterska som snubbla på en sladd och föll och krossade knäskålen. Men snart finns det försörningsarmar i taket i alla operationsrum.

• Hur ser du på pumparnas ergonomiska utformning? Bra höjd, justerbar, annars inget jag tänkt på.

• Vilka andra möjliga svårigheter ser du med systemet?

Det går ofta inte att stänga luckan enkel, ibland måste jag verkligen trycka ihop vätskepåsen.

• Om du använt olika system, vilken föredrar du? Jag föredrar kompressor lösningen.

• Ser du några förbättringsmöjligheter? Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? Jag tycker det ska vara ett tryck bara, så kan man ändra med droppreglaret. Att inte behöver trycka ut luften för hand när en ny påse ska läggas in, tar tid. Enkelt att rengöra för när olyckan är framme, inte massa veck och skruvar som är framme.

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Interview 5 Personuppgifter

• Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? Anna-Lena Holmström och jobbar på urologen

• Vilken är din befattning? Operationssköterska och enhetsledare för urologen

Användning

• Vilken övertryckskammare använder ni på er avdelning? AutoPC, vi hade Mallincrodth innan.

• När använder du/ni systemet? När vi använder övertryck är det bara uritär och njurbäcken fall. Bara vid uritäroskopierna.

• Vilket yrke har de som använder systemet? Narkossköterskan har huvudansvaret

• Vilka vätskor används systemet för?

Spolvätskor, 1 liters påsar, huvudsak natriumklorid. Om vi ska bränna upp njurbäckenet använder vi ibland el då använder vi sterilt vatten. Måste ha vätska i urinvägarna för att vi använder antingen ström eller laser. Vi behöver en vidgande effekt på urinröret, urinblåsan, njurbäckenet eller urinledare.

• Finns den alltid i operationssalen? Ja vi har alltid vätskevärme och övertryckkammaren i salen. Värmer alltid spolvätskan

• Använder ni alltid två kammare? Nej vi använder bara en kammare. Använder sällan ens en liter per patient så vi behöver bara en kammare. Går inte åt så mycket då det handlar om så små mängder. Vi använder inte alltid övertryck bara när vi behöver, vi använder det inte från start till slut utan bara de momentent när man är i uritären eller njurbäckenet. Funktionalitet

• Vilket tryck använder ni oftast? Vi har den alltid inställd på 200 mmHg. Urinvägarna tål inte mer än 200

• Hur ofta måste ni fylla på kammaren med ny påse? Finns det något varningssystem för påfyllnad? Sällan, använder knappt en liter som sagt. Och nej det finns inget varningssystem

• Vad bör man tänka på? Vilka risker finns? För personalen finns snubbelrisken.

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• Har den något system för detektion av luft?

Nej, vi har inget behov av det • Hur rengör ni systemet?

Tvål, vatten och sprit.

Utvärdering • Har övertryckskammaren några larmfunktioner?

Nej inte AutoPCn • Berätta hur du upplever övertryckskammarens gränssnitt, rattar? (Display, knappar,

mm.) Eftersom vi bara har en kammare och värmaren, har vi bara två system att sätta igång, så det går bra.

• Är det lätt att rengöra övertryckskammaren?

Fuktad trasa inte blöt. Så inget stort problem att det kommer in vätska i hålen bakom systemet.

• Finns det några svårigheter vid insättning av blodpåsen?

Vi hänger upp påsen, metallpinnarna känns onödiga och i vägen.

• Hur upplever du sladdar och slangar kring systemet? Sladden är lång och jag önskar att det fanns något sätt att lägga undan sladden.

• Hur ser du på pumparnas ergonomiska utformning? Bra inget jag tänkt på.

• Vilka andra möjliga svårigheter ser du med systemet?

På Mallincrodth modellen var luckan jobbig och svår att stäng, då påsen inte riktigt fick plats.

• Om du använt olika system, vilken föredrar du? Jag föredrar kompressor framför Mallincrodth.

• Ser du några förbättringsmöjligheter? Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? Inget utöver det jag nämnt, det är ju inte en stressad situation hos oss och vi byter ju nästan aldrig påse.

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Interview 6 Personuppgifter

• Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? Jag heter Anders Arstrand och jobbar på den medicin tekniska avdelningen på karolinska Universitetssjukhuset

• Vilken är din befattning? Jag är medicinteknisk ingenjör Användning

• Vilka övertryckskammare utfört underhållsarbete på? Endast Fluido

• Hur ofta sker underhåll av denna produkt? En gång per år på alla produkter

• Hur går underhållet till?

Lägger in en vätskepåse och mäter trycket och kontrollerar att trycket stämmer med manometern, om inte justeras den. Vi kollar även att den ser hel ut och byter ut trasiga dela.

• Vad har du för erfarenhet av att arbeta med övertryckskammare? Jag har gjort underhåll på fluidon i ett år nu sedan Daniel slutade.

• Vilka problem är vanliga under underhållsarbetet? Har inte upplevt några problem än.

Utvärdering

• Hur är den att rengöra?

Har haft problem med att man måste ha luckan stängd när man sätter på annars kan den explodera. Då får vi öppna upp och rengöra, rinner ner i apparater som ligger under så då får vi öppna dem också. Har tagit upp detta med tillverkarna, de skickade ut klisterlappar med varningstext. Inte bara problem med rengöring, patienten och personal kan bli rädda.

• Finns det några svårigheter eller onödiga moment i underhållsarbetet av denna produkt? Nej det går ganska fort och är en enkel procedur.

• Vad har sköterskorna sagt om systemet, vad har de klagat på?

Sladdarna och att den är svår att rengöra.

• Vad tycker du om en trådlös lösning? Att bara använda batteri känns för osäker, isåfall bara som reserv vid eventuellt t.ex. strömavbrott

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• Vilka förbättringsmöjligheter ser du? Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? Inget jag kan komma på, jag tycker de eldrivna funkar bra. Förutom att det saknas en dörr spärr.

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Interview 7 Personuppgifter

• Vad heter du och vilken avdelning jobbar du på? Jag heter Daniel Eriksson och medicin tekniska avdelningen på karolinska Universitetssjukhuset

• Vilken är din befattning? Jag är medicinteknisk ingenjör och projektledare. Användning

• Vilka övertryckskammare utfört underhållsarbete på? Alton Dean 500, 1000 samt Fluido

• Hur ofta sker underhåll av denna produkt? En gång per år

• Vad har du för erfarenhet av att arbeta med övertryckskammare?

Under några år har jag gjort det planerade underhållet samt gjort en del avhjälpande underhåll (fel)

• Vilka problem är vanliga under underhållsarbetet? Läckage och tryckbegränsning (för högt tryck) samt att manometern visar fel tryck. Utvärdering

• Hur är den att rengöra? Alltid svår, gångjärn innehåller alltid skrymslen som är svåra att komma åt (utan gångjärn vore att föredra)

• Finns det några svårigheter eller onödiga moment i underhållsarbetet av denna produkt? Allt planerat underhåll skulle kunna tas bort från denna om man planerade den väl, t ex ballong som inte sprängs om "dörren" glöms öppen, dubbla avläsning av trycket (kanske baksida och framsida), sannolikheten att båda tryckgivarna skulle ge felvärde är minimal och den visuella kontrollen görs varje dag.

• Vad har sköterskorna sagt om systemet, vad har de klagat på? Svåra att rengöra, blir ofta ordentligt blodigt när någonting händer. Jobbigt med både gasslang och elanslutning till infusionsställningen (som den typ alltid sitter tillsammans med)

• Vad tycker du om en trådlös lösning? Batterilösning finns redan, säljs av MEDCORE. Jag tänker mig gaspatron eller kammare som fylls och laddas med instrumentluft!? Annars är det el som

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gäller, då det finns el i infusionsställningen, blodvärmaren som ALLTID skall finnas tillsammans med denna utrustning går på el.

• Vilka faktorer skulle kunna underlätta ditt jobb? En tillgång till övertrycket utifrån, så man ej behöver öppna apparaten vid test av manometern

• Vilka förbättringsmöjligheter ser du? Bra dellösningar finns på befintliga kammare, gäller bara att få dessa tillsammans i en ultimat övertryckskammare. Även påsens upphängning bör beaktas inuti kammaren, Salubruis har krokar som man lägger påsen på, de är bra men kan trycka hål på påsen vid veck och höga tryck