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DESIGN AND LIFE CYCLE ENERGY
ANALYSIS OF A PASSIVE BUILDING: SODHA
BERS COMPLEX
VIKRAM SINGH
CENTRE FOR ENERGY STUDIES
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI
JUNE 2015
DESIGN AND LIFE CYCLE ENERGY
ANALYSIS OF A PASSIVE BUILDING: SODHA
BERS COMPLEX
by
Vikram Singh
Centre for Energy Studies
Submitted
in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
to the
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
June 2015
i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Design and Life Cycle Energy Analysis of a
passive Building: SODHA BERS COMPLEX”, submitted by Mr. Vikram Singh to
the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi is worthy of consideration for the award of the
degree of ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ and is a record of the original bonafide research work
carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. The results contained in the thesis
have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award of
any degree or diploma.
Date: (Dr. G.N. Tiwari)
Place: Professor
Centre for Energy studies
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is my immense pleasure to express the deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor,
Prof. G.N. Tiwari for his constant inspiring guidance and utmost cooperation at every
stage that helped me in successful completion of this research work. I am also very
thankful to Prof. V. Dutta, Head, CES and Prof. T.S. Bhatti of Centre for Energy Studies
for their kind advice and assistance from time to time. My sincere thanks go to Prof. A.D.
Rao, Head, CAS for academic discussion and encouragement.
I have no befitting words to express deep sentiments towards my grandparents
(Late Shree Baldev Singh and Late Smt. Gulabo Devi) my parents (Shri Govind Singh
and late Smt. Jagwati Devi), Spouse (Mrs. Seema Singh), son (Sushant Singh) and
daughter (Vishakha Singh) for their whole hearted support and patience during the period
of study.
My special thanks go to my seniors, colleagues and friends Dr. Arvind Tiwari, Dr.
Rajeev Mishra, Mrs. Deepali Atheiya, Mr. Shyam, Mr. Vivek Tomar, Mr. Madhusudan,
Mr. Sumit Tiwari, Ms. Poonam Joshi and others for their cooperation and moral support. I
also convey my sincere thanks to Mr. Lakhmi Chand, and staff members of IIT, Delhi for
their kind support during experimental work and help in completing this research work.
I am grateful to Shri Amitabh Srivastava, Vice Chairman (Moradabad
Development Authority- Moradabad) and Govt. of Uttar Pradesh (Housing & Urban
Planning Department) Lucknow, India for providing financial assistance and no
objection-cum-service certificate to carry out this research work. Last but not least I am
thankful to Bag Energy Research Society (BERS) for giving me opportunity to do
research work.
Date: (Vikram Singh)
iii
ABSTRACT
India is a developing country hence due to growing economy and prosperity, the
energy demand in India is rising sharply so the country is facing a challenge to meet the
energy needs. In various booming economic sectors, new buildings are being constructed.
They require a large amount of energy to construct and operate. This causes the energy
shortage and at the same time has an impact on the environment. Building energy
efficiency is the most economical, feasible and easiest way to generate electricity by
saving in deed.
In India there is a potential to reduce energy consumption by up to 50 percent. In
2007, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) of the Government of India came up with
an energy code for new buildings. The code focuses on the implementation of minimum
energy efficiency standards for the design of new buildings. This code, however, is not
mandatory in India. Buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious
environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural
resources. With energy intensive solutions for construction as well as demands for
heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting etc. the entire process, energy is consumed by
the building throughout its life cycle.
In view of this, SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC) has been designed and
constructed for providing thermal comfort throughout year with passive concepts. Based
on the following parameters measured/evaluated namely
(i) Embodied energy
(ii) Cost of construction
(iii) CO2 emission
(iv) Monthly performance in terms of energy saving (kWh) and
iv
(v) Life of SBC (years) etc.
The energy matrices have been developed. The energy matrices are energy
payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF) and life cycle conversion
efficiency (LCCE) of SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC). CO2 mitigation and CO2
credits for SBC for varying the life of building have also been determined.
Total embodied energy and CO2 emission for SBC is calculated as 1120753.83
kWh and 2288.579 tonnes respectively. Total energy saving for SBC is 24932.208 kWh
when average temperature difference between room air and ambient air temperature is 40
C. Net CO2 mitigation and carbon credit earn by SBC for 300 years life span and 40
C
average temperature difference between room air and ambient air temperature are
12972.17 tonnes and US$ 129721.7 respectively. For the same parameters Energy
Payback Time (EPBT), Energy Production Factor (EPF) and Life cycle conversion
efficiency (LCCE) are 44.95 years, 6.67 and 14.64% respectively with 950 kWh/m2
solar
radiation.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
ABSTRACT iii
CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xiv
NOMENCLATURE xvii
Chapter – I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Trombe Wall 2
1.3. Partition Wall 9
1.4. Air Cavity Wall 10
1.5. Ventilation/ Infiltration 11
1.6. Wind Tower 12
1.7 Earth Air Heat Exchanger 12
1.8. Height of a Room 13
1.9. Green Roof 15
1.10. Sky Irradiative Cooling 18
1.11. Natural Day Lighting 18
1.12. Organization of Chapters 20
vi
Chapter–II: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SODHA BERS COMPLEX
(SBC)
2.1. Introduction 22
2.2. Layout Plan and Design of SBC 22
2.2.1. Basement 23
2.2.2. Ground floor 23
2.2.3. First and second floor 24
2.3. Construction of SODHA BERS COMPLEX 25
2.3.1. Foundation 25
2.3.2. Column 26
2.3.3. Beam and slab 26
2.3.4. Walls 29
2.3.5. Wind tower 30
2.4. Commissioning of SBC 31
2.5. Material Used 35
2.5.1. Embodied energy 35
2.5.2. Cost of construction 37
2.5.3. CO2 Emission 39
Chapter-III: MONTHLY PERFORMANCE OF SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC)
3.1. Introduction 41
3.2. Calibration of Copper-Constantan Thermocouples 41
3.2.1. Preparation of copper-constantan thermocouples 41
3.2.2. Experimental setup 41
3.2.3. Experimental observations 42
3.3. Hourly Variation of Room Air Temperatures 46
3.3.1. Location of each thermocouple 46
vii
3.3.2. Instruments 47
3.3.3. Experimental hourly variation 48
3.3.4. Monthly variation 52
3.4. Result and Discussion 54
3.4.1. Hourly variation 54
3.4.2. Monthly variation 54
Chapter-IV: LIFE CYCLE ENERGY ANALYSIS OF SODHA BERS COMPLEX
(SBC)
4.1. Introduction 57
4.1.1. Energy matrices 59
4.2. Annual Energy Saving 61
4.3. Net CO2 Mitigation 68
4.4. Energy Payback Time (EPBT) 69
4.5. Carbon Credit Earned By SBC 70
4.6. Energy Projection Factor (EPF) 72
4.7. Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency (LCCE) 73
4.8. Result and Discussion 75
Chapter-V: PERIODIC ANALYSIS FOR TERRACE ROOF OF SODHA BERS
COMPLEX (SBC)
5.1. Introduction 77
5.2. Basic Thermal Modelling 77
5.2.1. Periodic model 78
5.3. Methodology 78
5.4. Thermal Modeling 79
5.4.1. Energy balance equations for bare surface 80
viii
5.5. Thermal Load Levelling (TLL) 85
5.6. Decrement Factor (DF) 85
5.7. Result and Discussion 86
5.8. Validation of Results 91
5.9. Conclusions 92
Chapter-VI: EFFECT OF EARTH AIR HEAT EXCHANGER ON
PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING
6.1. Introduction 93
6.2. Thermal Modelling 95
6.2.1 Temperature distribution for semi-infinite surface 95
6.2.2 Outlet air temperature of earth air heat exchanger 96
6.3. Methodology 98
6.4. Result and Discussion 99
6.5. Conclusions 109
Chapter-VII: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1. Conclusions 110
7.2. Recommendations 110
REFERENCES 111-121
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 122
BRIEF BIO-DATA 123
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description Page No.
Chapter – I
Fig. 1.1 Pattern of energy consumption in a residential building 1
Fig. 1.2 (a) Conventional Trombe wall 3
Fig. 1.2 (b) Concept of Trombe wall used in India long time back 4
Fig. 1.3 Photograph of Housing complex at Jaipur 8
Fig. 1.4 Photograph of a rural house for hot and humid condition 9
Fig. 1.5 View of clerestory window (Roshan dan) in New Delhi for
day lighting and ventilation 14
Fig. 1.6 Various configuration of green roof 15
Fig. 1.7 Hourly variation of room air temperature for wetted surface 17
Chapter – II
Fig. 2.1 Layout plan of the purposed site 22
Fig. 2.2 Isometric view of basement showing position of WT-1 and
trombe wall 23
Fig. 2.3 (a) Isometric typical view of first and second floor 24
Fig. 2.3 (b) View of natural cross ventilation in first and second floor at
SBC 25
Fig. 2.4 Foundation for basement 26
Fig. 2.5 (a) View of column 27
x
Figure Description Page No.
Fig. 2.5 (b) Reinforcement detail 27
Fig. 2.6 (a) The design of beam used for SBC 28
Fig. 2.6 (b) Typical Stirrups arrangement & lap detail in beams &
curtailment of bars 28
Fig. 2.7 (a) A view of trombe wall in basement 29
Fig. 2.7 (b) Trombe wall on upper floors 30
Fig. 2.8 (a) View of wind tower 2 (WT-II) from the ground floor at
SBC 30
Fig. 2.8 (b) View of wind tower 1 (WT-1) from the basement 31
Fig. 2.8 (c) Actual photograph of SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC) 32
Fig. 2.8 (d) Front L-Sectional view of SBC 32
Fig. 2.8 (e) Front Rear-Sectional view of SBC 33
Fig. 2.8 (f) Left and Right X-Sectional view of SBC 33
Fig. 2.8 (g) 3-D view of SBC with cross ventilation, RWH and
proposed solar systems 34
Fig. 2.8 (h) Top aerial view of SBC 34
Fig. 2.9 Percentage breakup of material used at SBC 36
Fig. 2.10 Percentage breakup of embodied energy of materials used in
SBC 36
Fig. 2.11 Percentage cost breakup of each material used in
construction of SBC 38
xi
Figure Description Page No.
Fig. 2.12 Percentage breakup of CO2 emissions due to each material 40
Chapter – III
Fig. 3.1 The photograph of the experimental set-up 42
Fig. 3.2 Plan of first and second floor showing different zone 47
Fig. 3.3 Solarimeter/suryamapi 48
Fig. 3.4 Digital thermometer 48
Fig. 3.5
Hourly variation of solar intensity I(t) and ambient
temperature Ta for a typical day of January 28, 2014,
Varanasi, India
49
Fig. 3.6 (a) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and basement
air temperature 50
Fig. 3.6 (b) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and ground
floor air temperature 50
Fig. 3.6 (c) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and first floor
air temperature 51
Fig. 3.6 (d) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and second
floor air temperature 51
Fig. 3.7 (a) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and
average basement air temperature 52
Fig. 3.7 (b) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and
average ground floor air temperature 52
Fig. 3.7 (c) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and
average first floor air temperature 53
xii
Figure Description Page No.
Fig. 3.7 (d) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and
average second floor air temperature 53
Chapter – V
Fig. 5.1 Cross-sectional view of a room without building integrated
semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal system above it 84
Fig. 5.2
Hourly variation of solar intensity I(t) and ambient
temperature Ta for a typical day of January month,
Varanasi, India
85
Fig. 5.3 (a) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 86
Fig. 5.3 (b) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 87
Fig. 5.3 (c) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 87
Fig. 5.3 (d) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 88
Fig. 5.3 (e) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 88
Fig. 5.3 (f) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 89
Fig. 5.4 Hourly variation of room air temperature for various
thickness 89
Fig. 5.5 Hourly variation of temperature for various thickness 90
Fig. 5.6 Variation of TLL with roof depth 90
Fig. 5.7 Variation of DF with roof depth 91
Fig. 5.8
Hourly variation of room air temperature for bare roof
(0.40m roof thickness) at second floor of SODHA BERS
COMPLEX
92
xiii
Figure Description Page No.
Chapter – VI
Fig. 6.1 Flow direction of air through an elemental length ‘dx’ inside
earth air heat exchanger 97
Fig. 6.2 Hourly variation of solar intensity and ambient temperature
(08/10/2013) 100
Fig. 6.3 Ground Temperature at different depth (Experimental) 100
Fig. 6.4 Ground Temperature for bare surface and wetted surface at
different depth (Theoretical and Experimental) 101
Fig. 6.5 Monthly variation of solar intensity and ambient
temperature 102
Fig. 6.6 Monthly ground temperature at different depth (Theoretical) 103
Fig. 6.7
Variation of outlet air temperature with length for pipe
diameter 0.10 m and different number air changes (N=05,
15)
103
Fig. 6.8
Variation of outlet air temperature with length for pipe
diameters 0.05 m and 0.10m for different number air
changes (N=05)
104
Fig. 6.9 Variation of useful energy with length for pipe diameter
0.10m and different number air changes (N=05, 15) 105
Fig. 6.10 Plan view of EAHE tubes arrangement in series and
parallel. 108
Fig. 6.11 Layout for single room connected with earth air heat
exchanger 108
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page No.
Chapter – I
Table 1.1 Criteria for the classification of climates based on
monthly average 2
Chapter – II
Table 2.1 Breakup of materials used in SBC 35
Table 2.2 Breakup of embodied energy of materials used in
SODHA BERS Complex (SBC) 37
Table 2.3 Cost of materials used in SBC (1$=Rs 60) 38
Table 2.4 Breakup of CO2 emission of each material used in SBC 39
Chapter – III
Table 3.1 The photograph of the experimental set-up 43
Table 3.1 (a) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 220C 43
Table 3.1 (b) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 240C 44
Table 3.1 (c) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 280C 44
Table 3.1 (d) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 310C 45
Table 3.2 Average experimental observations of each thermocouple
at different zeal thermometer (reference temperature) 45
Table 3.3 The numerical values of ‘m’ and ‘c’ for each
thermocouple 46
Chapter – IV
Table 4.1 The embodied energy per year for different life span of
SBC 62
Table 4.2 Annual CO2 emission for different life of SBC 63
xv
Table Description Page No.
Table 4.3 (a) Embodied energy for L=100 years 63
Table 4.3 (b) Embodied energy for L=100 years 64
Table 4.3 (c) Embodied energy for L=200 years 64
Table 4.3 (d) Embodied energy for L=300 years 64
Table 4.4 (a) CO2 Emission for L=100 years (kg) 64
Table 4.4 (b) CO2 Emission for L=100 years (kg/Year) 65
Table 4.4 (c) CO2 Emission for L=200 years (kg/Year) 65
Table 4.4 (d) CO2 Emission for L=300 years (kg/Year) 65
Table 4.5
Total annual thermal heat gain for complete building for
different average temperature difference (∆T) between
room air and ambient air temperature
68
Table 4.6 For different ∆T, the total annual energy saving for SBC
( ) 69
Table 4.7 The net CO2 mitigation over the lifetime of the system
(For L=100, 200,300) 69
Table 4.8 The energy payback time of SODHA BERS CONPLEX
(SBC) 70
Table 4.9 (a) Carbon Credit Earned By SBC for L= 100 Years 71
Table 4.9 (b) Carbon Credit Earned By SBC for L= 200 Years 71
Table 4.9 (c) Carbon Credit Earned By SBC for L= 300 Years 71
Table 4.10 Calculation for Energy Production Factor (EPF) for
different life of SBC building 72
Table 4.11 (a) Calculation for Annual Solar Energy for SBC building 73
Table 4.11 (b)
Calculation for Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency
(LCCE) for different life of SBC building when solE =
99073 kWh (650kWh/m2)
73
xvi
Table Description Page No.
Table 4.11 (c)
Calculation for Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency
(LCCE) for different life of SBC building when solE =
114315 kWh (750kWh/m2)
74
Table 4.11 (d)
Calculation for Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency
(LCCE) for different life of SBC building when solE =
129557 kWh (850kWh/m2)
74
Table 4.11 (e)
Calculation for Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency
(LCCE) for different life of SBC building when solE =
144799 kWh (950kWh/m2)
74
Chapter – V
Table 5.1 Design parameters of the system considered 79
Table 5.2 Fourier coefficient of: (a) total solar intensity falling on
roof and (b) ambient air temperature 83
Chapter – VI
Table 6.1 Values of different parameters used in analysis 99
Table 6.2 For a given number of air changes the optimized length,
power required and RPM of fan 106
xvii
NOMENCLATURE
Thermal ⁄ ̇ ass flow rate of air in pipes ⁄
Density of soil ⁄ Specific heat of r
Specific heat of soil
round Temperature (0C) (0
C)
ngular frequency umber of air changes
umber of hormonics
Solar intensity ⁄
mbient temperature (0C)
temperature (0C)
(0C)
temperature (0C)
eat transfer coefficient from he r
Thermal ⁄