DAT Quizlet

7/26/2019 DAT Quizlet

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1. 1. # electrons in SUB SHELL 4l + 2

2. 2. # electrons per shell 2n2

3. 3. # orbitals per shell n2

4. 4. 1amu 1amu=1g/mol

Carbon weighs

12 g/mole= 12

amu

5. 5. 2 Chambered Hearts Fish

6. 6. 2^n how many

stereoisomers

can a molecule

have with n

chiral centers

7. 7. 3Chambered Heart Frogs and

amphibians

8. 8. 4 Chambered Heart Mammals and

bird

9. 9. 5 classes of immunoglobins IgD,A,M,E,G

antibodies

10. 10. a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is

characteristic of what generation of a

dihybrid cross?:

F2 generation

11. A band:

covers the entire

thick filament

11. 12. A change in the gene pool due to

chance is termed?

genetic drift.

12. 13. a circus lion learns to stand up on achair and jump through a hoop to

receive a tasty treat. this is an example

of?

operantconditioning

13. 14. a complex behavioral response to a

specific cue or releaser, which is

exhibited by all members of the species

as a stereotyped response to the same

stimulus is known as a?

fixed action

pattern

14. 15. a fertilized egg is called ? which is

haploid.

zygote

15.

16. a form of asexual reproductionfound in females, where growth and

development of embryos occurs

without fertilization by a male?

parthenogenesis

16. 17. a genetic map involves using? crossover

frequencies.

17. 18. a hollow ball of cells is called a ? blastula

18. 19. a multicelled organism that

contains tentacles with specialized

stinging cells called nematocysts.

hydra

19. 20. a nucleotide is different from a

nucleoside. What two components make

up a nucleoside? give an example of a

nucleoside?

sugar and a

base. ATP is

a nucleoside.

Where as a

nucleotide is

made up from

base,phosphate

and sugar.

20. 21. a pH gradient is seen during which

cellular respiration process?

ETC

21. 22. A planaria is a flatworm and contains

both male and female?

reproductive

structures

22. 23. a process in which embryonic tissues

influence adjacent tissues to

differentiate is called?

embryonic

induction 24.

a protein of

210 amino

acids is madefrom how

many DNA

nucleotides?:

630

23. 25. a repressor which binds to the

operator region in a operon can be

deactivated by what?

inducer

which binds

to the

binding site

of the

repressor. by

doing so it

acts as anallosteric

effector

altering the

shape.

24. 26. a series of mitotic cell divisions that

follow fertilization is called?

cleavage.

25. 27. A single gene sometimes affects many

traits in an organism. A single gene may

exert effects on several different

phenotypic characteristics

pleitrophy

26. 28. a sperm cell comes in contact with the

jelly coat surrounding an egg cell known

as the?

zona

pellucida

27. 29. a sperm cell is unable to fertilize

oocytes upon immediate ejaculation,

which process must occur first? This

process is a functional maturation of the

spermatozoa. The physiological changes

that occur in the spermatozoa. These

changes include changes in sperm

intracellular ion [ ], motility, and

metabolism.

capacitation

DATStudy online at quizlet.com/_13aejk


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28. 30. a suitable

vector for

recombinant

DNA cloning

can be?

bacteriophage and plasmids 31. a surgical

bone repair is termed?: osteoplasty

29. 32. a technique

used to clone

animals is

called?

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

30. 33. A the degree

of unsaturation

of a cell

membrane

increases, what

happens to it

fluidity?

the fluidity increases with the degree of

unsaturation

31. 34. a virus that

infects a

bacteria is

called?

bacteriophage.

32. 35. ABO blood

types

erythrocytes have characteristic cell

surface proteins that can be considered

antigens; blood type A has antigen A so it

produces anti-B antibodies; blood type B

has antigen B so it produces anti-A

antibodies; blood type O has no antigens

so produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies

(universal donor); blood type AB has both

antigens and is the universal recipient

33. 36. Abscisic

acid

inhibitor of plant growth hormones

34. 37. absolute

configuration

describes the exact spatial arrangement of

groups of atoms independent of other

molecules. 38. acetaldehyde: name for

ethanal

35. 39. Acetylene Common name for ethyne

36. 40. achiral three different substitutents often have

plane of symmetry. and rotation of 180

will a llow molecule to be superimposed on

mirror image

37. 41.

Achondroplasia

dwarfism, shortness

38. 42. acid

hydrolases are

contained in

which cellular

organelle?

lysosome

39. 43. Acromegaly overproduction of GH in adults; results in

a disproportionate overgrowth of bone,

localized especially in the skull, jaw, feet,

hands

40. 44.

acromegaly

overproduction of growth hormone in adults

41. 45.

acromegaly

overproduction of Growth Hormone in anterior

pituitary--causes disproportionate growth in

bone, esp skull, jaw, feet, hands 46. Acrosome:

membrane bounded structure of the sperm that

contains hydrolytic enzymes that breaks open

the egg.

42. 47. ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone; stimulates

adrenal cortex to syntesize and secrete

glucocorticoids; regulated by releasing

hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)

43. 48. ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreted by

anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates production

of glucocorticoids and sex steroids.

44. 49. Action

potential

speed and amplitude remains constant during

action potential - instenisty increase will

increase AP as well.

45. 50.Activating

Substituents

Activating substituents are electron-donatingsubstituents already attached to the aromatic

ring. They increase the ring's potential to react

with other species. Activating species are

ortho/para directing.

46. 51. Active

Immunity

production of antibodies during an immune

response; con be stimulated by a vaccination,

could require weeks to build up

47. 52. Active

muscle has

higher

Lactate in muscle than resting muscles

48. 53. actively

contracting

muscle has

a high rate

of ?

formation?

lactic acid formation (lactate) 54. Adaptive

radiation: many species emerge from a Single

ancestor

49. 55.

Adenylate

Cyclase

ATP c-AMP


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50. 56. adenylyl

cyclase is the

enzyme

catalyzes

ATP--->cyclic

AMP. Which

hormone

activates

adeynylylcyclase by

binding with

it? think

about it your

breaking

down ATP

and

producing

HIGH energy

epinephrine.

51. 57. ADH/

Vasopressin

aka Antidiuretic hormone; synthesized by

neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus;

transported via axons; stored and released byposterior pituitary; increases permeability of

nephron's collecting duct to water which

promotes water reabsorption; which

increases blood volume; it is released when

plasma osmolarity increases or blood volume

decreases

52. 58. Adiabatic - NO heat exchange q=0

E= - W

53. 59. Adibiatic

Free

Expansion of

a Gas

For an adiabatic free expansion process, the

gas is contained in an insulated container

and a vacuum. The gas is then let to expand

in the vacuum. The work done by or on the

system is zero, because the volume of the

container does not change. The First Law of

Thermodynamics then implies that the net

internal energy change of the system is zero.

For an ideal gas, the temperature remains

constant because the internal energy only

depends on temperature in that case. Since at

constant temperature, the entropy is

proportional to the volume, the entropy

increases in this case, therefore this process

is irreversible.

54. 60. adjacent

cells are held

together in

cardiac

muscle by ?

intercalated disks.

55. 61. Adrenal

Cortex

anterior pituitary produces ACTH which

stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize

and secrete steroid hormones

("corticosteroids")

56. 62. adrenal cortex in times of stress, ACTH( AP gland)

secretes corticosteriods.

57. 63. adrenal cortex ATCH stimulates adrenal cortex to

synthesize and secrete steroid

hormones (corticosteroids) 64.

Adrenal Glands: sit on top of kidneys;

consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal

medulla

58. 65. adrenal glands situated on top of kidneys, consist of

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

59. 66. Adrenal Medulla makes epinephrine and

norepinephrine

60. 67. Adrenal Medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline)

and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

61. 68. Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline)

and norepinephrine (noradenaline),

which both belong to

Catecholamines (amino acid derived

cmpds62. 69.

Adrenocorticotropic

Hormone (ACTH)

Made in anterior pituitary-Stimulates

adrenal cortex to make and secrete

glucocorticoids, regulated the

releasing hormone

CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE

FACTOR (CRF)

63. 70. Adrental Cortex secretes 3 hormones -Glucocorticoid:

cortisol (increase glucose levels)

64. -Mineralocorticoids secretes a ldosterone (reabsorption of

NA+ and water in the nephron-

kidney and K+ secretion in kidney

collection duct) -Aldosterone can

cause hypertension - high blood

pressure and blood volume (if has too

much of it)

65. -Cortical sex

hormones

androgens

66. 71. Afferent neurons sensory neurons


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67. 73. After an organism's

sense organs receive a

stimulus from the

environment, this type

of neurons send that

information back to

the central nervous

system. Also called

afferent neurons?

sensory neurons

68. 74. after death skeletal

muscles, cross-bridges

remain locked in

place. which term

regarding muscles best

describes whats going

on?

Rigor mortis. due to the lack of

ATP the actin and myosin

filaments remain bonded together

until muscles begin decomposing.

69. 75. After fertilization,

when do the 1st,

2nd,and 3rd cleavages

occur

1st- 32 hours after fertilization;

2nd - 60 hours; 3rd - 72 hours

(after third cleavage, the 8-celled

embryo reaches the uterus)

70. 76. after ovulation has

occurred, the ovarian

follicle becomes the ?

corpus luteum

71. 77. after the ovulation

when the ovarian

follicle becomes the

corpus luteum the

corpus luteum will

produce ? and ? which

will help blood vessel

growth?

progesterone and estrogen

72. 78. Agarose Gel

Electrophoresis

Type of Chromatography, used toseparate nucleic acids based on

size/length of chain. The media

serves as the stationary phase and

the nucleic acid as the mobile

phase. Negatively charged nucleic

acids travel toward the anode

(positive end). Smaller strands

travel faster than larger chains.

73. 79. Agonistic behavior "fighting" when they fight over

food or mates

74. 80. albumin synthesisoccurs? liver

75. 81. Alcohol A compound containing an -OH

group. Compound is named by

replacing the -e in the

corresponding alkane with -ol. 82.

alcohol: what is produced when o3

with lia lh4 or nabh4

76. 83. Alcohol

Fermentation

occurs only in yeast and some

bacteria, Pyruvate converted to

ethanol thus regenerating NAD+

so glycolysis can continue

77. 84. alcohol

fermentation(ethanol)

only occurs in yeast

78. 85. Aldehyde Compound with a HC=O as a

terminal group. These are namedby replacing the -e in the

corresponding alkane with -al.

(Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde,

Propionaldehyde).

79. 86. aldehyde carbonyl located at the end of the

chain named by replacing al with

e. e.g. butanal

80. 87. Aldose Sugar containing an aldehyde

group -CH=O

81. 88. aldosterone example of meneralocorticoids.

regulate blood plasma levels ofsodium and potassium. active

reabsorption of Na and passive

reabsorption of water in the

nephron.

82. 89. Alkali Metals - Group I elements - Very reactive

- Forms oxides with oxygen

- Forms hydroxides with water-->

releases H+

- Reacts with acids to form salts---

> releases H+

83. 90. Alkaline Earth

Metals

- Group II - Wants to lose both

valence e's- Forms oxides with oxygen and

hydroxides with water - Reacts

with acids and forms salts-->

releases H+

84. 91. Alkane Chain of carbons connected by

single bonds with hydrogen atoms

attached.

85. 92. Alkane

nomenclature

Use the Greek root for the number

of carbons followed by the ending,

-ane

86. 93. Alkanes Compounds with only carbon andhydrogen atoms with sigma bonds

(single bonds). As chain length

increases, boiling point, melting

point, and density increase.

However, chain branching

decreases boiling point and

density.

87. 94. Alkene contain carbon carbon double

bonds. Use same root of alkane but

end with "ene"


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88. 95. Alkenes Compounds containing carbon-carbon

double bonds. Named by replacing the -

ane in the corresponding alkane with -

ene. 96. Alkyne: carbon carbon triple

bonds. Suffix-yne.

89. 97. alkyne hydrocarbon with one or more carbon

carbon triple bond

90. 98. Alkynes Compounds containing carbon-carbontriple bonds. The compound is named

by replacing the -ane in the

corresponding alkane with -yne.

91. 99. all 3 of these

species Algae,

euglena, and

paramecium

belong to this

group?

protist

92. 100. all of these are

eukaryotic

heterotrophs and

secrete digestive

enzymes and then

absorb the soluble

products of

digestion

fungi

93. 101. all species use

A, C, G, T as their

DNA bases, but

what differs is?

their sequence.

94. 102. Allantois only found in reptiles, birds, and

mammals- combines with the chorion to form the

mammalian placenta -collect liquid

waste from the embryo, as well as to

exchange gases

95. 103. Allantois saclike structure; involved in

respiration and excretion; has many

blood vessels to be able to transport 02,

C02, H2O, salt, nitrogenous wastes

96. 104. Allele one of a number of different forms of a

gene

97. 105. Allopatic

speciation

formation of new species due to

geographic isolation

98. 106. Allosteric

effect

The binding of a ligand to one site on a

protein molecule in such a way that the

properties of another site on the same

protein are affected. Some enzymes are

allosteric proteins, and their activity is

regulated through the binding of an

effector to an allosteric site.

99. 107. Allosteric interactions molecules bind will

have a conformation

change and the

primary binding will

no longer bind to the

original substrate

100. 108. allyl propylenes attached

to a backbone at the

C-3 position.

Meaning the double

bond at end of the

chain and single

bonded carbon at rest

109. Alpha Carbon:

The first carbon atom

adjacent to the

carbon attached to

the targeted

functional group.

101. 110. alpha helix is held together by

this type of bond?

hydrogen bonds

102. 111. also called the seed leaf. This

term will store food for the

germinating seedling.

cotyledon

103. 112. Although this phylum does

have a hollow space inside, they

do not have a digestive gut like

other animals. Water flows into

the central space through the

many pores in the sponge's outer

surface and flows out through the

large opening at the top of thisphylum. The flow of water brings

food and oxygen and carries away

waste and carbon dioxide.

porifera (sponges)

104. 113. Amide A compound that has

a carbonyl group

(C=O) bonded to

nitrogen. They are

named by dropping

the -oic in the

corresponding acid

and adding -amide.

Substituents attachedto the nitrogen are

listed following N-.


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105. 114. Amine A compound in which a carbon is

bonded to a nitrogen with a

single bond. They are named by

replacing the -e in the

corresponding alkane with -

amine. Substituent groups

attached to the nitrogen can be

named using the prefix N-.

106. 115. amines nitrogen containing compound,

longest chain attached to

nitrogen used in backbone. use e

and replace with AMINE. i f more

complex molecule present, use

prefix amino. IF additional group

added, use N-

107. 116. amino peptidase polypeptide digestion(small

intestine)

108. 117. Amnion membrane that encloses

amniotic fluid; amniotic fluid

provides an aqueous environmentthat protects the developing

embryo from shock

109. 118. Amnion a vascular fetal membrane ( fluid

filled sac for protects from shock)

-in reptiles, birds, and mammals.

(frogs don't have it) 119.

amoebas, sporozoa, and ciliates

all types of species that fall under

the kingdom?: protozoa

110. 120. Amount of blood

in human body

5.5 liters or 5.5 quarts

111. 121. amphibians and

reptiles have a ?

chambered heart?

3

112. 122. Amphibians have

what type of

circulatory system?

have closed circulatory system

123. Amphioxus: small marine

animals - invertebrates- doesn't

lose notochord

113. 124. amylase carbohydrate digestion(from

pancreas)

114. 125. amylases are

secreted by?

pancreas and salivary glands.

115. 126. an amphioxus is a interverbrates

116. 127. an animal-like

protist that uses

pseudopodia to move

and feed is an ? which

is a eukaryotic and

sometime during their

life has either a

flagellum or cilia.

amoeba

117. 128. an egg cell will

contain?

23 chromosomes, 23

chromatids

118. 129. an excited neuron

releases what into the

synaptic cleft?

acetylcholine.

119. 130. an increase in the

blood on either one of

these two ? will cause anincrease in breathing rate

H+ and or CO2 131. an

individual with down

syndrome is also prone tothese two other diseases?:

alzheimer's and leukemia

120. 132. an organism that

cannot grow in the

presence of oxygen?

obligate anaerobic

121. 133. Anaphase shortest and briefest stage of

all, centromeres split and

daughter chromosomes begin

to separate getting g all 46

chromosome each.

122. 134. Anatomy of a Sperm head= almost all nucleus;tail= flagellum, propels

sperm; body/neck= contains

mitochondria which provides

energy for movement

123. 135. Androgens male sex hormones

124. 136. androgens

(androstenedione and

dehydroepiandrosterone)

secreted by cortical sex

hormones 137. Anesthesia:

Block Na+ voltage gate

channels

125. 138. aneuploidy condition, extra or missing

copies of individual

chromosomes

126. 139. Angiosperms : "double fertilization" - fruits,

flowering plants, maple, oaks,

and grass

127. - Monocots has leaves with parallel veins,

narrow plants like grass,

vascular bundles are scattered

- Dicots: have leaves with

netlike veins, broad plants

like shrubs

128. 140. angiotensin II Made from reaction with

renin and angiotensinogen,

stimulates adrenal cortex to

secrete aldosterone

129. 141. angle strain when bond angles deviate

from ideal values

130. 142. Annalida Respiration secrete mucus creating a moist

surface for gas exchange by

diffusion; then the circulatory

system brings 02 to cells


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131. 143. annelida primitive central nervous system

consisting of a defined ventral nerve cord..

ie clusters of nerve cell bodies.

132. 144. Annelida

Nervous

System

Have a primitive central nervous system;

have defined ventral nerve cord and

anterior "brain" (fused ganglia); have

defined nerve pathways from receptors to

effectors

133. 145. Anomers Cyclic stereoisomers differing in

configuration at the hemiacetal carbon

(C1). In a 6-membered ring, if the hydroxy

group attached to C1 and the substituent

attached to C5 are trans, the molecule is

referred to as the anomer. If both groups

are cis, the molecule is reffered to as

anomer. C1 and C5 are carbons adjacent to

the oxygen in the ring.

134. 146. Anterior

Pituitary

releases both direct and trophic hormones;

is regulated by hypothalamic secretions

("releasing/inhibiting hormones orfactors); FLAT PIG = FSH;LH; ACTH;

Prolactin; (I)gnore; GH

135. 147. Anterior

Pituitary

synthesizes direct hormones and tropic

hormones. Regulated by hypothalamic

secretions called releasing/inhibiting

factors

136. 148. Anterior

Pituitary Gland

secretes FAGTL prolactin FSH, ACTH,

GH, TSH, LH (cause ovulation), and

prolactin

137. 149. Anthropda

Respiration

consists of many trachea whose branches

reach almost every cell; spiracles = wherethe trachea reach the surface for

exchange; uses diffusion, no carrier of

oxygen needed therefore efficient and

insects have a relatively effortless open

circulatory system

138. 150.

Anthropoda

Nervous

System

Similar to annalida nervous system but

have more specialized sense organs

(compound or simple eyes; tympanum for

sound)

139. 151. anti

conformation

most favorable of staggared conformations

140. 152. Anti-

cholinesterases

inhibits the activity of

acetylcholinesterases enzyme. no muslce

contraction can take place 153. antibiotics

do not work on viruses why is that?:

because viruses do not have organelles.

141. 154. Antibodies are linked by disulfide bonds (S-S bonds

also in hair and insulin for protein folding

)

142. 155. antibodies are

produced by B cells

and can bind to?

antigens

143. 156.

Anticholinesterases

inhibits activity of

acetylcholinesterase enzyme that

degrades acetylcholine in synapse, so

acetylcholine keeps affecting

postsynaptic cell and no coordinated

muscle contractions can take place

144. 157. Antidiuretic

Hormone (ADH,

vasopressin)

Increases permeability of nephron's

collecting duct to water, promotes

water reabsorption and increased

blood volume. Secreted when plasma

osmolarity increases, as sensed by

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, or

when blood volume decreases, as

sensed by baroreceptors in the

circulatory system.

145. 158. Antigens "nonself" entities, body can detect

and remember these146. 159. any gene that

has the potential to

induce cancerous

transformations is

called?

oncogene

147. 160. Aplasia almost complete failure of

development

148. 161. Appeasement

behavior

inhibit others from attacking each

other, state of peace

149. 162. appendicular

skeleton

appendages, pectoral and pelvic

girdles.

150. 163. Aprocrine sweat gland that responds to stress

151. 164. aprotic solvent not solvated

152. 165. Aqueous

humor

formed/produced by eye; exits

through ducts to join venous blood;

glaucoma happens when outflow of

this is blocked 166. aqueous humor:

exits through ducts to join the venous

blood.

153. 167. Arachnida scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites

154. 168. are birds warmor cold blooded?

warm blooded

155. 169. are both

monocots and

dicots vascular

plants?

yes.

156. 170. are lysosomes

found in both

plants and animal

cells?

yes


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157. 171. Aromatic Compound Cyclic, fully conjugated

planar compound with

4n+2 electrons. Each

atom in the compound must

possess a p orbital in order

to allow for maximum

conjugation.

158. 172. Arrhenius Equation k= Ae ^ (-Ea/ RT) A is a

constant

Low Ea means High T-->

large K and FASTER rxn!

e to a neg number means a

decimal

e to a larger number gives a

larger number

159. 173. Arterioles provide greatest resistance

to blood flow in the

circulation

160. 174. Arthropoda Spiders and crustaceans

161. 175. Arthropods more specialized than

annelids. has sense organs

such as compound or

simple eye, tympanum for

detecting sound.

162. 176. as a person ages, the

cartilage that covers the

bone ends of freely movable

joints begins to wear away,

this is called?

osteoarthritis.

163. 177. as cells normally divide,

their chromosomes get

shorter. At the end of

chromosomes, DNA

sequences called ? decrease

in length every time DNA is

copied.

telomere. A decrease in

telomere length is believed

to define the aging process.

164. 178. as CO2 levels increase,

the ? sends impulses to the

diaphragm and chest

muscles, whcih willincrease breathing rate.

medulla

165. 179. as the diameter of a

nerve fiber increases, the

speed?

increases as well. thick

nerve fibers allow for fast

impulses. 180. Ascending

Loop: impermeable to water

166. 181. Astigmatism irregularly shaped cornea

167. 182. astigmatism irregularly shaped cornea

168. 183. At rest is the [K+]

greater inside or

outside the neuron?

the [K+] is greater inside the cell.

169. 184. at some point of

development all

chordates have

pharyngeal pouches, a

notochord, and a dorsal tubular

nerve cord.

170. 185. at the end of long

bones, are regions ofcartilaginous cells

where growth occurs,

this is called the?

epiphyseal plate

171. 186. Atomic energy

levels

...

172. 187. Atomic radius - Decreases left to right -

Increases top to bottom

- Influenced by Zeff and

electrostatic attraction between

nucleus and electrons - Higher

Zeff means more attraction andatom becomes more compact

- Peaks= single electron in

valence ( Li, Na, K)

- Troughs= Noble gases (totally

filled shell)

173. 188. ATP exergonic, negatively charged

even at pH=7 -releases energy

that will drive endergonic

reactions

174. 189. ATP synthase is

associated with whatorganelles?

mitochondria and chloroplast

175. 190. ATP_> cAMP catalyzed by membrane bound

enzyme denylate cyclase. cAMP

acts as second messenger

176. 191. Atrophy decrease in cell size

177. 192. Aufbau Principle Shells/ sub shells of lowest

energy get filled first

178. 193. AUG and f-met-t-

RNA

Protein synthesis initiation on

the mRNA at the proper site on

the ribosome for Prokaryotes 194.

Auricle: external ear

179. 195. Autolysis cell commits suicide by rupturing

the lysosome membrane and

releasing its hydrolytic enzymes

180. 196. Autonomic

Nervous System

involuntary movement;

innervates cardiac and smooth

muscle; 2 divisions: sympathetic

and parasympathetic

181. 197. Autosomal

Dominant

male and female are affected if

one parent is the carrier


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182. 198.

Autosomal

recessive

male and female are affected if one parent is

the carrier but SKIPS generations.

183. 199.

Autosomal

Recessive

Inheritance

female and males are affected equally, skips

generations, heterozygote do not have the

trait. Ex: sickle cell anemia, PKU,

galactosemia

184. 200.Autotroph

organism that can capture energy fromsunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its

own food from inorganic compounds; the first

used photosynthetic pathways to synthesize

carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O -- this

added molecular O2 to the environment, thus

changing it from a reducing to an oxidizing

environment

185. 201.

Autotrophic

Aerobes

make own food, require O2 (include green

plants and photoplankton)

186. 202.

Autotrophic

Anaerobes

make own food, do not require O2 (include

chemosynthetic bacteria)

187. 203. Auxins promotes plant growth and inhibits root

elongation. enhances the production of new

xylem cells 204. AV node: atrioventricular

node that coordinates heart rate

188. 205.

Average KE

of a Gas

KE= 3/2 RT

R= 8.314

Depends only on TEMP (not mass)

189. 206.Avogadro's

Law

Equal volume of 2 gases will contains equal #of moles of each gas 207. axial skeleton:

vertebral column, skull and rib cage

190. 208. B cells

are

lymphocytes

that mature

where?

in the bone marrow.

191. 209. B-

oxidation of

fatty acids

occur in the

matrix of

the ?

mitochondria

192. 210.

bacteria are

? which

belong to the

kingdom of

monera

prokaryotes

193. 211. bacteria

are

prokaryotes

that reproduce

by?

binary fission

194. 212. Bacteria

electron

transport

chain

uses multiple electron transport chains to

produce ATP

195. 213. Bacteria

illustrate an ?

selected

population

R-selected population

196. 214. bacteria

utilize multiple

of these to

produce ATP?

ETC

197. 215. Bacterial

DNA

found in chromosomes and plasmids

198. 216. Bacterial

Replication

bacterial replication begins at a point on

their circular DNA and proceeds in both

directions

199. 217.

Bacteriophage

virus that infects bacterium; attaches to it,

bores a hole through bacterial cell wall,

injects its DNA; bacteriophage then enters

either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle

200. 218. balance

and muscle

coordination

is the function

of?

cerebellum

201. 219. balance is

associated

with the semi-

circular canals

located?

within the inner ear

202. 220. Basic

Structure of

cilia/flagella of

all eukaryotic

cells

cylindrical stalk with 11 microtubles ( 9

paired microtubles in a circle and 2 in

center)

203. 221. basicity more likely it is to attract positivelycharged proton. nucleophilic strength

decreses: RO->HO>RCO2>ROH>H2O

222. Basilar Membrane: where the hair

cells are in the inner ear

204. 223. Batesian

mimicry

harmless species has evolved to imitate the

warning signals of a harmful species

205. 224. Benzyl The term used to describe toluene

substituted at the methyl position when it

is used as a substituent.


10/78

206. 225. beta oxidation secondary process which the

body uses for a source of energy.

each round of beta oxidation

produces 1NADH and 1FADH2

and uses 2ATP

207. 226. Beta-Oxidation of

fatty acids

occurs inside the matrix of

mitochondria

208. 227. Bile not an enzyme. Secreted by liverand stored in gall bladder,

breakdown fats and contains

sodium bicarbonate to neutralize

the stomach acid

209. 228. bile secreted by the gall bladder.

contains NO ENZYME and

emulsifies fat.

210. 229. bile production

occurs in the ? but

stored in the ?

liver and stored in the

gallbladder 230. Binding energy:

...

211. 231. Biome a geographic region inhabited bya distinct community

-Tundra- moss, lichen, low-

growing shrubs, cold winters,

and short growing season.

-Taiga - moss, lichen, low-

growing shrubs, cold winters,

and short growing season.

-Savanna

-Deserts

-Grasslands

-Temperate deciduous forest

212. 232. birds are most

likely decendents of?

reptiles

213. 234. Blastopore usually form mouth before anus

but not in all organisms

214. 235. Blastula hollow sphere of single layer of

cells

215. 236. Blastulation begins when morula develops a

fluid filled cavity called

"blastocoel"

216. 237. Blind Spot Point where optic nerve exits theeye, (no photoreceptors there)

217. 238. blood clotting

involves a series of

chain reactions in

which fibrinogen is

converted into what?

fibrin 239. blood travels slowest

in ?: capillaries

218. 240. blood vessels and

nerves pass through

the?

Haversian Canals

219. 241. Blue-green

algae

(cyanobacteria)

prokaryotes from Kingdom Monera -has

cell walls

220. 242. Boiling

Point Affected

By.....

What bonds are in molecule? Covalent>

Ionic> H bond> Dipole-dipole> LDF

221. 243. Boiling

Point Elevation

Tb= Kb(i)m

m= molality222. 244. Bomb

calorimeter or

constant volume

cal

q rxn + qcal=0

223. 245. Bond

Dissociation

Energy as

related to Heats

of Formation

- TAKES energy to BREAK bonds

(positive and endo) - RELEASES energy

when bonds are formed ( negative and

eco)

- Bond dissociation energy= POS

- Enthalpy of formation= NEG

H= Bonds broken - Bonds formed ALL

ELEMENTS must be in gas phase!

224. 246. Bond

Stength Factors

Tucci

Ionic/ Dipole-Dipole/ LDF :

Ionic:Look at CHARGE (larger ion

charge means stronger force)

Dipole-Dipole: Look at how POLAR

molecules are (greater difference means

stronger bond) LDF: Look at molecular

mass! Larger atoms have more LDF!

225. 247. bone

resorption

osteoclasts break down bone, releasing

minerals such as Ca+2 from bone fluid to

blood226. 248. Botulism

toxin

prevents release of acetylcholine from

presynaptic cell causing paralysis

227. 249. botulism

toxin

prevents the release of acetylcholine from

the presynaptic membrane and also

results in paralysis.

228. 250. Boyle's Law

and Curve

At constant T---> PV=PV (curve on

sheet)

229. 251. Brainstem midbrain, pons, medulla


11/78

230. 252.

Bronsted/Arhennius/Lewis

acids and bases

Bronsted: Acid is proton

donor/ Base is proton

acceptor Arennius: Acid

gives up H+/ Base releases

OH-

231. Lewis Acid is e- pair acceptor/

Base is e- pair donor

All Bronsted Bases are

Lewis Bases but not the

other way around!

232. 253. Brownian movement part of intracellular

circulation; the movement of

particles due to kinetic

energy spreads small,

suspended

particles throughout the

cytoplasm of the cell

233. 254. Bryo means moss, liverwort

234. 255. Bryophytes moss, liverworts, and

hornworts, -nonvascular

land plants

235. 256. Budding kind of asexual

reproduction; replication of

DNA followed by unequal

cytokinesis; new, smaller

cell could separate from the

parent cell immediately or

stick around for a while as

an outgrowth and separate

at a later stage

236. 257. Buffers - buffer RESISTS change inpH (watch out for this in

problems) can be a TRICK

(Examkracker ex:) - Is a mix

of a weak acid and the salt

of its conjugate base

- Or mix of weak base and

salt of its conjugate acid

237. 258. Buffers in Titrations - Buffering zone is where the

curve is flat and there is a

near equal amount of acid or

base and its conjugate

(Around HALF equivalencepoint)

- Buffering capacity is MAX

when pH is equal to pKa

238. 259. c-AMP cyclic-AMP, "second messenger" -activates

enzymes, imitates protein synthesis , al ter

membrane permeability. (activates protein

Kinase)

-to degrade it use phosphodiesterase c-

AMP AMP

239. 260. C3H8 +

5O2 = 3CO2 +

4H2O + heat

combustion reaction occurs through a

radical process

240. 261. Calcitonin lowers blood Ca+ levels so it stimulates

osteoblast activity to store Ca inside the

bone thus forming bones.

241. 262. Calcitonin decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by

inhibiting Ca2+ release from bone;

regulated by plasma Ca2+ levels;

antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

242. 263. Calcitonin made by thyroid gland; decreases plasma

Ca2+ conc. by inhibiting Ca2+ release

from bone; Calcitonin secretion regulated

by plasma Ca+ levels

243. 264. Calcitonin tones down the blood calcium level by

lowering the osteoclastic activity 265.

Calculating Solubility: Given Ksp for AgCl-

-> what is the solubility?

Ksp= [Ag][Cl]= x2 and SOLUBILITY= x!!!!

266. calorie

1 calorie= 4.2 J

1 Calorie= 1000 calories= 4200 J

244. 267. can

glycogen be

storedintracellularly?

yes

245. 268. can

viruses infect

plants and

animals?

yes. viruses can infect both.

246. 269.

Capacitation

sperm will need cap to puncture egg to

fertilize it. It is needed to mature the sperm

270. carbonyl: carbon double bonded to an

oxygen

247. 271. Carboxylic

Acid

A compound with a COOH terminal group.

Compounds are named by replacing the -e

in the corresponding alkane with -oic acid.

Formic acid (methanoic acid), acetic acid

(ethanoic acid) are common names for the

simplest types.

248. 272. carboxylic

acid

always receive number one. contain

carbonyl and OH group, very oxidized.

highest priority functional group. 273.

Carcinoma occurs in this type of tissue?:

epithelial

249. 274.

Carcinoma

: Cancer in Epithelial tissues


12/78

250. 275. Cardiac Muscle single nucleus, striations as

well as complex junctions

between adjacent individuals

cells called intercalated disc.

INVOLUNTARY

251. 276. cardiac muscle one or two central nuclei,

straited and myogenic.

252. 277. Carrying capacity # of individuals in a speciesthat can be sustained but the

avaible resources

253. 278. Cartilage connective tissue derived from

mesenchyme, which is

rmbryonic connective tissue

that gives rise to most of the

connective tissue cells.

Cartilage is found in trachea,

tip of nose, larynx, external

auditory canal, and external

ear.

254. 279. cartilage is a

connective tissue that is

derived from?

mesenchyme

255. 280. Casparian strip waxy band in plant that aid in

water control

256. 281. Catalysts - Lower Ea!

- Equilibirum does NOT

change, you just get to

equilibrium faster Keq ONLY

changes with temp!!

257. 282. catalytic

hydrogenation

reducing an alkene by adding

molecular hydrogen to doublebond with aid of metal

catalyst. e.g. pt, pd, ni. takes

place on surface of metal so it

does syn addition

258. 283. Cataracts lens becomes opaque; light

can't enter therefore blindness

259. 284. cataracts develop when lens becomes

opaque; light cannot enter the

eye leads to blindness

260. 285. Catecholamines class of amino acid derivatives

that epinephrine andnorepinephrine belong to

261. 286. cell death or ? can

help sculpt hands and

feet as well as eyes during

embryonic development.

because once cells die

they allow for separation

to occur in the region of

dying cells.

apoptosis

262. 287. Cell

Membrane

has selective permeability, regulates

passage of materials in and out of cell,

made of phospholipid bilayer, which allows

it to be permeable to both polar and

nonpolar; nonpolar just diffuses through,

charged particles can go through protein

channels and larger charged molecules can

cross with the assistance of carrier protiens

263. 288. Cell

Theory

idea that all living things are composed of

cells, cells are the basic units of structure

and function in living things, and new cells

are produced from existing cells; cells carry

genetic information in the form of DNA

264. 289. cells in

the skin are

almost

waterproof

due to this

fibrous

protein?

keratin

265. 290. cells of

the proximal

and distal

convoluted

tubule are very

rich in what

type of

organelle?

mitochondria 291. cells that absorb bone

are called?: osteoclast

266. 292. Cellular

Respiration

best pathway to harvest energy from

glucose; gets 36-38ATP; Needs O2 because

O2 is the final acceptor of electrons

267. 293. Celsius

Common

Temperatures

Freezing point of H20= 0 C BP of H20=100C

Room temp= 25C Body temp= 37C

268. 294.

Centrifugation

used to separate cells or mixtures of cells

without destroying them; you spin them

and they settle at different levels in the test

tube on the basis of their respective

densities (denser parts like the nuclei,

endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria sink

to bottom)

269. 295.

Centrifugation

Separation technique used to separate

particles according to mass, shape anddensity. Greater mass and density settle

near the bottom while lighter compounds

remain on top. This is meant to simulate a

gravitational pull.

270. 296.

Centrioles

specialized microtubles involved in spindle

organization during cell division; not

bound by a membrane; Plants do not have

them, Animal cells usually have 2

centrioles at right angles to each other and

lie in the centrosome


13/78

271. 297. centrioles

are found only

where?

in animal cells

272. 298. Cenzoic

Era

newest era

(Cenzoic>Mesozoic>Paleozoic>Precambrian)

273. 299.

Cephalopoda

octopus and squid- high demand for O2 and

has closed circulatory system

274. 300. Cerebellum important in motor, maintenance of balance,hand eye coordination, timing of rapid

movements

275. 301. Cerebellum coordinates muscle for balance and

equilibrium

276. 302. cerebral

cortex

integrates sensory input and motor responses

from memory and creative though.

277. 303. cerebullum modulate motor impulses, maintence of

balance, hand-eye coordination and timing of

rapid movements 304. Cervical, thoracic,

lumbar, sacrum coccyx are part of?: vertebral

column

278. 305. Charles'

Law and Curve

At constant P V/T=V/T

279. 306.

Chemoreceptors

in wall of arteries that detect changes in the

gas H+, O2, and CO2

280. 307.

chemotrophs

are organism

that use redox

reactions to

produce?

ATP 308. Chiasmata: Point where two

chromatids are intertwined

281. 309. chiral object that is not superimposable upon mirrorimage

282. 310. chiral

center

carbon with four different substituents and

lack a plane of symmetry

283. 311. Chiral

Molecule

A molecule not superimposable on its mirror

image. It must have at least one central atom

with four different attached atoms. However a

molecule with multiple centers may not fit

into this category.

284. 312.

Cholecystokinin

hormone made by duodenum to stimulate

BILE release. cholecysto = gallbladder and

kinin = movement.

285. 313.

Cholecystokinin

hormone release from small intestine in

response to presence of fats, causes

contraction of gall bladder and release of bile

to small intestine (to aid in digestion of fats)

286. 314.

Cholecytokinin

deom from small intestine in response to fats,

causes contraction of gall bladder and release

of bile, which is involved in the digestion of

fats

287. 315. Chordata Tunicates, mammals, amphiobians.

Reptiles, jawless fish- invertebrate- are

deuterostomes 316. Chorion: gas

exchange- secretes chorionic

Gonadotropin hormones to maintain

Corpus Luteum

288. 317. Chorion lines inside of shell of egg, moist

membrane, permits gas exchange

289. 318. choroid beneath sclera helps supply blood to

retina.

290. 319. Choroid

layer

beneath sclera; helps supply retina with

blood; dark, pigmented area that reduces

reflection in the eye

291. 320. Chromatin DNA uncoiled

292. 321.

Chromatography

Separation technique using retention

time of a compound in the mobile phase

as it travels through the stationary phase

to separate compounds with different

chemical properties.293. 322. cilia would

be most affected

by a drug that

causes

destruction of?

microtubules

294. 323. Ciliary

muscles

control lens shape and focal length

295. 324. Circulation transportation of material within cells

and throughout the body of a

multicellular organism

296. 325. Citric AcidCycle, aka Kreb's

Cycle

For each turn of citric acid cycle, 2 CO2released, 1ATP formed (substrate level

phosphorylation via GTP intermediate, 3

NADH and 1 FADH2 is produced;

NADH and FADH2 transports e-'s to

electron transport chain where more

ATP is produced by oxidative

phosphorylation

297. 326. Class

Agnatha

hagfish and lamprey-lack bones, scales,

and fins 327. Class Aves: Birds

298. 328. Class

Chondrichthys

skates and sharks

299. 329. Class

Osteichthys

bony fish

300. 330. Class

Reptilia

lizards, turtles, and snakes

301. 331. Cleavage is a series of mitotic cell divisions that

follows fertilization (does not change

overall size) -characteristics of

protostomes


14/78

302. 332. Cleavage

furrow

End of telophase for animal cells when

cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells, this

forms; the cell membrane indents along the

equator of the cell and eventually pinches

through the cell

303. 333. Cleavage

in Vertebrate

Embryology

series of rapid meiotic divisions in early

embryonic development; produces

progressively smaller cells because the cell

number increases but the cell protoplasm

(volume of the cytoplasm) remains constant;

increases the ratio of nuclear:cytoplasm;

increases surface:volume ratio which

improves gas, nutrient exchange

304. 334. Climax

Community

most stable community marked by large

biomass with no environmental changes

305. 335. Cloning first one on a sheep also cows, pigs,

tadpoles, and goats. - Uses Somatic cell

nuclear transfer.

-Recombinant DNA tech or genetic

engineering- use plasmid which are double stranded

circular DNA

- also uses Bacteriophage vector DNA to

make insulin, bovine growth hormones, and

vaccines

306. 336. Cloning

DNA in

bacteria

another way (other than PCR) to amplify

genes; 1) ligation of the DNA sequence of

interest with vector DNA fragments 2) once

the recombinant molecule is formed it can be

inserted into the bacteria strain, through

transformation, identical copies of DNA

produced307. 337. Closed

system

Exchange of heat and work but not matter

with surroundings

308. 338.

Cnidaria

Nervous

System

Has a nerve net which is a simple nervous

system that has limited centralization; some

jellyfish have clusters of cells and pathways

to coordinate swimming movement

309. 339.

Cnidarians

hydras, corals, jellyfish, has Nematocyte

which are the stinging cells- no notochord

Hydras = reproduces by BUDDING asexually

-when they grow up they produce sexually -

Also known as Medusosid stage310. 340.

Cnidarians

simple nervous system called nerve net. ie

jelly fish

311. 341.

Cnidoblast

A cell in the epidermis of coelenterates in

which a nematocyst is developed, are

specialized cells in the tentacles and body

wall of coelenterates.

312. 342. CNS is

comprised of

what two

components?

brain and spinal cord 343. CO2: the most

abundant waster product of metabolism

313. 344. CO2 in

blood

is carried as Bicarbonate ions HCO3 in the

blood

314. 345.

Coacervate

droplets

a tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic

molecules (specifically, lipid molecules)

which is held together by hydrophobic

forces from a surrounding liquid.

Precursors to the first cells (but these are

not living and most are unstable, but some

are stable!). Absorb and incorporate

substances from the surrounding

environment

315. 346. cochlea functions in hearing

316. 347.

Codominance

Happens when there is multiple alleles for a

gene, some are dominant and some are

recessive; dominant always wins over

recessive (wholly expressed); but when

there are two dominant alleles they are both

expressed simultaneously (ex. blood type)

317. 348. codon 3 base pairs that code for an amino acid;

multiple codons can code for the same

amino acid

318. 349. Cofactor something that is required by the enzyme

but is not a protein part of the enzyme;

could be metals or small organic groups

"coenzymes"

319. 350. Coffee

cup

calorimeter

q rxn + q water= o qrx= - q water

nHrxn= - mcT

where q water= mass of water or mass of

the solution (without ions)

320. 351. cold

potassiumpermanganate

alkenes oxidzed with kmno4, if made with

cold, dilue, make OH on each side of doublebond, diols or

glycol in syn orientation

321. glycol in syn

orientation

...

322. 352. Collagen triple helix- found in extracellular matrix,

rich in glycine

323. -fibrous

protein. Used

to connect and

support other

body tissues353.

Colligative

properties

- Boiling point elevation

- Vapor pressure lowering

- Freezing point depression - Osmotic

pressure

ALL take into consideration to Van't Hofffactor (i)

324. 354. Collogen triple helix , fibrous protein that makes up

bone and connective tissues -Has

Hydroxyporline and hydroxylysine


15/78

325. 355. Colloids - Things mixed at semi-molecular

level with solute clumps

(aggregates) that are REALLy small

- They will stay mixed until you

centrifuge them

- Also known as an emulsion Ex:

Milk

326. 356. Combustion reaction of alkane with oxygen to

form carbon dioxide, water and

heat.

327. 357. combustion,

disproportionation,

free-radical

substitution,

pyrolysis

alphabetical order of alkane rxn

358. Common Ion Effect: Ex: AgCl

in water

If you add in NaCl (more Cl ion)

then LESS solid will dissolve at

equilibrium

Application of Le Chatelier

DECREASES solubility

328. 359. Common

oxidizing agents

O2, O3, MnO4-, CrO42-, Cr2O72-,

H2O2, Lewis acids, stuff with lots of

oxygens 360. Common reducing

agents: H2, metals, Zn/HCl,

Sn/HCl, LiAlH4, Lewis bases, stuff

with lots of hydrogens 361.

Community: interactions of different

populations of species

329. 362. Complement

defense system

an immune response and

supplements the inflammatory

response330. 363. Complex Ion

Effect

Metal + Lewis base--> forms

complex ion

331. Keq for this kind of

rxn is called K f (K of

formation)

...

332. Adding an ion that

will COMPLEX to

part of your

dissolved solution

essentially PUSHES

the reaction to theright--> and MORE

solid will dissolve

...

333. OPPOSITE to

common ion effect

INCREASES

solubility

...

334. 364. Compound

Light

Microscope

uses 2 lenses to magnify an object

(eyepiece and objective); total

magnification = eyepiece x magnification

of objective; studies nonliving specimens

because you need to stain the cell which

kills it

335. 365. Cones type of photoreceptor that responds to

high-intensity illumination and are

sensitive to color

336. 366. Cones high intensity illumination; sensitive to

color; have 3 pigments: red, green, blue;

fovea= area densly packed with cones 367.

configuration: spatial arrangement of the

atoms or groups of a sterioisomer

337. 368.

Conformational

Isomer

Stereoisomers that differ by rotation about

one or more ingle bonds, usually

represented using Newman projections.

338. 369.

conformational

isomer

most similar. same molecule only at

different points in their rotation. show

them with newmans projections

339. 370.

Conjugated

Proteins

Proteins requiring a covalently bonded

prosthetic group to function properly.

Hemoglobin is an example.

340. 371.

Conjugation

sex in bacteria; 2 bacteria temporarily join

and transfer genetic info; transfers from

donor male (+) to recipient female (-) over

cytoplasmic conjugation bridge; only

bacteria containing sex factor plasmids

can conjugate

341. 372.

Constitutive

operons that are always on and can never

be turned off because their regulator genescode for defected repressors or there is

mutations in the operon

342. 373. Control of

Adrenal

Hormones

Cortical hormone release under control of

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

374. Convergent evolution: different origin

but same biologica l trait

343. 375.

Cooperative

effect

when hemoglobin binds to O2 and it

makes it easier to bind additional O2 to

the other sites

344. 376. Cori Cycle Lactic cycle where lactate is brought back

to the liver and is converted into glucose -Lactate is transported to the liver by the

blood flow.

345. 377. Cornea transparent; at front of eye; bends/

focuses light rays

346. 378. Corpus

callosum

divides the brain hemisphere- largest

myelinated tracts to allow right and left

brain to communicate 379. Corpus luteum:

develops because of LH in the Luteal

Phase of the Menstrual cycle; secretes

estrogen and progesterone


16/78

347. ... ...

348. 380. Corpus luteum in menstruation cycle - temporary

endocrine structure-production of

progesterone and estradiol to help

blood vessel grow

349. -corpus luteum

develops from an

ovarian follicleduring the luteal

phase of the

menstrual cycle o -

breakdown into

Corpus Albicans if

no fertilization

occurs.

...

350. - Secrete

progesterone to

maintain the

uterine lining

...

351. - Ovarian follicle

becomes corpus

luteum after

ovulation

...

352. 381. Cortical sex

hormones

adrenal cortex secretes small

quantities of androgens (male sex

hormones) in both males and

females; in males, most androgens

secreted by testes and the adrenal

cortex has little effect but in females,

overproduction of androgens by

adrenal cortex can cause masculine

characteristics ( like facial hair)

353. 382. Cortical sex

hormones

adrenal cortex secretes androgens

(male sex hormones). Most

androgens produced by male testes.

354. 383.

Corticosteriods

derived from cholesterol; 3 types =

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,

cortical sex hormones

355. 384.

corticosteroids

secreted by adrenal cortex; derived

from cholesterol, include

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,

and cortical sex hormones

356. 385. cortisol and

cortisone

involved in glucose regulation.

examples of glucorticoids. 386.

Cotyledon: seed leaf that stores food

for germinated seedling

357. 387. Courtship

behavior

precedes mating in most animals

358. 388. covalent bond sharing of electron between atoms

359. 389. Cretinism hypothyroidism in infants;

characterized by short stature and

mental retardation

360. 390. CRF Corticotrophin-releasing factor;

regulates anterior pituitary's trophic

hormone ACTH

361. 391. Critical Point - The temp and pressure at which you

can't tell what phase it is! - Can no

longer get a liquid no matter how much

pressure you put it under

362. 392. Cross over has chiasma as evidence- greaterchance of cross over when genes are

FAR APART, happens in prophase 1

meiosis

363. 393. Crossing over chromatids of homologous

chromosomes break at corresponding

points and exchange equivalent pieces

of DNA; crossing over occurs between

homologous chromosomes NOT sister

chromatids because those are the same;

creates genetic variation

364. 394. Crustacean crabs (anything with shell in water )

365. 395. Cuboidal,

columar, and

squamous is

describing?

epithelial tissue.

366. 396. Curare drug that blacks post-synaptic

acetylcholine receptors so acetylcholine

cna't interact with next cell which

causes paralysis by blocking nerve

impulses to muscles

367. 397. curare blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine

receptors so that acetylcholine is

unable to interact with the receptor.this leads to paralysis.

368. 398. Cyclic AMP

and Cyclic GMP

will activate what

enzyme? this

enzyme catalyzes

reactions

involving

transferrin of

phosphate

groups.

Kinases

369. 399. cyclic

electron flow

involves only one photosystems(P700),

ATP is produce though cyclic

photophosphorylation(FERRODOXIN)

400. Cyclosis: streaming movement

within cell that allows for transport in

the cytoplasm

370. 401. Cyclosis or

streaming

part of intracellular circulation;

circular motion of cytoplasm around

the cell transport molecules


17/78

371. 402. Cytochrome a group of Heme that is found

in the electron transport chain

372. 403. Cytochromes are

associated with what

phase of cellular

respiration?

Electron transport chain.

They are embedded in the

inner membrane of the

mitochondria

373. 404. Cytokinesis cell division (affiliated with

mitosis)374. 405. Cytokinins plant hormones use to

promote cell division

375. 406. Cytoplasm where most of the cell's

metabolic activity occurs

376. 407. Cytoskeleton the mechanical support of the

structure, network of protein

fibers that shape the cell -has

cellular movement like

contracting and gliding-

within cytosol

377. - made up ofmicrofilaments,

microtubules, and

intermediate filaments

(Keratin made from

actin) - has it in both

Prokaryote and

Eukaryotes

...

378. 408. Cytoskeleton made of microtubles and

microfilaments, gives cell

mechanical support,

maintains shape and

functions in cellmotility(ability to move

spontaneously and

independently)

379. 409. Dalton's Partial

Pressure Law

Ptotal= XiPtotal

380. Partial pressure= Mole

fraction x P total

...

381. P total= Sum of all the

partial pressures

...

382. 410. Dark field microcopy views live cells or flagella that

are thin and that can't be viewby the light microscope

383. 411. Dark reaction in

plants

in stroma: ATP and NAPDH

are used in fixation of Carbon

- 2 NAPDH and 3 ATP for

each CO2 - 6 turns of Dark

rxn= 1 glucose molecule

384. 412. Darwin branching pattern of evolution

resulted from a process that he

called natural selection

385. 413. Darwin lack the understanding of genetics so

mutations was never explained by him -

explained natural selection

386. 414. Deactivating

Substituents

Electron-withdrawing substituents

already attached to the aromatic ring.

They decrease the ring's potential to

react with other species. These are meta-

directing, except ortho/para directing

halogens.

387. 415. Deciduous

Forest

large trees like in the North Carolina

388. 416.

Decomposers

have the most or

least Energy?

the least

389. 417. Define Onco tumor

390. 418.

Denaturation of 1

structureproteins

only loss if digestion occurs.

391. 419.

Denaturation of

protein

structures are

2, 3, and 4 structuresc

392. 420. denaturing

of a protein

causes change in

which

structures?

2, 3, and 4.

393. 421.

Denitrification

bacteria converts NO2 or NO3 to N2 or

N2O

394. 422. Density of

water

Density of water= 1 g/mL= 1 g/cm3

395. 423. Dermis second layer of skin under the

epidermis- has connective tissue,

sensory receptors, and hair follicles

396. 424. Dermis a layer of the skin that has is attached to

vessels- as temp increases the blood

vessel dilated to lose that heat.

397. 425.

Desmosomes

attach cells together to give mechanical

strength- skin398. 426.

desmosomes are

especially

abundant in the

skin and

randomly

arranged where?

lateral sides of plasma membranes.


18/78

399. 427. Despite their

primitive appearance,

patterns in early

embryonic development

strongly suggest that this

phylum are most closely

related to the chordates,

the animal phylum that

developed most recently inevolutionary time.

echinoderms

400. 428. Determinate Cleavage cell divides and separated

from each other, they will die

401. 429. Determinate cleavage results in cells whose future

differentiation pathways are

determined at an early

development stage 430.

determinate cleavage is

characteristic of?:

protostomes

402. 431. Deuterostomes first indentation is the anusand the second is the mouth

(echinoderms and chordates)

403. 432. Diabetes insipidus

disease

insufficient vasopressin

production (ADH)

404. 433. Diabetes mellitus underproduction or

insensitivity to insulin--

hyperglycemia

405. 434. Diaphragm

(microscope)

controls the amount of light

passing through specimen

406. 435. Diastereomers Stereoisomers that are not

mirror images of each other.Diastereomers differ in their

configurations in at least one

chiral center and share the

same configuration in at least

one chiral center. They have

the same chemical properties

but different physical

properties.

407. 436. diastereomers non mirror image of

configurational isomers. cis

and trans alkenes are them.

possible when a molecule hastwo or more stereogenic

centers that differ at some but

not alll of the centers. they

require multiple chiral

centers.

408. 437. Diencephalon contains thalamus and

hypothalamus

409. 438. Difference in RNA

and DNA polymerase

RNA lack proofreading, DNA

has it so RNA messes up

more

410. 439. Differentiation occurs when cell has become

specialized resulting from

selective gene expression

which happens once

gastrulation is complete.

411. 440. Diffusion Gas substance moves from

area of hight to low

concentration--> diffuses

down concentration gradient

412. - is random molec motion ...

413. 441. Dihybrid Cross you can study two traits as

long as the genes are on

separate chromosomes and

assort independently during

meiosis

414. 442. Dilution Law! M1V1=M2V2

415. Concentration x Volume=

Concentration x Volume

...

416. Ex It takes 20 mL of 2.OMNaOH to titrate 40 mL of

HCl--> what was the

original concentration?

417. 20 (2)= C (40) C= 1M! ...

418. 443. diol two hydroxyl groups

419. 444. Dipole- dipole

Interactions

- Happens between all polar

molecules--> they align so

partial charge opposites

attract - Increases BP but not

as much as H bonding

420. - They are stronger the

more polar the molecule is

...

421. (Ion-dipole interactions

are STRONGER than

dipole-dipole-->

interaction btween full

charge (ion) and partial

charge)

...

422. 445. Direct Hormones hormones which effect target

organs; those released from

anterior pituitary = Prolactin

and GH

423. 446. Direct hormones growth

hormone(somatotropin),

prolactin, and endorphines.


19/78

424. 447. Direct

hormones (anterior

pituitary)

directly stimulate target organ-

includes growth hormone (HS,

somatotropin) and Prolactin 448.

disaccharidase: maltose, lactose,

sucrose digestion( from small

intestine)

425. 449.

disproportionation

a radical transfers a hydrogen atom

to another radical and makes an

alkane and alkene

426. 450.

Disproportionation

Reactions

Element in single oxidation state

reacts to form 2 different oxidation

states - 2Cu+--> Cu + Cu2+

427. 451. Distal

Convoluted tubule

secretion occurs (K+ and H+ by

active transport and NH3 diffusion) -

rich in mitochondria (same with

proximal convoluted )

428. -secretes K+ and

absorbs Na+

...

429. -uses AldosteroneADH to increase

Na+ absorption

and concentrate

urine

...

430. 452. Distillation Separation technique exploiting

different boiling points for liquid

mixture. Mixture is heated slowly and

as the liquid with the lower boiling

point converts into its gaseous form,

it passes through a condenser where

it cools back to its liquid form.

431. 453. DNA is notfound in which

lacks a nucleus?

erythrocytes

432. 454. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by catalyzing

the formation of phosphodiester

bonds between DNA nucleotides

433. 455. DNA

sequences that

appear to move

from one part of hte

genome to another

are called?

transposable elements

434. 456. DNA-->mRNA

is called? and

occurs where?

called transcription and occurs in the

nucleus

435. 457. do platelets

contain a nucleus?

no.

436. 458. do prokaryotes

or eukaryotes lack

cholesterol in their

cell membranes?

prokaryotes lack cholesterol in their

cell membranes. 459. do red blood

cells contain mitochondria?: no

437. 460. do thick nerve fibers

allow for fast or slow

impulses?

fast impulses.

438. 461. Down syndrome is

caused by...

trisomy on chromosome 21

439. 462. Duodenal cells produce hormone secretin -

stimulates pancreatic juice.

440. -pancreas is both endo

and endocrine gland that

helps digest and also

secrete hormones

...

441. 463. Duodenum also secretes enterogastrone

442. 464. duodenum,

jejunum, and ileum are

the 3 sections of?

small intestine.

443. 465. During cell division,

chromosomes are moved

into proper position with

the aid of this protein?

dynein

444. 466. during cleavage

what physical changes

are not occurring to the

embryo?

during cleavage the embryo is

not increasing in size. 467.

during gastrulation a U shaped

form gives the name of?:

gastrula

445. 468. during gastrulation

the process in an embryo

in which one tissue

causes another to

differentiate is called?

induction

446. 469. during inspiration(breathing) these nerves

cause the muscle fibers

in the diaphragm to

contract and move

downward.

phrenic nerves

447. 470. during inspiration

(breathing) what

happens to the

diaphragm?

moves downward

448. 471. during reproduction

this process produces

one single egg and 2 or 3

polar bodies?

oogenesis

449. 472. during the light

reaction what is

produced, oxidized, and

reduced?

ATP is produced, Water is

oxidized, and NADP+ is

reduced 473. during the light

reactions a high concentration

of ? is produced within the

thylakoids.: [ H+ ]


20/78

450. 474. During this stage we see the production of

mitochondria, ribosomes and much protein synthesis?

G1 stage 475.

during what

phase can

both human

autosomes

and sex

chromosomes

precisely

examined?:metaphase.

451. 476. during what stage of interphase does DNA synthesis

occur?

S-stage

452. 477.

duringwhatstageofinterphasedoesthecellpreparetoseparate?

G2stage

453. 478. Dwarfism stunted

growth, in

children lack

of GH

454. 479. Dynein "motor

protein" hasflagellum(

used for

locomotion)

chromosomal

movement

like in cell

division. -

uses ATP to

move- arms

are attached

to the

microtubulesand serve as

molecular

motors

455. 480. E.coli is this type of anaerobic bacteria? facultative

anaerobic

481. E= mc2:

...

456. 482. E=hf ...

457. 483. Ear - fluid-filled

semicircular

canals(labyrinth)

attach to the

cochlea and

nerves in the

inner ear. -

They send

information

on balance

and head

position to

the brain.

458. 484. Early Earth NO O2! Only has CO2,

CO, H2O, NH3, N2,

H2S, H2, anaerobic

heterotrophs, RNA 485.

Early Earth gases: NO

O2 but has NH3, H2,

H2O, H2S

459. 486. Eccrine sweat gland that

maintains body

temperature.

460. 487. Echinoderm DON'T have notochord

during developing

stage- are

deuterostomes

461. 488. Echinodermata sea urchins and sea

stars

462. 489. echinoderms do not have

a notochord during what stage

of development? give an

example of an echinoderm.

echinoderms do not

have a notochord during

any stage of

development. example isstarfish

463. 490. eclipsed conformation highest energy no

separation. or 120

separation.

464. 491. Ectoderm integument (includes:

epidermis, hair, nails,

epithelium of nose

mouth and anal canal,

lens of eye, retina,

nervous system)

465. 492. Ectoderm germ layer first to forms from theoutermost of the germ

layer

466. - Forms central nervous

system, the lens of the eye,

cranial (teeth) and sensory, the

ganglia and nerves, pigment

cells, head connective tissues,

skin, hair, and mammary

glands

...

467. 493. Effector cells cells in muscles and

glands that are not

neurons but can receive

communication from a

neuron 494. Efferent

neurons: motor neurons

468. 495. efferent nuerons motor nuerons(muscles

and glands)

469. 496. Effusion Gas escapes container

through tiny opening

470. - is random molec motion 497.

Egg

-Have polarity


21/78

471. -Vegetal Pole where yolk is most

concentrated

472. -Animal Pole where yolk is least

concentrated

473. -Neutral Plate folding of plate will form

neutral tube that becomes

brain and spinal cord -

Gray Crescent: establishbody axis0 located on the

side of the egg opposite of

sperm entry

474. 498. Electrolytic Cell ...

475. 499. Electron Affinity - amount of energy

RELEASED when

something gains an

electron - Increases from

bottom to top and left to

right

476. - Peaks= halogens ...477. - Troughs= noble gases ...

478. 500. Electron configuration

TRAP

d4 and d9, they prefer to

have d either full or half

filled and have s half filled

479. 501. Electron microscopes reveals organelles that

light microscopes cannot

do but cell is killed due to

chemicals and staining.

502. Electron Microscopy:

allows 1000 fold higher

magnification than lightmicroscopy; can study

living cells

480. 503. Electron Transport

Chain

inside inner mitochondrial

membrane; as electrons

transfer from carrier to

carrier, energy is released

and

481. used to form ATP (via H+

gradient); most of ETC

carriers are cytochromes

(electron carriers that

resemble hemoglobin) whichhave a central Fe; the final

acceptor is O2 which then

picks up 2 H+'s to form

water

...

482. 504. Electronegativity

Mnemonic

- F rogs - O ften

483. - Cl ing ...

484. - N ear ...

485. - Br anches -In ...

486. - S wampy ...

487. - C

onditions -

H owever

...

488. - P arrots ...

489. - B oldly ...

490. - Si ng ...

491. - Al oud ...

492. 505.

electrophile

charged, need electrons

493. 506.

electrophilic

addition

electrons of pi bond are reactive and easily

attacked by molecules that want e pair e.g.

electrophiles.

494. 507.

electrophilic

addition of

free radicals

in presence of peroxide, oxygen or ultraviolet

light. antimarkonikov because they want a

stable free radical. therefore X ends up on

least subsituted carbon

495. 508.

electrophilic

addition of

H2O

water can be added to alkenes under acidic

conditions. make carbocation. ends with

alcohol

496. 509.

electrophilic

addition of

HX

e of double bond act as lewis base and react

with hydrogen of hx. make carbocation

intermediate. use markonikovs rule

497. 510.

electrophilic

addition of

X2

fast process. double bond is nucleophile and

attack x2. make cyclic halonium ion with

either br or cl. and make dihalo trans

498. 511.

Electrostatic

force

F= kQQ/ r2

499. 512. Embryo

Stages

Zygote Morulablastulagastrulaneurula

500. 513.

Embryology

study of the development of a unicellular

zygote into a complete multicellular organism

501. 514.

Embryonic

Stages

: -Zygote -Morula

502. -Blastrula early stage: when zygote undergoes cell

division, contains Morula- solid balls of cells

that go through mitosis to form a hollow ball

of blastula

503. -Gastrula ...

504. -Neurula ...

505. 515. Emf

and Gibbs

Free Energy

G= -nFEcell n= # moles transferred


22/78

506. F= Faraday

or 100000

(104)

...

507. 516.

Emissions

spectrum

(Bohr)

...

508. 517.Emphysema

is a pathology

marked by the

destruction of

the ?

alveoli

509. 518.

Enamines

An amino group attached to a carbon in a

carbon-carbon double bond.

510. 519.

enantiomer

moleculse that have the opposite

configuration at their one chiral center. or if

multiple chiral centers, must have the

opposite configuration at every one of their

chiral centers to be enantiomers. identicalphysical properties and much of the same

chemical properties. but differe in optical

activity and how they react in a chiral

environment

511. 520.

enantiomer

nonsuperimposable mirror image of chiral

objects, a specific steroisomer.

512. 521.

Enantiomers

Nonsuperimposable stereoisomers that are

mirror images of each other. Enantiomers

differ in configuration at every chiral center

but share the same chemical and physical

properties in a nonstereospecificenvironment. Optical activity is different.

513. 522.

endochondral

ossification

cartilage is replaced by one. usually occurs

in long bones

514. 523.

Endocrine

system

communication; glands secrete hormoes

into circulatory system

515. 524.

Endocytosis

is similar to

active

transport in

that?

both endocytosis and active transport

require energy.

516. 525.

Endoderm

epithelial linings of the digestive and

respiratory tracts (including die lungs),

parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, and

bladder lining

517. 526.

Endoderm

germ layer

Forms stomach, the colon, the liver, the

pancreas, the urinary bladder, the lining of

the urethra, the epithelial parts of trachea,

the lungs, the pharynx, the thyroid, the

parathyroid, and the intestines.

518. 527.

Endometrium

uterine wal l

519. 528. Endoplasmic

Reticulum

network of membrane enclosed spaces

involved in the transport of materials

throughout the cell, particularly

materials that will be secreted by the

cell; provides channels throughout the

cytoplasm and provides a direct

continuous passageway from the

plasma membrane to the nuclear

membrane

520. 529. Endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds

of most flowering plants around the

time of fertilization- serves as food for

flowering plant embryo and later no for

the germinating seedling

521. 530. Energy

emitted when

electron changes

levels

...

522. 531. Enolization Process by which the carbonyl oxygen

of a ketone gets protonated to form an

enol. 532. Eosinophil: White blood

cells: use to battle parasites

523. 533. Epidermis outer layer of skin, has no blood

supply, depends on dermis for O2 and

nutrients

524. -made up of layers

of Stratums

germinativum

(contains dividingcells), spinosum,

granulosum

(granules that is

easily stained) ,

lucidum,

...

525. and corneum

(varies in

thickness)

...

526. - epidermis>

dermis > fatty

tissue ( cushion

and insulator)

...

527. 534. Epiglottis prevent food from entering in the lung

528. 535. Epimers Isomers differing in configuration at

only one stereogenic center.

529. 536. Epinephrine increase blood glucose, blood flow to

skeletal muscles


23/78

530. -Increase heart rate,

respiratory rate,

glycogenolysis , blood

flow to brain and

blood pressure

...

531. -Dilation of pupils ...

532. -constrict blood

vessels to decreaseblood supply to

digestive tract and

kidneys

...

533. 537. Epinephrine converts glycogen to glucose in

liver and muscle, causing rise in

B.G. levels and increase in basal

metabolic rate. Both epinephrine

and norepinephrine increase rate

and strength of heartbeat, dilate

and constrict blood bessels to

increase blood supply to

534. skeletal muscle, heart,

brain, while

decreasing supply to

kidneys, skin, and

digestive tract--

"Flight or flight

response" elicited by

sympathetic nervous

system.

...

535. 538. epinephrine increases the conversion of

glycogen to glucose in liver and

muscle cells. causes rise in blood

glucose levels and metabolic rate.

536. 539. Epinephrine -

physiological details

increases conversion of glycogen

to glucose in liver and muscle

tissue which increases the blood

glucose and basal metabolic rate

537. 540. epinephrine and

nor epinephrine

produced by the adrenal medulla

538. 541. Epinephrine and

Norepinephrine

Overall Effects

increases rate and strength of

heart beat; shunts blood to skeletal

muscle, heart and brain; causes

"fight or flight" response;

controlled by sympathetic nervesystem; also neurotransmitters in

addition to hormomes

539. 542. Epinephrine and

thyroxin are

hormones derived

from?

amino acids 543. Epiphyseal plate:

bone growth at the end of the long

bones

540. 544. Episomes plasmids able to integrate into the

bacterial genome

541. 545. Epistasis one gene that modifies other genes,

modifier gene. -two or more genes effect

one phenotype

542. -affect skin color

and fur color

...

543. 546. epistatic

trait

gene at one locus alters the phenotypic

expression of a gene at another locus

(horse coat color)544. 547.

Erythroblastosis

fetalis

Mother Rh- and fetus Rh+

545. 548.

Erythroblastosis

fetalis

severe anemia of fetus because red blood

cells are being destroyed by anti- Rh

antibodies of mom; cant happen with

ABO blood types because the anti-A

antibodies (etc) cant cross over placenta

546. 549.

Erythrocytes

oxygen carrying components of the blood

(the red blood cells); 1 erythrocyte = 250

million molecules of hemoglobin; eachhemoglobin carries 4 molecules of

oxygen; shape = biconcave

547. 550. Ester Compound with a COOR group. They are

named as alkyl or aryl alkanoates.

548. 551. Estrogen female sex hormones, are steroid

hormones

549. 552. Estrogen,

progesterone,

cortisone,

cortisol,

testosterone,

and aldosterone

are types of

these

hormones?

steroid hormones

550. 553. Estrogens steroid hormones, necessary for normal

female maturation; stimulate

development of female reproductive tract

and contribute to development of

secondary sexual characteristics and sex

drive; cause thickening of endometrium

(uterine wall); secreted by ovarian

follicles and corpus luteum

551. 554. Ether Compound with an oxygen attached to

two alkyl groups (R-O-R').

Compound can be named either as an

alkoxyalkane or as an a lkyl ether.

552. 555. ethers functionality is specified by alkoxy-

prefix. ROR 556. Ethylene: stimulates

fruit ripening

553. 557. Ethylene stimulate fruit ripening

554. 558. Euglena lives in fresh water - lack cell walls,


24/78

555. -has

flagellum to

move, highly

motile, -

plant-like

protista (as

well as green

algae)

...

556. 559.

Eukaryote

has pH 7.4 cells

557. 560.

Evolutionary

Path for

plant

development

Bryophytes > gymnopsperms ( first to have

seeds) > angiosperms

558. 561.

Exceptions

to Octet Rule

B: likes to have 3 bonds and only 6 e's P:

likes to have 5 bonds and 10 e's

559. S likes to have 6 bonds and 12 e's

560. Expansion

can ONLY

happen for

3rd row and

below (the

really really

big atoms)

...

561. 562.

exhalation

passive process, external intercostal muscles

relax, diaphram relaxes. thoracic cavity

decreases and pressure increases. lung

562. DEFLATES ...

563. 563.

Exocrine

glands

as opposed to endocrine glands secrete

substances transported by ducts not the

circulatory system 564. Exponential Decay:

...

564. 565. External

Respiration

entrance of air into lungs, gas exchange

between alveoli and blood

565. 566.

Extracellular

circ

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