ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

AND MARITIME TRANSPORT

College Of Engineering and Technology

Electronics & Communications Engineering Department

Design and Implementation of an Automatic Meter

Reading System for Electric Energy Consumption Using

LonWorks Technology and GSM

By

RASHA HASSAN SADEK MOHAMED

B.Sc., Electronics and Communications Engineering, 2006 Faculty of Engineering, AAST

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master's Degree

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

Dr. Farouk AbdAllah

Dept. of Electronics and Communications Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

AAST

Supervised by

Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk

Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University

Alexandria 2012

DECLARATION

I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me.

The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the university.

(Signature) .. ~~ .\;-\~"t:IOX\ .• ~~ •..•••.••••.•....••.•••••••••••...

(Date) ..... Cl.~.-:!:;>~ ;-.+.9~?. ....••............•........•...•..•..........

We certify that we have read the present work and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in scope and quality as thesis towards the partial fulfillment of the Master Degree requirements in

Specialization: Electronics and Communications Engineering

From

College of ... Engineering and Technology ... (AASTMT)

Date .Qh ..... ~~: .. 1.c.i1. ........ .

Supervisors:

Name: Dr. Farouk Abd-Allah Salam

Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electronics and Communications

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology AAST.

Signature: r~l.§v,..~ A SC1 (e.v...-

Name: Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk

Position: Lecturer at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Examiners:

Name: Professor Dr. Ahmed Khairy Abu EI-Soud

Position: Professor at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Alexandria University

Signature:

Name: Dr. Amr Mohamed Othman EI-Zawawy

Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Alexandria University

Signature: ~ Z/ j;'W1. I~

Name: Dr. Farouk Abd-Allah Salem

Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electronics and Communications

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology AAST.

Signature: ~< A ~ \ '---

Acknowledgement

This work would not have been completed without help and support of my advisors Dr.

Farouk AbdAllah and Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk, without them achieving this work just

wouldn't have been possible. I would like to thank them for providing me an opportunity to

conduct my master's research under their guidance, support and valuable suggestions. Special

thanks to Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk for his patience and knowledge constant support during

this work and giving me a lot of his valuable time.

I would like to thank Eng. Kareem Youssri for his valuable help, personal support, and for

supporting me during this work.

I would also like to thank Notions family especially Eng. Mohamed EI-Kholy and Eng.

Mamdouh.

Lastly, I want to thanks my parents, who have made many sacrifices to allow me to be where I

am today, without whom my education would have been impossible, and without whose

support none of this would been possible.

Abstract

Electrical energy meter reading has been always performed manually through human meter

readers. This thesis deals with the electric energy Automated Meter Reading (AMR) in

which the meter reading and management processes are free from human involvement.

This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the surveyed techniques of data collection

and transfer from the consumer to the supply company in the literature showing their main

respective advantages and drawbacks. The desired specifications of the energy meter that

measures and records electrical energy consumed over periods of time by electrical

appliances as well as its accompanying AMR system are also presented. The proposed

energy measurement technique is thoroughly discussed and practically implemented in this

thesis using the ADE7758 from analog Devices. The main building blocks as well as the

functionality and data exchange techniques are also explained. The proposed system

makes use of the available LonWorks Power Line Communication technology from

Echelon as well as the GSM Messaging service in order to enable the data exchange

between the consumer side, the data collection and concentration and the host central

Station at the supply company premises. The design and analysis of the Host Central

Station is outside the scope of this work.

ii

Table of Contents Page

Acknowledgment .............................................................................. .. Abstract... ... ............ ......................................................... ...... ......... ii Table of Contents............................................. ................................... iii List of Tables............................................................................. .......... vi List of Figures.................................................................................... vii List of abbreviations............................................................................ x

Chapter ONE: Introduction

1.1 Introduction..................................................................... ........ 2 1.2 Why AMR ............... ................................. ......... ........ ................... 2 1.3 Problem and Solution.............................................................. ..... 3 1.4 Thesis Layout............................................................................. 3

Chapter TWO: A Survey of Automatic Electricity Meter Reading Techniques

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 5 2.2 Generalized Block Diagram of Electricity Meter Reading Techniques .... 5 2.3 Review of Different Meter Reading Techniques.......................... ....... 6 2.4 Manual Meter Reading Techniques........................... ......... ............. 7

2.4.1 Human Reading Techniques .............................................. 7 2.4.2 Handheld Meter Reading Techniques.................................. 8

2.5 Mobile Network Automatic Meter Reading Technique........ ................ 11 2.6 Fixed Network Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) Techniques ........ ...... 12

2.6.1 Direct Data Access .......................................................... 13 2.6.2 Intermediate Concentrator................................................ 26

2.7 Comparison of Fixed Network AMR Techniques .............................. 32 2.8 Summary ............................................................................ .... 34

Chapter THREE: Data Communication Techniques

3.1 Introduction............................................................................ 36 3.2 Signal Modulation Techniques .................. ................................ .... 36

3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) ................ ..... ................. ....... 36 3.2.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM) .. ....... 37

3.3 Digital Transmission ofInformation .............................................. 38 3.3.1 Shift Modulation............................................................ 39 3.3.2 Bit Rate and Modulation Rate........................................... 40 3.3.3 Binary Modulation......................................................... 41 3.3.4 Modulation Combinations........................................... ...... 45

3.4 Spread Spectrum Systems............................................................ 46 3.4.1 Benefits of Spread Spectrum ...... .................. ..................... 47 3.4.2 Different Modulation Spreading Techniques for Spread 49

3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5

Spectrum .................................................................... . Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) ............................ 49 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FUSS) ................. ...... 50 Comparison of Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence Spread 51 Spectrum Modulation .................................................... ..

3.5 Ultra Wide Band (UWB) ............................................................. 57

iii

3.5.1 UWB Characteristics ....................................................... 59 3.5.2 Ultra Short Pulse Width.............................................. ..... 63

3.6 Summary................................................................................ 64

Chapter FOUR: Basic Building Blocks of the AMR System

4.1 Introduction......... .................... ....... ........................................ 66 4.2 Block Diagram of the Fixed Network Indirect Electric Energy AMR 66

System .................................................................................. . 4.3 Energy Meter........................................................................... 68

4.3.1 Energy Measurement Products.......................................... 69 4.3.2 Comparison between Market-Available Products............ ....... 83

4.4 Analog Devices ADE7758 ........................................................... 85 4.4.1 Basic Operation............................................................... 87 4.4.2 Setting up the Input Signals for the ADE7758 .................... ...... 89 4.4.3 Communicating with the ADE7758 ............................ ........... 89

4.5 The Microcontroller .................................................................. 90 4.5.1 Microcontrollers Families Products.................................... 91 4.5.2 The AVR ATmega16 Microcontroller................................... 98

4.6 Power Line Communication ........................................................ 101 4.6.1 General Differences between BPL and NPL .......... ................. 102 4.6.2 Power Line Communication Technologies ............... .............. 103 4.6.3 LonWorks Neuron IC Products .......................................... 110

4.7 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications ............................ 119 4.6.1 Telit GM862-GPS Module ............... ....... ................... ....... 120 4.6.2 AT Command Interface ................................................... 122

4.8 The OSI Network Model ............................................................ 123 4.7.1 Architecture of the PLC Systems........................................ 124 4.7.2 Architecture of the GSM ................................................... 126

4.9 Summary ................. ....................................... ................... ..... 128

Chapter FIVE: Proposed Automatic Electricity Meter Reading System Design and Implementation

5.1 Introduction ...... ...... ............... ...... ......... ...... ............ ......... ....... 130 5.2 Proposed AMR System............................................................... 130 5.3 Communication between MIU and DCU ............................. ............ 131

5.3.1 Using A VR microcontroller to Simulate the MIU Process 132 Control ....................................................................... .

5.3.2 Data Gathering using ADE7758 .......................................... 143 5.3.3 Serial Interface ofthe ADE7758 ............... ............ .............. 146 5.3.4 The Interface between ADE7758 and ATmega16 .................... 151 5.3.5 Performance under Harmonics Presence in the Power System... 152

5.4 Sending the Collected Data over Power Line.................................... 154 5.4.1 Serial SPI Input/output interface....... .......................... ....... 155 5.4.2 Communication Technique Simulation Using MATLAB .......... 156

5.5 Communication between DCU and HCS ......................................... 158 5.5.1 Serial Interface (US ART) of the AVR Microcontroller ............ 159 5.5.2 AT Command Interface ................................................... 164

iv

5.5.3 GSM Link Protocol......................................................... 168 5.6 Host Central Station.................................................................. 173 5.7 Total System Overview............................................................... 173 5.8 Summary................................................................................ 177

Chapter SIX: Conclusion and Future Work

6.l.Conclusion .............................................................................. 177 6.2.Future Work ........................................................................... 180

References ... II ••••••••••••• II ••••• II ••••• II •••••••••• II •••••••• II II •••••••• II ••• II II •••••••• II II 182 Appendix A ...................................................................................... A-I Appendix B ...................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C ...................................................................................... C-l Appendix D ...................................................................................... D-l

v

List of Tables

Table No. Title Page

2.1 Summary of the fixed network techniques 32 4.1 The 90E21, 90E22, 90E23, and 90E24 ICs 70 4.2 The 90E32 and 90E36 ICs 71 4.3 Cirrus Logic ICs 72 4.4 The ADE7755, AD71056, ADE7768, and ADE7769 75

ICs 4.5 The ADE7751, and ADE7761B ICs 76 4.6 The ADE7752A, ADE7752B, and ADE7762 ICs 77 4.7 The ADE7756, ADE7759, ADE7753, and ADE7763 78

ICs 4.8 The ADE7754, and ADE7758 ICs 79 4.9 ADEICs 81 4.10 Comparison between Market Available Energy 84

Metering Products 4.11 Comparison between Market Available 97

Microcontroller Products 4.12 Channel Characteristics 109 4.13 Motorola's Neuron Chip ICs Specification 111 4.14 Characteristic of PL Smart Transceivers 115 4.15 Summary of Direct 110 Objects 118 5.1 Task Index Description 169 5.2 Invalidity Action Overview 170

vi

List of Figures

Figure No. Caption Page

2.1 Generalized Block Diagram of Electricity Meter 6 Reading

2.2 Manual Meter Reading Technique 7 2.3 Human Reading Techniques 8 2.4 Pluggable Handheld Techniques 9 2.5 Short Range Wireless Handheld Technique 10 2.6 Mobile Network Automatic Meter Reading 11

Techniques 2.7 Fixed Network AMR Techniques 12 2.8 Direct Data Access Techniques 13 2.9 Typical Electrical Power Distribution Network 14 2.10 General Arrangement of Based Automatic Meter 16

Reading. 2.11 Intermediate Data Concentration Techniques 27 2.12 Intermediate Data Primary Network 27 2.13 Intermediate Data Secondary Network 31 2.14 Summary of Electricity Meter Reading 33

Classification Techniques 3.1 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation 38 3.2 Shift Modulations for Digitally Transmitted 39

Information 3.3 On/off modulation of light in an optical fiber 40 3.4 BPSK signal constellation. 41 3.5 BPSKwaveform 42 3.6 BPSK modulator, and coherent BPSK demodulator 43 3.7 Probability of Error Curve for BPSK and 45

FSKIASK 3.8 QAM with 16 modulation states 46 3.9 Spread-Spectrum Communication System 47

3.10 Spread-spectrum signal is buried under the noise 48 level

3.11 Illustration of how the signal can reach the receiver 48 over multiple paths.

3.12 Modulation Techniques for Spread Spectrum 49 3.13 Spectrum-analyzer photo of a direct-sequence (DS) 50

spread-spectrum signal 3.14 Spectrum-analyzer photo of a frequency-hop (FH) 51

spread-spectrum signal 3.15 DS and FH Modulation 52 3.16 Channel Response 53 3.17 Ranges of DS and FH 55 4.1 Block Diagram of the Fixed Network Indirect 67

Electric Energy AMR System 4.2 ADE7758 Pin Configuration 85

vii

4.3 Functional block diagram of ADE7758 86 4.4 ADE7758 Basic Operations 87 4.5 Active Power Calculations 88 4.6 Typical set up for the ADE7758 89 4.7 Microcontroller Features 91 4.8 Pinout ATmega16 99 4.9 CENELEC Frequency Band Designations 112 4.10 Dual-Carrier Frequency Operations 113 4.11 Functional block diagram of The PL-3120 and PL- 114

3150 Power Line Smart Transceivers 4.12 Typical Coupling Circuit for PL-3120 and PL-3150 117 4.13 PL3120- PL3150 1/0 Interface 118 4.14 GM862-GPS Connectors Position 122 4.15 The ISOIOSI reference model 123 4.16 PLC specific network layers 125 4.17 GSM specific network layers 127 5.1 The Proposed AMR Overall System Architecture 131 5.2 Meter Interface Unit 132 5.3 A VR Microcontroller Runner Circuit 134 5.4 Power Supply Source 135 5.5 Master And Slave Data Load To The Shift Registers 135 5.6 SPI Bus Description 136 5.7 SPI Master Slave Connection 137 5.8 SPI Control Register 139 5.9 Master and Slave Simulation 141 5.10 Master And Slave Operation Flowchart 142 5.11 Basic Operation of the ADE7758 144 5.12 The ADE7758 Circuit Digram 145 5.13 ADE7758 Active Energy Accumulation 146 5.14 ADE7758 Interrupt Timing 147 5.15 ADE7758 Registers via the Communications 148

Register 5.16 Communications Register 148 5.17 Writing Data to the ADE7758 via the Serial 149

Interface 5.18 Serial Interface Write Timing Diagram 149 5.19 Reading Data from the ADE7758 via tbe Serial 150

Interface 5.20 Serial Interface Read Timing Diagram 151 5.21 Tbe A VR is Interfaced with tbe ADE7756 Through 152

SPI 5.22 A Fundamental Sine Wave and Two Harmonic 152

Waves tbe 3rd and 5th Harmonics 5.23 PL 3150 and PL 3120 EVB Evaluation Boards 155 5.24 SPI Master And Slave Pins for tbe PLM modules 156 5.25 Model Diagram of DSSS System Using MA TLAB 157 5.26 Transmitted and Received signals 158 5.27 Data Concentration Unit 158

viii

5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38

MAX232 Serial Level Convertor Circuit USART Block Diagrams Control and Status Register A Control and Status Register B Control and Status Register C GSM Link Protocol GSM Link Protocol Example Host Central Station Overall Implemented System Block Diagram Total MIU Operation Flowchart Total DCU Operation Flowchart

ix

159 160 162 163 163 169 172 173 174 175 176

AID AC ADC ADE ADI AES AFE AJ AM AMR ANSI APCF ASK AT AVR BASK BFSK BPL BPL BPSK BW CATV CBI CDMA CEBus CEPT CISC CMOS CPHA CPOL CPU CR CR CS CSMAICA CT CTP D/A

List of Abbreviations

Analog to Digital Converter Alternating Current Analog to Digital Converter Analog Devices Energy Analog Devices Incorporated Advanced Encryption Standard Association for Facilities Engineering Anti-Jam Amplitude Modulation Automatic Meter Reading. American National Standards Institute Active Power Calibration Frequency Amplitude Shift Keying Attention Advanced Virtual RISC Binary Amplitude Shift Keying Binary Frequency Shift Keying Broadband Power Line Broadband Power Line. Binary Phase Shift Keying Band Width Community Antenna Television. Complement Bit Instruction Code Division Multiple Access Consumer Electronic Bus Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Complex Instruction Set Computing Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Clock Phase Clock Polarity Central Processing Unit Carriage Return Carrier Recovery Chip Select Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Current Transformer Centralized Token Passing Digital to Analog Converter

x

D-AMPS DC DCU DDRBi DES DFT DMIPS DORD DSMA DSP DSSS EEPROM EIA EMC EMI EMIlEMC EPROM ESD ETSI FCC FEC FHSS FM FSK GFSK GMSK GPRS GPS GSM HCS HSPA IDT IDE IEEE IF IR IRQ IS ISDN ISM ISO ISO/OSI ISP

Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service. Direct Current

Data Concentration Unit. Data Direction Register of bit i in port B of the AVR Microcontroller Data Encryption Standard

Discrete Fourier Transform Dhrystone Millions Of Instructions Per Seconds Data Order

Datagram Sensing Multiple Access Digital Signal Processing

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory Electronic Industry Association

Electromagnetic Compatibility

Electro Magnetic Interference. Electromagnetic InterferencelElectromagnetic Compatibility

Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

Electrostatic Discharge

European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Federal Communications Commission

Forward Error Correction

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Frequency Modulation

Frequency Shift Keying

Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

General Packet Radio Service.

Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communications.

Host Central Station.

High speed packet access Integrated Device Technology Integrated Development Environment Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Intermediate Frequency Infrared.

Interrupt Request Output

Interim Standard Integrated Subscriber Digital Network.

Industrial, Scientific, and Medical.

International Standards Organization

International Standardization Organization! Open Systems Interconnection. In System Programmable

xi

JTAG LANs

LCD LLC LNS LonWorks LOS LPF LPI

LQFP LSB MAC MCU MIMO MIPS

MISO MIU MOSI MPSK MSB

MSTR NBL

NLOS NMT NPL NRZ OBIS

OCD OFDM

OOK OSI

OTP PA PCC PDU

PIC PGA PLC PLM PLT PM PP

Joint Test Action Group Local Area Networks.

Liquid Crystal Display Logical Link Control.

LonWorks Network Services

Local Operation Networks Line Of Sight

Low Pass Filter

Low Probability of Intercept

Low Profile Quad Flat packages

Least Significant Bit Medium Access Control.

Microcontroller Multiple Input Multiple Output

Millions of Instructions Per Seconds Master Data In, Slave Data Output

Meter Interface Unit.

Master Data Out, Slave Data In M-ary Phase Shift Keying Most Significant Bit

Master/Slave Select

Narrowband Power Line

Non Line Of Sight

Nordic Mobile Telephony

Narrowband Power Line. Non Return to Zero

Object Identification System.

On Chip Debugging

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

On-Off Keying

Open Systems Interconnection.

One-Time Password

Power Amplifier

Point of Common Coupling

Protocol Description Unit

Programmable Interface Controller

Programmable Gain Amplifier Power Line Communication.

Power Line Modem. Power Line (smart) Transceiver Phase Modulation Point to Point

xii

PPM

PPP

PRN PSK PSTN

PT

PWM QAM QFT QoS

QPSK RAM

RCIF REVP RF RF RFID

RISC

RMS

ROM

RXD RXEN SAR SBI

SCK

SCLK SDCC SIM

SIM

SMS SNR

SOC SOIC SRAM SPDT SPE

SPI

SS

SS

SSB SSOP TCP TCPIIP

Pulse Position Modulation Point-to-Point Protocol.

Pseudo·Random Code Phase Shift Keying

Public Switched Telephone Network Potential Transformer

Pulse-Width Modulation

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quad Flat Package Quality of Service.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Memory

Received Interrupt Flag Reverse Polarity Radio Frequency

Radio Frequency

Radio Frequency Identification Reduced Instruction Set Computing

Root Mean Square

Read Only Memory

Received Complete

Receiver Enable

Successive Approximation Register

Set Bit Instruction

Master Clock Output

Serial Clock Small Device C Compiler Subscriber identity module

Subscriber Identity Module.

Short Message Service.

Signal to Noise Ratio

System On Chip Small-Outline Integrated Circuit Static Random Access Memory Single Pole, Double Throw

SP! Enable Serial Peripheral Interface

Slave select input Spread Spectrum

Signal Side Band Shrink Small Outline Package. Transmission Control Protocol. Transmission Control ProtocoVInternet Protocol).

xiii

TDMA THD THSS TMlUWB TQFP TTL TXC TXEN UBRR UCSRA UCSRB UCSRC UDR UDRE UMTS USART USB UWB UWB-PHY VLSI VPN VQFP

WAN WCDMA Wi-Fi WLAN WLAN WPA

Time-Division Multiple Access Total Hannonic Distortion

Time Hopping Spread Spectrum Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband Thin Quad Flat Package Transistor Transistor Logic

Transmit Complete

Transmitter Enable USART Baud Rate Registers

USART Control and Status Register A USART Control and Status Register B

USAR T Control and Status Register C USART I/O Data Register USART Data Register Empty Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) Universal Serial Bus

Ultra Wide Band Ultra Wide Band Physical Layer Very Large Scale Integration Virtual Private Network.

Very small Quad Flat Package

Wide Area Network Wide code division multiple access Wireless Fidelity. Wireless Local Area Network. Wireless Local Area Network.

Wi-Fi Protected Access.

xiv

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