d i s e r t a c i a · pirveli msoflio omi; 4. 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiu-li...

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

saqarTvelos istoriis instituti

nato sonRulaSvili

qarTuli erToba da erovnuli identoba XX saukunis

pirvel ocwleulSi

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori mariam CxartiSvili

Tbilisi

2012

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16

Tavi I. erovnuli problemis zogierTi sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..17-24

Tavi II. regionaluri identoba: centri da periferia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25-26

$1. qalaqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...26-30

$2. sofeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-36

Tavi III. socialuri garemo 1900-1921 wlebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

$1. glexi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 37-49

$2. proletari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49-69

$3. jariskaci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-84

$4. samRvdeloeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84-93

$5. Tavadaznauroba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94-103

$6. burJuazia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...104-112

$7. inteligencia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-121

Tavi IV. nacionaluri narativis formireba da nacionaluri simboloebi .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..122

$1. istoriuli mexsiereba da tradicia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..122-135

$2. Teatri da muzeumi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...135-141

Tavi V. qarTuli garemo da erovnuli identoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-144

$1. samSoblo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145-150

$2. qarTuli ena da ganaTleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151-180

$3. sarwmunoeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-184

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$4. qalis, dedis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184-189

$5. ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189-201

Tavi VI. erovnuli Tavisuflebis fenomeni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202-231

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..232-234

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 235-248

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Sesavali

Tanamedrove humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi didi adgili

eTmoba erovnuli identobis kvlevas. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli

fenomenis gaazrebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva Teoriuli mimdinareoba

arsebobs da TiToeul maTganSi sakiTxis gadaWris sakuTari xedvaa

warmodgenili. amjerad maT ganxilvaze ar SevCerdebi, radgan bolo

periodis saqarTveloSi sakmaod aqtualuri gaxda identobrivi kvlevebi

sxvadasxva Teoriebis farglebSi da qarTuli samecniero sazogadoeba

kargad icnobs cnobili Teoriebis ZiriTad principebs (rogoricaa:

eTnosimbolizmi, modernizmi). marTalia, sadisertacio Tema qarTveli

eris da erovnuli problemis analizs eTmoba, magram gansazRvruli

qronologiuri monakveTis arCevidan gamomdinare, anu rodesac qarTveli

eris Camoyalibeba ukve yvela identobrivi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT

dasrulebulia, me ar Sevecdebi ganvsazRvro qarTveli eris warmoSobis

zusti periodi. jer erTi, rogorc Temis struqtura miuTiTebs es

scildeba sakvlev Temas da meorec, miuxedavad mravalricxovani

Teoriebisa da qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebisa, arc

dasavlur da arc qarTul samecniero literaturaSi ar arsebobs eris

Camoyalibebis saboloo gansazRvreba. Tumca yuradRebas gavamaxvileb

rogor aRiqmeboda qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi qarTveli eris

warmoSobis sakiTxi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, disertacia qarTuli, erovnuli identobis

problemas eZRvneba, kerZod ra cvlileba ganvlo erovnuli cnobierebis

formirebam XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi da ra faseulobebze

dayrdnobiT moiazrebda Tavs qarTveli erTobis wevrad.

marTalia, Cemi mizani sazogadoebrivi aRqmebis kvlevaa da saTanado

adgilas vimowmeb Teoriuli literaturidan mniSvnelovan mosazrebebs,

kerZod, eTnosimbolisturi Teoriis warmomadgenlis enToni smiTis,

modernuli Toeriis _ benediqt andersonis. Aaseve, viTvaliswineb

germaneli filosofosis g.v.f. hegelis da frangi moazrovnis monteskies

mosazrebebs erovnuli Tavisuflebis fenomenis Sesaxeb. Tumca ar veyrd-

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nobi romelime konkretul mimdinareobas da mxolod epoqidan

gamomdinare Sevecdebi aRvadgino 1900-1921 wlebis qarTuli garemo. miT

ufro, rom yvela Teoriis warmomadgeneli iziarebs im azrs, rom naciaTa

istoriaSi axali etapi iwyeba safrangeTis burJuaziul-demokratiuli

revoluciis Semdeg.

vidre uSualod ZiriTadi sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavidode saWirod

mimaCnia eris ramdenime cnobili gansazRvrebis motana. ioseb stalini

aRniSnavda: `nacia aris adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari

erToba, warmoSobili enis, teritoriis, ekonomikuri cxovrebisa da im

fsiqikuri wyobis bazaze, romlis gamoxatulebaa kulturis erToba~ (274,

319). eTnosimbolisturi Teoriis warmomadgeneli enToni smiTi, ki,

romlis mosazrebebs xSirad vimowmeb naSromSi wers: `me nacias

ganvsazRvrav, rogorc adamianTa TviTdasaxelebis mqone erTobas,

romelsac ukavia samSoblo miwa da romelsac aqvs saerTo miTebi da

saziaro istoria, saerTo sajaro kultura, erTiani ekonomika da yvela

wevrisaTvis saerTo ufleba-movaleobani~ (268, 36).

nacionaluri identobis sakiTxi ZiriTadad eris arsebobisTvis

damaxasiaTebel sayovelTaod cnobil kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT ganixi-

leba. esenia: ena, religia, istoriuli mexsiereba, tradicia, teritoria

da amasTan, Tu rogor aRiqvams sazogadoeba TiToeul maTgans. bunebrivia

aRniSnulis gaazreba unda moxdes epoqis moTxovnilebidan, suliskveTe-

bidan gamomdinare, radgan saukuneebis manZilze sazogadoebis cnobiereba

garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis.

1900-1921 wlebi gamoirCeva politikur da socialur-ekonomikur

movlenaTa sirTuliT da xSiri cvalebadobiT. amitom zemoT aRniSnul

erovnul maxasiaTeblebTan erTad qarTuli, erovnuli identobis gaazre-

bisTvis mniSvnelovania epoqis da socialur fenaTa cnobierebis

cvalebadobis gaTvaliswineba. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad pirvel rigSi,

aucilebelia ganisazRvros epoqis anu 1900-1921 wlebis ZiriTadi

movlenebi da maTi gavlena sazogadoebaze da meore, saWiroa socialuri

fenebis klasifikacia, TiToeuli maTganis RirebulebaTa gamokveTa da

mTlianobaSi gaazreba.

es iseTi sakiTxebia, romelTa Seswavla wyaros mxolod erTi tipiT

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SeuZlebelia, saWiroa yvela detalis gaTvaliswineba, kompleqsuri

analizi da Semdeg garkveuli mosazrebis Camoyalibeba. sociologis,

filosofosis, istorikosis midgoma aseTi problemisadmi gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan. istorikosis gansazRvreba unda ganirCeodes yvela

maTganisagan imiT, rom misi mosazreba faqtebisa da wyaroTa gamoyenebis

mravalferovnebiT iyos gamagrebuli. daviwyoT imiT, rom amgvari sakiTxe-

bisadmi interesi saukunebis manZilze arsebobda, Tumca aRqma da midgoma

sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad cvlilebas ganic-

dis. rogorc cnobilia, axali da mTavari etapi erovnuli sakiTxis

kvlevis TvalsazrisiT iwyeba safrangeTis burJuaziul-demokratiuli

revoluciis Semdeg. aqedan gamomdinare, XIX saukuneSi aqtualuria

monteskies, rusos, hegelis, herderis ideebi. XX saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi am mimarTulebiT gamoirCeva `analebis skola~, rodesac wina

planze mentalobaTa kvleva gamodis. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom XIX

saukunis II naxevarSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi

aqtualuri iyo erovnuli sakiTxis irgvliv Seqmnili Teoriuli

mosazrebebi. magaliTad, sakmaod popularuli iyo renanis ideebi.

saintereso mosazrebebi Camoayalibes sxvadasxva Teoriebis gacnobis

Sedegad qarTvelma moRvaweebma: mixako wereTlma da konstantine

kapanelma. ase rom, Tanamedrove Teoriebis Camoyalibebas da qarTul

sazogadoebaSi maT cnoba-gamoyenebas mniSvnelovani safuZveli gaaCnia.

saqarTvelos istoriis ara erTi problema: politikuri, kulturu-

li, socialur-ekonomikuri Tu religiuri siRrmiseulad aris

Seswavlili da mravali samecniero gamokvlevaa Seqmnili. magram ara

naklebi mniSvnelobisaa imgvari sakiTxebis kvleva, romelic saSualebas

mogvcems gamovarkvioT, rogor moiazrebda mTlianobaSi qarTveli drois

msvlelobaSi Tavs erTobis wevrad da ra faseulobaTa sistema

gansazRvravda maT brZolas TviTgadarCenisa da TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis.

XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi saqarTvelo axali gamowvevebis

winaSe aRmoCnda. mas, erTi mxriv, unda gadaelaxa feodaluri sistemis

rRvevis Sedegad warmoqmnili cvlilebebi da axal socialur-ekonomikur

garemoSi damkvidrebuliyo da Camoyalibebuliyo da, meore mxriv, rac

mTavaria ganegrZo brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis

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gansxvavebuli gziT: SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebis nacvlad ganaTlebiT,

codniT, organizebulobiT da misi moTxovna epoqis da saqarTvelos

interesebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisi yofiliyo.

marTalia, 1900-1921 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, maTi

calkeuli mxareebi araerTxel gamxdara mecnierTa Seswavlis obieqti,

magram Cemi mizania yuradReba gavamaxvilo sazogadoebriv aRqmebze,

sxvadasxva wyaroebSi daculi informaciis Sejerebis safuZvelze.

interess iwvevs 1900-1921 wlebSi ganviTarebuli procesebis sirTule,

gardaqmnebi, mravalmxrivoba, kerZod, politikuri, kulturuli, ekonomi-

kuri movlenebis xSiri cvalebadoba, sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis

warmoSoba, axal sistemaze gadasvla da maTi sazogadoebasTan dakavSire-

ba, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgena.

aqedan gamomdinare, gamovyavi ori ZiriTadi periodi: 1. 1900-1917 w.w.

_ rodesac saqarTvelo aris ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi da 2. 1918-1921 w.w.

_ demokratiuli respublikis xana. aq ikveTeba Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. erTi

mxriv, es aris XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan Seqmnili movlenebis ideuri

gagrZeleba, rodesac Tergdaleulebis e.w. memkvidreebi cdiloben

nacionalizmis propagandas, codnis amaRlebas, qveynis istoriis gacnobas

farTo fenebSi, warsulis idealizacias, erovnuli faseulobebis dacvis

Segnebis gaRvivebas da, rac mTavaria, qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elitis mTavari mizani xdeba glexis uflebebis dacva, misi

funqciebis gamokveTa. 2. XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan Cndebian axali

socialuri fenebi: proletariati da burJuazia, yalibdeba sxvadasxva

politikuri partiebi, romelTac damoukideblobis mopovebis da

saqarTvelos samomavlo ganviTarebis sakuTari xedvebi gaaCndaT da

TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgen-

lebis CarTvas politikur procesebSi. 3. sruliad gansxvavebuli

periodi, damoukideblobis wlebi, rodesac mTlianad icvleba ideologia

saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis Camoyalibebisaken.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas win

uZRoda sxvadasxva movlenebi, romlebmac Tavisi kvali daaCnies

saqarTvelos istorias. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelo XIX saukunis

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dasawyisidan moyolebuli 1918 wlamde ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis

Sedegad imyofeboda imperiis daqvemdebarebaSi da, bunebrivia, iq

mimdinare procesebi Tavis gavlenas axdenda Cveni qveynis cxovrebaze.

maT Soris SeiZleba calke gamoiyos Semdegi movlenebi: 1. 1905-1907 wlebis

ruseTis revolucia; 2. 1907-1910 wlebis reaqciis xana; 3. 1914-1918 w.w.

pirveli msoflio omi; 4. 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiu-

li revolucia, 1917 wlis 25 oqtombris kontrrevolucia.

1918-1921 wlebi metad rTuli periodia saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

damoukideblobis gamocxadebam mraval dadebiT movlenasTan erTad bevri

problema moitana. garda imisa, rom 117 wlis manZilze saqarTvelo

ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo, jer kidev XV saukunis II naxevarSi

saqarTvelo daiSala samefo-samTavroebad, Tu ar CavTvliT qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos gaerTianebas XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi. amitom

saWiro iyo mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis reformebis

ganxorcieleba da, rac mTavaria, sazogadoebis cnobierebis radikalurad

Secvla.

Cems mizans warmoadgens qarTuli sinamdvilis Seswavla XX

saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi , kerZod, ra gza ganvlo

qarTveli eris cnobierebam 1900-1921 wlebSi. vfiqrob ori sruliad

gansxvavebuli periodis SedarebiTi analizi mraval problematur da

saintereso sakiTxs mohfens naTels.

bunebrivia, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi

problemaa gamokvleuli da mniSvnelovani monografiebi Tu calkeuli

statiebia Seqmnili. Tumca qarTveli eris identobrivi analizi anu

sazogadoebrivi aRqmebis warmoCena saSualebas mogvcems axleburad

SevxedoT da gansxvavebuli kuTxiT davamuSavoT sxvadasxva istoriuli

movlena.

disertaciaSi mTlianobaSia warmodgenili da gaanalizebuli, xSir

SemTxvevaSi calkeul sakiTxebad Seswavlili problemebi. naCvenebia ra

gza ganvlo saqarTvelom XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis manZilze: ra

cvlilebebi ganicada sxvadasxva socialuri fenis cnobierebam, ra

formiT iyo warmodgenili erovnuli Tavisuflebis fenomeni da rogor

viTardeboda mTlianobaSi qarTveli eri.

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rac Seexeba wyaroTa bazas. 1. davamuSave 1900-1921 wlebSi gamomavali

yvela qarTulenovani Jurnal-gazeTi. es periodi gamoirCeva presis

mravalricxovnobiT. beWdur mediaSi saubaria yvela socialuri fenis

Sesaxeb, magram yuradRebamisaqcevia is garemoeba, rom TiToeuli

perioduli organo kulturuli da politikuri elitis ideebs

gamoxatavda, romlebic presis saSualebiT cdilobdnen sakuTari

Sexedulebebis realizebas sazogadoebaSi. 1900-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi

gamodioda sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Jurnal-gazeTi: rogorc politikuri,

magaliTad: social-demokratiuli, socialist-federalisturi, erovnul-

demokratiuli, socialist-revolucionuri, ise: saliteraturo,

samecniero, iumoristuli. TiToeuli mimarTulebis organo cdilobda

sakuTari ideebis gamokveTas. amitom amgvari sakiTxebis kvlevisas

mxolod erTi perioduli organo ver gamodgeba, saWiroa kompleqsuri

analizi.

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi presas did

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. magaliTad, tite arTmelaZe, romelic xSirad

beWdavda statiebs Tu broSurebs sazogadoebisTvis saWiro da

aucilebel sakiTxebze, werda: `presa es iseTi ram manqanaa adamianTa

ganviTarebis winmsvlelobis da keTildReobis saqmeSi, romelic

TavisTavad ukvlevs da ukafavs cxovrebas droTa Sesafer gzas. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, axali dro hqmnis axalsave moTxovnilebas. presa ikvlevs am

axali moTxovnilebis dasakmayofilebel rameebTan misasvlel gzas da

cdilobs am ukanasknelzed Tavisi eris dayenebas. misi mizania ar

CamoarCinos Tavisi eri sxva ers, amitomac saRi presa aZlevs Tavis ers

xelSi iseT utyuar iaraRs, romlis SemweobiTac mas advilad SeuZlia

sZlios yovelnair damabrkolebel naklulovanebebs da gauswordes ukve

arsebul cxovrebis moTxovnilebas~ (209, 110-111). social-demokratiuli

partiis erT-erTi mTavari ideologi, demokratiuli respublikis mTavro-

bis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania imedovnebda, rom saqarTveloSi progresu-

li qveynebis msgavsad maRal doneze avidoda beWduri sityva: `presa aris

sazogado ganviTarebis uZlieresi iaraRi. maSasadame, bed-iRbali presis

aris bed-iRbali TviT sazogadoebis, sazogado suliskveTebis. yvelgan

mas did yuradRebas aqceven, mis gamZlavrebas cdiloben. amitomac yvela

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eris presa, romelsac ki vicnob an gamigonia, duRs da gadmodis. mxolod

am saerTo kulturul aRorZinebisagan gamoricxuli varT, Cven, sxva

xalxTa presas, arc ideuri ltolvilebiT, arc moZraobiT, arc

sicocxlis niSan-wyliT. maT Soris iseTi mzgavsebaa, rogorc cocxalsa

da mkvdars Soris~ (259, 3).

Teoriul literaturaSi beWduri mediis roli gadamwyvetad

miiCneva modernuli naciis formirebaSi. rogorc eTnosimbolisturi

Teoriis warmomadgeneli e. smiTi aRniSnavs: `politikuri erTobis wevrTa

samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba mis mSobliur miwa-wyalze SeigrZnoba

populaciisa Tu ukidures SemTxvevaSi, erTobis mTavari, Zireuli

nawilisaTvis saerTo Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebis wyalobiT. sxva

sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, naciebs unda hqondeT saerTo kulturisa da

samoqalaqo ideologiis, saerTo gagebaTa da miswrafebaTa, grZnobaTa da

ideaTa sazomi, romelic SeakavSirebs populacias mis miwa-wyalze. saer-

To saxalxo mas-kulturis uzrunvelyofa evaleba saxalxo socializaci-

is dawesebulebebs, kerZod, sayovelTao ganaTlebis sistemasa da

masmedias~ (269, 14).

eTnosimbolisturi TvalTaxedvisagan gansxvavebiT, modernistebi

anu naciebis modernul droSi Seqmnis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi, erovnu-

li TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebas da ganviTarebas didwilad beWdur medi-

as miaweren. modernuli mimarTulebis erT-erTi warmomadgenlis benediqt

andersonis azriT: `beWdviTma enebma safuZveli Cauyares erovnuli Segne-

bis ganviTarebas. es SesaZlebeli gaxda azrTa urTierTgacvlisa da

komunikaciis erTiani sivrcis SeqmniT. beWduri produqciisa da qaRaldis

saSualebiT ki miRweuli iqna urTierTgageba. sagamomcemlo saqmem enas

stabiluri da maradiuli Tvisebebi SesZina. es Tviseba didi xnis

manZilze uwyobda xels warsulis im imijis Seqmnas, romelic eris

subieqturi gagebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia~ (2008, 73).

miuxedavad imisa, rom es Tvalsazrisi sakamaToa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobas

iwvevs, erTi ram dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, beWdurma mediam axali

etapi Seqmna naciaTa istoriaSi.

2. aRniSnul periodSi moRvawe cnobil sazogado da politikur

moRvaweTa memuarebi. kerZod: noe Jordania, giorgi lasxiSvili, giorgi

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kvinitaZe, grigol lorTqifaniZe, iakob mansvetaSvili, samson

fircxalava, Salva dadiani, giorgi mazniaSvili, mariam gariyuli da

sxva.

qarTuli identobis Camoyalibeba aris procesi, romelic iwyeba

uZveles periodSi da grZeldeba dRemde. mis Sesaswavlad sxvadasxva

tipis wyaroTa gamoyeneba aris SesaZlebeli. wyaros tipis arCevans

pirvel rigSi sakvlevi periodis qronologiuri CarCo ganapirobebs.

magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli identobis Sesaswavlad saintereso

informacias Seicavs, rogorc hagiografiuli Zeglebi, romlebic

sazogadoebis farTo fenebzea gaTvlili da kargad asaxavs epoqis

suliskveTebas, agreTve istoriografiuli wyaroebi, romlebic xSir

SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis pozicias gamoxatavs. modernuli periodis

qarTuli erTobis identobis Sesaswavlad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

eniWeba beWdur medias, rogorc erovnuli idealebis SenarCunebasa da

aRorZinebaSi moqmed mTavar saSualebas.

samecniero literaturaSi memuarebi, rogorc saistorio wyaro, ara

erTxel yofila gamoyenebuli, Tumca identobis kvlevis istoriisaTvis

mis gamoyenebas dRemde adgili ar hqonia.

cnobil sazogado Tu politikur moRvaweTa memuarebi saintereso

faqtebs Seicavs epoqis Sesaxeb. marTalia, aq nebismieri movlena avtoris

Sexedulebisamebr aris Sefasebuli, magram radganac Cveni naSromis

mizani sazogadoebrivi aRqmebia mas pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba eniWeba.

kvlevis procesSi memuaruli literatura, romelic XX saukunis

pirvel ocwleuls exeba davyaviT or nawilad: 1. politikur moRvaweTa

memuarebi, mogonebebi. isini ufro mdidaria rogorc politikuri, aseve

social-ekonomikuri, kulturuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb arsebuli monace-

mebiT. Mmemuarebis avtorebs warmodgenili aqvT Tavisuflebis mopovebis

da saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis sakuTari xedvebi. 2. sazogado

moRvaweTa memuarebi, mogonebebi, romlebic ZiriTadad aqcents akeTeben

kulturuli RonisZiebebis saWiroebaze da aRweren Tavisi epoqis

sazogado moRvaweTa cxovrebas.

memuarebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos is sakiTxebi, romlebic,

identobrivi procesebis mTavari saSualebaa: 1. qarTuli ena. 2. swavla-

12

ganaTlebis sakiTxi. 3. istoriuli maxsovroba da tradiciebi. 4. qarTuli

Teatris aRorZineba. 5. ekonimikuri sakiTxi. 6. Tavisuflebis brZolisken

mowodeba. bunebrivia, TiToeuli sakiTxi saqarTvelis istoriis yvela

etapze aqtualuri iyo, Tumca XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi es

procesebi mimarTulia, rogorc Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis, aseve

socialur fenaTa daaxloeba-gaerTgvarovnebisken.

3. CemTvis agreTve wyaros warmoadgens qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elitis mier 1900-1921 wlebSi gamocemuli wignebi, broSurebi,

naTargmni literatura, politikur partiaTa programebi. bunebrivia, aq

srulad ver davasaxeleb da ver ganvixilav TiToeuli maTganis naSroms,

Tumca unda iTqvas, rom arsebuli masalebi TanamedroveTa mier aris

damuSavebuli da Sefasebuli, amasTan aqcenti gakeTebulia yvela im

problemaze, romelic epoqis gamowvevas warmoadgenda. maT Soris

aRsaniSnavia: noe Jordania, mixako wereTeli, giorgi gvazava, tite

arTmelaZe, samson fircxalava, grigol gvelesiani, arCil jorjaZe, noe

ramiSvili, ivane maWavariani, petre surgulaZe, Tedo Rlonti, vasil

wereTeli, samson dadiani, ivane gomarTeli da sxva.

wignebsa da broSurebSi aRwerilia qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elitis ideebi, Sexedulebebi saqarTvelos warsuli da Tan-

amedrove istoriis Sesaxeb, maTi damokidebuleba politikur, socialur-

ekonomikur, kulturul da religiur cxovrebasTan. maTSi gadmocemulia

sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis mdgomareoba, maTi aRqma da CarTuloba

damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebe-

li eklesiis roli da viTareba erTi mxriv, imperiis gavlenaSi yofnisas

da meore mxriv, demokratiuli respublikis periodSi. naTargmni lite-

ratura mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom Cven vigebT ra sakiTxebi

warmoadgenda qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawilis

interesis sferos, radgan ZiriTadad iTargmneboda is wignebi, romlebSic

asaxuli iyo ZiriTadad socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

aspeqtebi. eseni iyo: v. leninis, g. plexanovis, p. kropotkinis, l.

martovis, p. maslovis k. kauckis, p. lafargis, a. bebelis, vil. dreperis,

da sxva.

politikur partiaTa programebSi warmodgenili iyo TiToeuli

13

maTganis xedvebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis samomavlo

ganviTarebaSi.

4. dabolos, cxadia, vemyarebi saarqivo dokumentebs, romlebSic

xSir SemTxvevaSi asaxulia is saidumlo monacemebi, romlebic

xelmisawvdomi ar iyo aRniSnuli periodis sazogadoebis farTo

fenebisTvis, gansxvavebiT zemoT aRniSnul wyaroTa sistemisagan. amitom

es informacia dReisaTvis ormagad saintereso da mniSvnelovania.

davamuSave Semdeg fondebSi daculi masalebi: 1. kavkasiis

policiuri sammarTvelos kancelariis fondi 83, (saqmeebi: #2, #3, #4,

#9, #46, #48, #56). 2. Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis fondi 153, (saq-

meebi: #1, #3615, #3941, #1782, #1853, #18871, #19241, #2029, #2179, #2306,

#2309, #2323, #2343, #2858). 3. Tbilisis guberniis sammarTvelos ufrosis

ganyofilebis fondi 156, (saqme: #13). 4. ruseTis social-demokratiuli

muSaTa partiis amierkavkasiis ganyofilebis fondi 1824, (saqmeebi: #7,

#8, #32). 5. saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis fondi

1825, (saqmeebi: #17, #89). 6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

social-demokratiuli partiis centraluri komitetis gazeT èrTobis~

redaqciis fondi 1830, (saqmeebi: #9, #21). 7. saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis fondi 1833, (saqmeebi: #85, #167, # 970,

#971, # 1072). 8. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis parlamentis

fondi 1836, (saqmeebi: #12, #18, #32, #33, #77). 9. saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis fondi 1861, (saqmeebi: #418, #533).

10. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros

fondi 1863, (saqmeebi: #13, #75, #249, #319, #782). 11. saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis miwaTmoqmedebis saministros fondi 1915,

(saqme: #1436). 12. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxalxo

skolebis saministros fondi 1935, (saqmeebi: #20, #249, #318, #325, #453,

#455, #658, #1166).

5. erovnuli problemis irgvliv sxvadasxva gamokvlevebi arsebobs,

rogoricaa iuri kaWarava, `qarTveli xalxis erovnuli konsolidaciis

etapebi~ (235), guram yoranaSvili, èrovnuli sakiTxi~ (289), misive

~eTnikuri TviTSegneba da tradiciebi~ (287) da èTnofsiqologia da

tradiciebi~ (288), daviT malazonia, `qarTuli istoriografiuli

14

azrovneba XIX saukunis II naxevarSi~ (243). Tumca, qarTuli identobis

istoriis kvlevas bolo dros daeTmo yuradReba qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi.

saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi problema saTanado sisruliT aris

dReisaTvis damuSavebuli. qarTuli identobis istoriis Sesaxeb specia-

luri literatura jer kidev sakmaod mcirericxovania. Tumca arsebobs

mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi, romlebic saqarTvelos istoriis sxvadasxva

periodis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazrebebs da daskvnebs gvTavazoben.

maTgan aRsaniSnavia: mariam CxartiSvili, `qarTuli eTnie religiuri

moqcevis epoqaSi~ (295), lela patariZe, `politikuri da kulturuli

identobani IV-VIII saukuneebis qarTul erTobaSi: `qarTlis cxovrebis~

samyaro~ (253), zurab kiknaZe, `qarTli gaqristianebis gzaze: adamianebi da

siwmindeebi~ (237), mariam CxartiSvili, qeTevan mania, `qarTvelTa

nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi iveria da

misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo~ (296), nato sonRulaSvili, `qarTuli erToba

da misi identoba XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi (presis masalebis

mixedviT)~ (272). identobriv kvlevebs asaxavs agreTve giuli alasania

TviTidentifikacia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (mTelisa da nawilis

urTierToba) (207), `qarTveli eris dabadeba~ (284), TinaTin bolqvaZis,

`qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrToba: ilias `iveria~ (220), zaal

kikviZe, `ena, genderi da nacionalizmi~ (236).

aRniSnuli gamokvlevebi mowmobs imas, rom identobrivi

kvlevebisadmi interesi didia. erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

kriteriumebis ganxilva cal-calke Tu erTad aRebuli qarTveli

mecnierebis kvlevis sagani xdeba. P

marTalia dasaxelebuli naSromebi miuTiTebs imas, rom

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia avtorTa yuradRebis centrSi moqceuli, magram

unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1900-1921 wlebis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri gamokvleva ar

arsebobs. disertacia aRniSnulis mcdelobas warmoadgens.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Cems mizans warmoadgens aRvadgino da

Sevafaso qarTuli garemo 1900-1921 wlebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, vexebi im

sakiTxebs, romlebic epoqis gamowvevas warmoadgenda da qarTveli eris

cnobierebis formirebaze axdenda gavlenas. disertaciis struqtura

15

aRniSnulis Sesabamisia.

disertacia Sedgeba Sesavlis, eqvsi Tavis, Teqvsmeti paragrafis da

daskvnisagan.

pirvel TavSi ganxilulia erovnuli problemis kvlevis umniSvne-

lovanesi sakiTxi, kerZod, warmodgenilia Tu rogor moiazreboda qarT-

veli eris Camoyalibeba XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elitis mier.

meore TavSi Seswavlili da Sefasebulia centris da periferiis

anu qalaqis da soflis roli da mniSvneloba XX saukunis pirveli

ocwleulis saqarTveloSi.

mesame TavSi Seswavlili da gaanalizebulia sxvadasxva socialuri

fenis Tu jgufis cnobierebis ganviTareba, naCvenebia ra rols TamaSobda

TiToeuli maTgani saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZo-

laSi da demokratiuli respublikis periodSi.

meoTxe TavSi naCvenebia nacionaluri simboloebis roli da

istoriuli mexsierebisa da tradiciebis mniSvneloba qarTveli eris

cnobierebaSi.

mexuTe Tavi asaxavs qarTul garemos da erovnuli identobisTvis

damaxasiaTebel kriteriumebis mniSvnelobas qarTuli erTobis TiToeuli

wevris daaxloeba-gaerTgvarovnebaSi.

meeqvse TavSi ki saubaria erovnuli Tavisuflebis fenomenze,

romlis winapirobaa zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebi.

bolos warmoadgenilia kvlevis Sedegebi da daskvnebi.

sadisertacio naSromSi istoriuli reprezentaciisa da wyaroT-

mcodneobiTi analizisaTvis gamoyenebulia istoriul-SedarebiTi da

kritikul-analitikuri meTodebi. naSromis ZiriTadi cnebis – eris – ga-

azreba efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs Tanamedrove sociologiuri mecnier-

ebis miRwevebs aRniSnuli fenomenis gansazRvraSi.

disertaciis siaxle mdgomareobs SemdegSi: qarTuli identobis

sakiTxi Seviswavle mTlianad 1900-1921 wlebis magaliTze da rac mTavar-

ia, veyrdnobi ara mxolod konkretul wyaroTa tips, aramed rogorc ukve

gamovkveTe kompleqsuri analizis Sedegadaa Seswavlili yvela is prob-

lema, romelic epoqis gamowvevas warmoadgenda. disertaciis kvlevis

16

sagans warmoadgens qarTveli eris cnobierebis ganviTarebis procesis

Seswavla XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi. naSromSi sxvadasxva erovnu-

li identobrivi maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze, sxvadasxva socialuri

fenebis Tu jgufebis rolis Sefasebis da Seswavlis fonze, warmodge-

nilia qarTuli garemo 1900-1921 wlebSi da naCvenebia aRniSnul epoqaSi

erovnuli Tavisuflebis fenomenis aRqmis evolucia qarTveli eris

mier.

17

Tavi I.

erovnuli problemis zogierTi sakiTxi

erovnuli sakiTxi metad aqtualuri da problematuria. miuxedavad

imisa, rom qarTul samecniero literaturaSi ara erTxel dasmula

kiTxva erovnuli Temis irgvliv da sxvadasxva mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli,

miTumetes dRes sakmaod aqtualuria amgvari sakiTxebis kvleva sxvada-

sxva Teoriul mimdinareobebze dayrdnobiT, saboloo mosazreba jer ar

aris Camoyalibebuli. da albaT, verc amjerad miviRebT daskvniT

ganmartebas, Tumca minda yuradReba gavamaxvilo ramodenime sakiTxze.

rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi erovnuli ideis ganviTarebis

mimarTulebiT axali etapi iwyeba XIX saukunis II naxevridan, rodesac

samoRvaweo asparezze gamodian samocianelebi ilia WavWavaZis meTaurob-

iT da maTi mTavari mizani xdeba ilias mier damkvidrebuli lozungis:

`mamuli, ena sarwmunoeba~ SenarCunebisTvis brZola. es aris idea,

romelic, faqtobrivad mTlianad gasdevs XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX

saukunis dasawyisis qarTveli sazogadoebis wamyvani nawilis, kulturu-

li da politikuri elitis brZolas erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisa-

Tvis mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi da erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis.

daviwyeb imiT, rom ilias mier erTian lozungad damkvidrebuli

`mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~, saukuneebis manZilze istoriis sxvadasxva

etapze epoqis moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare dRis wesrigSi idga

yovelTvis, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi romelime maTgani wina planze

iyo wamoweuli da ganmsazRvrel adgils ikavebda.

marTalia, sadisertacio naSromi exeba XX saukunis pirvel

ocwleulSi ganviTarebul movlenebs, magram, problemis sirTulisa da

mravalmxrivoba-mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare bunebrivia gverds ver

avuvli wina saukuneebs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTvelos istoriidan

gamomdinare, sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansakuTrebul ganzogadebas erovnuli

identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli romelime niSani iRebda xolme, marTa-

18

lia, es yovelive erTian sistemaSi moiazreboda, magram TiToeuli

maTgani saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCunebisTvis

brZolaSi mTavari simbolo xdeboda. magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac

qristianoba gavrcelda saqarTveloSi da SemdegSi is gamocxadda

saxelmwifo religiad, qarTveloba da qristianoba ganuyreli cnebebi

gaxda. saukuneebis manZilze qristianoba iyo qarTveli sazogadoebis

mTavari SemakavSirebeli. maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo religias safrTxe

daemuqreboda xolme da misi arseboba yofna-aryofnis sakiTxze iyo

damokidebuli, qarTveli sasuliero wodebis mier ganxorcielebuli

qmedebebi xels uwyobda qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi mis SenarCunebas.

rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSne, saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli eris

cnobierebam ganviTarebis garkveuli gza ganvlo, amitom Cemi mizania

epoqis maxasiaTeblebis da gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT am problemis

Seswavla, konkretul qronologiur monakveTSi, 1900-1921 wlebSi.

aRniSnul periodSi, erTi mxriv, ruseTis saimperatoro karis da

meore mxriv, marqsistuli ideologiis gavleniT sakmaod aqtualuri iyo

mosazreba, rom qarTveloba erad Camoyalibda XIX saukunis II naxevarSi.

marTalia, Cven Zalian cota viciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra faseulobebze

dayrdnobiT moiazrebdnen Tavs qarTvelebi erTobis wevrad, magram imis

Tqma, rom qarTveli eris Camoyalibeba kapitalizmis damkvidrebis Semdeg

iwyeba rTuli saTqmelia. bunebrivia, disertaciis struqturisa da

Tematikidan gamomdinare me ver Sevexebi da arc aris Cemi kvlevis mizani

Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo, magram erTi ram unda iTqvas, rom

TiToeulma im identobrivma maxasiaTebelma, rogoricaa: ena, qristianoba,

teritoria da aS. romelTa mniSvnelobas modernuli periodis qarTveli

eris Sesaxeb Sesabamis TavebSi ganvixilav, namdvilad didi roli iTamaSa

saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli eris erTianobis SegnebaSi.

pirvel rigSi xazi minda gavusva imas, rom ruseTis gavlenaSi myof

saqarTvelos cxovrebaze Tavis asaxvas poulobda imperiaSi mimdinare

movlenebi da gansazRvravda xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTuli sazogadoebrivi

azris mimarTulebas da, bunebrivia, erovnul TviTSegnebazec gavlenas

axdenda. XIX saukuneSi ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis Sedegad

saqarTvelos axal sistemaze mouwia gadasvla, rac qveynis cxovrebis

19

yvela sferos Seexo. erT-erTi yvelaze problemuri CvenTvis aRmoCnda

ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier mizanmimarTuli qmedebebis Sedegad

kuTxurobis gaZliereba. marTalia, marqsisti istorikosebi werdnen, rom

ruseTis mier gzebis gayvanam daakavSira qarTvelebi erTmaneTs,

kapitalizmma ki ufro metad Seuwyo xeli am process, magram Tu kargad

davakvirdebiT XIX saukunis II naxevarSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

ganviTarebul movlenebs, es yvelaferi sapirispiros mtkicebis

saSualebas gvaZlevs. ruseTis xelisuflebis mizanmimarTuli qmedebebis

Sedegad qarTvelebis cnobiereba radikalurad Seicvala da ukve XIX

saukunis II naxevarSi ilia WavWavaZe wers: `aba daiZaxe qarTvelo-Tqo, Tu

Savi zRvidam moyolebuli kaspis zRvamde marto Rip-gadmogdebulma

qarTlelis metma Semoxedos vinmem da Tu gaWirda, iqneba kaxelmac

Tavisi sxvili kiseri Senken moiRrijos, sxvani ki yursac ar gaTxoveben,

TiTqo amaT ar eZaxio, TiTqo isini ki qarTvelebi ar ariano~ (298, 164). es

problema met simwvaves iZens rogorc XX saukunis I, ise II aTwleulSi.

Jurnal `mogzaurSi~ vkiTxulobT: `Cvenebur kacs, vinc unda iyos is, rom

SexvdeT da kiTxoT, vina xaro? getyvis Tu kaxelia kaxeli varo, Tu

raWvelia _ raWvelio da sxva amgvarad. samarcxvinoa CvenTvis, rom

dRemdis ver Segvignia Tu vina varT. rodesac Cven, rogorc erTi kaci,

ise yvela vityviT, Cven qarTvelni varTo, maSin, mxolod maSin

mogveniWeba Cven RvTiuri Zala, mxolod maSin ityvis Cveni mteri, rom

Cvenc ramed misaCnevi varT sxva erTa Soris~ (184, 164-165).

1911 wels Temi werda: `hkiTxeviT pirvel Sexvedril megrels

qarTveli xo ara xaro? _ daufiqreblad getyviT: ara batono me megreli

varo. aseve getyviT imereli, aseve fiqrobs fSaveli. qarTleli

imerlobas Takilobs, kaxeli kidev orives erTad~ (71, 1).

bunebrivia Sua saukuneebis da Semdegdroindeli qarTuli erTobis

cnobiereba gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. aRniSnuli sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT stalini aseT mosazrebas ayalibebs: `eri aris ara

ubralod istoriuli kategoria, aramed istoriuli kategoria

gansazRvruli epoqisa, _ aRmavali kapitalizmis Camoyalibebis procesi

amave dros adamianTa erebad Camoyalibebis procesia. ase xdeba, mag.

dasavleT evropaSi. ingliselebi, frangebi, germanelebi, italielebi da

20

sxv. erebad Camoyalibdnen maSin, rodesac kapitalizmi feodalur

daqucmacebaze imarjvebda da Zlevamosilad win midioda. magram erebis

warmoSoba iq niSnavda amave dros maT gadaqcevas damoukidebel

nacionalur saxelmwifoebad. inglisi, safrangeTi da sxva erebi amave

dros saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. aRmosavleT evropaSi saqme cota

sxva-nairad viTardeboda. maSin, rodesac dasavleTSi erebi

saxelmwifoebad ganviTardnen, aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibdnen

sanaciaTSoriso saxelmwifoebi, ramdenime erovnebisagan Semdgari

saxelmwifoebi. aseTia avstro-ungreTi, ruseTi. avstriaSi politikurad

yvelaze ganviTarebuli germanelebi aRmoCndnen da swored maT ikisres

avstriis erovnebaTa saxelmwifod gaerTianebis saqme. ungreTSi yvelaze

metad Seguebuli saxelmwifoebrivi darazmulobisadmi aRmoCndnen

madiarebi _ ungreTis erovnebaTa birTvi, igive _ ungreTis

gamaerTianebelni. ruseTSi erovnebaTa gamaerTianeblis roli ikisres

velikorosebma, romelTa saTaveSi idga istoriulad Camoyalibebuli

Zlieri da darazmuli Tavadaznauruli samxedro biurokratia~ (276, 15).

marqsistuli warmodgena erebis mimarT aseTia `Tanamedrove nacia RviZli

Svilia kapitalisturi warmoebis da aReb-micemobis. feodalur xanaSi

TiToeuli eri danawilebulia ramodenime erTimeoris moqiSpe nawilebad

da maSasadame aq arc ki SeiZleba iyos eri erTi WiriT da lxiniT

garemoculi. am xanaSi nacia, nacionaluri ideac ki ar arsebobs. mas

Semdeg rac eri Tavs aRwevs aseT yofas da dgeba samoqalaqo

ganviTarebis gzaze, is TandaTan Zlierdeba, nacionalur erTobas da erT

politikur cxovrebas eCveva da am gziT xdeba Tanamedrove kulturul

naciad~ (258, 9). imis saCveneblad Tu rogori gansxvaveba iyo Sua

saukunebis saqarTvelosa da kapitalizmis periodis qarTvels Soris

naTlad aCvenebs Semdegi faqti, kerZod, svaneTis erT-erTi Temis

latalis patara soflis lailis eklesiis xatis XI saukunis warwera:

wmidao mTavarangelozo muxerisao... adiden mefeni bagratonianni, dadiani

da didebuli da erTobili saqarTvelo da erTobili suanni...~. rodesac

am warweras vkiTxulobT SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, es xom erTiani

saqarTvelos periodia da bunebrivia aseTi aRqma sazogadoebis mxridan?

magram Tu im ligikiT vixelmZRvanelebT, rom Sua saukuneebSi sxvadasxva

21

kuTxeebs Soris kavSiri ar iyo da yvela sakuTari regionis keTildReo-

baze zrunavda da kapitalizmis Semosvlis Semdeg ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs

calkeuli kuTxeebi. maSin svaneTSi, mTis nawilSi, romelic yovelTvis

gankerZoebiT idga xelisuflebisagan, ratom iyo aseTi suliskveTeba

erTiani saqarTvelos mimarT? anu zemoT motanili magaliTebi mowmobs,

rom es aris ruseTis mier Seqmnili ideologia. da Tu es elitis

ideologiaa da sazogadoebaSi ar iyo aseTi aRqma, maSin XIX saukuneSic

inteligencia qmnis ideologias da nakleb savaraudoa rom es idea

xalxSi srulad poulobda asaxvas. marTalia am dros presa arsebobs,

magram XIX saukunis II naxevarSi wera-kiTxvis done dabalia sazogadoebis

farTo fenebSi. jer mxolod procesia dawyebuli saganmanaTleblo

donis amaRlebisTvis. gavixsenoT vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobili sityve-

bi: “erT-mefobasa warmoaCinebs awca samni xilulni eseni: pirveli ukeTu

hkiTxoT visme qarTvelsa, an imerelsa, mesxsa, her-kaxsa, `ra rjuli xar~,

wams mogigebs `qarTveli~. meored, ars maT yovelTa wigni da ena erTi da

igive farnaoz pirvelsa mefisagan qmnuli da hkiTxos maT win-TqmulTa

kacTa: `ra ena da wigni uwyi~, mogigebs myis `qarTuli~, rameTu ar ityvis

arca sjulsa, enasa da wignsa imerTasa anu mesxTa da her-kaxTasa, aramed

qarTulsa. mesame ara sadme vixilavT didTa SenebulTa da eklesia-

monasterTa anu xatTa da jvarTa ZvirfasTa, romelTa zeda iyo sxuaTa

mefeTa saxelni Tvnier _ `Cven mefeman saqarTvelosaman anu qarlisa da

afxazeTisaman _ `romelni zedmiwerili arian quaTa, xatTa da juarTa

zeda~ (194, 265). aqac SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, vaxuSti batoniSvili xom

elitis warmomadgenelia da SeiZleba is qmnis am ideologias? magram jer

erTi, igi sakmaod akritikebs qarTul xasiaTs da uaryofiT mxareebsac

usvams xazs da meore, rogorc viciT Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoebis

farTo fenebma ar ician wera-kiTxva da verc vaxuStis dawerili faqti

gaxdeboda im periodis sazogadoebis yuradRebis sagani. XIX saukunis II

naxevris da XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi ki kulturuli da

politikuri elita farTo fenebisTvis qmnis ideologias da ilia

WavWavaZis mier Camoyalibebuli idea epoqis gamoZaxilia. ase rom imis

mtkiceba, rom Sua saukuneebSi ar iyo erTianobis aRqma safuZvels

moklebulia. yovel SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi masalis gaTvaliswinebis

22

gareSe, romelic mwiria ver SevZlebT mtkice mosazrebis Camoyalibebas.

leninizmi asabuTebs, rom erebi ar SeiZleba yofiliyo kapitaliz-

mamde, vTqvaT, feodalizmis epoqaSi, roca xalxebi calkeul samTavroeb-

ad iyvnen daqucmacebulni. am periodSi ar arsebobda erovnuli bazari,

gamaerTianebeli ekonomikuri da kulturuli centrebi. stalini aRniS-

navs Tavis naSromSi, `nacionaluri sakiTxi da leninizmi~: `erebi ar

yofilan da arc SeiZleba yofiliyvnen wina kapitalistur periodSi,

vinaidan jer kidev ar iyo nacionaluri bazrebi, ar iyo arc ekonomikuri

da arc kulturuli centrebi, ar iyo maSasadane, is faqtorebi, romlebic

spoben ama Tu im xalxis sameurneo daqucmacebulobas da erT erovnul

mTelad akavSireben am xalxis manamde gaTiSul nawilebs~ (276, 20). am

mosazrebis sapirispirod, sainteresoa Semdegi faqti. jer kidev XVII

saukuneSi, rodesac Jan Sardenma imogzaura saqarTveloSi, samegrelos

aRweris dros igi aRniSnavs, rom sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila

bazrobebi sadac ikribeboda sxvadasxva mxaris warmomadgenlebi. `14

seqtemberi wifuriaSi sadResaswaulo dRea, imarTeba bazroba, romelsac

sipiasobas uwodeben. igi orSabaTidan kviramde grZeldeba. am dRes

TavianT eklesiebSi Tavze dadebuli miaqvT wminda giorgis xatebi.

radganac am dResaswaulze bazrobis gamo Zalian bevri xalxi Camodis,

maT Soris mravali ucxoelia, romelTa umetesi nawili somexi, qarTveli

da ebraeli vaWrebi arian. aq gacxovelebuli vaWroba warmoebs

yovelgvari sursaT-sanovagiT, samkaulebiT, qsovilebiT, romlebic

adgilobrivi saqonlis gverdiT iyideba~ (195, 195). agreTve marqsistuli

ideis sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs Semdegi dokumenti. es aris 1819 wels

Tbilisis policmaisteris ioseb Sagubatovis aRweris monacemebi, sadac

sxvadasxva sakiTxebTan erTad aqcenti gakeTebulia saSinao bazris aRwe-

raze. yuradRebamisaqcevia is garemoeba, rom am periodSi kapitalizmi ar

aris Semosuli da rusebis Semosvlidan am mokle xanSi verc gzebis

gayvana moeswreboda im masStabiT, rom vaWrobas aseTi xasiaTi mieRo. misi

cnobebidan Cans, rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos erTmaneTTan

farTo savaWro urTierTobebi akavSirebda. CamonaTvalis mixedviT saq-

arTvelos es ori mxare erTmaneTSi mravalferovani asortimentis

produqcias cvlida, rac TavisTavad xels uwyobda qveyanaSi erTiani

23

Sida bazris ganviTarebas. arsebuli savaWro urTierTobebi aRwerilia

ara zogadad, aramed CamoTvlilia calkeul regionebSi warmoebuli

savaWro produqcia. (232, 3)

aRweris mixedviT Tbilisis bazarTan dakavSirebuli yofila yvela

regioni _ `Sida qarTlidan da ananuridan TiflisSi Camotanili

gasayidi saqonlis nacvlad cota fuls iReben. ufro metad miaqvT

saqoneli: lekuri nabdebi, xarebi da sxva, rac maTTan ar aris, an Zalian

cudia.

qiziyeli da kaxeli glexebi ki Camotanili Rvinis sanacvlod bevr

fuls iReben da amasTan msxvilfexa saqonlis garda imave saqonels

yiduloben, rasac qarTlelebi.

keTilSobili gvariSvilebi imereTidan, qarTlidan da kaxeTidan,

aseve aRalarebi yazaxidan, SamSadilusa da borCalos distanciebidan

tfiliseli vaWrebisagan da meduqneebisagan yiduloben mravali saxis

Semotanil saqonels, romelsac iyenebs orive sqesi samosad da sxva~ (232,

4).

faqtobrivad zemoT moyvanili masala mowmobs, rom qarTuli

erTobis wevrebs Soris kavSiri arsebobda yovel epoqaSi, Tumca

sxvadasxva formiT iyo gamoxatuli. zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxis

marTebulobas adasturebs saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

samxedro ministris grigol lorTqifaniZis mosazreba: `ruseTis

mTavrobam saqarTvelos saxeli politikur da geografiul leqsikonidan

amoSala da mxolod imperato-ris titulSi da egzarxis wodebaSi

dastova. saqarTvelo rusul guberniebad da mazrebad dasWra, xolo

qarTveli eris arseboba gaazRapra, aseTi nacia TiTqos ar arsebobda,

misTvis iyo qarTlelebi da gurulebi, megrelebi da kaxelebi, imerlebi

da svanebi, aWarlebi da xevsurebi da ase bolomde. amiT dampyrobelT

undodaT qarTveli eris gaxrwna da daSla. am, miznisaTvis didis

TavgamodebiT muSaobda rusuli eklesia da ai, manac uZlieresi ieriSebi

saqarTvelos ganapirebaze miitana~ (199, 57).

rogorc vxedavT, kuTxurobis gamoxatuleba iyo ara mxolod

kapitalizmis ararsebobis da ugzoobis mizezi, aramed ruseTis

saimperatoro karis mizanmimarTuli antiqarTuli politikis Sedegi,

24

romelic aRorZinebas iwyebs swored XIX saukuneSi, anu im periodSi

rodesac kapitalizmi yalibdeba.

25

Tavi II.

regionaluri identoba: centri da periferia.

qalaqis da soflis Camoyalibebis, ganviTarebis da urTierTobis

sakiTxi ara erTi mecnieris kvlevis sagani gamxdara da TiToeuli

problema sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris Seswavlili. Tavidanve unda aRvniSno,

rom Cemi kvlevis mizans ar warmoadgens qalaqis da soflis istoriis

tradiciuli formiT Seswavla, aramed maTi rolis warmoCena erovnuli

saxelmwifos Senebis, Tavisuflebis da damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis

brZolaSi. disertaciis struqturisa da Tematikidan gamomdinare,

erovnuli problemis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa rogor aRiqvams

da ra datvirTvas aniWebs kulturuli da politikuri elita qalaqs da

sofels 1900-1917 wlebSi. im periodSi, rodesac, erTi mxriv, ganviTarebis

axal stadiaSi Sedis kapitalisturi sistema da icvleba sameurneo-

samrewvelo teqnika, yalibdeba axali socialuri struqtura da meore

mxriv, ruseTis xelisuflebis antiqarTuli politika kulminacias aRwevs

da qarTul kulturas, erovnul tradiciebs da erovnul cnobierebas

garusebis safrTxe emuqreba. bunebrivia, Cems mier ganxilul sakiTxebTan

erTad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qalaqis da soflis CarTu-

lobis Seswavlas am procesebSi.

qarTul istoriografiaSi ara erTi mniSvnelovani gamokvleva

arsebobs Zveli da Sua saukuneebis qalaqebis istoriis Sesaxeb. araerTi

cnobili mecnieri Seexo am problemas. am mxriv aRsanisnavia: iv.

javaxiSvili, g. meliqiSvili, a. afaqiZe, S. mesxia, d. gvritiSvili, m.

dumbaZe, a. surgulaZe, l. WilaSvili, d. xaxutaiSvili, d. musxeliSvili,

v. gabaSvili, r. kiknaZe, m. afrasiZe, p. Tofuria, r. klimiaSvili, g.

iobaSvili, q. TofuriZe, m. samsonaZe, e. orjonikiZe, n. abesaZe, a.

fircxalaiSvili, k. kucia, v. CakvetaZe, m. zardaliSvili, T.kvirkvelia da

sxva. XX saukunis qalaqebis Sesaxeb arsebuli gamokvlevebidan

aRsaniSnavia: a. rondeli, d. ukleba, S. javaxiSvili, m. tuxaSvili, j.

malaRuriZe, T. beraZe da sxv.

26

aRsaniSnavia avTandil sonRulaSvilis naSromebi `qalaqisa da

soflis urTierToba XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi~ (271) da `saqarTvelos

qalaqebis sagareubno zonaTa istoria~ (270).

dasaxelebul naSromebSi qalaqis da soflis urTierTobis Tu

damoukideblad arsebobis da ganviTarebis mravali mniSvnelovani

sakiTxia ganxiluli. amjerad, Cems mizans warmoadgens 1900-1917 wlebis

qarTuli garemos aRdgena, risTvisac disertaciaSi ganxilul

sakiTxebTan erTad mTliani suraTis aRsadgenad da movlenebis

urTierTkavSirSi gansaxilvelad: centris da periferiis anu qalaqis da

soflis erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis gaazrebas da

gamokveTas TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

$ 1. qalaqi

zogadad, qalaqis mniSvneloba mTlianad saxelmwifos da

konkretulad soflis ganviTarebaze didia. saukuneebis manZilze qalaqma

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurebi ganvlo, Tumca faqti erTia: yvela

epoqaSi qalaqs politikuri, da ekonomikuri datvirTva gaaCnda. Sua

saukuneebSi ki mniSvnelovani strategiuli centrebi swored qalaqebi

iyo. gansaxilvel periodSi qalaqis cxovreba axal ganzogadebas iZens.

garda imisa, rom kapitalizmis pirobebSi qalaqs axali ekonomikuri

funqcia eniWeba, amasTan is xdeba kulturuli centri, politikuri da

kulturuli elitis mTavari dasayrdeni sakuTari ideebis da Sexedule-

bebis sarealizaciod. swored qalaqidan iwyeba erovnuli ideebis propag-

anda soflis mimarTulebiT. amasTan `qalaqs diadi gavlena aqvs

`provinci-is~ cxovrebaze ara marto ekonomikuri mxriT, aramed igi Rrma

daRs aCnevs da aseT Tu iseT mimarTulebas aZlevs, aseT Tu iseT suls

hberavs soflis cxovrebas. agreTve socialuri, kulturuli da

politikuri saqme, yoveli axali politikuri mimdinareoba Tu

socialuri moZraoba pirvelad qalaqSi iCens xolme Tavs, iq ikidebs

fexs da mxolod Semdeg TandaTan gadadis da vrceldeba sofelSiac. rac

27

ufro cocxlad feTqs kulturul_politikuri cxovreba Tu socialuri

moZraoba qalaqSi, miT ufro meti sococxle emCneva cxovreba-moZraobas

sofelSiac, da piriqiT, rac ufro Seferxebuli da modunebulia

cxovreba-moZraoba qalaqSi, miT ufro gayinulia igi sofelSiac~ (108, 2).

1900-1917 wlebSi saqarTveloSi qalaqebs axali mniSvneloba da dat-

virTva eniWeba. is xdeba mTavari centri, romlis saSualebiTac unda

moxdes soflis mosaxleobasTan dakavSireba da daaxloveba. radganac, am

periodSi qalaqebi mTavari samrewvelo centrebi xdebian, aq Tavs iyrian

soflidan Camosuli glexebi, romlebic axal cxovrebas iwyeben. inteli-

gencia swored maTi daxmarebiT imedovnebs ganaxlebuli cxovrebis

stilis Setanas sofelSi da mosaxleobis gaTviTcnobierebas sazogado-

ebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. aseve qalaqebSi ixsneba didi

raodenobiT saswavlo dawesebulebebi, sadac ganaTlebis miRebis garda

kulturuli elita erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebas cdilobda xalxSi,

politikuri elitis garkveuli nawili ki, gansakuTrebiT social-

demokratiuli partia, cdilobda socializmis ganxorcielebisTvis gam-

oeyenebina es faqti. `Tanamedrove civilizaciis gamomxatveli qalaqia,

igi sazogadoebriv cxovrebis tvini da majaa. qalaqia mbrZanebeli

soflisa. amisaTvis aris, rom eri, romelsac swadia iqonios sakuTari

qalaqebi, metadre imisTana qalaqi, romelic iqneba SemaerTebeli centri~

(192, 10). faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qalaqi axal epoqaSi axali

moTxovnilebebis da gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda. gazeTi `samSoblo~ 1916

wels werda: `politikurad qalaqs yovelTvis progresiul-demokratiuli

mniSvneloba hqonia. sofeli ufro mcirericxovani, ganmartoebuli da

uZluri iyo da maSasadame misi damorCileba da damoneba ufro eadvile-

bodaT xolme despotebs. amitom Zvel droSi politikur-socialuri

Tavisufleba mxolod mTaTa soflebsRa SerCenodaT. qalaqi ki am mxriT

igive miuvali mTa iyo, radgan jer erTi xalxis simravles Seicavda da

meore, ukeTesi saomari iaraRi da simagre moepoveboda, vidre sofels.

amitom samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa simtkice qalaqebSi iSva da gaizarda~.

(118, 2).

kapitalistur wyobilebaSi ki qalaqma sxvadasxva funqcia SeiTavsa.

1. ekonomikuri, (es funqcia ufro metad gaizarda) 2. kulturuli. magram,

28

rac mTavaria axali epoqis moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare, razedac

Semdeg TavebSi ufro detalurad visaubreb, ganaTleba da ekonomikis

ganviTareba urTierTdakavSirebuli aRmoCnda. codnis gareSe ekonomikis

aRmavloba SeuZlebeli gaxda. amisTvis saWiro iyo skolebis didi

raodenobiT gaxsna, romelTa saSualebiT sameurneo ganaTlebis donis

amaRleba unda momxdariyo. `qalaqi umTavresad mrewvelobiT da vaWrobiT

cxovrobs. verc mrewveloba da verc vaWroba ver wava win, ver

ganviTardeba, qalaqi ekonomikur warmatebis gzas ver daadgeba, Tu

mcxovrebni uvicni da gonebiT ganuviTarebelni iqnebian. swavla-ganaTle-

ba aucilebeli pirobaa xalxis ekonomikur winmsvlelobisaTvis. amitom

am saqmeSi yoveli moqalaqe dainteresebulia, aq yvelas interesi, ganur-

Cevlad klasisa da wodebisa, SeerTebuli da SeTanxmebulia~ (222, 119). Tu

gadavxedavT XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi ganviTarebul movlenebs,

davrwmundebiT, rom ganaTlebis, saswavlo-dawesebulebebis mniSvneloba

upiratesia. swored maTi saSualebiT cdilobs da nawilobriv axerxebs

kidec kulturuli da politikuri elita sazogadoebis farTo fenebis

CarTulobas qveynis cxovrebaSi. kapitalisturi sistemis damkvidrebam

saqarTveloSi xeli Seuwyo axali etapis dawyebas ekonomikuri, Tu

kulturuli mniSvnelobiT. kapitalizmma Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri formebis da samrewvelo-teqnikuri

iaraRebis damkvidreba moiTxova, romlis aTvisebis da gaazrebuli

ekonomikuri politikis warmoebis gareSe saqarTvelo Seferxebuli gziT

wavidoda. erovnul programaSi ki samocianelebs da mis Semdgom Taobas

erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTareba saqarTvelos arsebobis erT-erT

aucilebel pirobad miaCndaT. swored amiT aixsneba kulturuli da

politikuri elitis Tavdauzogavi brZola skolebis raodenobis

gazrdisTvis, romelic garda zogadi inteleqtis amaRlebisa,

ekonomikuri codnis micemasac Seuwyobda xels, rac TavisTavad

dadebiTad aisaxeboda qveynis mdgomareobaze. `skola Tanamedrove

ganviTarebis aucilebel iaraRad gadaiqca, Tanamedrove kapitalizms

sWiria xalxis maRali ganaTleba, vinaidan uamisod msxvili warmoebis

rTuli marTva-gamgeobis aparati ver imuSavebs. amas saWiroebs, rogorc

qalaqis fabrikis proletari, ise soflis glexi da soflis muSa~ (114, 2).

29

zemoT aRniSnul sakiTxebTan erTad didi yuradReba eqceoda

saqarTvelos calkeuli qalaqebis, dedaqalaqis rolis warmoCenas.

`dedaqalaqis sakiTxs yvelgan didi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnloba aqvs.

gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs mas CvenTvis. Tfilisi yovelTvis

dedaqalaqi yofila saqarTvelosi. Tfilisi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqia.

uTfilisod ar aris saqarTvelo. maSasadame umisod saqarTvelo ver

gaerTiandeboda, gauerTianeblad ver ganTavisufldeboda, xolo

gaunTavisufleblad igi verasodes ver gaRonierdeboda da amaRldeboda

kulturulad, politikurad da socialurad~ (135, 2).

rogorc dReisaTvis arsebuli masalebidan Cans gansakuTrebuli

datvirTva hqonda Tbiliss da quTaiss, romlebic mTavari centrebi iyvnen

erovnuli ideebis qadagebis TvalsazrisiT. faqtobrivad, aq iyridnen

Tavs kulturuli da politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi. swored aq

eyreboda safuZveli mraval originalur ideas, romlebic Semdeg sazoga-

doebis farTo fenebSi poulobda asaxvas. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom

saukunis dasawyisSi Tbiliss ar hqonda is erovnuli da kulturuli

mniSvneloba rac XX saukunis dasawyisidan SeiZina. geronti qiqoZis

mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `Tbiliss garkveuli erovnuli saxe ar hqonda

da nakleb mimzidvel sanaxaobas warmoadgenda axalgazrda qarTvel

patriotebisTvis, qalaqis centralur ubnebSi qarTveloba ufro droebiT

Semoxiznuls hgavda, vidre Tbilisis mkvidr mosaxleobas~ (205, 59). stiven

jonsi naSromSi `socializmi qarTul ferebSi~ wers: `1905 wlamde

erovnuli TviTSegneba TbilisSi macxovrebel TiTqmis yvela jgufSi

sawyis safexurze imyofeboda. qalaqis asimilirebul qarTul aristokra-

tias SeeZlo rus Cinovnikebs mimxroboda sakuTari Tanamemamuleebis

winaaRmdeg~ (307, 212).

mogvianebiT, TandaTan qarTuli inteligenturi Zalebis aqtiuri

moRvaweobis, im erovnuli programis Sedegad, romelsac safuZveli XIX

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Caeyara sazogadoebis cnobiereba radikalurad

Seicvala da, bunebrivia, am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelos

calkeuli qalaqebi da, maT Soris, Tbilisi iyo. gazeTi ~Tanamedrove

azri~ 1916 wels werda: `Tfilisi erTad erTi centria, sadac

Tavmoyrilia socialuri da ideuri cxovrebis yvela Zafebi. quTaisi ki,

30

rogorc wvrilburJuaziuli da glexuri provinciis dedaqalaqi, ideurad

mxolod Tbilisidan ikvebeba~ (63, 2). pontoeli, igivi ilia Ciqovani ki

aRniSnavda: `quTaisis sazogadoebrioba, misi inteligencia Tavidanve

gamoirCeoda progresuli suliskveTebiT. man droze auRo alRo xalxis

kulturul momsaxurebis saWiroebas da Sesaferi adgili dauTmo

qarTvel xalxSi jansaRi nacionaluri grZnobis gaRvivebasac da, rac

mTavaria, maRali demokratiuli principebis STanergvas~ (203, 5).

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom rogorc arasdros kapitalizmis epoqis

saqarTveloSi qalaqi mniSvnelovan datvirTavs iZens da, rac mTavaria,

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRorZinebis da erovnuli faseulobebis

SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT qalaqs axali sityva unda eTqva. amasTan,

qalaqis mTavar ekonomikur centrad gaxdomis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi

dadga am monapovris SenarCuneba da axali mimarTulebiT aRorZineba.

faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos istoriidan gamomdinare es iyo axali epoqis

dasawyisi savaWro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. feodaluri sistemis

darRvevis Semdeg kapitalizmma saqarTveloSic SemoaRwia da seriozuli

problemebis miuxedavad XX saukunis dasawyisSi garkveuli warmatebebic

ganicada. swored amiT aixsneba qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri

elitis mxridan mudmivi mowodebebi saqalaqo cxovrebis asaRorZineblad

da am procesSi sxvadasxva socialuri fenis CarTulobis gazrdisTvis.

31

$2. sofeli

saqarTvelos istoriidan, qarTuli tradiciebidan da geografiuli

mdebareobidan gamomdinare sofeli yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda Cveni

qveynis cxovrebaSi. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelo saukuneebis manZilze

miwaTmoqmedebis qveynad miiCneoda. modernul epoqaSi bunebrivia aucileb-

lobas warmoadgenda tradiciebis SenarCuneba da gagrZeleba. amasTan,

drois moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare axali gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebac

saWiro iyo.

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi inteligenciis

erT-erTi mTavari mizani soflis aRorZineba da glexuri meurneobis

axal standartebze gadasvla iyo. feodalis da glexis urTierToba

agebuli iyo ekonomikur politikaze da glexi maT uSualo

daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda. meore mxriv, yvelas gacnobierebuli hqonda

sakuTari funqcia da morgebuli da miCveuli iyo im sistemas, romelic

damkvidrebuli iyo. batonymobis gauqmebam da kapitalisturi wyobis

damkvidrebam Secvala arsebuli viTareba. ekonomikuri urTierTobis

Secvlam didi gardatexa Seitana glexis cnobierebaSi. feodalizmis

epoqa dasrulda da saWiro iyo glexi CarTuliyo axal cxovrebaSi. rac

arc ise martivi aRmoCnda. cvlileba ganicada saukuneebis manZilze

Camoyalibebulma wes-Cveulebebma. glexi axali epoqis axali wevri gaxda.

batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg problema uceb ar mogvarebula, piriqiT.

amdenad, 1900-1921 wlebSi qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita

mTlianad mimarTulia CarTos sofeli erovnul procesebSi da amasTan

moxdes Segueba kapitalisturi wyobisadmi. `sofeli es dedaboZi Cvenis

cxovrebisa, dRemde Seuswavlelia. ar viciT, rogor cxovrobs Cveni

glexkaci, ra iaraRiT ebrZvis dRevandels unugeSo mdgomareobas, ra

awuxebs, an ris imediT suldgmulobs, ra damokidebuleba aqvs Tavad-

aznaurobasTan, samRvdeloebasTan da im auarebel saxelmwifo

moxeleebTan, romelnic gars exvevian, hnatroben, hzrunaven maTis

cxovrebis gankargebisaTvis da amasTan imaTve naSroms hkrefaven

saxelmwifos sasargeblod da saerobo dawesebulebaTa Sesanaxad. arc

erTi movlena Cvenis soflis cxovrebisa ise gamokvleuli ar aris, rom

32

mis Sesaxeb erTi da igive WeSmariti azri iqonios yvelam.~ (89, 2). soflis

warmatebis damabrkolebel mizezad gazeTi `iveria~ Semdeg faqtorebs

miiCnevda. `ra abrkolebs soflis warmatebas? pirveli. umetesi nawili

Cveni mamulebisa ar aris gamijnuli da amis gamo auarebeli davaa

gamarTuli. meore. droebiTi valdebuleba. mesame. ar gvaqvs gonivruli

mowyobili saxelosno saxalxo skolebi, sadac bavSvebs SeeZloT

namdvil pedagogiurs safuZvelzed swavlis miReba~ (88, 2).

amasTan, rogorc aRvniSne naSromis Sesaval nawilSi es periodi

metad rTuli da mravalmxrivia da misi Seswavla mxolod wyaros erTi

saxiT SeuZlebelia. marTalia, nacionaluri ideebis matarebeli Jurnal-

gazeTebi aqtiurad gamoxatavdnen xalxis poziciebs, magram erovnuli

ideis garda sxvadasxva sakiTxebic iyo aqtualuri. maT Soris, rogorc

gazeTi `iveria~ aRniSnavda miwis problema iyo mosagvarebeli. `vinc

cotaTi mainc icnobs Cveni soflis cxovrebas da sofleli xalxis

mdgomareobas, ueWvelad ecodineba, Tu rogori didi simcirea miwisa

CvenSi. xalxi TandaTan mravldeba, sxvadasxva saxelmwifo gadasaxadi

matulobs, kulturuli moTxovnileba izrdeba, xolo miwa, ra Tqma unda,

winandeli sivrcisaa da Cveni meurne xalxi SimSiliT amowydeboda, rom

igi ase Tu ise ar axerxebdes sofels gared raime samuSaos Sovnas. da

gareSe SemosavliT miwis naklebobis cotaTi mainc Sevsebas~ (93, 1).

swored es problemebi iqca XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis

mTavar gamowvevad. Tumca mTavari da aucilebeli moTxovnileba swavla-

ganaTlebis gavrceleba iyo, romlis saSualebiT unda gadawyvetiliyo

yvela is sakiTxi, rac epoqis moTxovnilebas warmoadgenda. ganaTlebis

gavrcelebas sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi xeli unda Seewyo sameurneo

codnis amaRlebisTvis da saboloo Sedegi ekonomikuri warmateba yofi-

liyo. saerTod, ki swavla-ganaTlebas mniSvnelovani adgili ekava moder-

nul epoqaSi. skolebs, saswavlo dawesebulebebs mTavari misia ekisrebo-

daT ara mxolod erovnuli TviTSegnebis SenarCunebis, aseve politikuri

donis amaRlebis da ekonomikuri winsvlis gadawyvetis sakiTxSi. am mxriv

soflis da qalaqis ganviTareba da axal drosTan Segueba uSualo kavS-

33

irSi iyo zemoT ganxilul sakiTxebTan.

sofeli XX saukunis dasawyisSi metad mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofe-

boda. marTalia XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli qarTuli kultu-

ruli da SemdegSi politikuri elitis mier mudmivad keTdeboda aqcenti

kapitalisturi sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebel procesze gadasasvlelad.

Tumca es yovelive arc ise advilad da swrafad gadawyda. gansakuTrebiT

rTuli misaRebi iyo kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebi soflis

mosaxleobisTvis, glexisTvis. marTalia, qalaqSic mtkivneulad mimdina-

reobda es procesi, magram sofelTan SedarebiT ufro win wasuli iyo.

Tu saukunis dasawyisSi soflisTvis seriozul problemas warmoadgenda

axal ekonomikur sistemasTan Segueba, TandaTan elitis moRvaweobis Sed-

egad mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. soflis macxovreblebma

gaacnobieres axali epoqis gamowvevebi da metnaklebad cdilobdnen saku-

Tari mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas sameurneo codnis amaRlebiT. am

yovelivem ganviTarebis garkveuli safexurebi ganvlo. Tavdapirvelad

sazogadoeba gulgrilad uyurebda rogorc ganaTlebis miRebas, ise

sameurneo codnis amaRlebas. nel-nela es mdgomareoba ukeTesobisken

Seicvala da 1917 wels gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ werda: `erTi garemoebaa

didad yuradsaRebi soflad. asea Tu ise dRes politikuri muSaobaa,

xalxSi politikuri Segneba Sedis, xalxi politikurad iRviZebs, gamodis

saxelmwifoebriv sarbielze. magram amasTan erTad kidev ufro grZnobs

kulturul-ekonomikuri muSaobis saWiroebas. politikaze aranakleb swyu-

ria soflis ekonomika, meurneobis aRorZineba, ganviTareba, codnis,

ganaTlebis gavrceleba, sofeli momwifebulia amisTvis, mzadaa, elis

mouTmenlad. uamisod misi mdgomareoba arsebiTad ar Seicvleba~ (137, 1).

qalaqis da, gansakuTrebiT soflis Temas mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTul mediaSi. TiTqmis yvela

Jurnal-gazeTSi saubaria im problemebze, rac awuxebs qalaqis da

soflis mosaxleobas. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia provinciis sakiTxs, radgan axali ekonomikuri da socialuri gar-

daqmnebi gansakuTrebulad mtkivneulad aRiqva sofelma. amas Tan ematebo-

da adgilobrivi moxeleebis da mmarTvelebis mier dawesebuli

gadasaxadebi, rac kidev ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebda isedac

34

gaRaribebul sofels.

Jurnal-gazeTebSi didi intensivobiT ibeWdeboda statiebi saqarT-

velos sxvadasxva soflebis, qalaqebis Sesaxeb. aq saubari iyo yvela

problemaze, dadebiT Tu uaryofiT mxareebze. es exeboda rogorc yofiT,

ise sazogado problemebs. qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis

yuradRebas iqcevda qalaqis da gansakuTrebiT, soflis macxovreblebis

yvela niuansi. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela organoSi ibeWdeboda statiebi

amasTan dakavSirebiT, calke unda aRiniSnos gazeTi `Tanamedrove azri~,

romelic gamodioda 1915-1917 wlebSi n. JRentis redaqtorobiT. bunebri-

via aq sruliad ver ganvixilavT yvela statias, Tumca aqcents gavakeTeb

ZiriTad problemebze da sazogadoebisTvis saintereso movlenebze, rom-

lebic aqtualuri iyo aRniSnul epoqaSi da romelic naTlad gamoxatavs

soflis mcxovreblebis suliskveTebas da moTxovnilebebs. amasTan maT

aRqmas, rogorc erovnuli ideisa, aseve sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebisas.

Jurnal-gazeTebSi yuradReba maxvildeba saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeze,

wina planze wamoweulia is sakiTxebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT awuxebs

ama Tu im mxaris mosaxleobas. (gansxvavebulia TiToeuli kuTxis mcxov-

reblebis interesi). magaliTad, Tu guriaSi xalxi ganaTlebis

miRebisTvis gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobs, samegreloSi piriqiTaa. ganirCeva

mTis da baris mdgomareoba. garda elitis mier aqtualizebuli sakiT-

xebisa, yuradReba maxvildeboda mosaxleobis yofiT problemebze. war-

modgenili iyo saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebis mdgomareoba. mZime

viTarebaSi yofila qurdobis mxriv zemo qarTli. `sofeli vnaxe uZaRlo,

Sig gaviare ujoxo~ - ambobs qarTuli gonivruli andaza da ai es andaza

zedgamoWrilia upatronod da uyuradReboT mitovebuli zemo qarTlze,

romelic sxvadasxva juris saeWvo pirTa saTareSo moednad gadaqceula.

yvela vinc ki moisurvebs TavisTavad SeuZlia Caidinos aq danaSauloba:

gaZarcvos mcxovrebni, dastyuos fulebi, moatyuos da SecdomaSi Seiyva-

nos gulubryvilo mcxovrebni da yovelive am sakeTilo saqmeTa Semdeg ki

upasuxismgeblod daekras Tavi aqaurobas~ (58, 3). inteligencia garda

sameurneo codnis donis amaRlebis moTxovnisa, yovelmxriv cdilobda

xazi gaesva im sakiTxebze, romlebic sasoflo ekonomikis daqveiTebas

uwyobda xels. glexebis gaRaribebis mizezad dResaswaulebi da qelexebi

35

miiCneoda. 1914 wels gazeTi `Tanamedrove azri~ werda: SeiZleba dReobebs

kidev hqondes mniSvneloba, magram dRes yvelasaTvis aSkaraa, rom is Cveni

sofleli glexis ojaxis gamanadgurebelia da bevrjer mis gadaxdas

kacis sicocxlec ewireba. iSviaTia iseTi sofeli, romelic erT romeli-

me dRes, ar dResaswaulobdes da miT ar valiandebodes. am usargeblo

xarjis gaweva TiToeul ojaxs 15-30 maneTi ujdeba. bevri rasakvirvelia

am fuls udieri sargebliT sesxulobs da bevri yofila imisi magaliTi,

rom dReobis gadamxdelma erTi dRis dros tarebas venax-zvari anacvala~

(59, 3). Cems mizans ar warmoadgens soflis cxovrebis detaluri ganxilva,

aramed imis garkveva Tu rogor moiazrebs sofeli Tavs saqarTvelos

nawilad, rogor egueba axal ekonomikur wyobas da ra cvlilebebs

ganicdis mosaxleobis cnobiereba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTvelo XX saukunis pirvel ocwleul-

Si garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis, rac dakavSirebulia ara mxolod

Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebTan, aseve msoflioSi arsebul garda-

qmnebTan. sazRvargareT ganaTleba miRebuli qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elita maqsimalurad cdilobs qarTuli sazogadoebis axal

sistemaze gadayvanas da rac mTavaria xalxSi Tavisuflebis ideis propa-

gandas. bunebrivia am sferoSi arc sofeli warmoadgens gamonakliss.

politikur gardaqmnebs ekonomikuric Tan axlda da amitom es yovelive

urTierTkavSirSi iyo. feodalizmis gadmonaSTebi yvelaze metad swored

sofelSi arsebobda. saWiro iyo am yovelives aRmofxvra da soflis

mosaxleobis politikuri da ekonomikuri donis amaRleba. rogorc

cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da

sasuliero pirebi uzrunvelyofdnen erovnuli ideebis popularizacias

sazogadoebaSi. modernul epoqaSi samRvdeloebasTan erTad am

mimarTulebiT moRvaweoba skolas da maswavleblebs daekisra. skolebi,

garda ganaTlebis gavrcelebisa yvela im problemis aqtualizebas

eweoda, romelic awuxebda sazogadoebas. `dRevandeli sofeli metad

rTuli movlenaa. iq erTi meoreze gadaxlarTulia aTasnairi erTi

meoris sawinaaRmdego socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobani. iq swarmoebs

brZola sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs Soris. omi, ra Tqma unda erTsa

da imave dros kide-vac amwvavebs da kidevac anviTarebs am brZolas. is

36

saocari siswrafiT aCqarebs im diferenciacias, romelic swarmoebs

Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, rogorc soflad,

ise qalaqad, e.i. omi aCqarebs kapitalizmis zrda-ganviTarebas~ (58, 2). am

fonze ki soflis keTildReobaze zrunva aRniSnul periodSi

inteligenciis mTavar problemas warmoadgenda. soflis warmatebas, maTi

azriT, TviT glexebi Seuwyobdnen xels sakuTari codnis amaRlebiT

sameurneo sferoSi.

swavla-ganaTleba da sameurneo-samrewvelo codnis ganviTareba

urTierTkavSirSi iyo da aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba gamovyoT mTavari

sakiTxeb, romlis ganviTareba sofels esaWiroeboda. 1. ganaTlebuli

moRvaweebi, romlebic nacionaluri ideebis popularizebas SeZlebdnen.

mosaxleobas sakuTari qveynis tradiciebs, istorias gaacnobdnen da

erovnuli faseulobebis SenarCunebisTvis saTanado pirobebs Seqmnidnen.

2. Sesabamisi codniT aRWurvili meurneebi, romlebic Seitanen sofelSi

axal sameurneo iaraRebs, axal kulturas, daarseben specialur skolebs,

sadac glexebi daeuflebian teqnikur ganaTlebas, romelic xels

Seuwyobs sofelSi mosavlianobis gazrdas da saboloo jamSi

uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis aRmavlobas.

bunebrivia 1900-1917 w.w. da 1918-1921 w.w. mdgomareoba radikalurad

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da am mxriv gamonaklisi arc soflis da

qalaqis cxovrebaa. am sruliad gansxvavebul or epoqaSi movlenebis

ganviTareba sxvadasxva gziT midis da is, rac aqtualuri iyo 1900-1917w.w.

soflisTvis, 1918-1921 w.w. meore planze gadadis da axali gamowvevebis

winaSe dgeba. soflis mosaxleobis cnobiereba cvlilebebs ase advilad

ver egueba, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos yvela macxovrebeli, socialuri

fenebi. amasTan icvleba aRqma sxvadasxva movlenebisadmi. Tu magaliTad,

manamde aqtualuri iyo qarTuli enis, swvala-ganaTlebis, istoriuli

warsulis propaganda beWduri mediis saSualebiT, 1918-1921 w.w., bunebrivia

es sakiTxebi Tavis aqtualobas ar kargavs, magram wina planze gamodis

saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis mowyobis Tema da sazogadoebis CarTva

saxelmwifos gaZlierebaSi. rogorc kulturuli da politikuri elita,

aseve xalxi axali gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda da beWdur mediaSic

gansxvavebuli mowodebebi gaCnda.

37

Tavi III.

socialuri garemo 1900-1921 wlebSi

$ 1. glexi

qarTul istoriografiaSi didi adgili eTmoba glexobis, rogorc

erT-erTi socialuri fenis sakiTxis Seswavlas (al. bendianiSvili, il.

mircxulava da sxv.), Tumca naklebi aqcenti keTdeba imaze, Tu ra

cvlilebebs ganicdis misi Rirebulebebi. ramdenad aqvs ganviTarebuli

erovnulobis Segneba. rodesac 1900-1921 wlebis movlenebs vafasebT,

vexebiT politikur Tu socialur-ekonomikur sakiTxebs, pirvel rigSi

gasaTvaliswinebelia epoqis raoba da epoqis gavlena sazogadoebaze da

piriqiT. nawili amdagvari naSromebisa da umravlesoba sabWoTa period-

Sia dawerili da ZiriTadad statistikuri monacemebia glexTa raodenob-

is, kategoriebis, Semosavlebis, maT sakuTrebaSi myofi miwis farTobebis

da a.S. magram arsad ar aris saubari imaze, Tu vin aris glexi da ras

warmoadgens igi 1900-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi. erTi SexedviT TiTqos

sakiTxi martivia, glexi aris adamiani, romelic mijaWvulia miwaze da

misi mTavari Semosavali aris misi damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli

mosavali. magram aRniSnul periodSi glexis cnobierebam ganvlo yvelaze

rTuli da mravalmxrivi gza, epoqis cvalebadi movlenebidan gamomdinare.

am qronologiur monakveTSi TiTqmis yoveli weli axali movlenis dasaw-

yisia. amasTan es aris politikuri partiebis ideologiaTa mudmivi Widi-

lis da socialuri klasebis: burJuaziis da proletariatis Camoyalibe-

bis epoqa. glexi kargavs Tavis istoriul funqcias, is unda gardaiqmnes

da axali epoqis Svili gaxdes, SeZlos kavSiris damyareba proletariat-

Tan, romelzec mudmivad miuTiTeben, rom misi `Zma~ aris da masTan

kavSiria saWiro. erTi sityviT, es aris glexis cnobierebis da

funqciebis gardaqmnis epoqa. gazeTi `social-demokratiuli furceli~

1905 wels werda: `sityviT SesaZlebelia glexobas bevri qomagi yavdes,

magram saqmiT misi erTaderTi amxanagi proletariatia. glexobas mxol-

od Tavisi imedi unda hqondes da proletariatis. proletariati

38

dRevandel pirobebSi aris gayvlefili, glexic gayvlefilia, glexobac

Sromis warmomadgenelia. proletariatis marjvenaze damyarebulia dRev-

andeli cxovreba, glexis marjvena kvebavs kacobriobas. orive eseni

Sromis Svilni arian da amitom Sromis interesebi orives interesia,

Sromis gabatoneba orive amaTTvis erTnairad sasargebloa~. (149, 1)

is movlenebi, romlebic mimdinareobs XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da

XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi bunebrivia garkveul asaxvas

poulobda glexis cnobierebaze da gansazRvravda mis mimarTulebas. XX

saukunis damdegs glexis aRqma da midgoma sxvadasxva sakiTxebisadmi,

kerZod, politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva radikalurad icvleba, rac

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis moRvaweobis Sedegia. am

periodisaTvis social-demokratiuli partiis moRvaweobis Sedegad gle-

xebi gadadian politikur moTxovnebze, amasTan sazogadoebrivi Tvalsaz-

risiT ufro aqtiurebi xdebian. isini Tamamad iTxoven samuSao pirobebis

gaumjobesebas da xelfasis momatebas da a. S. rac mTavaria is ndoba, rac

maT mefis mimarT gaaCndaT TandaTan sustdeba. marTalia qarTuli da

rusuli social-demokratiuli partiis ideebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvave-

baa, magram saerTo _ mefis TviTmpyrobelobis damxobaa. bunebrivia maTi

brZolis meTodebi da midgoma gansxvavebulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom qar-

Tuli social-demokratia Tavidan anu moRvaweobis sawyis etapze antiqar-

Tul poziciaze idga, magram imisTvis, rom sakuTari ideologia

gaevrcelebina sazogadoebaSi da mravalricxovani momxreebi hyoloda

garkveul daTmobaze unda wasuliyo, es gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda maSin,

rodesac 1918 wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi social-demokratebi movidnen. qarTuli

sinamdvilidan gamomdinare maTi mTavari dasayrdeni amjerad proletaris

nacvlad gaxda glexi.

glexobis politikuri donis amaRlebisTvis, sxvadasxva RonisZiebeb-

Tan erTad aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadenda glexTa kavSirebis

daarseba. rogorc cnobilia, aseTi kavSirebi sakmaod popularuli iyo

evropis masStabiT, aseve ruseTSi. amitom qarTuli kulturuli da po-

litikuri elita beWduri mediis saSualebiT sazogadoebas mis saWiroe-

baze amaxvilebinebda yuradRebas. `kavSiris umTavresi sagania glexebis

39

siRatakis da monobis mospoba. am monobisagan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba

sruliad socializmis damyarebiT da kavSiris saqmea moamzados miwis

muSa da gza gaukvalos socializmis samefosaken.~ (109, 1). social-

demokratiuli partiis ideebis popularobas sazogadoebaSi ganapirobeb-

da is faqti, rom maT yuradReba gamaxvilebuli hqondaT ekonomikur

sakiTxze. saqarTveloSi Seqmnili movlenebidan gamomdinare ki, glexis

ufleba-funqciebi Seicvala da gardaiqmna. amitom maTi mTavari mizani

sakuTari privilegiebis mopoveba iyo. `glexTa kavSirma Tavis bairaRze

aRniSna marto ori sityva: `miwa da Tavisufleba~. mniSvneloba rogorc

erTisa, ise meorisa ise mSvenivrad aqvs Segnebuli glex kacs, rom TviT

Segnebuli glexisaTvis amis Sesagoneblad metia xolme propaganda. miwa

imitom unda, rom Sia, xolo Tavisufleba imitom, rom uamisod cxovreba

SeuZlebelia~. (190, 14).

rogorc ukve aRvniSne qarTuli da rusuli social-demokratiuli

partiis programebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba iyo, rac saqarTvelos da

ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi statusidan gamomdinareobda. `rusi da qarTve-

li glexi erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdebian. oriveni erT

uRelSi arian Sebmulni, oriveni erTnairad itanjebian mTavrobisagan,

memamuleebisagan, policiisagan da yazax-rusebisagan. magram maT Soris

gansxvavebac aris. rusebi skolebSi, sasamarTloSi da yvelgan samSoblo

enaze laparakoben. qarTvelebi ki movaleni arian rusuli ena iswavlon,

Torem sasamarTloSi da sxvaganac qarTulad aravin ilaparakebs. rusis

bavSvi skolaSi Tavis samSoblo enaze swavlobs, qarTveli bavSvi ki sam-

oTx weliwads rusul enaze Tavs imtvrevs da itanjeba. ruseTSi SemoRe-

bulia eroba, ese igi xalxs neba aqvs TviTonve ganagos Tvisi Sinauri

saqmeebi.~ (42, 1).

glexis cnobierebis ganviTarebaSi gamovyofdi 4 etaps: 1.

batonymobis gauqmebis Semdgomi periodi da samocianelTa moRvaweobis

Sedegad glexis erovnuli Segnebis, ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri

donis amaRleba; 2. glexis SeukavSirebeli da usistemo brZola mebatone-

ebis winaaRmdeg miwis mosapoveblad; 3. socialur-demokratiuli partiis

moRvaweobis Sedegad glexis politikuri cnobierebis amaRleba da Cabma

`imperiis~ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 4. damoukideblobis wlebi da glexis

40

CarTuloba saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis Senebis procesSi.

rogorc Tavidanve aRvniSne 1900-1917 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlene-

bi gamoirCeva Tavisi sirTuliT da bunebrivia glexis mdgomareobac ar

aris stabiluri. jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli da mimdinareobs

qarTuli sazogadoebis wamyvani nawilis brZola glexis erovnuli,

politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis amaRlebisaTvis. aRniSnuls

Tan erTvis da arTulebs TviTon politikuri elitis gansxvavebuli

damokidebuleba glexisadmi. gazeTi `miwa~ 1907 wels werda: `glexi aris

burJua, mesakuTre, ambobs social-demokrati. miwis muSa glexi araa

burJua, ambobs socialist-federalisti. glexi sakuTrebis moyvarea da

socializmis winaaRmdegi, gvaswavlis social-demokrati. glexs uyvars

miwa da unda, rom miwa miwis muSebis iyos, glexi socializmis momxrea,

gvaswavlis socialist-federalisti~ (110, 1). gazeTi `glexis~ 1906 wlis

1 nomerSive gamoTqmulia mosazreba glexis Sesaxeb. `vin aris glexi?

glexi is adamiania, romelic dRe da Rame muSaobs, dRe da Rames aswo-

rebs, sisxlsa da ofls Rvris, romelmac ar icis arc Zili da arc

mosveneba, romlisTvis ar arsebobs arc zamTari da arc zafxuli, rome-

lic muSaobs dRidan dRemde, wlidan wlamde da mainc verasodes ver

gauTavebia es muSaoba~ (41, 1).

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis damarcxebis Semdeg qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elita darwmunda, rom SeiaraRebuli

brZolis nacvlad axal taqtikaze unda gadasuliyo, miT umetes, rom

TiTqmis yvela gamosvlas safuZvlad edo ara erovnuli, aramed

socialuri an ekonomikuri motivi, Tu ar CavTvliT 1832 wlis

SeTqmulebas, romlis organizatorebi da mTavari monawileebi

sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli da inteleqtualuri nawili iyo. niko

berZeniSvili miuTiTebs, rom arc arafers erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebels

es moZraobebi ar gulisxmobda. ilia mircxulavas azriT, ki am

ajanyebebs Tavadaznauroba Tavis miznebs umorCilebda da misi

xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobda. 30-iani wlebidan, e.i. 1832 wlis

SeTqmulebis ganadgurebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos glexTa moZraoba Tavisi

damoukidebeli wodebrivi gziT wavida da mimarTuli iyo batonymobis

41

winaaRmdeg. Tumca glexTa moZraoba jer isev stiqiur-ekonomiur xasiaTs

atarebda, magram mainc didi roli Seasrula batonymobis gauqmebis

saqmeSi (246, 104).

mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma gaauqma saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba,

glexis loialobis mTavari obieqti mefe aRar arsebobda. gavlenas

moklebuli Tavadaznauroba sakuTar keTildReobaze fiqrobda. glexoba

warmoadgenda araorganizebul, gaucnobierebel krebuls, romelic erTi

mxriv, verc Zveli drois tyveobidan gamodioda da verc axal moTxovnebs

egueboda. erTi sityviT, srul gaurkvevlobaSi iyo. miT umetes, rom

ruseTis SemosvliT davkargeT ara mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi damoukid-

ebloba, aramed saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia,

samRvdeloebas SeezRuda uflebebi da is veRar asrulebda im rols im

masStabiT, rac saukuneebis manZilze gaaCnda. qarTulma enam dakarga

Tavisi funqcia. XIX saukunis II naxevridan am yvelafers daemata isic,

rom batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg mkvidrdeba kapitalisturi sistema,

Semodis axali ekonomikuri formebi. glexis cnobiereba alRos ver

uRebs axal epoqas da vardeba meore ukiduresobaSi. 1911 wlis `mosaval-

Si~ vkiTxulobT: `roca Cven glexkacs raime rCevas miscem Sesaxeb imisa,

an riT moxnas, an rogor moxnas, an ra daTesos da sxva, mudam erT da

igive pasuxs gvaZlevs: Cven mamapapasac batono, ase uxnav-uTesiaT rogorc

Cvena vxnavT da SimSiliT ki aravin momkvdara Seni Wirime. ase TqmiT

hgoniaT iseT WeSmaritebas ambobs, romlis winaaRmdeg mTeli dedamiwis

zurgze aravis aRaraferi sabuTi ar SeuZlia wamoayenos. mas fiqradac

ar modis, rom Cven winaparTa cxovreba Cven cxovrebas aRar waagavs, rac

maTTvis SesaZlebeli iyo, rom is CvenTvis SeuZlebeli da autaneli

gaxda~ (188, 5). es mxolod erTi nimuSia imisa, rac SeiZleba iTqvas, epoqis

mTavari problemaa da TiTqmis yvela beWdur organoSi am sakiTxzea

msjeloba.

nacionaluri ideologiis propagandis Semdeg XX saukunis

dasawyisSi politikuri Segnebis gaRvivebisaTvis iwyeba brZola, romel-

sac social-demokratia xelmZRvanelobs. ilia mircxulavas azriT, `1864-

1904 wlebis saqarTvelos glexTa moZraoba, reformamdeli glexTa

moZraobisagan gansxvavebiT, roca glexoba ibrZoda piradi Tavisuflebi-

42

saTvis, mimarTuli iyo miwis mopovebisaken. miwisTvis brZola glexis

sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxad gadaiqca. 1864-1904 wlebis glexTa moZraoba

saqarTveloSi agraruli xasiaTis iyo da miznad isaxavda feodalizmis

naSTebis mospobas, magram igi umTavresad stiqiur xasiaTs atarebda, Tu

ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi 1902-1904 wlebis glexTa moZraobas dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, romelsac stiqiur, araorganizebul glexTa moZraobidan

organizebuli politikuri moZraobisaken gardamavali safexuri iyo. es

moZraoba social-demokratiulma partiam daukavSira muSaTa moZraobas

da politikuri xasiaTi misca mas~ (246, 145). ase rom, rodesac amgvar

movlenebs vafasebT, pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita sakuTari ideebis realize-

bas cdilobda beWduri mediis saSualebiT. amasTan, zemoT Tqmuli

mowmobs, rom nacionaluri ideebis aqtualizebasTan erTad, mniSvnelo-

vani adgili ekava socialistur ideologias, romlis ganxorcielebas

eswrafvoda social-demokratiuli partia. isini cdilobdnen glexebis

CarTvas am procesebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, saqarTvelos

centralur saistorio arqivSi, fondi 83, saqme #46 daculi informacia,

romelsac aRwers kavkasiis policiuri sammarTvelos ufrosi da

daTariRebulia 1905 wlis 3 oqtombriT. `es axali moZraoba, miRebuli

bolo xanebSi revoluciuri agitaciis Sedegad, aralegaluri brZolis

gamo Secvlili mimarTulebiT, daiwyo senakis mazris sofel xorginSi da

swrafad gavrcelda sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi

daikaves mazris TiTqmis yvela dasaxlebuli punqti. glexTa Soris

areulobis gamavrceleblebs es gamowveva miyavT uwesrigobisken. isini

warmoadgenen iatakqveSa komitetebis agentebs, upiratesad soflis maswav-

leblebs, baTumis qarxnis muSebs, yofil studentebs da maT, visac

swavla sruliad ar aqvs dasrulebuli, daTxovnilni sxvadasxva saSualo

saswavlo dawesebulebidan areulobaSi monawileobis gamo, maTSi gaer-

Tianebuli arian glexebi, ufro energiulebi iTviseben revoluciur

ideebs glexTa Soris xelmZRvanelobisTvis~ (2, 116). revoluciur

agitatorebs Soris arian Semdegi pirebi: `1. 8 klass daumTavrebeli,

quTaisis guberniaSi uwesrigobaSi monawileobisTvis _ spirdon kedia; 2.

zugdidis mazris sofel Cakvinjis mcxovrebi, yofili maswavlebeli

43

meliton gobeCia; 3. niqozis skolis maswavlebeli _ maqacaria; 4.

peterburgis universitetis studenti Tavadi levan Sengelia; 5. zugdidis

saqalaqo saswavleblis agronomiuli ganyofilebis maswavlebeli _

dondua; 7. sofel kaxaTSi mcxovrebi glexi, qarTuli gazeTis kores-

podenti _ pavle akobia. yvela es pirebi SemCneuli iyvnen politikuri

xasiaTis agitaciur moRvaweobaSi~ (2, 126). es dokumenti Seexeba glexTa

1904-1905 wlebis gamosvlebis periods, romlis mizani xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg brZolasTan erTad glexebis organizeba da gaerTianebaa.

aseve sainteresoa amave fondSi daculi monacemebi, kerZod saqme #2,

romelic glexTa moZraobebs da `glexTa kavSirs~ exeba. es aris

policiis departamentis mimarTva gubernatorebisadmi: `arsebuli cnobiT,

imperiis sxvadasxv adgilebSi warmoSobili agraruli moZraoba warmoad-

gens umravles SemTxvevaSi revoluciur niadagze aRmocenebul socia-

list-revolucionuri partiis glexTa `kavSiris~ da ruseTis social-

demokratiuli muSaTa partiis waqezebis niadagze, gamodis propagandis

da agitaciis amocanebiT glexebs Soris, gaerTianebis saxelwodebaa

profesionaluri `glexTa kavSiri~, romelic Tavisi partiuli interese-

bidan gamomdinare, revoluciuri agitatorebis mier xelisuflebis xelSi

Cagdebis surviliT amzadebs glexebSi SeiaraRebul gamosvlas. am mxriv

`kavSiri~ avrcelebs revoluciur literaturas, xels uwyoben soflis

muSebis gaficvebs, boikots ucxadeben miwaTmflobelebs~ (1, 9).

glexebis politikuri Segnebis amaRlebisTvis dawyebuli brZolis

Sedegebs naTlad aCvenebs scsa fondi 153, aRwera 1, saqme #1782, romelic

quTaisis guberniis glexebis politikuri sandoobis mdgomareobas

gamoxatavs. kerZod, sof. didi jixaiSi, aleqsandre konstantines Ze

vaSakiZe (26 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, ucolo), glexi amave guberniis,

Sorapnis mazra, sof. muxura-galaqtion onisimovis Ze barbaqaZe (26 wlis,

marTlmadidebeli, ucolo) da glexi, qalaq quTaisidan galaqtion

giorgis Ze gabriCiZe (21 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, ucolo). miRebuli

cnobebidan Cans, rom aleqsandre vaSakiZes, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis

mTavari saxelosnos mxazvels aqvs kavSiri SantaJist-mZarcvelebTan, misi

binis Cxrekis Sedegad aRmoCnda saeWvo dokuentebi . misi fardulis kareb-

ze ki iyo warwera: `Zirs nikolozi, gaumarjos konstituciur

44

mmarTvelobas~. barbaqaZis binaSi aRmoCnda RumelSi 30 broSura qarTul

enaze. gabriCiZes ar daumtkicda politikuri arasandooba...~. (7, 1).

sainteresoa 1904-1905 wlebis movlenebis aRwerisas rogor aRiqvamd-

nen rusi moxeleebi qarTvelebis gamosvlebs saimperatoro karis winaaR-

mdeg da rogor esaxebodaT maTi SeCereba. `eWvgareSea, pirveli rom

imerlebi, megrelebi da gurulebi, mcxovrebni quTaisis guberniaSi,

bunebiT arian guladebi, raindebi, saerTod ki naturiT mSvidobismoyvare

xalxi, cnobil situaciamde (igulisxmeba 1905 wlis gamosvlebi – n.s.),

meore politikur urTierTobebSi isini arian keTilsaimedoni, ise rom

umaRlesi manifesti, kavkasiaSi da maSasadame quTaisis guberniaSi, ro-

gorc msxvili nawili kavkasiis, iTvleba gvirgvinosani imperatoris

saukeTeso margalitad. ra unda momxdariyo am simpatiuri xalxis

cxovrebaSi, rom Secvliliyo maTi saukuneobrivi mrwamsi? SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom saerTo mdgomareoba Seicvala ruseTSi da quTaisis

guberniis mosaxleobam gacura saerTo mdinarebidan. mravaljer ara!

mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba ruseTSi arafers SesamCnevs,

aRsaniSnavs uqadis qarTvel tomebs. ufro sarwmunoa, rom yvela refor-

mebs, romlebsac ruseTis xalxis cxovreba ukeTesobisaken miyavs,

iqnebodes gavrcelebuli imerlebSi, megrelebSi, gurulebSi, arasdros

ar iarsebebda gansxvaveba qarTvelebsa da rusebs Soris. Tu adgilobrivi

avtoritetebi sufTad Seasruleben Tavis samsaxurebriv movaleobas da

ar Sexedaven adgilobriv mcxovreblebs, ise rogorc Tavis pirad mtrebs,

ufro metic, maT unda sjerodeT, rom Tavis droze gaigeben, rom xalxi

win midis, antisaxelmwifoebriv propagandas sisxlis Rvra ar moyveba.

propagandistebi ar warmoadgenen dabrkolebas, daubrkoleblad vrcel-

deba maTi cru moZRvreba brboSi, daarwmuneben maT imaSi, rom guberniis

miwebi glexebisaa...~ (2, 8).

rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba maqsimalurad cdil-

obda saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo donis daqveiTebas, radgan uvici da

gauTviTcnobierebeli sazogadoebis marTva ufro gaadvileboda. `rad

sCadioda ase Zveli mTavroba? pasuxi naTelia: qarTulad naswavli glexi

qarTulad azrovnebas daiwyebda, masSi qarTuli suli gaidgamda fesvs,

is Tavs qarTvelad icnobda, Tavis Wir-varams mixvdeboda, mter-moyvares

45

gaiTvaliswinebda, misken mimarTul sityva-saqciels aswon-daswonida da

mixvdeboda, Tu ramdenad iyo Zveli daxavsebuli reJimi misi gadagvarebis

mosurne da rasakvirvelia sakadris pasuxsac gascemda.~ (170, 1). swored

amitom kulturuli elita aqtiurobs glexebis saganmanaTleblo donis

amaRlebis, istoriuli warsulis, tradiciebis SenarCunebis sakiTxSi.

amisTvis ixsneba skolebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, soflebSi,

qalaqebSi. ibeWdeba da vrceldeba didi raodenobiT wignebi, gazeTebi,

Jurnalebi, sadac glexisTvis saWiro movlenebzea saubari. amis parale-

lurad politikuri elita politikuri Segnebis ganviTarebisTvis

ibrZvis. politikuri donis amaRleba partiebis nawils sWirdeba imisTvis,

rom Tavisuflebis brZolisaTvis niadagi moamzados, nawils ki imisTvis,

gansakuTrebiT social-demokratias, gaaerTianos da SeakavSiros muSebi

da glexebi da socializmis ganxorcielebisaTvis Seqmnas pirobebi. 1906

wels gazeTi `glexi~ werda: `glexi yvelaze mets muSaobs, yvelaze ufro

gaWirvebulia; glexma unda moipovos miwa da Tavisufleba, rom Tavi

daaRwios SimSils da gamwarebuls cxovrebas. glexma unda ibrZolos

miwisa da TavisuflebisTvis. magram kmara miwa da Tavisufleba? glexi

unda dakmayofildes, raki moipovebs miwas da Tavisuflebas? bednieri

iqneba da sxva araferi dasWirdeba? ara, amxanagebo! glexisaTvis ar kmara

marto miwa da Tavisufleba! aucilebeli saWiroa erTic da meorec,

xolo es ver daixsnis glexs yvelanairi Seviwroebisagan da manamde ar

eRirseba tkbil da mosvenebuls cxovrebas, sanam dedamiwaze ar

damyardeba WeSmariti erToba_socializmi~ (41, 1). am miznis misaRwevad ki

yvela Taviseburad ibrZvis. magaliTad, marqsistebis azriT `glexi soci-

alizms ver Seignebs, radgan mas koleqtiuri Tavis qala aqvso~. am ideis

matarebelni iyvnen qarTveli social-demokratebi da maTi mTavari

dasayrdeni proletariati iyo. maTgan gansxvavebiT socialist-federal-

istebi glexis idealizacias axdendnen. `Cveni qveyana Tavisi struqturiT

glexuri qveyanaa. arc aris axlo momavalSi imedi glexobis gaqrobis,

proletarizaciisa da koncentraciisa. saqarTvelo warmoadgens soflis

meurneobis qveyanas da proletaruli, isic Semcdari socializmi mas ar

egueba. da mxolod iseTi socialisturi moZRvrebaa, romelsac agrarizmi

axasiaTebs da romelic proletariats da glexobas erTmaneTs ar upir-

46

dapirebs~. swored amitom, rodesac amgvar sakiTxebs vswavlobT es

garemoebebia gasaTvaliswinebeli.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg axali etapi

daiwyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi. saWiro gaxda Tavisufali fenis ara

mxolod ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT dakmayofileba, aramed maTi CarTva

erovnul-sazogadoebriv sferoSi. glexi unda gamxdariyo Tavisuflebis

mopovebisTvis brZolis erT-erTi mTavari monawile. swored amitom,

gasakviri ar aris, rom aRniSnul periodSi glexobis, rogorc Tavisufa-

li fenis sakiTxi aqtualuria. iakob mansvetaSvilTan vkiTxulobT: `...

mdabio xalxisTvis, muSa-glexobisaTvis unda vizrunoT. Cvens movlas,

Cvens zrunvas fasi eqneba mxolod maSin, Tu imaTi eniT daviwyebT

laparaks, Tu Cveni sityva imaT yurs miswvdeba, imaT guls moxvdeba. ai

gegma Cvenis muSaobisa. ai, visTvis unda vfiqrobdeT, visTvis unda

vzrunavdeT, visTvis unda vwerdeT~ (202, 78).

1918-1921 wlebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli periodia, es

aris saqarTvelos damoukideblobis xana, glexis sakiTxi iseTive aqtua-

luria da mTavari problema isev miwa da piradi Tavisuflebaa.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg

sacialuri sakiTxi Tavis aqtualobas ar kargavs. saxelmwifoebrivi

mSeneblobis procesSi qarTuli erTobis yvela wevris Tanabrad CarTva

aucilebeli movlena iyo da maT Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialu-

rad dabali fenis warmomadgenlebis: glexebis, muSebis. saWiro iyo

TiToeul maTgans egrZno saxelmwifos mxardaWera da Tavi usafrTxod da

ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilad egrZno. epoqis moTxovnilebidan gamom-

dinare aRniSnuli periodis TiTqmis yvela wyaroSi socialuri sakiTxi

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis

farTo fenebis CarTva erovnuli ideis aRorZinebisTvis sirTules

warmoadgens. am mxriv gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgenda da miT

umetes, rom 117 wlis manZilze rusul Rirebulebebs ziarebuli eris

qarTul, saxelmwifoebriv azrovnebaze gadayvana martiv sakiTxs ar

warmoadgenda. noe Jordanias azriT, `mTavari iyo xalxSi ar qonoda

gasavali moskovelTa propagandas, ar momxdariyo azrTa da gzaTa arev-

dareva, yofiliyo farTe masebis mier gagebuli da Segnebuli Cveni da

47

maTi wyobis da cxovrebis (e.i. rusebis _ n.s.) wesebis gansxvaveba. Cveni

xelmZRvaneli azri iyo, saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa did umravlesobas _

glexobas daenaxa, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobam mas moutana miwa,

misca cxovrebis axali saSualebani. ase rom, agraruli reforma gaxda

uaRresaT nacionaluri reforma CvenSi~ (204, 107). sainteresoa aRiniSnos,

rom jer kidev damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saqarTvelos erovnuli

sabWo aqtiurad cdilobda glexebis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, anu im

problemebis gadaWras, rac maT sasicocxlo aucileblobas warmoadgen-

da. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos merve krebis rezoluciaSi aRniSnu-

lia: `erovnuli sabWo scnobs: revoluciis gasamarjveblad da soflad

anarqiis mosaspobad mTavrobam gadasdgas energiuli da mtkice nabijebi.

dauyovnebliv miRebul iqmnas saWiro zomebi, raTa usasyidlod mieces

mSromel xalxs is adgilmamuli, romelic mas aReTqva amierkavkasiis

dekretiT.~ (14, 116). mxolod sasoflo meurneobis maRla aweviT davexmare-

biT Cven, rogorc respublikas, ise mis moqalaqeTa 90-%, Cvens glexobas

da Rrmad CavunergavT mas gulSi, rom statistika dgeba ara marto maTze

gadasaxadebis gaweris mizniT, aramed maTi Sromis maRla asawevaT, maTi

ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gasaZliereblad~ (19, 10).

1918-1921 wlebSi xelisuflebis mTavari mizani iyo sazogadoebis

farTo fenebis CarTva politikur procesebSi, gansakuTrebiT glexebis

politikuri moRvaweobis gaaqtiureba. am mizniT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

kuTxeebSi arsdeboda specialuri organizaciebi. am mxriv sainteresoa

propagandist xaniSvilis moxseneba Tbilisis sasoflo komisiisadmi,

romelic 1919 wlis 21 agvistoTi TariRdeba. `dRidgan Cemi muSaobisa

xevis raionSi (yazbegi) me davaarse oTxi social-demokratiuli

organizacia, saxeldobr: snos, gergeTis, sionis, yazbegis. oTxive organi-

zaciaSi wevrebi iricxeba, jerjerobiT 80 kaci. muSaoba oTxive organiza-

ciaSi swarmoebs normaluraT, aqvT TavianTi beWdebi, sawevro wignakebi,

ixdian sawevro gadasaxadebs, axdenen krebebs, sistematiurad sxvadasxva

partiuli kiTxvebis gadasawyvetad da eCvevian partiul saqmianobas. moxe-

veebi Zalian TanaugrZnoben Cvens partias, romelic saTaveSi udga mTel

saqarTvelos. isini pirdapir aRmerTeben noe Jordanias, CxeiZes da

wereTels.~ (10, 45).Y calke sakiTxia, ramdenad gasaziarebeli da misaRebia

48

CvenTvis es faqti, magram erTi ram cxadia, social-demokratiuli partia

sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan dakavSirebas eswrafvoda.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis mizani maq-

simaluri siaxlove hqonoda glexobasTan da yuradReba gaemaxvilebina

maT problemebze da rac mTavaria, mTavrobisadmi rwmena Caenerga SemTxve-

viTi ar yofila. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qarTul xelisufle-

bas ufro meti problema Seeqmna, maT mudmivi Tu aSkara brZola

uxdebodaT saqarTvelos mtrebTan, romlebic cdilobdnen ideologiuri

Tu praqtikuli moRvaweobiT xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod ganewyoT

sazogadoebis farTo fenebi. swored amitom iyo, rom social-demokratiu-

li partia xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg qarTuli politikis gatare-

baze gadadis. gansakuTrebiT glexebis mimarT icvlis damokidebulebas,

Tumca glexobaSi araerTgvarovani damokidebulebaa mTavrobis mimarT.

`mas Semdeg bevri ubedureba moxda. 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi droc Seicvala

da erTi meores veRara vcnobTo. maSin rasac gvaswavlidnen mitingebze

social-demokratebi dRes yvela imis winaaRmdegia. maSin gveubnebodnen:

Tavad-aznaurebi, memamuleebi da Zveli mTavroba CamovagdoTo da miwebi

da tyeebi miwis muSa glexebs dagrCebaT usasyidloTo. moxda revolucia,

social-demokratebma gaimarjves. mTavroba da Tavadaznauroba Camovag-

deT, magram dRes igive social-demokratebi gveubnebian: miwebi fuliT

unda iyidoTo. bolSevikebi gveubnebian bolSevikebi unda gaxdeTo.

radgan balSevikebi Rarib glexebs miwas usasyidlod mogcemeno. Tavidan

menSevikebic ase gveubnebodnen. ar viciT zogierTma glexma vis unda

mivmarToT. orwyalSua varT. Tu balSevikebs mivmarTeT, mTavroba gvemuq-

reba, Tu mTavrobas mivmarTeT, balSevikebi wagvaxdenen~. (16, 1).

demokratiuli respublikis periodSi glexebis mdgomareobas da

maT damokidebulebas sxvadasxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT naTlad aCve-

nebs fondi 1825, saqme #13 daculi monacemebi. aq saubaria saqarTvelos

calkeul regionebSi gamokiTxvis Sedegebze, romelic glexebis saerTo

ganwyobilebas asaxavs. aq subaria regionebis, soflebis Sesaxeb, partiu-

li muSaobebis, glexTa damokidebulebis sxvadasxva politikuri parti-

ebis, saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, glexebis problemebze

da a.S. bunebrivia aq ver movitanT yvela dokuments, Tumca SeiZleba

49

iTqvas, rom yvela gamokiTxvaSi mTavari adgili swored miwis sakiTxs

ukavia. faqtobrivad es problemebi isev aqtualuria.

amdenad, 1. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos

istoriis srulyofilad da detalurad Sesaswavlad aucilebel

saWiroebas warmoadgens sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis cnobierebis

ganviTarebis Sefaseba da maTi damokidebuleba erovnul, socialur,

politikur, saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 2. 1900-1921

wlebis sxvadsxva movlenebis Sesafaseblad gasaTvaliswinebelia epoqis

gamowvevebi da sazogadoebis cnobierebis cvlileba. 3. xSir SemTxvevaSi

aqcenti an politikur an erovnul sakiTxebze keTdeba, sinamdvileSi ki

maTi kompleqsuri analizia saWiro. 4. yovelive zemoTqmulidan

gamomdinare glexis Sexedulebebi, cnobiereba ganviTarebis garkveul

gzas gadioda 1900-1921 wlebSi, romlis mimarTulebas xSir SemTxvevaSi

gansazRvravda politikuri da kulturuli elita, magram umravles

SemTxvevaSi epoqis gamowveva.

$2. proletari

saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis Semosvlis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 90-iani

wlebidan Cndeba axali socialuri fena proletariati, romelic axali

epoqis `Svilia~ da saWiro xdeba misi funqciebis gamokveTa. glexis

msgavsad isic sakuTari mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis iwyebs brZolas

da erTveba drois saerTo mdinarebaSi.

proletariatis Sesaxeb disertaciaSi dasaxelebul TiTqmis yvela

tipis wyaroSia saubari sxvadasxva kuTxiT. qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elitis nawili dadebiTad afasebs proletaris rols isto-

riis msvlelobaSi, magaliTad, social-demokratiuli partia, nawili ki,

socialist-federalistebi_uaryofiTad, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom saqarT-

50

veloSi glexia mTavari socialuri fena da swored maTze dayrdno-

biTaa SesaZlebeli yvela erovnuli miznis ganxorcieleba. Tumca erTi

ram faqtia, proletaris Tema xdeba ZiriTadi sakiTxi XX saukunis

pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi.

qarTul istoriografiaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevas mniSvnelo-

vani adgili ukavia. sabWoTa periodis literaturaSi proletaris roli

gazviadebulia. erTi mxriv, is warmoCenilia rogorc Cagruli fena, rome-

lic burJuaziis msxverplia da meore mxriv, yvelaze gaTviTcnobiere-

buli sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Soris, romelmac didi roli itvirTa

revoluciis msvlelobaSi.

specialuri gamokvlevebi uZRvnes aRniSnul sakiTxs mecnierebma:

grigol margiani, `saqarTvelos mrewveloba da samrewvelo proletaria-

ti 1864-1917 wlebSi~ (245), a. farsadanaSvili, `saqarTvelos mrewveloba da

samrewvelo proletariati 1914-1917 welbSi~ (283), ediSer xoStaria,

`mrewvelobis ganviTareba da muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba XIX saukunis

saqarTveloSi~ (301), g. margiani, `samTamadno mrewveloba da samrewvelo

proletariati revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi~ (244), k. doliZe `burJuaz-

iul-demokratiul revoluciaSi proletariatis hegemoniis sakiTxisaT-

vis~ (229), mamia jijeiSvili, `muSaTa klasis istoriisaTvis saqarTvelo-

Si~ (304) da sxva. arsebul gamokvlevebSi ZiriTadad aqcenti keTdeba

kapitalizmis gavrcelebasa da muSaTa klasis brZolis sakiTxze sakuTa-

ri uflebebis mosapoveblad da materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebi-

saTvis.

rogorc cnobilia ruseTSi batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, XIX sauk-

unis II naxevridan mkvidrdeba kapitalizmi da bunebrivia saqarTveloSi,

rogorc ruseTis mier dapyrobil qveyanaSi gavrcelebas iwyebs axa-li

ekonomikuri sistema, romelmac xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod ekonomikuri

formebis Secvlas, aramed mTeli rigi gardaqmnebi gamoiwvia rogorc

politikur cxovrebaSi, aseve sazogadoebis farTo fenebis cnobierebis

radikalurad Secvla ganapiroba. `rogorc cnobilia, yirimis omSi

damarc-xebiT dasustebuli da memamuleTa winaaRmdeg glexTa ajanyebebiT

SeSinebuli mefis mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda 1861 wels batonymoba

gaeuqmebina. amis Semdeg batonymobis naSTebi jer kidev Zlieri iyo,

51

magram mainc sakmaod swrafad wavida kapitalizmis ganviTareba. es imas

niSnavs, rom ruseTSi farTod gaiSala fabrikebis, qarxnebis, rkinigzebis,

sazRvao da samdinaro navsadgurebis mSenebloba. kapitalisturi

mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeboda proletariatis

raodenoba. 1865 wels ruseTSi msxvil fabrika-qarxnebSi da rkinigzebze

iTvleboda 706 aTasi muSa. 25 wlis Semdeg 1890 wlisaTvis, muSaTa

raodenobam miaRwia 1 milion 433 000, xolo 90-ian wlebSi 2 milion

792000~ (242, 6)

ruseTis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic mTeli rigi cvlilebebi mohyva

kapitalisturi sistemis damkvidrebas. `saqarTvelos muSaTa klasis for-

mireba saglexo reformebis Semdeg periodSi xdeba. maTi absoluturi

umravlesoba umiwawylod darCenili glexobisagan iyo gamosuli, xolo

misi rezervi gaproletarebuli xelosnoba iyo. saqarTvelos muSaTa

klasis rigebs ruseTidan Camosuli muSebic avsebdnen. XX saukunis

dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi 35. 402 samrewvelo muSa iyo. romelTagan

qarTvelebi Seadgendnen 70%, Semdeg modiodnen somxebi, rusebi da a.S.~

(230, 9).

rogorc glexis, aseve proletaris kulturuli da politikuri

Segnebis amaRlebisTvis zrunavda qarTveli inteligencia. am periodSi

mimdinare gardaqmnebis Sedegad, romelic sazogadoebrivi Tu politiku-

ri cxovrebis yvela mxares Seexo, axali moTxovnebi da gamowvevebi

dadga dRis wesrigSi. am cvlilebebma ara mxolod proletariatis,

rogorc axali socialuri fenis warmoSoba, aramed misi saSualebiT

socializmis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZola ganapiroba. rogorc ukve

aRvniSne wina paragrafSi, XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTvelo-

Si erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori ideologia: nacionalizmi da social-

izmi. qarTuli politikuri elita social-demokratiuli partiis

xelmZRvanelobiT socializmis damkvidrebisTvis mTavar Zalad

proletars miiCnevda, romelsac glexobasTan kavSiris Sedegad am istor-

iuli misiis ganxorcieleba unda etvirTa. swored amitom yvela mimarTu-

lebiT, romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleboda aRniSnuli ideebis propaganda

qarTuli social-demokratiuli partia Zal-Rones ar iSurebda sazoga-

doebis farTo fenebSi realizebisTvis. am mxriv gamoirCeoda social-

52

demokratiuli mimarTulebis beWduri media da is proklamaciebi, romle-

bic mTeli imperiis masStabiT vrceldeboda da maT Soris saqarTveloSi,

qarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis meSveobiT.

social-demokratiuli partia sakuTar Tavs proletariatis

xelmZRvanel Zalad miiCnevda, romlis meSveobiT imedovnebda socializ-

mis ganxorcielebas. `social-demokratia aris proletariatis politiku-

ri partia, romlis mizania demokratiuli wyobilebis saSualebiT

proletaruli socializmis ganxorcieleba, amisTvis is aerTebs mTel

proletariats da muSa yavs Tavis fargalSi. imxrobs yvela im ukmayofi-

lo klasT, romelnic iTviseben proletariatis TvalTaxedvis isars da

cnoben proletariatis meTaurobiT kapitalizmis dalewvas. social-

demokratiis droSis qveS dgeba naciis didi umravlesoba da miT xdeba

is nacionalur partiad~ (148, 4). social-demokratebi, marqsistuli ideo-

logiis gavleniT mTel imedebs swored proletariatze amyarebda. `yvela

im klasebSi, ambobs marqsi, romelTac amJamad upirdapireben burJuazias,

mxolod proletariati warmoadgens WeSmarit revolucionur klass.

danarCeni klasebi iRupebian wvril mrewvelobasTan erTad: SuaTana

wreebi, wvrili mrewvelni, vaWrebi, xelosnebi _ yvela eseni ebrZvian

burJuazias, raTa daicvan sakuTari arseboba, rogorc SuaTana klasisa...

yvela eseni reaqcionerebi arian, radgan cdiloben istoriis Carxis

ukuRma datrialebas~ (140, 1). sainteresoa rogoria proletaris gan-

sazRvra XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi. noe Jordanias

azriT: `proletariati _ es aris is erTaderTi klasi, romelic moklebu-

lia sakuTrebas da iZulebulia mxolod Tavis ZalRonis gayidviT

icxovros. rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis ganxorcielebuli uaryofa, is

principialurad sxvavdeba ara marto SeZlebulTagan, aramed wvrili

burJuaziis yvela nawilebisaganac. mxolod proletariatia pirdapir

damokidebuli kapitalistebisagan, _ damokidebuli, rogorc maTi

simdidris Semqmneli da TviTon mudam gayvlefili~ (257, 26).

gazeTi `social-demokrati~ 1905 wels proletars Semdegnairad

axasiaTebs: `proletari ewodeba im adamians, romelic yovelive sakuTre-

bas moklebulia da Tavis sarCenad iZulebulia Tavisi fizikuri Zal-

Rone fulis patrons miyidos, mieqiraos da aqedan aRebuli qiriT icxov-

53

ros. maSasadame misi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa: sakuTrebis uqonloba da

fizikuri Sroma. proletarTa Soris sakuTrebis mxriv sruli Tanasworo-

baa, arc erTs is ar moereva, aseTive Tanasworobaa Sromis mxriv _ yvela

cxovrobs SromiT, maTi erTaderTi Zala _ Sromaa. cxadia, proletariat-

is gamarjveba niSnavs am principebis _ ekonomiuri Tanasworobis

gamarjvebas. masSi uaryofilia kerZo sakuTreba, isic uaryofs amas sxveb-

Si da amyarebs sazogado sakuTrebas. masSi uaryofilia uSromloba, isic

uaryofs sxvaSi muqTaxorobas da yvelasaTvis awesebs Sromas, misi

gabatoneba Sromis gabatonebaa, xolo Sroma ki adamianis Tandayolili

Tvisebaa, maSasadame, proletariis gabatoneba adamianis, kacobriobis

gabatonebaa. batonoba mamulis iyo, batonoba memamulis, batonoba

kapitalis kapitalistTa batonobaa, batonoba Sromis iqneba batonoba

mSromelTa anu yvela adamianTa. aqedan aSkaraa, socializmis gamarjveba

SeiZleba mxolod proletariatis gamarjvebiT. socializmi mxolod

proletariatis cxovrebis gamoxatulebaa, is mxolod misi filosofiaa~

(148, 2). es lozungi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas gasdevda Tan muSaTa

moZraobas. aucileblobas warmoadgenda proletaris miznebis gamokveTa

da Cabma socializmis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolaSi. amisTvis saWiro

iyo sxvadasxva eris muSebisTvis saerTo ideologiis Seqmna da saerTo

mtris xatis dasaxva. maT unda daenaxaT, rom sxvadasxva eris muSebs

aerTianebT mxolod erTi satkivari da erTi mizani: brZola

TviTmpyrobelobis da burJuaziis winaaRmdeg da iseTi saxelmwifos

Seqmna, sadac maTi uflebebi ar iqneboda Selaxuli. 1919 welsac ki aseTi

ideologia isev aqtualuria, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli

cvlilebebi ganicada. `ubralo muSa var. micxovria da vcxovrob muSaTa

wreebSi. Cemi bina fabrika-qarxnebSia, Cemi maswavlebeli TviT cxovrebaa.

mimuSavnia saqarTveloSi, kavkasiis samrewvelo qalaqebSi, ruseTSi.

erTad miwevia Sromis mZime uReli somex, TaTar, rus, ebrael, polonel

muSebTan. maTTan erTad gvibrZolia Cveni uflebisaTvis, Cveni didi

momavlisaTvis. ganviTarebis istoriam CvenSi Seqmna fsiqologiurad saer-

To Zmoba-erTobis Tvisebebi, proletaruli moZraobis gaerTianebis auc-

ilebloba. Cveni grZnoba, Cveni brZolis moTxovnileba aris uaryofa

ekonomiur-politikur monobisa da ekliT mosil Cvens saval gzaze win

54

miviwevT iqiT, sadac mosCans Cveni saboloo mizani Sromis samefo~ (50, 2).

rogorc cnobilia, 1900-1921 wlebSi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo

social-demokratiuli partiis mier gamocemuli Jurnal-gazeTebi, sadac

aqcentirebuli iyo maTi partiuli programebi da miznebi. rogorc

ruseTSi, aseve saqarTveloSi muSaTa sakiTxi aqtualuri iyo. miuxedavad

imisa, rom rogorc nacionaluri, aseve socializmis ideologiis Camoya-

libebas da sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebas elita xelmZRvanelobda, muSaTa

moZraobis dawyebas epoqis gamowvevad da gardauval movlenad miiCnevd-

nen, romelic istoriuli msvlelobis aucilebeli nawili iyo.

rogorc rusuli, aseve qarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis

mizani mdgomareobda TviTmpyrobelobis damxobaSi proletariatis meSve-

obiT da socializmis ganxorcielebaSi. aRniSnulis msvleloba ki

mxolod mSvidobiani formiT ver warmoedginaT. swored amis gamoxatule-

ba iyo is saprotesto gamosvlebi TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg,

romelic mudmivad mimdinareobda 1900-1917 wlebSi da romelsac social-

demokratiuli partia xelmZRvanelobda.

miuxedavad am problemis dadebiTad da uaryofiTad ganxilvisa,

erTi ram faqti iyo evropaSi dawyebuli procesi Tavis gamoxatulebas

poulobda ruseTSi, bunebrivia gansxvavebuli formiT, saxelmwifoebrivi

specifikidan gamomdinare da saqarTveloSi, rogorc imperiis dapyrobil

nawilSi. es procesi iwyeba batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, etapobrivad

ganviTarebas gadis mTeli XIX saukunis II naxevarSi da XX saukunis

dasawyisidan axal fazaSi Sedis, romlis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda

zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebi.

gansxvavebiT evropisagan, es movlenebi sxvadasxvagvarad viTardeba

ruseTSi. marTalia feodalizmis likvidaciisa da sazogadoebis demok-

ratiuli gardaqmnis amocana idga burJuaziuli revoluciis winaSec

dasavleT evropaSi, magram ruseTis pirveli revolucia misgan gansxvav-

deboda garkveulwilad. amasTan dakavSirebiT k. doliZe wers: `feodal-

izmis likvidaciisa da sazogadoebis demokratiuli gardaqmnis amocana

idga burJuaziuli revoluciis winaSec dasavleT evropaSi. amaSi mdgo-

mareobda 1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis revoluciis msgavseba dasavleTis

XVIII da XIX saukuneebis burJuaziul da burJuaziul-demokratiul

55

revoluciebTan. magram amasTan erTad ruseTis pirveli revolucia ar

iyo dasavleTis burJuaziuli revoluciis ubralo ganmeoreba, romlebic

mimdinareobdnen kapitalizmis manufaqturuli periodisa da ganuviTare-

beli klasobrivi brZolis pirobebSi, roca proletariati susti da

mcirericxovani iyo, roca igi ar gamodioda damoukideblad, ar hyavda

sakuTari partia, aramed kudSi misCanCalebda burJuazias. ruseTis

pirvel revolucias, romelic axal istoriul pirobebSi mimdinareobda,

axasiaTebda mTeli rigi specifikuri Taviseburebani. am Taviseburebebs

uwinares yovlisa gansazRvravda axali imperialisturi epoqa (229, 37).

bunebrivia gansxvavebulma ekonomikurma Tu politikurma garemom Tavise-

buri asaxva hpova ruseTis pirvel da meore revoluciebze. marTalia,

evropis msgavsad ruseTSic mimdinareobda kapitalisturi wyobis damkvid-

reba, magram gansxvavebuli formiT. igive k. doliZe aRniSnavda: `ruseTis

pirveli rvvoluciis umniSvnelovanesi Tavisebureba iyo isic, rom mis

ekonomikur safuZvelsa da erovnul Taviseburebas Seadgenda agraruli

sakiTxi, romlis arss warmoadgenda Suasaukuneobriobis mospoba miwaT-

moqmedebaSi. am azriT burJuaziul-demokratiuli revolucia ruseTSi

glexuric iyo im rolis mixedviT, romelsac am revoluciaSi agraruli

sakiTxi asrulebda. revoluciaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo glexobam,

romelic autaneli feodalur-batonymuri naSTebis gamo mZlavr revolu-

ciur Zalas warmoadgenda~ (229, 38). dasavleT evropis burJuaziuli

revoluciebi xdeboda kapitalizmis aRmavali ganviTarebis periodSi.

brZolas feodalizmis ganadgurebisaTvis da kapitalizmis damkvidrebi-

saTvis saTaveSi edga burJuazia. 1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis revolucia

mimdinareobda sul sxva viTarebaSi, axal epoqaSi, imperializmis epoqaSi,

roca am revoluciis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad, hegemonad gamovida ara

burJuazia, aramed proletariati~ (210, 148).

rogorc yovelTvis, yvela epoqaSi, amjeradac sxvadasxva politi-

kuri mimarTulebis jgufebs sakuTari Sexedulebebi da amocanebi

gaaCndaT revoluciasTan mimarTebaSi, rac gansazRvravda maTi brZolis

xasiaTs da rols revoluciaSi. `dRevandel revoluciis msvlelobas, mis

xasiaTs da Sinaarss umTavresad gansazRvravs brZola sam mTavar socia-

lur ZalTa: es Zalebia: TviTmpyrobeloba, burJuazia da proletariati.

56

TiToeul am ZalTagans Tavisi gansakuTrebuli istoriuli daniSnuleba

aqvs. TviTmpyrobelobis daniSnulebaa dacva warsulis (feodalizmis),

burJuaziis daniSnulebaa dacva awmyosi (kapitalizmis), proletariatis _

dacva momavlis(socializmis)~ (46, 1). 1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucias

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciisagan ganasxvavebdnen Semdegi faqtebiT: 1. 1917

wlis revolucia ganxorcielda ruseTSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis

SedarebiT maRal safexurze, rac revoluciis momxre, Tu mowinaaRmdege

klasobrivi Zalebis meti simwifis ganmapirobebeli iyo. 2. 1917 wlisaTvis

revoluciur-demokratiul Zalebs revoluciuri gamocdilebis veeberTe-

la maragi gaaCndaT. am ori revoluciis SualedSi bolSevikurma partiam

gaswia didi muSaoba imisaTvis, rom farTo demokratiul masebs

aeTvisebinaT pirveli revoluciis gakveTilebi. (278, 256).

XX saukunis dasawyisSi yalibdeba sxvadasxva politikuri partiebi.

maT saqarTvelos samomavlo ganviTarebis sakuTari xedvebi da gzebi

gaaCniaT. `socialist-federalistebis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda _

erovnul-teritoriuli avtonomia, socialuri Tanasworoba, evropuli

tipis demokratiuli socializmi, anu kapitalizmis pirobebSi socialis-

turi reformebis TandaTanobiTi ganxorcieleba. agrarul sferoSi

miwebis socializacia~. (266, 21).

`socialist-revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan iseTi partia, rome-

lic SeZlebs sami klasis: inteligenciis, glexebis da proletariatis

interesebis dacvas. maTi programa iyofa or nawilad: politikuri da

ekonomikuri. pirveliT isini moiTxoven demokratiul wyobilebas. isini

burJuaziul revolucias etrfian, saxelmwifos burJuaziul formas

iTxoven da ai am Sexedulebas erTianad ewinaaRmdegeba agraruli

programa. iTxoven iseT ekonomiur reformebs, romelic pirianad arRvevs

kerZo sakiTxebis princips, Zirs uTxris burJuaziis batonobas ~ (150, 2).

`social-demokratia aris proletariatis politikuri partia, romlis

mizania demokratiuli wyobilebis saSualebiT proletaruli socializ-

mis ganxorcieleba, amisaTvis is aerTebs mTel proletariats da muSa

yavs Tavis fargalSi. imxrobs yvela im ukmayofilo klasT, romelnic

iTviseben proletariatis meTaurobiT kapitalizmis dalewvas. social-

demokratiis droSis qveS dgeba naciis didi umravlesoba da miT xdeba

57

is nacionalur partiad~ (148, 4).

erTi ram faqti iyo, rom proletariatis roli sakmaod iyo wamow-

euli sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnebis procesSi. farTo fenebSi am ideebis

realizebas xels uwyobdnen social-demokratebi. rogorc viciT, es po-

litikuri partia marqsistul ideologiaze iyo aRmocenebuli. swored

marqsma da engelsma wamowies proletariatis hegemoni roli axal epoqa-

Si, romelic swored maTi meSveobiT unda Seqmniliyo.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom proletariatis

cnobierebam ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani etapi gaiara da SemdegSi miiRo

man Camoyalibebuli saxe. karlo doliZe aRniSnavs: `ruseTSi gansakuTre-

biT SesamCnevi Tvisobrivi cvlilebebi xdeba gasuli saukunis damlevs. am

periodSi mTavrdeba kapitalizmis gadasvla mrewvelobaSi _ msxvil

manqanur industriaze, rogorc kapitalisturi warmoebis ufro maRal

safexurze da sruldeba samrewvelo proletariatis Camoyalibebis pro-

cesi. es samrewvelo proletariati arsebiTad gansxvavdeba batonymobis

periodis fabrikis muSebisa da wvrili, kustaruli mrewvelobis muSebi-

sagan, rogorc did kapitalistur saxelmwifoebSi TavmoyriT, ise Tavisi

sabrZolo revolucionuri TvisebebiT. ruseTis istoriul asparezze sam-

rewvelo proletariatis gamosvla ruseTis msoflio revoluciuri

moZraobis centrad gadaqcevis umniSvnelovanesi obieqturi winamZRvari

iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom kapitalizmi SedarebiT swrafi tempiT viTar-

deboda batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, ruseTi ekonomiuri ganviTarebiT

mainc CamorCeboda sxva kapitalistur qveynebs. igi agraruli qveyana iyo,

ekonomiurad CamorCenili, sadac jer kidev Warbobda wvrilmesakuTruli,

nakleb mwarmoebluri erTpirovnuli glexuri meurneoba~ (229, 9).

amdenad `muSaTa moZraoba sul ufro Zlierdeboda, mrewvelobis

sul axalaxal dargebs moicavda. sawarmoebSi iqmneboda aralegaluri

wreebi, sadac muSebi iZendnen politikur codnas. proletariatis klas-

obrivi, politikuri Segnebis zrdas mowmobs mZlavrad gaCaRebuli sagaf-

icvo moZraoba. me-19 saukunis damlevs muSaTa moZraoba ruseTis politi-

kuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda. sagaficvo brZolebsa da

masobriv politikur gamosvlebSi muSaTa klasi iZenda carizmisa da

kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg revoluciuri brZolis gamocdilebas. muSaTa

58

moZraobis ganviTarebis niadagze ruseTSi iqmnebian pirveli marqsistuli

organizaciebi~ (229, 10). yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovania is faqti,

rom saqarTveloSi amgvari kavSirebis saWiroeba XX saukunis dasawyisi-

dan SeiniSneba, rodesac muSaTa gaerTianebul da organizebul moZrao-

bebs eyreba safuZveli. 1900 wlis maisSi Catarda Tbilisis stambis

muSebis gaerTianebuli kreba sadac gadawyda, rom erToblivad imoqmedon

mTavrobis da maTi batonebis winaaRmdeg. (39, 8). aqcenti keTdeba mudmivad

imaze, rom muSebis ukiduresi mdgomareobis mizezi mTavrobaa da

burJuazia. saWiroa proletariatis organizebuli gaerTianeba

TviTmpyrobelobis dasamxobad. social-demokratiuli partia xazs

usvamda im faqts, rom proletariati yvelaze Segnebuli fenaa, romelic

naTlad acnobierebs yvela im problemas, romelsac TviTmpyrobeloba

uqmnis ara mxolod maT, aramed mTel sazogadoebas, amitom istoriuli

procesis Sesacvlelad mTavar dasayrden Zalad muSaTa klass

miiCnevdnen.

marTalia, qarTuli social-demokratiuli partia rusul niadagze

idga da sawyis etapze ufro metad iyo gamokveTili maTSi antiqarTuli

ideologia, magram unda iTqvas, rom erovnul gansxvavebulobas da

qarTul sinamdviles isini ar gamoricxavdnen. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT

erT nimuSs. `ruseTis muSaTa moZraobas rom davakvirdeT, aSkarad

davrwmundebiT, rom mas amJamad marto ekonomiuri an socialuri xasiaTi

ara aqvs. muSebma uwinares yovlisa monarqiul wyobilebas gamoucxades

brZola da ekonomiuri sababi dRes maTTvis mxolod sababia politikur

brZolis gamocxadebisaTvis da es agrec unda yofiliyo. proletariati

uZluria gaaumjobesos Tavisi ekonomiuri mdgomareoba, Tu am

proletariats brZolisaTvis Sesaferi politikuri niadagi ara aqvs

safuZvlad. politikuri Tavisufleba, Tavisufal dawesebulebaTa damya-

reba aucilebeli pirobaa proletariatis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis.

yovelive es ruseTis muSebma Seignes da amitom misces TavianT moZraobas

politikuri xasiaTi.

Tu ruseTSi magrea, Cvenma muSaTa moZraobam rogori-Ra mimarTuleba

unda miiRos? ra unda iyos dawerili mis droSaze? dRemde Cvenebur

muSaTa moZraobas iseTive xasiaTi hqonda, rogoric ruseTis moZraobas

59

aqvs e.i. CvenSiac muSebma monarqias gamoucxades omi, CvenSiac muSaTa

partiam awindel reJimis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. Cven am moZraobas suliT

da guliT TanavugrZnobT, radgan, marTlac da, CvenSiac, rogorc mTel

ruseTSi, monarqiuli wesi aris xalxis damCagvreli, mis ekonomiur

cxovrebis gaumjobesebis Semaferxebeli. xolo, Cvenis azriT, Cvenebur

muSaTa moZraobas adgilobrivi elferic unda etyobodes... imgvari

elferi, romelic unda iyos nayofi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Sua

arsebul erovnul sxvadasxvaobisa. qarTvelma muSa xalxma angariSi unda

gauwios saqarTvelos momaval politikur organizacias. saqarTvelo

ruseTis ubralo guberniad ver darCeba~ (119, 5).

social-demokratiuli partiis mizani iyo, rom muSebs gaecnobiere-

binaT maTi kavSiris aucilebloba saerTo mtris, TviTmpyrobelobis da

burJuaziis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, ris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi warumat-

ebloba gardauvali iqneboda. social-demokratiuli partiis mTavari

mizani iyo socializmis ganxorcieleba, romlis realizatori unda

gamxdariyo muSaTa klasi, rogorc yvelaze gacnobierebuli socialuri

fena. faqtobrivad es iyo erTgvari ideologia, romelsac qarTuli

politikuri elitis nawili _ social-demokratiuli partia qmnida. es

sruliad axali epoqis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. saqarTvelos centralur

saistorio arqivSi, fondi 153, aRwera 1, saqme # 1782, daculia saintereso

cnoba muSebis erTianobis saWiroebis Sesaxeb. èrT mSvenier dRes,

rodesac mzem gaanaTa mSobliuri miwa. me am dros ramodenime nacnobTan

erTad wavedi yanaSi, sadac moewyo doRi, sadac Cven ganvixileT

sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da vidre mimdinareobda sakiTxis ganxilva, ras

niSnavs sityva àmxanagi~ _ am sakiTxma miiRo seriozuli mimarTuleba,

yoveli gamoxatavda Tavis Sexedulebas, erTni amtkicebdnen, rom sityva

àmxanagi~ niSnavs erTmaneTis motyuebas, es aris brma iaraRi, sxvebi

amtkicebdnen, rom amxanagi iwodeba maSin, rodesac midixar raimes

Sesagroveblad. am sityvebis mere me daviwye Cemi azris gamoTqma da imis

mtkiceba, rom me myavs Zalian bevri amxanagi da Cven varT ganuSoreblad.

Semdeg moviyvane magaliTi merkvilaZis gmirobis, romelmac srolis dros

ar datova bedis anabara Tavisi daWrili amxanagi da man Tavi gawira

amxanagebi-saTvis. davumtkice maT, rom amxanagoba Tanamedrove dRes ufro

60

SemWid-rovda, vidre adre... marTalia Tanamedrove dRes yvelgan

kapitalisturi wyobaa da muSebi yovel nabijze iCagrebian, magram

dadgeba iseTi dro, rodesac muSebi daiwyeben sxva rolis TamaSs.

rodesac dadgeba socialisturi wyoba, maSin amxanagebi iTamaSeben sxva

rols~ (7, 32).

Tu XX saukunis dasawyisSi aucilebeli iyo mowodeba muSis

politikuri Segnebis saWiroebisaTvis, 10-ian wlebSi viTareba radikalu-

rad icvleba, rac social-demokratiuli partiis agitaciis Sedegi iyo,

anu ekonomikuri xasiaTis moTxovnebTan XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan

proletariatis gaficvebis warmmarTveli ukve politikuri motivi xdeba

da rac mTavaria erToblivi moRvaweoba. swored aRniSnulis gamoxatu-

lebad miiCnevdnen im periodis qarTul social-demokratiul presaSi

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis gamarjvebas. gazeTi `erToba~ aseT

Sefasebas aZlevs am movlenas: `dRevandeli saSineli msoflio omi

upirvelesad demokratias-soflis glexkacobas da qalaqis wvril mesak-

uTreT daawva kiserze. maSin, rodesac TiTqmis mTeli soflis glexkaco-

ba qalaqis xelosanni da wvrili vaWarni brZolis velze gaixvetnen da

aTasobiT ixocebodnen, qalaqis muSa-proletariati Zveleburad qarxanaSi

idga da ganagrZobda muSaobas. agreTve liberalurma burJuaziam Tavi

Seafara zurgSi moqmed sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi da

omis susxi mas ar ugrZvnia. amasTanave erTad ekonomiuri mdgomareoba

muSa-proletariatisa arsebiTad ar Secvlila. cxovrebis gaZvirebasTan

erTad, igi aiZulebda yvelas xelfasis momatebasac. rac Seexeba msxvil

burJuazias, is omiT pirdapir sargeblobda. arasodes ar yofila iseTi

xelsayreli pirobebi SemosavlisaTvis, rogorc omianobaa. sul sxva

mdgomareobaSi Cavarda demokratia. soflad jansaRi glexkacoba sul

erTianad brZolis velze gaiyvanes. darCnen bavSvebi, moxucebi da qalebi.

mSromel marjvenas moSorebuli glexis ojaxi srulebiT waileka, aRar

darCa puris momyvani, venaxis gamkeTebeli, saqonlis momvleli, baRis

momvleli da sxva... arsad iyo mSromeli soflad, ar moipoveboda Sromis

nayofic. aseTsave mdgomareobaSi iyo, TiTo orolas garda, qalaqis

xelosanic, wvrili vaWari da demokratiuli inteligencia. daiketa

qarxana, duqani, moswydnen yvelani mSobliur keras da mtris tyvias

61

gulmkerds uSverdnen.

ubedureba da gaWirveba adamians gons male moiyvans, Tvalebs

auxels, ase mouvida demokratiasac. man igrZno Tavisi umweo mdgomareoba,

Seigno rom mas msoflio omi ubedurebis mets aras moutans. kargad

dainaxa Tu vin iyo misi mosisxle mteri da gabedulad Seutia kidevac

TviTmpyrobelobas, ukanasknelic daemxo. maSasadame, meore revoluciaSi

glexkacobam da qalaqis demokratiam mitom miiRes aqtiuri monawileoba,

rom yvelaze ukmayofiloni mdgomareobiT isini iyvnen~ (162, 2).

ra ganapirobebda social-demokratiuli partiis ideebis aqtualo-

bas, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi rusuli social-demokratiis poziciaze

idga. pasuxi naTelia social-demokratia sazogadoebis farTo fenebs

pirdeboda srul ekonomikur da socialur Tanasworobas, TviTmpyrobe-

lobis marwuxebisgan ganTavisuflebas da socializmis ganxorcielebas,

sadac yvela socialuri fena xelSeuxebeli da uzrunvelyofili

iqneboda.

garda imisa, rom social-demokratiuli partia beWduri mediis

saSualebiT cdilobda sakuTari ideebis aqtualizacias sazogadoebis

farTo fenebSi, amasTan mTavari saSuleba iyo proklamaciebi, sadac

Camoyalibebuli iyo maTi programa da yuradReba maxvildeboda im mZime

mdgomareobaze, romelSic muSebi imyofebodnen. saqarTvelos centralur

saistorio arqivSi daculi informacia naTlad aCvenebs am process. `...

Tqven Cumad xarT, Tqven iTmenT, Tqven icdiT, Tqven imedi gaqvT!

imedovnebT, rom SesaZlebeli iqneba, keTili sityva daipyrobs msoflios,

rom sabolood datrialdeba istoriis borbali da dadgeba ukeTesi

dReebi, ukeTesi situacia, wesrigi. es ar iqneba Tqvens mier gagzavnili

adresebiT da peticiebiT. ra miiReT Tqven amiT? Tqven dagaviwydaT mefis

sityva liberali deputatebis koronaciis dros `azrs moklebul

ocnebaze?~ nuTu gadaxedva yvela Cven saswavlo saqmeSi ar aris naTeli

imisa, rom mTavrobis gegmebSi ar Sedis araviTari seriozuli reforma?

ras elodebiT?~ (4, 55). sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom 1917 wlamde gamosuli

proklamaciebi ZiriTadad ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis

saxeliT vrceldeboda da gamodioda. amave fondSia daculi Semdegi

informacia: `miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli fexis gadadgmaze sastikad

62

gvdevnian da gviTvalTvaleben, miuxedavad imisa, rom cixeSi gvamwyvdeven,

gvasaxleben, katorRaSi gvagzavnian da miT cdiloben Cven SeSinebas da

galaCrebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni manifestantebi gandevnes da gada-

asaxles, _ mainc TandaTan Zlierdeba Segneba politikuri Tavisuflebis

mopovebis survilisa~ (4, 83). bunebrivia xSir SemTxvevaSi es iyo

ideologia, romelsac qmnidnen muSebis brZolisunarianobis asamaRleb-

lad. Tumca XX saukunis dasawyisisgan gansxvavebiT Semdeg periodSi ukve

aSkarad SeimCneva proletariatis organizebuli gamosvlebi. `muSebma

daiwyes politikuri cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, revoluciuri moqmedeba.

saWiroa brZola yoveldRiuri lozungiT da Segnebuli muSebis winaSe

dgas kiTxva proletariatis brZolis mizanze, amocanebze da formaze.

muSa arasdros ar gamova, ar gadadgams praqtikul nabijs winaswar, ar

Secvlis Tavis taqtikas. muSaTa klass sxvadasxva qveynebSi aqvs Tavisi

muSaTa klasobrivi politikuri organizacia social-demokratiuli par-

tia, romelic flobs klasobriv politikas... unda vibrZoloT samefo

xelisuflebis dasamxobad, radgan gvqondes Tavisufali gza Cveni namdvi-

li miznisTvis _ socializmisTvis. imisTvis, rom momaval brZolas

hqondes Zala da gavlena xalxis masaSi, rom uxelmZRvaneloT maT, Cven

gvWirdeba magari da gamZle proletariatis organizacia~ (5, 2). Tu sawyis

etapze social-demokratiuli partia mxolod gaficvebis gamosvlis

moTxovniT kmayofildeboda 1905 wlidan ukve brZolis aqtiur etapze

gamodis da proletariats SeiaraRebuli gamosvlisaken mouwodebs.

amavdroulad, rogorc Cans arsebuli situaciiT sargeblobdnen saeWvo

reputaciis pirebi da revolucionerebis saxeliT gamodiodnen da xalxs

saSinel mdgomareobaSi agdebdnen. amitom yvela proklamaciaSi, romelic

1905 wlidan gamodioda sazgadoebas sifrTilisken mouwodebdnen da

namdvili revolucionerebis daxmarebas sTxovdnen.

1905 wels gamosul proklamaciebSi aqcenti keTdeboda yvela

socialuri fenis gaficvis saWiroebaze. aucilebel motivad miiCnevdnen

sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis gaerTianebas da organizebul gamosvlebs

mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. `vinc CvenTan araa, is Cveni winaaRmdegia, is

mTavrobis laqiaa da mis beds gaiziarebs. ar kmara marto gaficva.

saWiroa brZola Tavis dasacvelad da mtris mosagerieblad. mTavrobas

63

unda gaficvis gatexa da amiT revoluciis Caqroba. maS SeiaraRdiT

yvelani, SeiaraRdiT, riTac SegiZliaT, mudam mzad iyaviT brZolis

velze gamosasvlelad. Setakeba aucilebelia. reaqcia modis, mas versad

gaeqce-vi, versad daemalebi. maS ra dagvrCenia? iaraRiT xelSi gamovideT

social-demokratiis pirvel mowodebisTanave adamianobis da Tavisufle-

bis dasacvelad.~ (8, 219).

erTi sityviT muSaTa moZraobam XX saukunis dasawyisidan moyole-

buli garkveuli gza ganvlo. aRniSnul moZraobas axali mimarTuleba

misca pirvelma msoflio omma, razec zemoT ukve visaubreT. rac Seexeba

1918-1921 wlebs, rodesac xelisuflebaSi movidnen qarTuli demokratiuli

Zalebi maTi moRvaweobis paralelurad bolSevikebi cdilobdnen xazi

gaesvaT xelisuflebis araswor damokidebulebaze muSebisadmi.

amisTvis vrceldeba sxvadasxva proklamaciebi. `Tqven amxanago muSebo,

kmayo-fili ara xarT samuSao drois maqsimumiT, Tqven ver gakmayofilebT

sakatorRo Sromis dacva! Sromis pirobebi kidev ufro gauaresda, Tqven

ar gagaCniaT Tavisufleba kavSirisa, gaficvis Tavisufleba, ara gaqvT

Tavisufleba krebisa, sityvisa, beWdvisa. Tqven, amxanago glexebo,

dakmayofilebuli ara xarT miwiT, is verc axla uzrunvelyofs Tqvens

adamianur arsebobas, Tqven ganwiruli xarT mudam SimSilis da sicivis

msxverpli iyoT. Tqven mogispes ufleba Tqvens Wir-varamze ilaparakoT.

sakmarisia odnavi eWvi aiRon, rom Tqven uaryofiT uyurebT, sisxliT

gaTxupnul Jordanias da jalaT ramiSvilis mTavrobas, rom Tqven,

amxanago muSebo da glexebo, dagatusaRon, Cagylapon cixeSi da an

gagaZevon Tavis sabrZaneblidan~ (22, 85). faqtobrivad, yvela

proklamaciaSi saubaria imaze, rom xelisufleba ver asrulebs Tavis

movaleobas da ver akmayofilebs sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs da

amitom xalxs mouwodebdnen gamosuliyvnen xelisuf-lebis winaaRmdeg.

marTalia bevri iwereboda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom muSas ar aqvs

samSoblo da sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebma unda ibrZolon erTi

miznisTvis da es _ socializmis ganxorcielebaa, magram Tu kargad

davakvirdebiT dReisaTvis arsebul istoriul masalebs, naTlad

davinaxavT, rom es sakiTxi gansxvavebulad aRiqmeboda. gazeTi `Sroma~

1906 wels werda: `mTeli dedamiwis zurgze ar moipoveba muSaTa iseTi

64

jgufi, romelic Tavis Tavs ar akuTvnebdes ama Tu im ers. iseTi

ganviTarebuli proletariatic ki, rogoric germaniaSia, patriotuli

grZnobebiT aris gamsWvaluli. muSa xalxi ibrZvis Tavis klasobriv

interesebis dasakmayofileblad da amave dros ar iviwyebs, rom igi ama

Tu im ers ekuTvnis, da Tu imis ers raime xifaTi moelis, igi mzad aris

ibrZolos am eris dasacvelad. es erovnuli brZola imdenad bunebrivi

da Zlieria, rom muSa xalxi xSirad daiviwyebs xolme Tavis klasobriv

antagonizms da erovnul niadagzed brZolaSi uerTdeba mowinaaRmdege

klasebs~ (157, 2). garda amisa, qarTuli politikuri speqtri socializmis

ganxorcielebis aucilebel winapirobad miiCnevda Tavisufali, damouki-

debeli saxelmwifos arsebobas. `socialisturi partia cdilobs

sxvadasxva eris muSa xalxi SeaerTos erTs Zlier klasobriv armiad:

umisod SeuZlebelia socializmis moaxloeba. magram im saxelmwifoSi,

sadac erTi eri gamefebulia, xolo sxvebi daCagruli, SeuZlebelia es

SeerTeba, radgan daCagrul eris muSa xalxi yovelTvis grZnobs Tavis

erovnul daCagvras, amitom imis klasobriv brZolas nacionaluri

brZola uerTdeba. muSa xalxi mxolod maSin SeuerTdeba mWidrod sxva

erebis muSebs, rodesac imisi eri iseTive Tavisufali iqneba, rogorc

sxva eri~ (157, 2). gazeTi `zvirTi~ ki 1915 wels aRniSnavda: `muSaTa klasi

Tavis samSoblosTan marto grZnobiT ar aris dakavSirebuli. samSoblo

is kuTxea, sadac mTeli misi sulieri da qonebrivi kultura iqmneba.

muSas aviRebT, Tu glexs _ yvela mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tavis

samSoblosTan ~ (55, 1).

Tu kargad davakvirdebiT arsebul monacemebs, davinaxavT, rom

proletariatis erovnul grZnobebze saubari ara mxolod 1918-1921

wlebSia, rodesac xelisuflebis saTaveSi movidnen social-demokratebi

da saqarTvelos istoriidan gamomdinare garkveulwilad Secvales

Tavisi programa, aramed manamdec. `Cvenma muSebma ver unda gaarCion, sad

iwyeba samSoblo da sad Tavdeba Tavisi keTildReoba. Cven unda Sevadu-

RoT muSa da samSoblo, erT xorcad da erT sulad vaqcioT muSa-

samSoblo da muSaTa keTildReobiT avagoT Cveni respublikis simagreni.

Cven unda mivceT muSebs maqsimumi risi micemac SeiZleba dReindel

pirobebSi. Cven unda vicodeT, rom erTaderTi damcveli Cveni samSoblo-

65

si aris muSaTa klasi da mTeli samSobloc amave klass unda emsaxurebo-

des. muSa da glexia Cveni jari, muSa da glexia Cveni majiscema. Cveni

samSoblo muSisa da glexis qveyanaa da Tu gvinda muSa da glexi

gamovides samSoblos sadarajoze da ToxiTa da weraqviT daicvas

yoveli naWeri miwisa, vizrunoT masze~ (142, 2).

is faqti, rom proletaris cnobierebis erovnul formebSi moqceva

prioritetulia, niSnavs imas, rom qarTuli social-demokratia gansakuT-

rebul yuradRebas aqcevs am sakiTxs. miuxedavad imisa, rom proletaria-

tis interesi klasobrivi iyo da maT sawyis etapze maTi ekonomikuri

mCagvrelebis winaaRmdeg unda ebrZolaT, SemdegSi aucilebeli iqneboda

muSis erovnuli Segnebis amaRleba, radgan maTi gamarjveba iqneboda

saerTo saxalxo, raSic yvela socialuri fena unda yofiliyo CarTuli.

amisTvis, garda politikuri donis amaRlebisa aucilebel saWiroebas

warmoadgenda muSaTa kulturuli Segnebis amaRleba. ganaTlebuli

proletariatis gareSe es mizani ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda. am

TvalsazrisiT iqmneba sxvadasxva organizaciebi, romelTa amosavali

swored aRniSnulis mowesrigebaa. `muSa xalxis kulturis samefoSi

Seyvana, misi gakulturosneba udidesi nacionaluri saqmea. am miznis

misaRwevad saWiroa ara marto kulturuli saunjis qoneba, aramed misi

xalxisTvis xelmisawvdomad gadaqceva. rad gindaT skolebi, wignebi,

gazeTebi, Teatrebi da sxva. Tu muSa-kaci amiT ver sargeblobs, is

isargeblebs amiT maSin, roca mas Sesaferi saSualebac miecema. Tu kaci

dReSi 15 saaTs muSaobs da mcire xelfass iRebs, is veraviTari

kulturis monawile ver gaxdeba. muSis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

gaumjobeseba badebs mis kulturul gaumjobesebasac. Tanamedrove

proletariatis brZola aris brZola kulturisaTvis. samuSao dRis

Semokleba, qiris momateba, Sromis samfarvelo kanonmdebloba,

Tavisufali krebebi, profesionaluri kavSirebi, muSaTa organoebi da

sxva. Aai, ra qmnis xalxis kulturas~ (256, 180). swored aRniSnulis

gamoxatuleba iyo muSaTa klubis Seqmna, romelsac sakuTari mkveTrad

gamoxatuli mizani hqonda. `demokratiul saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebisaT-

vis ori umniSvnelovanesi da pasuxsagebi sakiTxTagania proletaruli

massis kulturuli ganviTarebis saqmis wesierad dayeneba. demokratiuli

66

saxelmwifo e.i. xalxis sruluflebianoba SeiZleba gamagrdes da ganmt-

kicdes mxolod da mxolod xalxis Segnebis zrda-ganviTarebaze. Segnebis

zrdaze da sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobierebaze emyareba agreTve sazogado-

ebis momzadeba socializmisaTvis. garda aseTi saerTo debulebebisa

kacobriobis mimdinare cxovreba mkafiod ukarnaxebs demokratiis mesveu-

rebs mouwodon farTo masebs xelT igdon da socialurad gardaqmnan

mebatone klasTa mier Seqmnili erovnuli kultura. es sakiTxi mwvaved

aris dayenebuli dedamiwis yvela qveynebSi. saqarTvelos demokratiisaT-

vis, romelic sWedavs erovnul-demokratiul saxelmwifos es sakiTxi

kidev ufro mwvaved da daJinebiT moiTxovs did ganviTarebas~ (11, 158).

1900-1917 wlebis kulturuli da politikuri elitis ideologia

proletariatis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisTvis da maTi sazogadoebriv

klasad gadaqcevisTvis, arafriT gansxvavdeba 1918-1921 wlebis, anu demok-

ratiuli respublikis periodis elitis ideebisgan. istoriuli moTxovni-

lebidan da epoqis gamowvevidan gamomdinare, proletariati gaxda

mTavari socialuri fena, romelsac axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobis

procesSi gadamwyveti monawileoba unda mieRo. marTalia muSaTa klasis

mTavari xelmZRvaneli Zala social-demokratia rusuli ideologiis gav-

lenis qveS imyofeboda da maTi ideali iseTi socialisturi sazogado-

ebis Seqmna iyo, sadac yvela Tanaswori iqneboda ganurCevlad sqesisa da

erovnebisa, magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli

situacia (da ara mxolod aq) ar iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom maTi

mizani ganxorcielebuliyo, saWiro xdeba qarTul sinamdvileze morgeba,

gansakuTrebiT xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg. aqedan moyolebuli ufro

meti yuradReba eqceva muSebis erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. da rac

mTavaria erovnul enaze arsebuli literaturis gacnobas. rasac

saboloo jamSi unda moyoloda rogorc erovnuli, aseve klasobrivi

Segnebis amaRleba. ivane gomarTeli werda: `ra aris saWiro, rom muSa

xalxma klasobrivi brZola nayofierad awarmovos? uwinares yovlisa

saWiroa Segneba. Segnebuli muSa xSirad kapitalistis xelSi brma

iaraRia, romelsac kapitalisti proletariatisave sawinaaRmdegod

xmarobs. Seugnebeli muSa ki mtkiced dgas klasTa brZolis niadagze da

mas veravin moatyuebs. amgvari SegnebisaTvis saWiroa kiTxva, codna,

67

ganviTareba. romel enaze SeuZlia muSa xalxs codna-ganviTarebis SeZena?

erTaderTi ena muSa xalxisaTvis, romlis saSualebiTac mas SeuZlia

ganviTardes, klasobrivad gaiwvrTnas, aris mSobeli ena. mSobliur enaze

ganviTareba, mSobliur enaze mwerloba aravisTvis imdenad saWiro ar

aris, ramdenadac muSa xalxisTvis~ (187, 5).

1917 wels gamovida socialist-federlisturi partiis broSura

saTauriT `ra esWiroeba muSa xalxs?~, sadac sxvadasxva problemasTan

erTad saubaria mSobliuri enis saWiroebaze: aq aRniSnulia is uaryofi-

Ti Sedegebi, rac moaqvs dapyrobili xalxisTvis ucxo enaze warmoebul

samoqalaqo Tu saganmanaTleblo procedurebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze

metad iCagreba muSa xalxi. `muSam ar icis sxva ena, ver kiTxulobs ucxo

enaze gamocemul wignebsa da gazeTebs. dabeCavebuli da daCagrulia

dedaena _ mwerloba erTaderTi saSualebaa, romliTac SeuZlian daewa-

fos kulturul cxovrebas, miiRos ganaTleba, ganviTareba. damCagvreli

saxelmwifo uaryofs mis dedaenas, kanonebi gamocemulia misTvis gaugeb-

ar enaze skolasa, sasamarTlosa da sxva dawesebulebebSi gabatonebulia

ucxo ena...~ (261, 10).

aseve minda erT saintereso sakiTxze gavamaxvilo yuradReba,

romelic uSualo kavSirSia am paragrafSi ganxilul sakiTxebTan.

gverds ver avuvli stiven jonsis naSroms `socializmi qarTul fereb-

Si~, sadac swored Cems mier ganxilul sakiTxebzea saubari. igi wers:

`1905 wels damtkicda, rom qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba

erovnulic iyo da internacionaluric. imavdroulad, man erovnuli da

kulturuli sakiTxebis irgvliv gaaerTiana qarTvelebi da SeZlo anti-

caristuli frontis mobilizeba, romelSic somexi vaWrebi, qarTveli

glexebi da rusi muSebi Sediodnen. social-demokratia qarTvelebisTvis

erovnuli kulturisaTvis brZolas niSnavda, inteligenciisTvis _

demokratiisTvis, xolo muSebisa da glexebisaTvis _ ekonomikisaTvis

brZolas~ (307, 1). am mosazrebas kategoriulad ver daveTanxmebi.

marTalia, avtori aRniSnul naSromSi sxvadasxva wyaroTa bazas iyenebs

da saintereso daskvnebic gamoaqvs, magram aseTi problemis kvlevisas

kompleqsuri analizia saWiro da daskvnebis gamotana safrTxiloa. 1. jer

es erTi social-demokratiuli partia Camoyalibda oficialur partiad

68

XX saukunis dasawyisSi da jer kidev ar iyo misi ideologia sabolood

formirebuli da realizebuli sazogadoebaSi. miT umetes, rom maTi idea

mTeli 1900-1921 wlebis manZilze ganicdida cvlilebas movlenebis

cvalebadobidan da qarTuli sinamdvilidan gamomdinare. Tanac moRvawe-

obis sawyis etapze ufro metad iyo social-demokratiuli partia rusu-

li ideebis qveS. aqedan gamomdinare 1905 wels ver damtkicdeboda

partiis erovnuli da internacionaluri xasiaTi. zemoT moyvanili

masalebi amas naTlad mowmobs. rac Seexeba partiis erovnul xasiaTs,

rogorc moyvanili masalebi mowmobs moRvaweobis Semdeg etapze erovnul

problemas ar gamoricxavdnen. magram es gamomdinareobda, ara mxolod

qarTuli realobidan, aramed iqidanac, rom saerTod social-

demokratiulma moZraobam garkveuli transformacia ganicada da yvelgan

erovnuli sakiTxi socializmis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli nawili

gaxda. maT Soris saqarTveloSic. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseTi azri

arsebobda: `proletariatis gamarjveba daamyarebs Tanasworobas da ara

erTgvarobas, igi ar spobs erovnebas. proletarebs ar aqvT samSoblo,

magram tyuili iqneboda, rom vTqvaT: maT ara aqvT erovnebao. Cven

vxedavT, rom daCagruli eris proletariatSi klasobriv Segnebis

ganviTarebasTan erTad iRviZebs erovnuli TviTSegnebac~ (255, 4). 2.

dazustebas moiTxovs ras niSnavs `erovnuli da kulturuli sakiTxebis

irgvliv gaaerTiana~. manamde ar iyvnen qarTvelebi erovnuli sakiTxis

irgvliv gaerTianebulni? sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom erovnuli

sakiTxis wina planze wamoweva (romel mxaresac avtori fiqrobs) da ara

saerTod aRmoceneba ekuTvnis Tergdaleulebs ilia WavWavaZis

meTaurobiT. swored iliam Cauyara safuZveli nacionaluri ideologiis

aRorZinebas, rac gamoixata pirvel rigSi saganmanaTleblo sistemis

saSualebiT sazogadoebis kulturuli, inteleqtualuri cnobierebis

amaRlebiT, istoriuli mexsierebis, tradiciebis gacocxlebiT. erTi

sityviT modernuli qarTuli nacionaluri ideologiis CamoyalibebiT.

social-demokratiuli partiis mTavari mizani, ki sazogadoebis,

gansakuTrebiT muSebis da glexebis politikuri Segnebis amaRleba iyo.

Tu ratom amaze ukve visaubre rogorc wina paragrafSi, aseve am nawilSi

da amitom aRar gavimeoreb. 3. `social-demokratia qarTvelebisTvis

69

erovnuli kulturisaTvis brZolas niSnavda, inteligenciisTvis _

demokratiisTvis, xolo muSebisa da glexebisaTvis _ ekonomikisaTvis

brZolas~. verc am mosazrebas gaviziareb. ranairad niSnavda `erovnuli

kulturisTvis brZolas~? cnobili faqtia, rom qarTuli social-

demokratiis mizani, yovel SemTxvevaSi 1918 wlamde, xelisuflebaSi

mosvlamde muSebis da glexebis gaerTianeba da socializmis

ganxorcileba iyo. qarTvelebSi ki sxvadasxva socialuri fenis

warmomadgenlebic erTiandebodnen: samRvdeloeba, inteligencia,

burJuazia, Tavadaznauroba da sxva, romelTac sakuTari miswrafebebi

gaaCndaT da rac mTavaria arsebobda sxvadasxva partiebi: erovnul-

demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi da sxva, romlebic kate-

goriulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen social-demokratiuli partiis gegmebs.

inteligencia, romelSic Sedioda kulturuli da politikuri elita,

marTalia demokratiul Rirebulebebze ocnebobdnen, magram social-

demokratiis ideali xom socializmi iyo. rac Seexeba muSebs da glexebs,

isini ara mxolod ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjo-

besebisTvisac ibrZodnen. ase rom amgvari sakiTxebis kvlevisas mravali

detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli.

amdenad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erovnuli identobis

Sesaswavlad socialuri fenebis da, maT Soris, proletaris cnobierebis

Sefasebis gareSe warmoudgenelia problemis srulyofilad Seswavla.

rogorc vxedavT, proletariati mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda XX

saukun-is pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi.

ganxilulma masalam gviCvena, rom arasworia proletariatis mxo-

lod erTi mimarTulebiT ganxilva: misi rolis warmoCena burJuaziul da

socialistur revoluciebSi. proletari axali epoqis Svilia da rac

mTavaria, is ara marto socializmis ganxorcielebisTvis ibrZvis, aramed

nacionaluri ideebis naklebobasac ar ganicdis. mas ara Tu samSoblos

aRqmis gancda gaaCnia, aramed misi SenarCunebisTvis ibrZvis.

70

$3. jariskaci

qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

samxedro istoriis sakiTxebis Seswavlas. am problemas araerTi sainte-

reso gamokvleva mieZRvna, sadac ZiriTadad aqcenti gakeTebulia sabrZo-

lo xelovnebaze, jaris ganlageba-Camoyalibebis saWiroebaze, sxvadasxva

saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omebis xasiaTze da a.S. Tumca

aRniSnuli sakiTxebis SeswavlasTan erTad aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa

jariskacis erovnuli cnobierebis Sefaseba. sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvnelobis sakiTxebTan erTad istoriuli movlenebis analizisTvis

aucileblobas warmoadgens imis gansazRvra Tu ra gza ganvlo jaris-

kacis cnobierebis ganviTarebam XX saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde da ra

rols TamaSobda igi qarTuli, erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis

procesSi 1918-1921 wlebSi.

erovnuli sakiTxis srulyofilad Seswavla sxvadasxva socialuri

fenebis Tu socialuri jgufebis cnobierebis gaanalizebis gareSe

SeuZlebelia. maT Soris mniSvnelovania jaris da jariskacis adgilis

gansazRvra da Sefaseba. erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da

Semadgeneli kriteriumebis mniSvneloba qarTveli erisTvis istoriuli

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze, epoqis gamowvevebidan gamomdinare

sasicocxlo rols TamaSobda. rogorc viciT, saukuneebis manZilze

qarTveli eris cnobierebam ganviTarebis garkveuli gza ganvlo da XX

saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi axal etapze gadavida. marTalia erovnuli

identobis gaazrebisTvis aucileblobas warmoadgens da faqtiurad

warmoudgenelic kia misi Seswavla da warsulis aRdgena: qristianobis,

enis, mamulis, istoriuli mexsierebis, tradiciis gareSe da dReisaTvis

arsebul am saxis gamokvlevebSi aqcenti swored am maxasiaTeblebze

keTdeba, magram, Cemi azriT, am problemis amomwuravad SeswavlisaTvis

aucilebelia kompleqsuri analizi da, maT Soris, socialur fenaTa Tu

socialur jgufTa rolis warmoCena da gaTvaliswineba.

rogorc Sesaval nawilSi aRvniSne, problemis Seswavlas mivyvebi

ori gansxvavebuli epoqis 1900-1917 da 1918-1921 wlebis SedarebiTi

71

analiziT. pirvel periodSi saqarTvelo imyofeboda ruseTis imperiis

daqvemdebarebaSi da garkveuli struqturebi gansakuTrebiT ganicdidnen

garusebis politikas. maT jgufSi iyo jari, romelic ruseTis imperato-

ris dasayrden saSualebas warmoadgenda da xSir SemTxvevaSi iyenebda

xalxis winaaRmdeg saprotesto gamosvlebis, Tu sxva SemTxvevaSi. magram,

is procesi, romelic mimdinareobda XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyole-

buli ruseTSi da gansakuTrebuli gamomxatvelobiT saqarTveloSi, rac

gulisxmobda rogorc socialur-ekonomikur, aseve gansakuTrebiT damor-

Cilebuli xalxebis SemTxvevaSi erovnul gardaqmnebs axali epoqis

Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan es procesebi ganviTarebis axal fazaSi

Sedis, rac gamoixata sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis CamoyalibebiT da

maTi ideologiis propagandiT sazogadoebaSi. am mimarTulebiT rogorc

araerTxel aRvniSne aqtiurobda social-demokratiuli partia, romelic

sakmaod popularuli iyo ruseTSi da qarTuli social-demokratiuli

partia, romelic maTi ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda maqsimalurad

cdilobda sakuTari ideologiis realizebas sazogadoebaSi. sawyis

etapze maT saerTo interesi hqondaT, orive qveynis partiis mizani iyo:

mefis TviTmpyrobelobis damxoba, raSic aqtiuri monawileoba unda mieRo

yvela socialur fenas da maT Soris jariskacs. mTeli imperiis

masStabiT vrceldeboda ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis

proklamaciebi, sadac iyo mowodeba aRniSnul procesSi CarTulobaze.

ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros gansakuTrebiT gaaqti-

urdnen propagandistebi. qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita

yovel mxriv cdilobda es periodi gamoeyenebina qarTveli eris sabrZo-

lo suliskveTebis amaRlebisTvis da damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis

garkveuli winapirobebi Seeqmna, radgan naTeli iyo swrafi qmedebebiT ar

iqneboda sasurveli Sedegi. `ruseTis revoluciis momentis erT umTavres

movlenas Seadgens jaris gamoRviZeba, mis gacnobierebis gzaze dadgoma.

yovel dRe sxvadasxva kuTxidan da qalaqebidan depeSebi gvacnobeben, rom

jariskacebi dRes ise brma iaraRs aRar warmoadgenen mTavrobis xelSi,

rogorc es aqamdis iyo~ (35, 2). politikuri da kulturuli elita

acnobierebda im faqts, rom mTavro-bis siZlieris garantia iyo misi

72

morCili jari, amitom maqsimalurad cdilobda maTi erovnuli

TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas da imperiis winaaR-mdeg gamoyvanas. gazeTi

`talRa~ 1906 wels werda: `pirveli imedi mTavrobisa aris jari. Tu jari

erTguli eyoleba, mTavroba ar SeuSindeba araviTar revoluciurs

mozRvavebas, araviTar mgznebare Zaxils agitatorebisas, erTguli jari

revolucias xalxis sisxlSi CaaxSobs. magram erTi patara garemoeba

aviwydeba mTavrobas: jari imav xalxis Svilebidan sdgeba, SeuZlebelia

xalxis moZraobis talRebi jarsac ar moxvdes da masSiac ar gamoiwvios

iseTive ltolvileba, romelic xalxs aRelvebs~ (151, 1). swored amaze

akeTebdnen aqcents proklamatorebi, rom jariskacic, muSac da glexic

erTia. jariskaci glexis an muSis ojaxidan aris da amitom aris maT

Soris aseTi kavSiri da saWiroa organizebuli gaerTianeba mTavrobis

winaaRmdeg. `Tqven, ra Tqma unda getyodnen, rom Cven gvsurs jariskacebis

simSvidis darRveva. ar aris es marTali, Zmebo, ar irwmunoT es. amas

laparakoben iseTi xalxi, romlebic rogorc TqvenTvis, aseve CvenTvis

erTaderTi mteria, es aris _ mefis mTavroba da policia. Tqven TviTon

gansajeT: roca aris survili datovo sakuTari ojaxi da gamoxvide

quCaSi, rom gcemon joxebiT, kazakebma maTraxebiT... saqme imaSia, Zmebo,

rom Cveni Zmebis muSebis cxovreba ase aRar SeiZleba. saqme imaSia, rom

sadac Cveni muSebi moawyoben gaficvebs, iq ufrosis moTxovniT gaCndebian

policia, gubernatori da kazakebi da iwyeben cemas, Tan amboben: ar ginda

muSaoba? Cven gaiZulebT muSaobas! kidev kargia, Tu mxolod amiT

damTavrdeba saqme, aq Cndeba jariskacebis didi nawili da esvris muSebs~

(4, 127). yvela proklamaciaSi, romlebic vrceldeboda xalxSi, iyo

mudmivi mowodeba jariskacebis gaerTianebisa mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.

faqtobrivad es procesi grZeldeba mTeli 1900-1917 wlebis manZilze,

metnaklebi intensivobiT. am periodSi jariskacTan mimarTebaSi aseTi

mosazreba arsebobda: `vin aris qarTveli jariskaci? is ruseTis

mxedrobis nawilia, mxedaria, magram is qarTvelia, guSindeli glexi,

soflis muSa, is wevria im didi sazogadoebisa, romelsac saqarTvelo

ewodeba da amitomac rac gadaxda mTel ers, ganicada qarTvelma

jariskacmac, magram qarTvel jariskacs, rogorc qarTvel mxedars aqvs

sxva Wrilobac, rac specifikur Tvisebas Seadgens mis samsaxurisas~ (170,

73

1).

ufro mravalricxovania informacia 1918-1921 wlebSi qarTveli

jariskacis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi mosulma qarTulma, erovnulma Zalebma

mTavari aqcenti gaakeTes Zlieri da organizebuli jaris Camoyalibebaze,

romelic ara mxolod samxedro TvalsazrisiT iqneboda mowesrigebuli,

aramed gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoboda jariskacis erovnuli

TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. `erovnuli jarebis dauyovnebliv Seqmna da

mowyoba revoluciis interesebis mier nakarnaxevia. erovnuli jaris

arseboba mxolod maSin iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu es jari gaxdeba

namdvil sarevolucio laSqraT, romelic daicavs erTis mxriT ruseTis

didi revoluciis zogad interesebs da meore mxriT, am interesebTan

dakavSirebulsa da gadajaWvuls saR erovnul idealebs~ (170, 1).

qarTveli jariskacis da zogadad, jaris Sesaxeb saintereso

informaciaa daculi memuarul literaturaSi. sakmaod cnobilia giorgi

kvinitaZis, giorgi mazniaSvilis cnobebi da maTi Sexedulebebi aRniSnul

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. araerTxel yofila damowmebuli maTi mosazrebebi

samxedro taqtikasTan Tu samxedro xelovnebis SefasebasTan dakavSire-

biT. magram aseve sainteresoa maTi damokidebuleba jaris erovnul

aRqmis Sefasebisas da maTi Tvalsazrisi jaris SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT.

giorgi kvinitaZe `armias~ eris cxovrebaSi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. mas

miiCnevs sarked, romelSic eris istoria, Tvisebebia areklili. igi wers:

`TiToeuli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi SeiaraRebul Zalebs uzarmazari

mniSvneloba aqvT. kritikul, gadamwyvet momentebSi es mniSvneloba kidev

ufro izrdeba da qveynis bedi armiis xelTaa. ase iyo dRemde da ase

iqneba mudam. SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, armia xalxis sulis sarkea. xalxi

Tavis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi asaxavs Tavis yvela Rirsebas, yvela Tavis

naklovanebas, mTel Tavis kulturas, mTel Tavis ganviTarebas. es imdenad

gardauvali kanonia, rom armia TermometriviTaa _ armiis mixedviT

SeiZleba swori daskvna gamovitanoT xalxis kulturaze, mis simZlavresa

da ganviTarebaze cxovrebis yvela sferoSi~ (198, 20). ai, ras wers igi

qarTvel jariskacebze: `qarTvelebi uciloblad meomari xalxia, oRond

erTi TaviseburebiT: mas ar gaaCnia Semtev-dampyrobluri Jini, rac

74

Cveulebriv Tan sdevs agresiul xalxebs, qarTvelebi arasodes ar

ibrZodnen dasapyrobad, an omis siyvaruliT; isini mxolod sakuTar

samSoblos, erovnulobasa da rwmenas icavdnen. arasodes ar iwyebdnen

oms dasapyrobad, ama Tu im raions euflebodnen mxolod sakuTari,

sasicocxlo sazRvrebis uzrunvelsayofad da damarcxebulTa mimarT

lmobierebiT gamoirCeodnen~ (198, 11).

miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli jariskacis cnobierebaSi garkveuli

gardatexa moxda da sawyis etapze mas uWirda qarTul realobasTan

Segueba. akaki surgulaZis azriT: `udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda im mkveTr

gardatexas, romelic revolucias mohyva. azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis

uflebas moklebuli jariskacTa masebi uecrad politikuri Tavisufle-

bis winaSe aRmoCndnen, pirvelad istoriaSi jariskaci adamianad iqna

aRiarebuli da mas samSoblos bedisaTvis pasuxismgebloba daekisra~ (279,

110). magram arc ise advili iyo erovnuli jaris Camoyalibeba, romelsac

naTlad eqneboda gacnobierebuli erovnuloba da sakuTari samSoblos

interesebs daicavda. ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnam sxvadasxva

uaryofiTi Sedegebis motanasTan erTad jariskacis araorganizebuloba

da samSoblosadmi nihilisturi damokidebulebac moitana. `rusis jari

saqarTvelos ucqeroda, rogorc ucxo qveyanas da amitom aramcTu Tu

advilad stovebda mas. adviladac anadgurebda Tu saSualeba nebas

miscemda. mTeli tragizmi Cveni mdgomareobisa is aris, rom qarTveli

jariskacic ise ucqeris saqarTvelos, rogorc ucxo qveyanas. TviTeul

jariskacs SesaZleblad miaCnia daepatronos an Tavis sakuTrebad gamoac-

xados yvelaferi, rac eris saerTo SromiTaa Seqmnili da amitom mTel

ersac unda ekuTvnodes~ (139, 2). akaki surgulaZe wers: `jariskacs pirvel

rigSi ainteresebda misTvis usargeblo, gamanadgurebeli omis damTavreba

da saxlSi dabruneba, igi revoluciisgan moeloda zavs, romelic saSua-

lebas miscemda enaxa wlobiT mitovebuli da upatronod gapartaxebuli

ojaxi. axali mTavroba ki isev oms ganagrZobda. jariskacs, romelic

omamde an memamulis uRelqveS gminavda, an warmoebaSi kapitalistis

eqsploatacias ganicdida, ainteresebda miwa, romelsac igi Tavis

survilisamebr daamuSavebda, ainteresebda eqspluataciis mospoba, norma-

luri muSaobisa da dasvenebis uflebis mopoveba, axali mTavroba ki

75

miwebs kvlav memamuleebs, xolo fabrika-qarxnebs kapitalistebs

unarCunebda~ (279, 11). faqtobrivad, 1918-1921 wlebSi arc ise martivi

Canda qarTuli armiis organizeba, rogorc erTi SexedviT Canda. rusulma

mmarTvelobam bevri uaryofiTi Sedegi moitana saqarTvelosTvis, rac

qveynis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi gamoCnda. `jarSi mewvrilmanur-

anarqistulma sulma iCina Tavi, rodesac igi frontidan Sin morboda:

gzaSi anadgurebda yvelafers, rac ki moxvdeboda, anadgurebda ara

marto maSin, rodesac TviTon sWirdeboda, anadgurebda ganadgurebisaT-

vis, ugunurad, uazrod, yvela kulturis nayofs, angrevda rkinisgzas,

vagonebs, itacebda, rac ki xelSi moxvdeboda da yvela amas gzaSi yidda~

(49, 3). giorgi mazniaSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda: `frontidan

dabrunebul dezertirebs ufro meti gaxrwna Sehqonda jariskacebSi.

eseni aramc Tu TavianT ufrosebs, qalaqis miliciasac ki ar

emorCilebodnen. axlad Semdgari erovnuli nawilebi erTmaneTs

ejibrebodnen, vin ufro met wils igdebda xelSi saxelmwifo qonebidan.~

(201, 5).

swored zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebma amosaval miznad daisaxes qarTuli jaris gardaqmna,

ara mxolod samxedro-profesionaluri TvalsazrisiT, aramed maTi

saganmanaTleblo da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebiT. manamde, anu 1918

wlamde qarTveli jariskacisTvis aseTi ram warmoudgeneli iyo, isini

ruseTis saimperatoro karis uSualo dasayrdens da misi nebis

Semsrulebels warmoadgendnen. erovnulma mTavrobam ki pirvel rigSi

jariskacis erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebas miaqcia yuradReba. `mas

(jariskacs) unda hqondes elementaruli warmodgena mainc ucxo

mxareebze, did saxelmwifoebze da ufro dawvrilebiTi codna Tavisi

samSoblo mxaris geografiisa, unda gaecnos Tavisi eris istorias. unda

icodes mimdinare ekonomiuri da socialuri perspeqtivebi Tavisi qveyni-

sa. gansakuTrebuli garkveviT valdebulia icodes Tavisi samSoblos

saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba, gansxvaveba saxelmwifos Zvel da axal

politikur da socialur weswyobilebas Soris. gansakuTrebiT sainte-

resoa samSoblos warCinebuli pirebis, anu Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

moRvaweTa Rvawlis Seswavla, rac Zlier Seuwyobs xels patriotul

76

grZnobis gaRvivebas. ganTqmuli samxedro moqmedebani, Tugind patara

meomrebisa, gansakuTrebiT xels Seuwyobs mxedruli Tavmoyvareobis

grZnobis gaZlierebas, rac aucilebelia yvela saqmis warmatebisaTvis da

Tanac aZlierebs TiToeul mxedarSi samSoblosadmi siyvaruls~ (191, 6).

qarTul politikur da kulturul elitas swamda, rom Tavisufle-

bisaTvis da samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis brZola mas SeeZlo, visac

gacnobierebuli aqvs Tavisuflebis arsi, amitom kulturul muSaobas

jarisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is

faqtic, rom giorgi mazniaSvili jarSi wesrigisa da brZolisunarianobis

amaRlebas mTavarsardlis damsaxurebad miiCnevda da amitom am funqciis

Sesruleba sapatio movaleobad da pasuxismgeblobad miaCnda. imisTvis,

rom jari iyos Zlieri da samSoblos moyvaruli, jariskaci mudmivad

formaSi unda iyos da rac mTavaria gaaCndes maRali kulturuli da

inteleqtualuri cnobiereba.

saukuneebis manZilze Zlieri jari nebismieri saxelmwifos Zliere-

bis mTavari dasayrdeni iyo, gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda saqarTveloc.

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg ki dRis wesrigSi dadga qarTuli

jaris axali formiT aRorZineba. qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri

speqtri acnobierebda ra saqarTvelos winaSe dasmul mraval gadauWrel

sakiTxs da im problemas, romelic saqarTvelos yoveli mxridan

emuqreboda gadamwyvet pirobad miiCnevda qveynis usafrTxoebisaTvis

Zlieri jaris Seqmnas. amis gamoxatuleba iyo pirvel rigSi is faqti, rom

aRmofxvriliyo dezertiroba da qarTveli jariskaci samSoblos

samsaxurSi Camdgariyo. `saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam saWirod scno

jariskacTa ganaTleba. man daaarsa samxedro ganaTlebis 2 skola,

romelTa saTaveSi dganan CvenSi kargad cnobili: polkovniki, tite

arTmelaZe da pedagogi aleqsandre JorJoliani. TiToeul brigadas

miuCines TiTo instruqtori, xolo razmebSi ki TiTo maswavlebeli,

romlis xelmZRvanelobiT gundis aficeri jaris kacT aswavlis wera-

kiTxvas da angariSs. razmis maswavleblebi pirvel-meore safexuris

skolebSi baasis saSualebiT aswavlian jariskacT qarTul literaturas,

saqarTvelos istorias da geografias da ebaaseba mecnierebis sxva

dargebidanac. TiToeul razmSi aqvT sakuTari biblioTeka-samkiTxvelo,

77

mowyobilia Teatri, sadac jariskacni sistematiurad awyoben

warmodgenebs da leqciebs sagangeboT mowveuli pirebis daxmarebiT.

nabiji gadadgmulia. jarSi Rrmad ikidebs fexs kultura-ganaTlebis

saqme. saWiroa meti yuradReba, muSaobis gaaskeceba da axlo momavalSi

Cveni mxedroba Tavisi ganviTareba-ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofs Cveni eris

keTildReobis da revoluciis mier mopovebul Tavisuflebis

ganmtkicebas~ (21, 20).

marTalia Tavdapirvelad qarTul jarSi ar iyo sasurveli

mdgomareoba, magram xelisuflebis mxridan aqtiuri moRvaweobis Sedegad

situacia garkveulwilad gamosworda. qarTul istoriografiaSi aqcenti

keTdeba ZiriTadad imaze, rom omidan dabrunebuli jariskacebi

dezertirobdnen da maTSi ar iyo erovnuli SemarTeba. giorgi kvinitaZis

da giorgi mazniaSvilis memuarebidan ki Cans, rom sakmaod uaryofiTad

iyvnen isini ganwyobili xelisuflebis mimarT, rac maT mimarT

nihilisturi damokidebulebiT aixsneba. amitom es cnobebi mTavar

dasayrdenad ver gamodgeba. sainteresoa agreTve saarqivo dokumentebi,

sadac statistikuri informaciaa mocemuli. saWiroa arsebuli informa-

ciis Sejereba da kompleqsuri analizi. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

sami wlis ganmavlobaSi arc ise advili iyo zogadad sazogadoebis,

kerZod ki jariskacebis azrovnebis saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebSi moqceva.

ai, ras vkiTxulobT fondSi 1863, saqme #9, `rogorc mosalodneli iyo

demokratiul respublikaSi, mTavrobam didi yuradReba miaqcia jarebis

nawilebSi ganmanaTlebel muSaobis xelis Sewyobas da unda iTqvas, rom

dRevandeli samsaxuri jariskacisa didad gansxvavdeba SarSandel da

SarSanwindel samsaxurze. maxsovs Cveni aTaseulis cxovrebidan 1918-1919

wlebi, rodesac jariskacebi imitom ewerebodnen nawilSi, rom rac

SeiZleba blomad da saCqarod mieRoT tansacmeli. raTa Semdeg meore

nawilSi Caweriliyvnen, sadac aseve moiqceodnen, Semdeg mesameSid da

aseT cuRlutobiT gaewiaT samsaxuri samSoblosaTvis. maxsovs 1918 wlis

1 aprili, rodesac gamogvicxades xval baTumSi mivalT da moemzadeTo.

meore dRes aTaseulis naxevari Semadgenlobac ar gamocxadebula

daniSnul droze, maSin umetesi nawili jariskacebisa TavianT binaze

cxovrobdnen da aTaseulSi mxolod sadilis dros Tu movidodnen,

78

gavemgzavreT 15-mde jariskaci da ramodenime oficeri. TiTqmis yovel

sadgurze gamoqceuli jariskacebi gvxvdebodnen sxvadasxva nivTebiT

dajorgvili. Tofebs ki arsad tovebdnen, radgan ojaxSic gamoadge-

bodaT. sofel lixauris raionSi osmalebis Semotevis dros jer mteri

ar daenaxaT, rodesac # razmis jariskacebma daSales tyviamfrqvevi,

gaidves mxarze cal-calke nawilebi da gaudgnen gzas Sinisaken. yovelive

es xdeboda im jariskacebis monawileobiT, romlebic bevri maTgani

dResac samsaxurSia. magram aseTi saqcielis Cadenas gulSidac ar

gaifiqreben dRes. maSin araviTar Jurnal-gazeTebs samxedro nawilebi

mTavrobidan ar Rebulobdnen, araviTari ganmanaTlebeli muSaoba

nawilebSi ar warmoebda, jariskacs ar esmoda daniSnuleba Tavisi Tavisa

da samsaxurisa, ar icoda Tavisi samSoblo, misi warsuli da momavali da

ra gasakvirvelia Zneli iyo laparaki aseTi jaris gamarjvebisa~ (21, 90).

rogorc Cans, demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier gatarebuli

reformebis Sedegad jariskacebis mdgomareoba arsebiTad gaumjobesda.

rac pirvel rigSi maTi saganmanaTleblo donis amaRlebas iTvaliswin-

nebda. `... jariskacebisTvis yovel dRe 11-dan 1 saaTamde garda kvira uqme-

dReebisa ikiTxeba leqciebi. leqciebis sagnebi Semdegia: orSabaTobiT da

xuTSabaTobiT _ saqarTvelos mimdinare mdgomareoba, samSabaTobiT da

SabaTobiT _ qarTuli literatura, oTxSabaTobiT _ geografia da

paraskevobiT saqarTvelos istoria.

qarTuli samxedro xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda yvela samxedro

SenaerTSi erTnairad maRal doneze yofiliyo kulturuli da saswavlo-

saganmanaTleblo muSaoba. magaliTad sainteresoa saistorio arqivSi

daculi cnoba axalcixis sanapiro razmis Sesaxeb. `am axlo xanebSi Cvens

razms ewvia kulturul-ganmanaTlebeli saqmeebis instruqtori kapitani

aleqsandre gorgaZe. pirvel dRidanve igi Seudga razmSi kulturul-

ganmanaTlebel saqmeebis mowesrigebas, Seadgina kulturul-ganmanaTle-

beli gamgeoba, romlis wevrebia: maiori quTelia, Tavmjdomare, kapitani

mgelaZe, arCil avaliSvili da jariskaci gurgeniZe, gamgeobam miznad

daisaxa razmSi gaaCaRos kulturuli muSaoba, gaawyos, sadac

SesaZlebelia leqciebi, saubrebi, yuradReba miaqcios, rom razmSi

sanapiro jarebis ufrosis brZaneba, romelic exeba savaldebulo wera-

79

kiTxvis swavlebas, sisruleSi iqmnas moyvanili~ (21, 197).

sainteresoa fondi 1863, saqme # 1072-Si daculi informacia,

polkovnik tite arTmelaZis werili samxedro ministrisadmi, sadac igi

aRniSnavs, rom qveynis usafrTxoebis dasacavad aucilebelia sakuTari

samxedro Zalis yola. amisTvis ki aucileblobad miaCnia jarSi iseTi

pirobebis Seqmna, rodesac samSoblos winaSe movaleobis moxda

jariskacs sasaxelodac miaCndes da sasargeblodac. misi azriT, jarSi

swavla iseTi formiT unda iyos dayenebuli, rom jariskacs saSualeba

mieces msaxurebis dros samSoblos winaSec moixados movaleoba da

codna-ganaTlebac SeiZinos. amisTvis iqmneba specialuri ganyofilebebi,

romlebsac aRniSnuli problemis mowesrigeba evalebaT. 1. sagundo

skola. `sagundi skolebis texnikurad mowyoba evalebaT aTaseulebis

ufrosebs. maTve evalebaT Tvalyuris devneba, raTa maTdami rwmunebuli

aTaseulis gundebSi ar darCes wera-kiTxvis ucodinari arc erTi

jariskaci. sagundo skolebSi aswavlian wera-kiTxvas da angariSs

aficrebis aTaseulSi myof maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT. 2.

saaTaseulo skola. es skola warmoadgens meore safexurs. aq swavleba

swarmoebs saubris saSualebiT da SeuZlia ganviTarebis miReba rogorc

wera-kiTxvis mcodnes da ara mcodnes, ise sam-oTx klas gaTavebul

jariskacebsac. saaTaseulo skola pirdapir damateba iqneba jariskacTa

universitetisa. qarTuli sityvierebidan da saqarTvelos geografia-

istoriidan yovelive is, rac leqciis saxiT iqneba wakiTxuli

jariskacTa universitetSi, windawinve axsnil-ganmartebul iqneba

saaTaseulo skolaSi, an da imave jariskacTa universitetis auditoriaSi

_ maswavleblis mier saubris saSualebiT. aseTive iqneba am skolis roli

yvela sxva dargebSiac~ (23, 19). 3. jariskacTa universiteti. aq mTavaria

leqtorma zustad saWiro informacia mianiWos jariskacs da misTvis

gasageb enaze isaubros. leqciis wakiTxvisas leqtoris mizani unda iyos,

erTis mxriv jariskacTa zneobriv-gonebrivi ganviTareba da sazogadod

maTi msoflmxedvelobis gafarToveba, meores mxriT movaleobaTa

Segnebis Setana. da rac yvelaze mTavaria organizebuli jaris

Camoyalibebas Seuwyos xeli. jariskacTa universitetSi mecadineoba unda

swarmoebdes Semdegnairad: I calke kiTxvebi Tanamedrove cxovrebidan:

80

1. saerTaSoriso omi da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi.

2. ruseTis revolucia, misi mizezebi ekonomikuri da

nacionaluri.

3. revoluciis ori periodi: droebiTi mTavroba da oqtombris

gadatrialeba.

4. bolSevikTa gadatrialebis mizezebi da Sedegebi.

5. ruseTis darRveva, jarebis mier frontis datoveba da amier-

kavkasiis tragedia.

6. amierkavkasiis seimi da misi uilajobis mizezebi.

7. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aucilebloba.

8. istoriuli faqtebi am sakiTxisa. Zveli saqarTvelos

ukanaskneli dReebi /irakli meore/.

9. saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTeba, amis mizezebi.

10. ruseTis mier xelSekrulebis darRveva.

11. saqarTvelos mdgomareoba-ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS-

mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi.

12. ruseTis jaris mier kavkasiis frontis datovebis istoriuli

mniSvneloba.

13. ori gza: ruseTi da Cven.

14. demokratiuli respublika da sabWoTa respublika.

15. Cveni eris saxelmwifoebrivi muSaoba: damfuZnebeli krebis

muSaoba.

16. ZiriTadi kanonebi da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobani.

17. agraruli sakiTxi: SesaZlebeli formebi misi gadawyvetisa.

18. dawvrilebiTi axsna CvenSi arsebuli agraruli politikisa.

kerZo sakuTrebis da gamoyofis principi.

19. Cveni respublikis finansiuri mdgomareoba.

20. qaRaldis fuli da misi kursis dacemis mizezi. siZvire

sursaTis da saqonlis nakleboba.

21. Cveni qveynis simdidreni. ra Sedegebi mohyveba maT gamoyenebas.

22. versalis konferencia, zavi da Cveni saerTaSoriso

mdgomareoba.

23. ram Seuwyo xeli Cvens evropis mier cnobas.

81

24. droebiTi xasiaTi Cveni saxelmwifos ekonomiuri da

finansiuri krizisisa.

25. agronomiidan.

26. medicinidan.

27. koperaciidan. (23, 22).

calke mecnierebaTa dargidan.

a) SoTa rusTaveli

1. vefxvistyaosanis mokle Sinaarsi zepir-moyoliT, 2. pirveli da

meore Tavis _ TviT leqtorisagan wakiTxva sanumiSod, 3. ramodenime

sentencia zepirad.

b)n. baraTaSvili

1. `bedi qarTlisa~. /Sinaarsidan sagulisxmo adgilebis ganmarteba/.

g) r. erisTavi

1. leqsi glexis cxovrebidan. /beruas Civili, sesias moTqma da sxva...

2. aspinZis omi. /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi

sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

d)i. WavWavaZe

1. dimitri Tavdadebuli, kako yaCaRi, kacia adamiani da glaxis

naambobi, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo

adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

e)a. wereTeli

2. aleqsi, 2. bagrat didi, 3. Tornike erisTavi, 4. naTela, 5. nacarqeqia

da 6. kikolas naambobi. /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi

sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

v) a. yazbegi

82

3. elguja, 2. eliso, 3. moZRvari, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da

zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

z) eg. ninoSvili

1. mose mwerali, 2. paliastomis tba, 3. gankarguleba, 4. gogia

uiSvili, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo

adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

T) g. wereTeli

2. kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da

zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

saqarTvelos geografia

1. ca da dedamiwa, zRva da xmeleTi.

2. mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi.

3. Rrubeli, wvima, setyva, Tovli, qari da cisartyela.

4. siTbo dedamiwis gulSi, miwisZvra.

5. dedamiwis saxe da misi triali RerZis garSemo.

6. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi, mdinareebi, mTebi da hava.

7. qarTli /fizikuri da kinografiuli mimoxilva/.

8. kaxeTi.

9. dasavleT saqarTvelo: a) imereTi, b) samegrelo, g) guria, d)

svaneTi, e) aWara.

10. afxazeTi.

11. mezobeli xalxebis (saxelmwifoebis) somxeTis, aderbeijanis,

osmaleTis, ruseTis mokle mimoxilva /SedarebiT saqarTvelosTan/.

12. mokle geografiuli, ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi cnobebi

evropis da amerikis ganaTlebul xalxTa cxovrebidan.

83

istoria.

1. Tamar mefe.

2. saqarTvelos danawileba samefoebad da samTavroebad.

3. Sah abazis damokidebuleba saqarTvelosTan.

4. giorgi saakaZis Tavgadasavali.

5. erekle mefe.

6. ruseTTan xelSekrulebis istoria /amereTSi da imereTis

samTavroebSi/.

7. ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola /mTiuleTi, imereTi, TavadaznaurTa

SeTqmuleba 1830 wlebisa/.

saubris saxiT.

1. saidan warmosdga jari, ra aris disciplina. disciplina, rogorc

aucilebeli piroba jaris arsebobisa.

2. jari da xalxi, maTi urTierTSoris damokidebuleba.

3. jarSi mtkice disciplinis arseboba TviT jariskacebis interess

Seadgens.

4. rogori mniSvneloba aqvs mtris banakSi SiSis grZnobis aRZvras

gamarjvebis mopovebis saqmeSi.

5. mtris banakSi SiSis gamosawvevad rogori ieriSiT wasvlaa saWiro

mterzed.

6. mogeriebis dros rogori moqmedebaa saWiro _ moieriSe jarSi

SiSis grZnobis mniSvneloba. mdebareobasTan Seguebis da barSi

swrafad gaSlis mniSvneloba brZolis dros.

7. wes-rigisa da sulieri simSvidis SenarCunebis mniSvneloba ukan

daxevis dros. uwesrigod ukan daxevis gamanadgurebeli Sedegi.

8. ieriSis Semdeg swrafad wesrigis aRdgenisa da mtrisTvis daSenis

mniSvneloba gamarjvebis SenarCunebis saqmeSi.

9. ra mniSvneloba aqvs gankargulebis swrafad da sisworiT

Sesrulebas TviT jariskacTa sicocxlis SenarCunebis saqmeSi da

sxva.... mTavari xelmZRvaneli polkovniki arTmelaZe. (23, 23).

84

moyvanili masala mowmobs demokratiuli respublikis xelisufle-

bis mcdelobebs gaeZlierebina da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis

mTavar dasayrdenad eqcia qarTuli jari. miuxedavad mravali problemu-

ri da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse kiTxvebisa, romlebic SeiZleba gaCndes

da savsebiT marTebulad, aRniSnuli sakiTxi Sesafaseblad pirvel rigSi

unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom sami wlis ganmavlobaSi arc ise

advili iyo centralizebuli da erovnuli grZnobiT aRsavse jaris

Camoyalibeba, rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi hqonda da razedac ukve

visaubreT.

amdenad, vfiqrob zemoT ganxiluli monacemebi mogvcems saSualebas

gansxvavebuli kuTxiT mivudgeT qarTveli jariskacis Sefasebas 1900-1921

wlebis saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

$4. samRvdeloeba

qarTul istoriografiaSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

da qristianobis Seswavlas didi yuradReba eqceva da am mimarTulebiT

araerTi mniSvnelovani gamokvlevaa Seqmnili. am sakiTxis kvlevam

gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba SeiZina sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,

qarTvel samecniero sazogadoebas marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis

safuZvliani Seswavlis SesaZlebloba mieca. dReisaTvis arsebul

gamokvlevebSi qristianobis da qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

araerTi problematuri sakiTxia saTanadod gaSuqebuli da Seswavlili

da sakmaod mravalricxovani literatura arsebobs.

aravisTvis ucnobi ar aris is faqti, rom qarTuli sasuliero

wodebis warmomadgenlebi qarTveli eris gamaerTianebel rols TamaSob-

dnen, xolo qristianoba da qarTveloba ki ganuyofeli cnebebi iyo

yoveli qarTvelisTvis. qarTul samecniero da, ara mxolod, literatura-

85

Si es exeba uSualod eklesiis istoriis ganxilvas Tu ara, sadac

qarTvel erzea saubari qristianobis da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis faqtoris aRniSvna gardauvalia.

qarTvel mrevlsa da eklesias Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobda

saukuneebis manZilze, Tumca es urTierToba ganviTarebis axal fazaSi

Sevida ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg. Aavtokefaliadakar-

guli eklesia paralizebuli aRmoCnda. ruseTis saimperatoro kari

naTlad acnobierebda im udidesi sulieri kavSiris mniSvnelobas, rac

mrevlsa da sasuliero wodebas Soris iyo, amitom man miznad swored

maTi gancalkeveba da dapirispireba daisaxa. miuxedavad samRvdeloebis

mcdelobisa SeenarCunebina sakuTari uflebebi da sazogadoebasTan

kavSiri ar gaewyvita, rusi egzarqosebis dros saimperatoro karis

RonisZiebebis Sedegad am problemam mTeli simwvaviT iCina Tavi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTul istoriografiaSi samRvdeloebis

rolis Sefasebas didi adgili ukavia, magram arsad ar gvxvdeba cnobebi

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqvamda sakuTar Tavs samRvdeloeba 1900-1921

wlebSi da ra ganapirobebda im cvalebad da araerTgvarovan damokidebu-

lebas sazogadoebis mxridan maTi misamarTiT. Tavdapirvelad minda

aRvniSno, rom sxvadasxva istoriuli movlenebis Sefasebisas mecnierebi

ar malaven TavianT dadebiT Tu uaryofiT damokidebulebas politikuri

Tu kulturuli moRvaweebis mimarT, bunebrivia argumentirebuli msjelo-

bidan gamomdinare, isini arc mefeebis, cnobili sardlebis, mwerlebis,

mecnierebis da a.S. kritikas eridebian saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, magram

sul sxva viTarebaa samRvdeloebis moRvaweobis SefasebasTan dakavSire-

biT. gansakuTrebiT rTuli Sesafasebelia 1900-1917 wlebi. nawili

mecnierebisa aqcents akeTebs samRvdeloebis brZolaze da moRvaweobaze,

romlebmac ara marto saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

avtokefaliis, aramed Cveni qveynis TavisuflebisTvis brZolas miuZRvnes

da Seswires Tavi, romlebic qarTveli eris erovnuli cnobierebis

SenarCunebisTvis Tavs ar zogavdnen. meore, mcire nawili gansakuTrebiT

bolo periodSi, maTi kritikiT Semoifargleba, Tumca argumentebis

gareSe. isini arasworad miiCnevs `samRvdeloebis garusebas da xalxTan

kavSiris gawyvetas~, ris dasasabuTebladac an saerTod ar moaqvT

86

argumentebi, an moyavT citatebi sxvadasxva beWduri mediidan da swored

amaSi cdebian, Tu ratom amas mogaxsenebT. 1. rogorc cnobilia, beWduri

organoebi gamoxatavdnen sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis interesebs,

romlebic sakuTari ideebis realizebas sazogadoebaSi presis meSveobiT

cdilobdnen. gansakuTrebuli mravalricxovnobiT gamoirCeoda social-

demokratiuli partiis Jurnal-gazeTebi, romlebic, bunebrivia, gasagebi

mizezebis gamo uaryofiTad Seafasebdnen samRvdeloebas. (social-

demokratia marqsistuli ideologiis partia iyo). SeiZleba gaCndes

kiTxva, sxva politikuri partiebis organoebSic xom iyo samRvdeloebis

kritika? diax, marTalia, magram erovnuli mimarTulebis Jurnal-

gazeTebSi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen eris arsebobis yvela aucilebel

sakiTxze da amiT cdilobdnen arsebuli viTarebis gamosworebas. ilia

WavWavaZe swored, qarTvelTa uaryofiTi mxareebis aRmofxvras aseve

kritikiT cdilobda.

`Cemzed amboben: `is siaves qarTvlisas ambobs,

Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia!~

briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSinve scnobs,

am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvarulia!~ (299, 120).

idealurad awyobili sazogadoeba, sistema arc arsebula da arc

arsebobs, amitom yvela erTnairad organizebuli ver iqneba. Tanac

akritikebdnen yvelas: glexs, muSas, students, Tavadaznaurobas,

inteligencias, _ es ukanaskneli ki Tavad qmnida xSir SemTxvevaSi

ideologias, magram arc erTmaneTis kritikas eridebodnen, amiT miuTiT-

ebdnen imaze, rom mankieri mxareebi unda aRmofxvriliyo. 2. yvela

epoqaSi, dampyroblis SemoWris SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqarTvelo yofna-

aryofnis winaSe idga, swored elitis warmomadgenlebs uwevdaT pirvel

rigSi problemis gaanalizeba da mTeli dartymac swored maTze midioda.

magaliTad, islamis miRebas jer meefeebs mosTxovdnen xolme, rom

xalxisTvis `magaliTi~ miecaT. ase moxda ruseTis Semosvlis drosac,

maT dartyma iqiT mimarTes, visi imedic yvelaze metad hqonda

sazogadoebas. 3. is, rom samRvdeloebasa da xalxs Soris kavSiri gawyda

da igi veRar asrulebda im rols im masStabiT, rac saukuneebis manZilze

gaaCnda, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom `maTi qmedebebis~ gamo daekarga

87

xalxs rwmena. am garemoebas xeli Seuwyo sul sxva ram da es pirvel

rigSi ekonomikuri faqtoridan gamomdinareobda. ruseTis TviTmpyrobe-

lobam avtokefaliis gauqmebisTanave CamoarTva miwebi eklesias da

faqtobrivad Semosavlis gareSe datova. maTi ZiriTadi sarCeni saSualeba

iyo ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier ufro ukidures mdgomareobaSi

Cavardnili farTo fenebi. rac mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas iwvevda, anu

mTavari problema swored amaSi mdgomareobda da ara imaSi, rom

samRvdeloeba `garusda~. amitom Sesustda is kavSiri xalxTan, rac

saukuneebis manzilze gaaCnda. gaWirvebuli xalxi ver inaxavda

samRvdeloebas da mis mimarT uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamoxatavda. es

iyo swored rusifikatoruli politikis erT-erTi gamovlineba, sxva

mravalTa Soris. `xalxis gulgriloba eklesiisadmi ekonomikur sakiTxSi

mdgomareobs. rogorc viciT, eklesia mTeli Tavisi SemadgenlobiT,

xalxs awevs kiserze, man unda Seinaxos eklesia da arCinos

samRvdeloeba. am niadagze xSirad aRiZvris uTanxmoeba xalxsa da

eklesiis warmomadgenelTa Soris. brZola arsebobisaTvis mTeli Tavisi

sisastikiT aris gamefebuli Cvens droSi. xalxs ki Tavis gamokvebac

uZneldeba. aramc Tu sxvis Senaxva. am mizeziT xalxi cdilobs Tavi

daaRwios xarjebs da Sordeba eklesias~ (169, 3).

sainteresoa kalistrate cincaZis mogoneba samRvdeloebis

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. `Cemi mRvdlobis pirvelsave dReebSi SevamCnie, rom

Tbilisis samRvdeloeba gaTiSulad cxovrobda. mRvdlebi erTmaneTs an

sakeTilmoweso olqis oficialur krebebze xvdebodnen (weliwadSi

orjer) an taZarSi sameufeo paraklisebze, an aRdgomasa da Sobas

egzarqosis milocvisas, an qelexebSi _ SeZlebul pirTa ojaxebSi. arc

erT am Sexvedraze ar SeiZleboda gvesaubra mRvdelmsaxurebaze,

mqadageblobaze, saskolo saqmis gaZRolaze da sxva. amitom axalgazrda

mRvdlebis (ToTibaZis, gamdliSvilis, maWavarianis da sxvaTa) iniciati-

viT gadawyda, Seqmniliyo sruliad legaluri dawesebuleba _ `Tbilisis

samRvdeloebis urTierTdaxmarebis salaro~, romelic mRvdlebs SesaZl-

eblobas Seuqmnida, erTad Sekrebiliyvnen da erTmaneTisTvis gaeziarebi-

naT gamocdileba da codna mRvdelmsaxurebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

88

SeimuSaves `salaros~ wesdeba da dasamtkiceblad miarTves egzarqos

vladimers, romelmac cota iyoymana, magram mainc daamtkica~ (206, 44).

Tu rogori ZaliT mimdinareobda garusebis procesi amas naTlad

aCvenebs kalistrate cincaZis kidev erTi mogoneba. igi wers: `meufes

(igulisxmeba paladi raevi_ n.s.) samrevlo skolebSi misvla uyvarda. iq

qarTuli enis gakveTili mimdinareobda. meufem maswavlebls hkiTxa: ras

aswavliTo? maswavlebelma moaxsena, saqarTvelos geografiaso. romeli

saqarTvelosas, Tu gnebavT, TqvaT Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebisa-

so? maswavlebeli airia, egzarqosma ki me Semomxeda, gamoxedvaSi

sayveduri Tu kiTxva ukrToda. – meufeo, _ mivuge me, - ara Tbilisisa da

guberniisas, aramed im saqarTvelos geografias, romlis egzarqosic

Tqven brZandebiT~ (206, 46).

XX saukunis dasawyisidan samRvdeloeba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda.

swored am periods ukavSirdeba avtokefalistTa moZraoba. sainteresoa

isic, rom TviT sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebic ki ar eridebian

samRvdeloebis im nawilis kritikas, romlebsac pasiurad miiCneven, magram

imasac aRniSnaven, rac yvelaze mTavaria, rom es mxolod maTi brali ar

aris. 1906 wels jvari vazisa werda: `saqarTvelos samRvdeloeba uwin

swored saerTo gaWirvebaSi iCenda xolme diads unars da mtrisagan

welSi moxril ers, saerTo moqmedebisTvis fexze daayenebda. Tu warsul

saukuneSi (XIX saukuneSi _ n.s.). Cvenma samRvdeloebam ver SeZlo

gaWirvebaSi Tavisi unari gamoeCina, es marto maTi brali ar aris~ (193, 7).

samRvdeloebis am mdgomareobaSi Cagdeba rusuli politikis warmoebam

ganapiroba. es mdgomareobda sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Soris kavSiris

gawyvetasa da erTmaneTze gadakidebaSi. `.... Tavadaznaurobac daeca,

gaRaribda, dakarga Tavisi gavlena. batonymobis gadavardnamde mamaSvil-

urad mcxovrebni Tavadaznaurni da glexebi Semdeg erTmaneTis mtrebad

gadaaqcia, axalma wes-wyobilebam erTmaneTis moqiSpeebad gardaqmna da

samRvdeloebas mxari aukres erTmac da meoremac. Tavadaznauroba

daitvirTa didis xarjebiT, gadasaxadiT. ucxo cxovrebam glexebiviT

xarjebi gauorkeca da samamul-dedulo saqmeebi aewewa da TavSi sacemi

gauxda... amisTana ubedurebaSi samRvdeloebam dakarga sasoeba ukeTesis

mermisisa. imedi gadauwyda da RmerTs miando Tavisi usamarTlod

89

ganadgurebis samarTali. nuravin vityviT, rom Cveni ganaTlebuli

sazogadoeba sruliad gaSorda eklesiasa da samRvdeloebas. qarTveli

eri uwinac da exlac Rrmad morwmunea, Tavis dReSi urwmunoebas ar

SeuSfoTebia misi guli~ (193, 11).

garuseba yvela socialur fenas da es pirvel rigSi qarTuli enis

uflebebis Sekvecidan da rusulis gabatonebidan gamomdinareobda.

gazeTi `sityva~ 1906 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samRvdeloebis deputatTa

krebasTan dakavSirebiT werda: `samRvdeloebam unda gamoTqvas Tavisi

azri saswavleblis tipis Sesaxeb da ra enaze unda iswavlebodes

sagnebi... swavleba dedaenaze unda moewyos, es cxadia yvelasTvis, ra

mimarTulebisac unda iyos kaci, miT umetes soflis mRvdlisTvis,

romelsac sada aqvs imdeni SeZleba, rom bavSvs rusuli ise Seaswavlos,

rom gauWirveblad SeaZlebinos rusulaT sagnebis swavla, xSirad rusis

BbavSvebTan? Cven gvinda ganaTleba da amis miReba mxolod dedaenaze

SeiZleba~ (147, 10).

1906 wels mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis redaqtorobiT gamovida gazeTi

`sityva~, romelic qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da samRvdeloe-

bis interesebs icavda. pirvelive nomerSi redaqtorma gamoxata sasulie-

ro gazeTis arsebobis saWiroeba. `Tanamedrove cxovreba iTxovs yovel

individuumis da miT umetes sazogadoebriv jgufebisagan gamoaaSkaraon

Tavisi vinaoba, Sexeduleba da rwmena sazogadoebriv sxvadasxva saWirbo-

roto movlenaTa Sesaxeb. samRvdeloebasac ar SeuZlia yuri moiyruos da

xma ar amoiRos, es misi damamcirebeli iqneba. magram azrebis TavisuflaT

gamosaTqmelad saWiroa sakuTari damoukidebeli organo. pirvel yovlisa

mizani amisTana organosi aris Seitanos saRi Sexedulebebi TviT

samRvdeloebis farTo wreebSi Tanamedrove politikur da sazogadoeb-

riv-saeklesio kiTxvebze. bevrnairi mimarTuleba da partiebi gaCndnen, vin

ras ambobs da vin ras. Cvenc ar SegviZlia gverdi avuxvioT am azrTa

sxvadasxvanair dinebas. samRvdeloebaSi da mis Segnebul nawilis meoxe-

biT xalxSi mtkice politikur-sazogadoebrivi azrebis gavrceleba _ ai

mizani am organosi. Cven gvwams, rom saqarTvelos samRvdeloebaSi, dawye-

buli afxazeTidan saingilomde, sakmarisaT moiZebneba gonebrivi Zalebi,

rom SeiZlon nayofieraT emsaxuron am gamoTqmul azrs~ (147, 1). gazeTis

90

mizania samRvdeloebis Secdomebis kritika da maTi Semdgomi gamoswore-

bisaken mowodeba. yvelaze sainteresoa is, rom TviT sasuliero fenis

interesebis damcveli gazeTi ar erideba maTve kritikas. `Cveni eklesiis

dacema bevriT, rasakvirevlia, Cveni bralic aris: Cven ar vvargodiT,

mudam sxvis Semyure, xmis amouRebelni viyaviT. es kidev ra? saqveynoT

viZaxodiT, egzarqosebma gagvanaTles, gagvabednieres, agvatyaveso. Cven,

ubedurebs _ Tu protestis gamocxadeba ar SegveZlo, xma mainc

gagvekmida sul. magram Cini, ordenebi, generloba iyo Cveni trfobis

sagani. amnairi maRali sagnebi gvaiZulebda bednierad gveRiarebina Tavi

Cveni ufrosebis winaSe~ (147, 11).

1912 wels gazeTi `Sinauri saqmeebi~ werda: `asi wlis tyveobam didi

ziani miayena saqarTvelos eklesias: dasca sarwmunoeba da zneoba

xalxSi, Zirian fesvianad aRmofxvra Zveli qristianuli Cveule-bani,

gaabinZura samRvdeloeba, mospo cocxali metyveleba taZrebSi, ararad

aqcia samSoblo saRvTismetyvelo mecniereba, gaacamtvera Sesan-iSnavi

naSTi Zveli qristianuli didebisa~ (156, 11 ).

ivane gomarTelis azriT, saqarTvelos gasanTavisufleblad da

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gasaZliereblad samRvdeloebis da xalxis

kavSiria saWiro. `samRvdeloebis ganTavisufleba SeuZlebelia ise, Tu

mTeli xalxi ar ganTavisuflda, Tu arsebuli reJimi mTlad ar

Seicvala... samRvdeloebis sakiTxi mTeli xalxis sakiTxia da calke misi

gadawyveta SeuZlebelia. SeuZlebelia raime saSualebiT samRvdeloebis

aRdgena xalxis TvalSi ise, Tu arsebuli reJimi ar Seicvala~ (168, 2).

XX saukunis dasawyisSi dawyebuli samRvdeloebis moZraoba

garkveulwilad Seaferxa reaqciis xanam, Tumca 10-iani wlebidan ukve

axali etapi iwyeba, ramac gamokveTili xasiaTi pirveli msoflio omis

dros da mas Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebis periodSi miiRo. mRvdeli

parmen yifSiZe 1916 wels gazeT `samSobloSi~ werda: `samRvdeloebis

dacemis mizezi orgvaria: garegani da Sinagani. pirveli droTa

viTarebisa da exlandeli wes-wyobilebaze gavleniT dabadebulia, meore

ki CvenSive imyofeba da amisTvis, Cven imdenad varT damnaSave, ramdenadaT

Cvenis gulgrilobiT da daudevrobiT xels vuwyobT Cvens sulier

dacemas~ (117, 2).

91

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavisi arsebobis manZilze

yovelTvis ebrZoda da ibrZvis erovnuli faseulobebis SenarCunebisTvis.

es procesi ar Sewyvetila ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis

periodSic. gavixsenoT anton II-is Tavdauzogavi mcdelobebi eklesiis

uflebebis SenarCunebisTvis, Tumca saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesia avtokefaliis gauqmebas ver ascda. erTia, rodesac uflebebs

zRudav da meore, rodesac mosaxleobis garusebisaTvis yvela pirobas

qmni. ruseTis saimperatoro kari qarTvelebis gadagvarebas isaxavda

miznad. swored amitom uspobda yvela im erovnul simbolos Tu

saSualebas qarTul sazogadoebas, romelic maTi SekavSirebis aucilebe-

li piroba iyo. miuxedavad ruseTis da saqarTvelos marTlmadideblobi-

sa, saimperatoro karma gaauqma ara mxolod eklesiis avtokefalia,

aramed mTlianad SeuzRuda eflebebi samRvdeloebas, esec ar ikmara da

mrevlTan kavSiris gasawyvetad yovelgvari piroba Seqmna: pirveli

safrTxe ki wirva-locvis rusul enaze SemotaniT gamoixata.

`saqarTvelos eklesias da mis samRvdeloebas maTi masazrdoebeli mamu-

lebi xelidan gamoacales, erovnuli samRvdeloeba aRar gvyavs,

erovnuli skola ara gvaqvs, kaTedridan mSobliuri mzrunvelobiT

gamTbari mama-Sviluri sityva aRar ismis, Cveni erovnuli galoba erT

wertilze gaiyina, Cveni eklesiebi dacarielda, Cveni sasuliero litera-

tura gaqra da eklesiaSi wignebic ki ar mogvepoveba da, ase gasinjeT

deda-enaze metrikuli wignebis warmoebis nebac ki mogvespo. erTi

sityviT, Cveni erovnuli suli daixSo da misi maTbunebeli da gamaRvive-

beli saSualebebi moispo, aRmoifxvra. Cveni eri sxva ers Seuries, Cveni

eklesia sxvis eklesias da maT Soris dRes araviTar gansxvavebas ar

xedaven da arc aris. aseTi erovnuli asimilacia xdeba Cven Tvalwin

marTlmadideblobis saSualebiT dRes CvenSi da isic TiTqos Tavis-

Tavad, bunebrivad~ (116, 3).

1915-1916 wlidan samRvdeloeba axali ZaliT gamodis avtokefaliis

moTxovnisTvis da qarTuli, nacionaluri simboloebis SenarCunebisTvis.

aRniSnul process xeli Seuwyo erTi mxriv, pirvelma msoflio omma da

meore mxriv, 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiulma revolu-

ciam. `quTaisSi momxdar imereTis eparqiis samRvdelo krebebze gamotani-

92

li rezoluciebi eWvs gareSea karg STabeWdilebas datovebs qarTveli

sazogadoebis im nawilze, romelic erovnul saxis SerCeniTa da

erovnuli mTlianobis dacviT gulwrfeladaa daintersebuli. Cveni

samRvdeloebis SedarebiT demokratiulma nawilma xsenebul krebebze

naTlad daamtkica, rom bevr qarTvel mRvdelSi qarTuli suli meufebs

da garda piradi bednierebisa sazogado keTildReobaze zrunvis unarsac

ar aris moklebuli. daviwyoT iqidan, rom samRvdeloebam TiTqmis

erTxmad scno saWirod saero saswavlebeli, sadac swavleba yvela

sagnisa qarTul enaze iwarmoebs. gana saeWvoa kidev is garemoeba, rom

Cveni erovnuli saxis gadamaxinjebas upirveles yovlisa enis gadagvareba

gamoiwvevs, Tu droze ar viRoneT rame? da ra unda iRonos qarTvelma

xalxma gadagvarebis winaaRmdeg Tu ara saswavleblebis gaxsna da misi

saSualebiT xalxSi deda-enaze swavla-ganaTlebis gavrceleba. imereTis

samRvdeloeba Caswvda yvela amas da warmoidgineT ise Sors wavida am

mxriv, rom Tavis viwro wodebriv an profesionalur raobas gverdi

auxvia da sazogadoebis farTo wreTa gasaTviTcnobiereblad saero

saswavlebeli irCia. Cveni samRvdeloebis gamofxizlebis da saero

saqmeebiT dainteresebis niSnad unda CaiTvalos yvela is dadgenileba,

romelnic xsenebul krebebze iyo gamotanili da maT Soris axlad

daarsebul seminariaSi qarTuli enis SemoRebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli

survilic~ (145, 2).

qarTveli samRvdeloebis aqtiurobas erovnuli cnobierebis

brZolisTvis aferxebda ara mxolod ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba, aramed

qarTuli social-demokratiuli partia, romelic rusuli social-demok-

ratiis ideebs iTvaliswinebda. maTi ideali ki socializmis damkvidreba

iyo, sadac religiis adgili ar iyo. marTalia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

social-demokratiuli partiis ideebma garkveuli transformacia ganica-

da, Tumca religiis mimarT maTi damokidebuleba ucvleli darCa. `Tu

dauaxlovdebiT xalxs, kargad gavecnobiT mis azrs, Sexedulebas da

sulier miswrafebas, davrwmundebiT, rom is gulgrilobas iCens

sarwmunoebisa da eklesiuri sakiTxebisadmi. eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis

formis Secvlam demokratiul niadagze, rac moaxdina saeklesio krebam

1917w. veraviTari gavlena ver iqonia zemoTqmuli movlenis

93

gamosasworeblad. amitom bunebrivad ibadeba sakiTxi, ra aris mizezi am

movlenisa, riTi aixsneba is. droebiT da gardamaval mizezebs, garda

umTavres mizezad unda CaiTvalos is, rom xalxis sulier moTxovnilebas

ver akmayofilebs Cveni eklesiis moZRvreba da wyobileba. xalxis goneba

gaizarda, ganviTarda da gaaswro rogorc daZvelebul garegan formebs

eklesiis wyobilebisa is gaimsWvala socialistur moZRvrebiT~ (143, 2).

bunebrivia aseTi damokidebuleba qarTuli social-demokratiuli

partiis mxridan kidev ufro arTulebda qarTveli samRvdeloebis

brZolas marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebebis aRsadgenad. am problemam

kidev ufr metad iCina Tavi demokratiuli respublikis periodSi.

`ruseTis didma revoluciam Searyia Zveli wonasworoba sazogado-

ebrivi urTierTobisa da Cveni cxovreba Seayena klasTa sruli

Camoyalibebis gzaze. samRvdeloebac, yvelaze ufro daSorebuli cxovre-

bis moqmed elementTagan da yvelaze ufro dazaralebuli, ver ascda

saerTo mimdinareobas da Tumca dagvianebulad isic Seudga Tavis

cxovrebis Camoyalibebas. Zlevamosilma axalma cxovrebam mas auSala

sakuTari bude da aiZula moenaxa axali kunWuli axal socialur

SenobaSi. mis win aRimarTa dilema: axali Tu Zveli, sinaTle da

sococxle, Tu sibnele da sikvdili. pirvel xanebSi, sanam igi Tavis Tavs

moegeboda, angariSs miscemda, TiTqos ayva saxalxo moZraobas da

avtokefaluri eklesiis platformis niadagze _ gadadga win ramdenime

nabiji. mosalodneli iyo, rom es moZraoba ufro gaRrmavdeboda da

antikefalur garegnobas, _ axali Sinaarsi daagvirgvinebda. pirveli

saeklesio kreba, 1917 welSi, am mxriv pirveli cda iyo axali Sinaarsis

gamoZebnisa...~ (11, 74).

zemoT ganxilulma faqtobrivma masalam naTlad aCvena is

problemebi, rac qarTveli samRvdeloebis winaSe arsebobda. rogorc

vxedavT, qarTveli samRvdeloebis brZola saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis mimdinareobda or

frontze: ruseTis saimperatoro karis da social-dmokratiuli partiis

winaaRmdeg.

94

$5. Tavadaznauroba

XIX saukunis II naxevridan Seqmnili movlenebis Sedegad XX

saukunis dasawyiss saqarTvelo sxvadasxva siaxlesTan erTad axali

socialuri fenebis: proletariatis da burJuaziis warmoSobiT Sexvda.

axalma politikurma da ekonomikurma gardaqmnebma sazogadoebis socia-

luri Semadgenlobis garkveuli cvlilebebi ganapiroba. am fonze

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos TavadaznaurTa cnobierebis da

funqciebis cvlilebis Sefaseba da gaTvaliswineba. miT ufro, rom

qarTul istoriografiaSi am qronologiuri periodis farglebSi,

aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili specialuri gamokvlevebi ar gvxvdeba.

ZiriTadad aqcenti keTdeba XIX saukuneze. marTalia, 1900-1917 wlebSi

Tavadaznauroba aRar warmoadgenda mravalricxovan da Zlier krebuls,

Tumca beWdur mediaSi daculi informacia mniSvnelovani daskvnebis

gamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

Tavadaznauroba feodaluri saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli

socialuri fenaa, romelic saukuneebis manZilze privilegirebul da

SeZlebul klass warmoadgenda. maTi uflebebi imdenad didi iyo, rom ara

Tu didi pativiT sargeblobda samefo karze, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi,

politikur, Tu samxedro sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas mefe maTze iyo

damokidebuli. faqtobrivad Tavadaznauroba monarqiuli saxelmwifos

arsebobis mTavari Semadgeneli nawili iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT gazeTi

`kvali~ 1906 wels werda: `mecxramete saukunes Tavadaznauroba srulebiT

sxva guliT dauxvda, warsulis gamoTxovebam mas saSinlaT dawva guli,

radganac warsulis bevri ram gayva iseTi, risi magieric awmyos araferi

moutania. amis ukeT gasaTvaliswineblad saWiroa gavixsenoT, rogori iyo

Tavadis mdgomareoba mecxramete saukunemdin, rogor Seicvala is

mecxramete saukuneSi. wineT mas garSemo exvia uricxvi ymebi, romelTa

sulisa da xorcis erTaderTi patroni TviTon is _ Tavadi iyo, yvela

vinc mas garSemo exvia, mas TvalwarbSi SeCereboda da misi yovelgvari

Jinis asasruleblad yvela gamzadebuli iyo. erTaderTi mosamarTle

Tavis sofelSi is iyo da iq yvelas bed-iRbals mxolod is atarebda. Tu

samSoblos mteri Semoeseoda, mefe mas Txovda, Seni kacebiT momeSveleo,

95

is mefis marjvena xeli iyo, qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi is monawileobas

iRebda, sasaxlis kari misTvis mudam Ria iyo, _ mefis saxlSi is TiTqmis

mefis tolad grZnobda Tavs, Tavis saxlSi _ ganusazRvrel batonad.

mecxramete saukunis damdegidan Tavadis amgvari mdgomareoba srulebiT

Seicvala. samSoblos marTva-gamgeobaSi mas yovelgvari mniSvneloba

CamoarTves, mefe da misi sasaxle mas axlosac aravin daanaxva; Tavadis

Tavisufal moqmedebas yovelmxriv frTebi Seekveca. yovelive aman is ara

Tu qonebrivad daaqveiTa, Tavis SinaymaTa TvalSic ki saxeli gautexa.

Tavadobam iwyo warsulis glova, moindoma misi dabruneba, magram cdam

amaod Cauara. is iZulebuli gaxda Tavis xvedrs Serigeboda da erTma

nawilma RvinoSi da qor-meZebrobaSi pova Tavisi ideali, meorem kalami

aiRo xelSi da warsulis glovaSi moipova sulis simSvide, mesames

samxedro samsaxurma daaviwyebia Zveli dideba~ (102, 793).

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebiT, Tavadaznauroba erT-

erTi da SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze ufro uflebaayrili fena aRmoCnda. man

dakarga ara mxolod mamulebi da gavlena, aramed XIX saukunis

saqarTvelosTvis is sruliad zedmeti aRmoCnda. henri kupraSvili wers:

rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg qarTveli Tavadebisa da

aznaurebis (samefo, saTavado, saeklesio) mravalsaukunovanma sagvareulo

wyobam rRveva iwyo. ruseTis mTavrobam ruseTis feodalur-batonymur

wyobilebasTan qarTuli wyobilebis socialuri unifikaciis mizniT

Caatara mTeli rigi RonsiZiebebi. 1803 wels, ruseTis guberniebis Tavad-

aznaurTa organizaciebis msgavsad, TbilisSi daarsda qarTvel Tavadaz-

naurTa pirveli wodebrivi organizacia _ Tavadaznaurobis deputatTa

sakrebulo saTanado debulebiT. deputatTa sakrebulo irCevda samazro

da sagubernio Tavad-aznaurTa winamZRolebs (marSlebs). ruseTis

mTavrobis Semdegi RonisZieba iyo vasalur-senioruli damokidebulebis

mospoba saqarTveloSi da rus TavadebTan qarTveli Tavadebis uflebrivi

gaTanabreba. amasTan, qarTvel Tavadebs memkvidreobiTi feodaluri Tanam-

debobebi da sagadasaxado imuniteti mouspo, 1833 wlis kanoniT saTavado

aznaurebi gaaTavisufles Tavadebisadmi vasaluri damokidebulebisagan,

ris Sedegad xdeboda maTi qonebrivi gamijvnac. 1838 wlis kanoniT ki

Tavadaznaurobis deputatTa sakrebuloSi arCevnebisas da Tanamdebobebis

96

dakavebisas uflebrivi gansxvaveba Tavadebsa da maT yofil saTavado

aznaurebs Soris moispo, moxda maTi uflebrivi nivelireba~ (238, 131-32).

TavadaznaurTa fena TandaTan paralizebuli gaxda. jer erTi, es

gamowveuli iyo ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sedegad da meorec,

XIX saukunis II naxevridan Seqmnili socialuri da ekonomikuri xasiaTis

gardaqmnebiT, kerZod, batonymobis gauqmebiT.

Tu XIX saukunis I naxevarSi Tavadaznauroba aqtiurobiT

gamoirCeoda da monarqiuli samefos aRdgenisaTvis ibrZoda, bagrationTa

samefo ojaxis warmomadgenlebTan erTad. SemdegSi viTareba radika-

lurad Seicvala. aleqsandre bendianiSvilis azriT, `Tavadebis ukmayo-

fileba iman gamoiwvia, rom maT dakarges politikuri gavlena, memkvidre-

obiT samxedro da administraciuli Tanamdebobani, riTac safuZveli

gamoecala saTavadoTa sistemas. saTavados SigniT Seikveca aznauris

socialur-politikuri funqcia, mas CamoerTva Tavadis karis Tanamdeboba-

ni, mouravoba, mdivnoba, boqaulTuxucesoba, glexTa zedamxedvelis

movaleoba. qarTveli moxelis adgili centrSic da periferiebSic rusma

moxelem daikava. amas ki ver Seegua qarTveli Tavadaznauroba da Tavis

protests SeTqmuleba-ajanyebiT gamoxatavda~ (212, 31).

XIX saukunis II naxevridan, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg daiwyo

axali etapi saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi. Tavadaznauroba mixvda, rom

saqarTvelos istoriaSi axali epoqa dgeboda, sadac misi istoriuli

roli saWiro aRar iqneboda. swored amis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda

Tavadebis politikuri xasiaTis gamosvlebis jer Semcireba da Semdeg

Sewyveta. aleqsandre bendianiSvili werda: `XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze

qarTveli Tavadaznauroba ukve aRar warmoadgenda erTian wodebasa da

klass, ukve momxdari iyo misi socialur-ekonomikuri diferenciacia. am

dros ZirZveli Tavadaznauroba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 4%-s Seadgen-

da. magram naxevars dakarguli hqonda ekonomikuri SeZleba da politiku-

ri wona. mewarme TavadaznaurTa gamravleba, rentisa da kreditis kap-

italisturi formebis danergva arsebiTad cvlida Zvel wodebas. mimdina-

reobda feodaluri sakuTrebisa da memamuluri meurneobis burJuaziuli

evolucia. TavadaznaurTa erTi nawili kapitalisturi sazogadoebis

miwaTmflobelTa klass qmnida, saerTod, miwaTmflobeli Tavadaznauroba

97

ormagi bunebis iyo, _ feodaluri wodebisa da kapitalisturi klasis

niSnebs aerTianebda. iyenebda, rogorc feodaluri, ise kapitalisturi

eqsploataciis formebs~ (212, 185).

TavadaznaurTa uflebebis Sekvecas ganapirobebda sazogadoebis

nihilisturi damokidebuleba maTdami. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba XIX

saukunis II naxevridan. sazogadoebis farTo fenebisTvis, glexebisTvis

Tavadebi maT mowinaaRmdege klasad aRiqmeboda. aRniSnul periodSi

Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri

elita glexebis sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebas da axali saxelmwifos

SenebisTvis moRvaweobas da brZolas iwyebs. `sul sxvagvar niSnebsa da

mimarTulebas gviCvenebs dRevandeli cxovreba. dRes aRar arsebobs Zveli

batonymoba da mospobilia adamianis piradi uTavisufleboba. garTulebu-

lia cxovreba da xalxis sazogadoebriv klasebad danawilebac. Tavad-

aznaurobas dRes aRar aqvs Zveleburi social-ekonomikuri upiratesoba,

radgan TviT mamuli aRar aris erTaderTi saxsari ekonomiuris Zalisa

da sazogadoebrivis dawinaurebisa. cxovrebis axals viTarebaSi kacs

mamulis garedac SeuZlia SeiZinos qoneba da, raxan STamomavlobas

winandeburad didi mniSvneloba aRar aqvs, SeuZlia agreTve

sazogadoebaSic moipovos Zala da dawinaureba. ramdenadac es `SeuZlia~

sinamdvile xdeba, ramdenadac Zveleburi wodebani erTmaneTSi iTqvifebian

da axali, qonebisa da ara STamomavlobis safuZvelze damyarebuli

sazogadoebrivi klasebi viTardebian, imdenadve Cvens cxovrebas ufro

demokratiuli elferi edeba da Cveni eri warmatebisa da aRorZinebis

gzaze dgeba~ (175, 73). qarTveli sazogadoebis wamyvani nawili naTlad

acnobierebda axali drois moTxovnebs da ekonomikur Tu socialur

gamowvevebs, romelTa gadalaxvis gareSe saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis da

damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis pirobis Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

`swraf warmatebis gzaze mxolod is eri sdgas, romelSic gazrdilia

Sromis sazogadoebrivi ganawileba, ganviTarebulia gacvla-gamocvla da

aRorZinebulia vaWroba-mrewveloba. ramdenadac aseTi viTareba ama Tu im

erSi fexs ikidebs, imdenadve Tavadaznaurobas ekargeba ekonomiuri

upiratesoba, xolo sxvadasxva wodebaTagan Semdgar burJuazias emateba

Zala da emCneva dawinaureba. es dawinaureba sCans sazogadod yvelaferSi

98

da igi unda Cndes, kerZod swavla-ganaTlebis saqmeSic. ra Tqma unda

swavlis SesaZenad saWiroa nivTieri SeZleba da amitom swavla-ganaTleba

im wodebasa da klasSi ufro gavrceldeba, romelic ekonomiurad

wamoweulia da aqvs saWiro saSualeba. ara Tavadaznaur moswavleTa

ricxvis gamravleba saswavleblebSi momaswavebelia imisi, rom Cveni

cxovrebac moqalaqobrivobis gzazea damdgari da TandaTan viTardeba~

(175, 73).

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg mTlianad Seicvala

sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxareebi. damoukid-

eblobis dakargvasTan erTad, qarTveloba garusebis safrTxis winaSe

dadga, romlis arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenda qarTuli marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba, qarTuli enis uflebebis

SezRudva.

im molodinis gaumarTleblobis Semdeg, rac rusebis Semosvlas

moyva saqarTveloSi, sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi

iwyeben SeiaraRebul Tu saprotesto xasiaTis gamosvlebs ruseTis

saimperatoro karis winaaRmdeg. Tavadazanaurobis ukmayofilebis mizezi

maTi funqciebis da uflebebis SezRudvaSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi

gauqmebaSi mdgomareobda. imedi imisa, rom ruseTis xelisufleba

saqarTvelos saSinao viTarebaSi ar Caereoda ar gamarTlda. amitom

sawyis etapze gamoxatuli radikaluri formebi aRniSnulis dasturi iyo.

XIX saukunis II naxevridan ruseTSi axali etapi iwyeba, rac

batonymobis gauqmebiT gamoixata. bunebrivia am faqtma Tavisi asaxva hpova

saqarTveloSic. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom batonymobis gauqmeba da

kapitalisturi sistemis Semosvla warmoadgenda epoqis gamowvevas da es

procesi rogorc cnobilia bevrad adre daiwyo evropaSi. aseve ruseTSi

es gardauvali iyo. erTis mxriv, XIX saukunis I naxevraSi SeiaraRebuli

ajanyebebis damarcxebam da meores mxriv, im socialur-ekonomikuri

xasiaTis gardaqmnebma, romelsac adgili hqonda XIX saukunis II naxevris

saqarTveloSi, qarTveli sazogadoebis wamyvani nawili daarwmuna

brZolis axali meTodis SemuSavebaSi. erT-erTi sakiTxi ki

TavadazanurTa axali cxovrebis wesze gadayvana iyo. samocianelebi

naTlad acnobierebdnen epoqis im gamowvevas, romelSic mTeli evropa iyo

99

CarTuli da cdilobdnen axali droisTvis fexi aewyoT, qarTul

sinamdvileze moergoT da es yvelaferi saqarTvelos aRorZinebisaTvis

gamoeyenebinaT. Tavadaznaurobis didma nawilma ver SeZlo Segueboda

sakuTari privilegiebis dakargvas da `daqveiTebis gzas daadga~, meore

nawili e.w. Raribi Tavadaznauroba Seecada sazogadoebasTan kavSirSi

yofiliyo da sakuTari TavisTvis TviTon Seeqmna pirobebi.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan Tavadaznauroba aRar warmoadgenda

mravalricxovan da Zlier krebuls. amasTan politikurma da ekonomikur-

ma gardaqmnebma maTi brZolisunarianoba dasca, Tanac qarTuli

sazogadoebis wamyvani nawili ukve axali saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis

ibrZoda, sadac Tavadaznaurobas Zveli adgili aRar eqneboda. amitom is

iZulebuli xdeba nawilobriv Seeguos epoqis moTxovnebs da aRar

mimarTos gamoxatvis radikalur formebs. 1908 wels gazeTi `ciskari~

werda: `marTalia, es mizezi muSaobs ruseTis TavadaznaurobaSic, magram

gacilebiT ufro nela, vinem CvenSi. iq mravali memamule Seewyo mamulis

Sovnas. agreTve iq samsaxuriT ivseben imas, rasac mamuli aklebs.

cnobilia, rom mTeli maRali biurokratia memamuleebisagan Sesdgeba.

Cveneburi memamule ki swrafad valiandeba, sakuTreba eyideba da ase

ekonomiuraT mamuls didaT aRar afasebs, misTvis sicocxles aRar

swiravs. Tu SerCa mamuli, xom kargi, Tu ara da sul erTia _ mainc banks

darCeba. ase iqneba Tu ise, mamuli mainc CamoerTmeva. amitom isini mraval

alagas glexebs uTmoben da brZolas Serigebas rCeoben~ (163, 1).

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawili Tavadaznau-

robasTan mimarTebaSi gazeT `ciskaris~ mixedviT aseTi iyo: `saqarTvelos

nawilTa pirveli nacionaluri moZraoba iyo moZraoba Tavadaznaurobis

Zveli wyobilebis SesarCenad. glexoba aq iRebda monawileobas swored

winaaRmdegi mizniT _ batonymobis uRlis Sesamsubuqeblad. e.i. aq

feodalebi ebrZodnen rusebs, xolo glexebi feodalebs da ramodenimeT

samRvdeloebasac. ai Cveni nacionalizmis tragizmi. ratom ase unda

momxdariyo? cxadia ratom. Tavadaznaurobis nacionaluri droSa iyo

droSa feodalTa gaZlierebis, glexobis dajabnebis, axali cxovrebis

uaryofis, Zveli urTierTobis aRdgenis _ erTi sityviT es droSa ar iyo

xalxis droSa. Tavadaznaurobis nacionaluri interesi ar Seicavda

100

naciis interesebs.~ (164, 1). iveria ki Semdegnairad aRiqvams am sakiTxs: `...

vin iyo, an ra Zala iyo, is Zala, romliTac saqarTvelos

gancalkevebulni jgufni SeerTdebodnen xolme da medgrad ebrZodnen

saqarTvelos gareSe mters? maS vin daicva saqarTvelos teritoria, ena,

sarwmunoeba? vin Sehqmna saqarTvelos Taviseburi kultura, literatura?

amis pasuxs yvela SesZlebs, Tu-ki gangeb ar daibrmavebs Tvalebs, ar

daiyruebs yurebs da simarTles ar uRalatebs. es ZalTa-Zala iyo

Tavadaznauroba. saqarTveloSi Tavadaznauroba rom ar yofiliyo, dRemde

arc araviTari erovnuli kultura, literatura, xasiaTi ar iqneboda da

mTeli Cveni xalxi warmoadgenda marto jgufs, romelsac erad aravin

CaTvlida~ (91, 1). 1900 wlidan beWdur mediaSi Tavadaznaurobis aSkara

kritika iwyeba. faqtobrivad, es wodeba saukunis dasawyisSi ukve aRar

warmoadgens avtoritetul Zalas. qarTveli eris gaZlierebis da

ganviTarebis procesSi Tavadaznaurobis roli uaryofilia. `Cven ar

SegviZlia Tavadaznaurobisagan movelodeT eris aRorZinebas.

Tavadaznauroba aris wodeba Seqmnili warsuli cxovrebis mier, misi

arsebobis azri warsulSia, misi niadagi warsuli wes-wyobilebis

nayofia. Tavadaznauroba, rogorc wodeba gvianderZa warsulma. magram

igi arsebobs dRes, dRevandels cxovrebis pirobebSi romelnic gaCndnen

wodebani da wodebrivi ganwyobileba. Tavadaznaurobas _ wodebas ar

ZaluZs daimorCilos axali cxovrebis pirobebi, piriqiT, TviTon

emorCileba axal cxovrebas da nel-nela xSirad Seugneblad, iRebs mis

elfers da iTvisebs mis xasiaTs~ (167, 2). mudmivad keTdeba aqcenti imaze,

rom Tavadaznauroba ver erkveva sazogadoebriv problemebSi, rac qmnis

bariers mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan urTierTobebSi. `qarTveli

Tavadaznaurobis moRvaweobas Tan sdevs erTi TvalsaCino nakli,

romelic friad damaxasiaTebelia misi, rogorc wodebisa: politikuri

gamourkvevloba da am gamourkvevlobasTan dakavSirebuli ideuri

gamourkvevloba da daqsaqsuloba. qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas naTlad ara

aqvs Segnebuli, ra mizezebi iwvevs qarTveli xalxis erovnul

dezorganizacias da ra zomebis miRebaa saWiro am dezorganizaciis

mosaspobad~ (136, 2). mariam gariyuli Semdegnairad axasiaTebda

Tavadaznaurobas: `TavadaznaurTa umetesoba usaqmurobaSi atarebda

101

dros, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdoba. niadagi momcdari hqondaT fexqveS,

samxedro asparezze gmirobas da samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebas maT

aRaravin sTxovda. sameurneo Sromac ar Sedioda maT dRiurSi, swavla-

ganaTlebas agrerigad ar etanebodnen. maTi umetesobisaTvis mizani

gimnaziis pirveli, meore da mesame klasi _ kursis damTavreba iyo. zogi

maTgani aqamdisac ver miatanda. ra unda gaekeTebina am usaqmod darCenul

axalgazrdobas? dRes SenTan, xval imasTan, zeg duqanSi. loToba, Cxubi

da davidaraba~ (196, 207). Tavadaznauroba male mixvda, rom Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis nawili ver gaxdeboda, Tu dros fexs ar auwyobda.`...

mesamoce wlebamde cxovreba iyo martivi da mdore, mwerloba

erTferovani, mxolod erTi klasis _ Tavadobis simpatia-idealebis

gamomxatveli. radganac samxedro samsaxurma da Cinovnikobam Semodga

CvenSi fexi da orives didi motrfialeni gamouCndnen Cvens TavadobaSi,

swavla-ganaTleba nel-nela aRorZinda da TbilisSi saswavlebelic ki

daarsa mTavrobam keTilSobilTaTvis. axalgazrdobis erTma nawilma,

romelsac maSindel drosTan SedarebiT rigiani ganaTleba mieRo, nel-

nela ukuagdo piradi cxovrebis viwro farglebi da gamovida sazogado

asparezze, misma moRvaweobam Cvens cxovrebas suli STabera da

sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, romelic TiTqmis srulebiT aRar arsebobda,

ormocdaaT wlebSi nel-nela aRorZinda, magram cxovrebis amoZraveba

Suagulidan, TviT xalxidan, ki ar daiwyo, aramed zedapiridan –

Tavadaznaurobidan~ (102, 793). zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebi, kerZod,

saerTo ekonomikuri sivrcis SeqmnisTvis brZola qarTuli kulturuli

da politikuri elitis mxridan mowmobs imas, rom maT saerTo mizans

warmoadgenda kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel sistemaze gadasvla. am

procesSi yvela socialuri fenis CarTva da erovnuli ekonomikis

aRorZineba. iseTi qarTuli, erovnuli politikis mawarmoebeli

politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebic ki, rogoric iyo: erovnul-

demokratiuli da socialist-federalisturi partia da zogadad,

erovnuli mimarTulebis moRvaweebi, saWirod Tvlida axali ekonomikuri

formebis qarTul sinamdvileSi danergvas da Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli samrewvelo struqturis gamoyenebas.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, XX saukunis dasawyisSi Tavadaznauroba

102

aRar warmoadgenda Zlier socialur fenas. maTi didi nawili ukve

asimilacias ganicdida sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan. faqtobrivad im

mcire nawilis garda, romlebic ruseTis imperatoris `erTgulebaze

debdnen fics~ da misi meSveobiT cdilobdnen sakuTari ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis SenarCunebas da ara gavlenis, radganac am periodSi

Tavadaznaurobas ukve ar gaaCnda gavlena sazogadoebaze. qarTveli

inteligenciis Segnebuli nawilis mcdelobisda miuxedavad, Tavadaznau-

robisTvis Seegnebinebina axali epoqis moTxovna da is gardaqmnebi, rac

kapitalizmma moitana uSedego aRmoCnda. yvelasTvis naTeli iyo, rom

kapitalizmi mxolod ruseTisTvis da mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi

saqarTvelosTvis ki ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli, aramed igi mTeli

Tanamedrove epoqis realoba da axali etapis dasawyisi iyo. feodalizmi

dasrulda da misi arseboba mxolod ukanasknel dReebs iTvlida da misi

saboloo warmomadgenelbi TavadzanaurTa is mcire nawili iyo, romelic

drois gamowvevas ver egueboda. praqtikulad qarTveli sazogadoebis

Segnebuli nawili darwmunebuli iyo arsebuli sinamdvilis gardauvalo-

baSi da cdilobda arsebuli viTareba saqarTvelos sakeTildRod

gamoeyenebina.

1900-1917 wlebSi mimdinareobda brZola ara mxolod ruseTis

TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg, rac pirvel rigSi kulturiT, ganaTlebiT

brZolas gulisxmobda, aramed qarTveli sazogadoebis Zvel da axali

Taobis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac. Tavadaznauroba ki im wodebas

ekuTvnoda, romelic warsuls aidealebda da Zveli drois dabruneba

mxolod imitom surda, rom aRedgina is gavlena da privilegiebi, rac

saukuneebis manZilze gaaCnda. axali Taoba, romelSic gaerTianebuli

iyvnen qarTveli moRvaweebis is birTvi, romlebmac memkvidreobiT miiRes

samocianelebisgan axali saqarTvelos mSeneblobis devizi, mTlianad

mimarTuli iyvnen SeeqmnaT Tanamedrove tipis saxelmwifo, sadac yvela

socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli iqneboda ekonomikurad da socialurad

Tavisufali da rac mTavaria icxovrebda damoukidebel saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg,

rodesac xelisuflebis saTaveSi movidnen social-demokratebi, maT

demokratiuli qveynis aSeneba daisaxes miznad da monarqiuli wyoba ukve

103

miuRebeli iyo ara marto maTTvis, aramed mravali qarTvelisTvis.

rogorc cnobilia, social-demokratiuli partiis ideologiam garkveuli

transformacia ganicada mTeli am wlebis manZilze da Tu Tavidan

rusuli ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen, Semdeg da gansakuTrebiT

xelisufalebaSi mosvlis Semdeg sazogadoebis farTo fenebis

gulismogebis mizniT TavianTi saxelmwifoebrivi programa ufro

erovnuli gaxades. maT mTavar mizans warmoadgenda xalxSi ndobis

mopoveba da yvela im problemis mowesrigeba, rac sazogadoebis

satkivari iyo. am miznis misaRwevad ki aucileblobas warmoadgenda

dabali fenebis organizeba da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos upiratesobis

danaxveba. gazeTi erToba 1920 wels werda: `dRes Cveni cxovreba daingra

da Cveni samSoblo Cveni xalxis xelSia. mTeli mSromeli xalxi, vinc ki

saqarTvelos miwaze cxovrobs, dRes saqarTvelos gamge da patronia.

guSin Tqven iyaviT sxvis xelSi Semyureni, dRes ki xarT Tavisufali

moqalaqeni da uTqvenod, Tqven daukiTxavad, Tu Tqveni survili, neba da

dasturi ar iqna, ise Cvens qveyanaSi araferi gakeTdeba. uwin CvenSi

yvelaferi keTdeboda memamuleebisaTvis, mdidrebisaTvis da yovelive

amas akeTebda maTi mTavroba. dReidan ki CvenSi yovelisferi gakeTdeba

TqvenTvis, mSromeli xalxisTvis da amas akeTebs Tqveni mTavroba~.

amdenad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom batonymobis gauqmebis

Semdeg dawyebuli TavadaznaurTa uflebebis SezRudvis procesi nel-

nela mimdinareobda mTeli XIX saukunis II naxevarSi da XX saukunis

dasawyisidan axal stadiaze gadavida. aRniSnuli procesebis ganviTare-

bas Tavadaznaurobis sawinaaRmdegod xeli Seuwyo kapitalisturi

sistemis damkvidrebam saqarTveloSi. Tavadaznauroba 1900-1917 wlebSi

ukve aRar warmoadgenda im Zalas, romelic XIX saukunis II naxevarSi

gaaCnda. axalma ekonomikurma wyobam garkveuli gardaqmnebi ganapiroba da

modernuli epoqisTvis feodalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri

fena mTlianad miuRebeli aRmoCnda.

bunebrivia, ganxiluli sakiTxebi problemis mxolod erTi nawilia,

Tumca, vfiqrobT warmodgenilma masalam saintereso daskvnebis

gamotanis saSualeba mogvca.

104

$6. burJuazia

kapitalisturi wyobis damkvidrebam axali socialuri klasebis:

proletariatis da burJuaziis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. batonymobis

gauqmebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala msoflio politikuri, socialuri da

ekonomikuri sistema. axal garemoSi axali moTxovnebi da gamowvevebi

gaCnda. ara mxolod proletariati da burJuazia, aramed mTeli sazoga-

doeba Zireul gardaqmnebs ganicdida. miT umetes, rom XIX saukuneSi

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sakmaod gaZlierda, rasac Sede-

gad erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba mohyva. saqarTvelo am

cvlilebebs gansxvavebulad xvdeba. is, rogorc ruseTis imperiis

dapyrobili nawili, bunebrivia aq mimdinare movlenebis zegavlenas

ganicdis da maSin, roca evropaSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyali-

bebis procesi mimdinareobs saqarTvelo TavisuflebisTvis brZolis

axal gzebs eZebs da qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita

brZolis gansxvavebuli meTodebiT sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis

amaRlebis meSveobiT saerTo qarTuli sivrcis Seqmnas da yvela

socialuri fenis Tanabrad CarTvas cdilobs damoukideblobis

mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi. evropisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi

kapitalizmi mogvianebiT, kerZod, XIX saukunis II naxevridan iwyebs

damkvidrebas, rasac araerTgvarovani reaqciiT egebeba saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba.

saerTod, nebismier gardaqmnas, es iqneba kulturuli, politikuri

Tu socialuri sazogadoebis yvela fena gansxvavebulad iRebs. nawils

uWirs masTan Segueba, nawili ki dadebiTad xvdeba da sakuTari

interesebis dacvisTvis brZolas agrZelebs. batonymobis gauqmebas da

kapitalisturi sistemis Semosvlas arc saqarTvelos sinamdvilisTvis

Cauvlia uproblemod. da es gasagebic iyo. garda imisa, rom XIX saukunis

dasawyiss saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis dampyrobluri politikis

Sedegad mis daqvemdebarebaSi SesvliT Sexvda da jer kidev ver

gamosuliyo qarTveloba saimperatoro karis rusifikatoruli qmedebebis

ukiduresi formebis gaazrebidan, rac erovnuli simboloebis: sakuTari

teritoriis, qarTuli enis, qristianobis dakargva-gauqmebaSi gamoixate-

105

boda, rom XIX saukunis II naxevridan Secvlas iwyebs feodalur

sistemaze agebuli modeli da saqarTveelo axali gamowvevebis winaSe

dgeba. rac mTavaria, es faqti modioda ukve ara ruseTidan, aramed

evropidan da mis winaSe uZluri iyo TviT ruseTic.

batonymobis gauqmebis periods daemTxva saqarTveloSi samocianele-

bis anu Tergdaleulebis samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvla, romelTa

mTavari miznis ganxorcielebis fonze saerTo, qarTuli erovnuli

sivrcis Seqmna, sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis amaRleba da

damoukideblobis brZolaSi yvela socialuri fenis CarTva iyo, da rac

mTavaria ekonomikuri da socialuri gardaqmnebi umtkivneulod

momxdariyo qarTveli eris yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT

glexebis, romlebic cxovrebis axal, gansxvavebul sistemaze unda

gadasuliyvnen da epoqis gamowvevebs Seguebodnen.

feodalizmis periodis urTierToba agebuli iyo batonsa da glexs

Soris, kapitalizmis dros ki _ burJuaziasa da proletariats Soris

yalibdeba kavSiri. kapitalizmma ganapiroba ara mxolod axali

socialuri klasebis Camoyalibeba, aramed ekonomikuri formebisac.

burJuazia kapitalisturi epoqis ganuyreli nawili gaxda. `dRevandel

sazogadoebaSi umTavresad ori erTimeoris mowinaaRmdege klasi ibrZvis,

burJuazia da proletariati, muSaTa klasi. burJuaziis garSemo iyris

Tavs yvela burJuaziuli fraqciebi: isini erTdebian da saerTo ieriSi

miaqvT muSaTa klasze, muSaTa klasi sdgas marto, rogorc erTaderTi

damcveli yovelgvar daCagvrisagan, damonebisagan. amitom is ebrZvis ara

marto biurokratias, romelic sayovelTao sulTamxuTavad gamxdara,

aramed mTel burJuaziul wyobilebas, romelic daqiravebulTa

gayvlefiT cxovrobs da suqdeba~ (120, 3).

kapitalizmis damkvidrebis da burJuaziis CamoyalibebasTan erTad

ibadeba axali ~gaRatakebuli~ da ~upovari~ fena proletariati da

amasTan Cndeba am ukanasknelis `interesebis damcveli~ social-

demokratiuli partia, romelic upirispirdeba burJuaziul wyobas da

socializmis ganxorcielebisTvis iwyebs moRvaweobas. ase rom,

burJuazias proletariatTan WidilSi uxdeba arseboba. 1905 wels

Jurnali `mogzauri~ werda: `sxvadasxva eris burJuazia arafriT

106

gansxvavdeba erTi meorisagan, gansxvaveba SeiZleba iseT wvrilman

rameebSi iyos, rasac srulebiT araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs da roca

Tqven erTi eris burJuazias axasiaTebT, amiT ramdenimeT axasiaTebT sxva

eris burJuaziasac. burJuaziis buneba, misi aRorZineba da zrda-

ganviTareba daaxlovebiT yvelgan erTnairad, erTnairi saSualebebiT,

erTnairi gziT xdeba. es saSualeba, es gza mSromeli xalxis gayvlefaa,

proletariatis ekonomiuraT da politikuraT damonebaa. magram

burJuaziis aRorZinebasTan erTad, meti Tu naklebi siCqariT, xdeba

proletariatis, rogorc calke sazogadoebrivi klasis gamoRviZeba, misi

klasobrivi Segnebis ganviTareba~ (186, 1). marTalia, qarTuli kulturuli

da politikuri elitis didma nawilma gaacnobiera axali ekonomikuri

sistemis fexis awyobis saWiroeba da qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis morgeba,

magram burJuaziis arseboba maTTvis miuRebeli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac

farTo masebis ukiduresi mdgomareoba sagangaSo xdeboda. `qarTveli

burJuaziis ganviTareba progresulia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is

SeebrZoleba Sinaur feodalur-patriarqalur urTierTobas da mis

nangrevebze aaSenebs axal wyobilebas. meore mxriv, imave burJuaziis

ganviTareba regresulia imdenad, ramdenadac is imorCilebs `mSromel

xalxs~ da misi ofliT TviTon batondeba~ (101, 60).

saqarTvelosTvis burJuazia miuRebeli iyo imis gamo, rom maTi

umravlesoba araqarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda. Tumca isic faqti iyo, rom

qarTveli burJuaziuli elementebis Camoyalibeba ver ganxorcielda

nacionaluri gziT. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTareba ar

iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom qarTveli vaWrebi gaZlierebuliyvnen.

mudmiv omSi myofi qarTveloba ver axerxebda vaWrobaSi CarTuliyvnen da

Tavis mxriv feodalsac ar awyobda, amitom saqarTveloSi yovelTvis

ucxo eris warmomadgenlebis kompetencia iyo vaWroba. aseTive situacias

vxedavT XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi, burJuazia ZiriTadad

araqarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda, mxolod umciresoba iyo qarTveli. es

faqti bunebrivia uaryofiTad aisaxeboda Cveni qveynis cxovrebaze. es

garemoeba burJuaziis mimarT arsebul uaryofiT damokidebulebas kidev

ufro amZafrebda. miT ufro, rom igi TviTmpyrobelobis mTavar

dasayrdenad miiCneoda. rogorc cnobilia, 1900-1917 wlebis saqarTveloSi

107

muSebis sakiTxi farTo ganxilvis sagani xdeba, romlis ideologs

warmoadgenda social-demokratiuli partia. maTi mizani TviTmpyrobelo-

bis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan erTad proletariatis burJuaziis misamarTiT

gamosvlac iyo. sakuTari ideebis realizebas saqarTveloSi social-

demokratiuli xasiaTis Jurnal-gazeTebis da proklamaciebis meSveobiT

cdilobdnen. proletariatis interesebis damcveli gazeTi `muSa~ werda:

`vin aris burJuazia? vin da Cveni _ proletariatis mteri rogorc

politikurad, ise ekonomiurad, is Cveni politikuri da ekonomiuri

myvlefeli eqspluatatoria. misi warmoebis wesi misi kerZo sakuTrebis

da mwarmoeblis Cveni SimSilis, siRatakis gamaZlierebelia. risTvis

ibrZvis burJuazia? is ibrZvis socialuri sayvlefi sistemis gasaumjob-

eseblad. amisTvis, rom Tavisi myvlefelobis da carcvis sistema

gaemagrebina da xangrZlivi gaexada iman revoluciebic ki moaxdina xan

Tavisi xan sxvisi mklaviT, xan zevidan xan qvevidan motyuebiT...

burJuazia da saxelmwifo Cven monobaze damyarebul Tavisi

TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis. is Cveni mteria. Cven ki rogorc mTeli

kacobriobis simdidris, kulturis, civilizaciis mwarmoebelni vibrZviT

mTeli qveynis ganTavisuflebisaT-vis. Cveni ganTavisufleba mTeli

qveynis, kacobriobis ganTavisufleba iqneba~ (113, 1).

kapitalisturma wyobam Zireulad Secvala saxelmwifoebrivi

cxovrebis mravali sakiTxi da rac mTavaria_ideologiac. ~axali kvali~

1915 wels wers: `kapitalistur droSi omis umTavresi mizezia ara

sarwmunoebrivi an nacionaluri gansxvaveba, aramed ekonomiuri Sejibreba,

romliskenac sxvadasxva qveynis SeZlebuli klasebi TviT warmoebis

Tvisebas miyavs. erTis mxriT, Tu kapitalizmi Sromis brZolis velze

yovelTvis msxverplad iwiravs muSebis janRones da sicocxles, meore

mxriT, is sinodis Seuwuxeblad Rvris maT sisxls, roca axali mogebis

gulisaTvis bazrebis dasapyrobad miiltvis~ (32, 2). kapitalizmis dros

burJuazia cvlis feodals. sazogadoebis farTo fenebi modernul

periodSi epoqisaTvis Sesaferisi da damaxasiaTebeli Zlieri socialuri

fenis burJuaziis gavlenaSi da daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCndnen. faqtobrivad

batonymobis gauqmebam axali araferi moitana umravlesobisTvis, im

gagebiT, rom isini feodalis nacvlad, romelic Sua saukuneebSi wamyvani

108

Zala da samefo karis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni iyo, is ki Tavis mxriv am

privilegiiT xSir SemTxvevaSi gadametebulad sargeblobda, gaCnda

burJuazia, TviTmpyrobelobis MmTavari sayrdeni. es ukanaskneli ki

mTlianad mimarTuli iyo sakuTari uflebebis gazrdisa da ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis gaZlierebisaken. saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis II naxevaridan

gaCnda axali socialuri fena - burJuazia, romelic ZiriTadad eTnikuri

araqarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili, romelTac Tavisi ekonomikuri

interesebi gaaCnda. burJuazias zogierTi politikuri partia seriozul

erovnul Zalad ar aRiqvamda da ZiriTadad misi kritikiT

Semoifargleboda. socialist-federalistebi burJuazias Semdegnairad

axasiaTebdnen: `erovnebas icavs igi ara samarTlianobisaTvis aramed

sabazro interesebisaTvis. simarTle ar alaparakebs, saqveyno da saxalxo

saqme ar uwvavs guls, rodesac gamodis da xmamaRla yviris:

TavgamodebiT unda vemsaxuroT erovnul ideaso! Tu burJuazia

daCagruli, damonebuli ar aris TviTon, Zalmomreobas xmarobs da

ibrZvis Tavis erovnuli Zalebis gasafarToveblad, e. i. Tavis

mrewvelobisaTvis metis da metis asparezis mosapoveblad. Tu burJuazia

daCagrulia, ibrZvis damCagvrelTa Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg, rom

moipovos erovnuli damoukidebloba, Tavisufali asparezi Tavis

mrewvelobisaTvis. erTsa da meore SemTxvevaSic ibrZvis erovnuli

TavisuflebisaTvis. magram es Tavisufleba esmis Taviseburad da mzad

aris am erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da ideebisaTvis daCagros, Seaviwrovos

da gaanadguros sxva yvela erovneba. burJuazias ar esmis erovnuli

Tavisufleba, rogorc Tanabrad saWiro yvelasaTvis. burJuazias unda

erovnuli Tavisufleba mxolod TavisTvis, rogorc iaraRi sxvis

dasaCagravad da dasamoneblad (273, 5). saerTod, sxvadasxva socialuri

fenebis kritika aRniSnuli periodisTvis damaxasiaTebelia. TiTqmis

yvela mimarTulebis Jurnal-gazeTSi vxvdebiT arsebuli viTarebis

pirispir myofi sazogadoebrivi jgufebis inertulobis kritikas.

uaryofiTi mxareebis warmoCeniT qarTveli inteligencia cdilobs

aRmofxvras is maxasiaTebelebi, romlebic maTi azriT, erovnuli

ideis ganviTarebis Seferxebas uwyobs xels. marTalia, sxvadasxva poli-

tikuri orientaciis medias sakuTari mizani gaaCnda, ama Tu im partiis

109

interesebs gamoxatavda da saWiroebisada mixedviT mowinaaRmdegeTa

interesebis gabaTilebas da maTi gegmebis wamowevas cdilobda, amitom

swored im socialur fenaze akeTebda aqcents, romelic maTi dasayrdeni

iyo, magram mizani saerTo iyo: damoukideblobis aRdgena. da am miznamde

misasvleli gzebi iyo gansxvavebuli.

burJuaziis mimarT arsebuli uaryofiTi damokidebuleba

gamomdinareobda ara marto iqidan, rom isini da gansakuTrebiT msxvili

burJuazia araqarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili, aramed iqidanac, rom is

TviTmpyrobelobis mTavari dasayrdeni iyo. im fonze, rodesac saqarTve-

loSi araerovnuli Zalebi sakmaod mravlad iyvnen da amasTan ruseTis

xelisuflebis da Cvens qveyanaSi myofi maTi moxeleebis politika

mTlianad antiqarTuli iyo, bunebrivia sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgen-

lebisgan Semdgari burJuazia, romelsac sakmaod didi finansuri Zala

gaaCnda aseve gulgrili iyo qarTveli erisadmi. qarTveli sazogadoebis

ZiriTadi dasayrdeni wvrili burJuazia iyo. iseve rogorc yvela

ganxilulma socialurma fenam, burJuaziamac Tavisi cnobierebis

ganviTarebis garkveuli etapi ganvlo. marTalia, pirvelma msoflio omma

burJuaziis interesebis dakmayofilebas didad Seuwyo xeli, magram 1917

wlidan Seqmnili movlenebi Tavis asaxvas poulobs maT cxovrebazec.

gazeTi `erToba~ aRniSnavda: `burJuazia istoriulad or cecxlSua

imyofeba. is momxrea politikuri Tavisuflebis damyarebis da batonymuri

naSTebis mospobis, magram amave dros is ufrTxis demokratiis

amoZravebas. muSaTa klasi mis socialur batonobas emuqreba. amitomac

aris burJuazia mefesTan morigebas arCevs. da masTan Zalauflebis

ganawilebas esarCleba~ (48, 3).

burJuazia, rogorc axali epoqis, kapitalisturi wyobis produqti,

mimarTuli iyo batonymobis naSTebis mospobisken. maTi mTavari mizani

savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSir-urTierTobebis gafarToeba da axali bazre-

bis dapyroba da Zlieri savaWro obieqtebis gaCena iyo. pirvelma

msoflio omma burJuazias saSualeba misca am gegmis realizaciisTvis.

`erToba~ werda: `burJuaziis erovnuli idea gamoixateba gabatonebul

klasad gaxdomis miswrafebaSi. aseT klasad SeuZlia mas iyos mxolod

sakuTar erovnul saxelmwifoSi. vinaidan burJuaziis erovnuli

110

miswrafeba gamoixateba sakuTari bazris gafarTovebaSi, sakuTari

vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi, amitom mas esaWiroeba Zlieri

mTavroba, romelsac SeeZleba sakuTari saxelmwifo sazRvrebis

gafarToeba da sxva saxelmwifoTa bazrebze batonoba. burJuazia mTel

Taviss socialuri arsebiT agresiuli xasiaTisaa. amaSi gansxvaveba ar

aris patara da didi eris burJuazias Soris. patara belgia iseTsave

politikas awarmoebda afrikaSi, rogorc inglisi. maTi damokidebuleba

adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan erTnairi agresiuli iyo, burJuazia

cdilobs gabatonebul klasaT gaxdomas da vinaidan sxvis saxelmwifoSi

is amis SesaZleblobas ver xedavs yovel Rones xmarobs Tavis sakuTar

saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad~. (48, 3).

igive `erToba~ wers: `axali ekonomikuri moZraobis matarebeli

erSi burJuaziaa. burJuaziis miswrafebaa rac SeiZleba gaafarTovos

warmoeba da gaxdes gabatonebul klasad. gabatonebul klasad yofna mas

SeuZlia ara marto ekonomiurad, aramed is unda iyos agreTve

gabatonebuli politikuradac. yoveli klasi iTvleba gabatonebulad

imdenad, ramdenadac is momzadebulia politikurad, vinaidan mis xelSi

politikuri ufleba is saSualebaa, romliTac is sxva klasebze

batonobs ekonomiurad. rodesac damonebuli eris burJuazia miiswrafvis

gaxdes Tavis qveynis politikuri saqmeebis baton-patroni, imas am dros

Setakeba uxdeba gabatonebul eris burJuaziasTan, vinaidan es

ukanaskneli saxelmwifos baton-patronia. swored aqedan warmosdgeba

interesTa winaaRmdegoba gabatonebul da damonebul erTa burJuazias

Soris. damonebuli eris burJuazia atyobs ra, rom mas ar ZaluZs

waarTvas gabatonebuli eris burJuazias Zala, is cdilobs Tavisi

erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas, sadac is iqneba baton-patroni. misi

muSaoba am gziT warmoebs. arsdeba erovnuli partiebi, gamoaqvT

erovnuli programa da afrialeben erovnul droSas. ramdenad eri Cqaris

nabijiT midis win am axali cxovrebis gzaze, imdenad viTardeba da

Rrmavdeba erovnuli moZraoba, romelic bolos politikur moZraobad

xdeba~ (48, 3).

rogorc aRvniSne, msxvili burJuazia araqarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda

da maT qarTuli, erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTareba naklebad

111

ainteresebdaT. erovnuli ideebis matarebeli iyo wvrili burJuazia,

romelic qarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili. wvrili burJuazia politikuri

da kulturuli elitis dasayrdeni iyo, romlis meSveobiTac fiqrobdnen

erovnuli gegmebis ganxorcielebas. `es orgvari kapitali, nacionaluri

da ucxo TamaSobs or sxvadasxva socialur rols saqarTveloSi.

pirveli, wvrili burJuaziuli, saerTo, sayovelTao movlenaa da

axasiaTebs qarTveli eris moqalaqeobriobas. meore, msxvilburJuaziuli,

gamonaklisia, aqa-iq SemoWrilia da axasiaTebs qarTvel muSa-xalxis

klasiur mdgomareobas. magram, radganac eris ekonomiuri saqmianobis

meTauri da samoqalaqo kulturis meTauri wvrili burJuaziaa, amitom

ucxo kapitalis socialuri gavlena ganaxevrebulia, proletariati

imyofeba wvrili burJuaziis kulturis gavlenis qveS. Tavis idealad

dasaxuli aqvs ara klasiuri brZoliT Tavis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba,

aramed wvril burJuaziad gadaqceva, e.i. muSa xalxi ikvebeba wvril

burJuaziul idealebiT da sxvili kapitalis revoluciur mniSvnelobas

wvrilTan SedarebiT sruliad ar scnobs~ (62, 1). 1912 wels `klde~ werda:

`sul sxvaa qarTveli vaWari, romelic gamodis misTvis axal sarbielzed.

misTvis vaWroba carieli mogeba ar aris. mis vaWrobas erovnuli funqcia

aqvs da Tu erTis mxriv is asrulebs erovnul funqcias, is hqmnis ara

marto Tavis simdidres, erovnul simdidresac. yovlad warmoudgenelia

qarTveli vaWari politikuris indiferentizmiT iyos Sepyrobili. misi

bedi gadabmulia misi qveynis bedTan da maSasadame igi ecdeba Caebas

qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. igi ar daerideba qveynis miwa-wyalzed

pionerad gamovides iseT saqmeSi, romelic gaamdidrebs ara marto mas,

aramed mTel kuTxesac win waswevs. cariel mogebas mis angariSSi zed

daerToba uzrunvelyofac mTeli erisa, romelic dids ekonomiur

cxovrebaSi saurTierTo Tavmdablobis rols asrulebs da amrigad igi

gaxdeba WeSmariti faqtori erovnuli cxovrebisa~ (174, 1). social-

demokratebis azriT, burJuazia ki ar unda moispos, misi arseboba dResac

saWiroao. am debulebis ufro Rrma simarTle xSirad Semdegs azrSi

ixateba xolme: saqarTvelo kapitalizmis ganviTarebiT ki ar itanjeba,

piriqiT saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis ganuviTareblobaa Cveni

CamorCenilobis mizezi~ (141, 1). `burJuazia yovelTvis imas cdilobs, rom

112

erovnuli idea gamoiyenos proletariatis winaaRmdeg. igi, ebRauWeba ra

erovnul ideas, burJuaziisa da proletariatis saerTo `erovnul~

interesebze laparakobs da proletariatis klasobrivi brZolis

interesebi `wminda erovnul~ interesebs unda daumorCilos. gasagebia,

rom amiT burJuazia lamobs Camoacilos proletariati burJuaziis

winaaRmdeg brZolis saarsebo amocanas. imisaTvis, rom Tavis klasobriv

interesebs emsaxuros burJuazia mzadaa Tavi gamoacxados

`socialistad~, an kidev `socialist-nacionalistad~ da am tituliT

akeTos Tavisi saqme~ (210, 45).

rogorc yvela socialuri fenis Tu jgufis, ise burJuaziis

rolis, uflebebis da funqciis mimarTac araerTgvarovani mosazrebebi

arsebobda. Tumca, erTi ram faqti iyo, burJuazia 1900-1921 wlebis

saqarTvelos socialuri garemos Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romelsac

sakuTari mizani da istoriuli daniSnuleba gaaCnda. amitom XX saukunis

pirveli ocwleulis movlenebis Sefaseba aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvis

gareSe warmoaudgenelia.

$7. inteligencia

1900-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi qarTveli sazogadoebis cnobierebis

CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa inteligenciam.

Tanamedrove Teoriul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba termini: kulturuli da

politikuri elita. disertaciaSi viyeneb orive cnebas, radgan vfiqrob,

rom maT Soris azrobrivi kavSiri arsebobs. rac Seexeba dasaTaurebas

inteligencia, gamomdinare iqidan, rom XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis

saqarTveloSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli sityva `inteligencia~, am

motiviT ucvlelad davtove. miT umetes, rom aRniSnul etapze

inteligenciis Semadgenel nawilad aRiqmebodnen: politikosebi,

113

mwerlebi, mecnierebi, sazogado moRvaweebi, moswavleebi, studentebi.

aqedan gamomdinare maTi moRvaweobis gaSuqebas mniSvnelovani adgili

davuTme.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Tanamedrove Teoriul literaturaSi

inteligenciis roli sakmaod mniSvnelovnad miiCneva da swored is

miiCneva erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kriteriumebis gaZlie-

rebisa da sazogadoebis farTo fenebis erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebis

Semomqmedad. misi roli, agreTve gadamwyveti iyo XX saukunis pirveli

ocwleulis saqarTveloSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis zemoT aRniSnuli orive termini

gamoiyeneba, saboloo Camoyalibebuli gansazRvreba Tu vin aris

inteligencia ar arsebobs. amjerad me ar Sevecdebi amis gansazRvras,

radganac es scildeba Cemi kvlevis sferos, Tumca gamomdinare iqidan

rom 1900-1921 wlebis mediasa Tu literaturaSi gavrcelebuli da

miRebuli termini inteligencia iyo da radganac Cemi mizani aRniSnuli

periodisTvis damaxasaiTebeli movlenebis Sefasebaa gamoviyeneb

inteligenciis im Sinaarsobriv mxares, rac gavrcelebuli iyo swored am

epoqaSi.

saerTod, rodesac XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTvel

inteligenciaze vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am

socialuri jgufis Semadgenel nawilad ar moviazroT mxolod

kulturuli da politikuri elita, romelic wamyvani Zala iyo da xSir

SemTxvevaSi gansazRvravda kidec qarTveli eris cxovrebis mimarTulebas.

am periodis inteligencia SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: 1.

kulturuli da politikuri elita, romelSic Sediodnen sxvadasxva

politikuri partiis warmomadgenlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi: mecniere-

bi, mwerlebi, poetebi, msaxiobebi. da 2. qalaqis da soflis inteligencia:

maswavleblebi, eqimebi, studentebi, moswavleebi. yvela eseni Taviseburi

gziT sazogadoebasTan kavSiris damyarebas cdilobdnen. arCil jorjaZe

inteligencias sazogadoebis gardamqmnelis rols aniWebda da masSi

xedavda wamyvan Zalas qveynis winsvlis gzaze. igi aseve saubrobs

qarTveli da evropeli inteligenciis saerTo da ganmasxvavebel niSnebze.

`ra mizezia, rom evropaSi da CvenSi erT da igive epoqaSi inteligencias

114

srulebiT gansxvavebuli miznebi hqondaT? amis mizezi erTaderTia. XIX

saukunis dasawyisidan, evropiel did erTa inteligenciis cda da natvra

iyo gaumjobeseba ukve arsebul mravalStoian nacionalur cxovrebisa da

demokratiul dawesebulebaTa saSualebiT ekonomiur da politikur

Tanasworobis dafuZneba moqalaqeTa Soris. CvenSi qarTvel eris

politikur cxovrebis ZiriTad cvlilebaTa gamo yoveli gonebagaxsnil

qarTvelis movaleoba iyo _ Seeqmna, gamoerkvia da gaemtkicebina is axali

saqarTvelos vinaoba da pirovneba, uromlodac aramc Tu warmateba,

aramed misi arsebobac SeuZlebeli iyo. Cvens Zvel moRvaweebis

dafasebaSi es yovelTvis unda gvqondes mxedvelobaSi~ (280, 31). noe

Jordanias inteligencia miaCnda xalxisadmi dapirispirebul da misdami

mtrulad ganwyobil ZalaT. misi azriT, `inteligencia abnelebs da

burusSi xvevs im arsebul antagonizms, romelic namdvilad arsebobs

cxovrebaSi, magram es jer kidev ver Sesula mTel Tavis ZalaSi, amiT is

win eRobeba cxovrebis winmsvlelobas. inteligencia Tavis uneburad

reaqciul rols TamaSobs~ (280, 36).

qarTul istoriografiaSi saTanado yuradReba daeTmo inteligen-

ciis sakiTxis Seswavlas. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia: erasti axobaZe,

`qarTveli demokratiuli inteligencia da revoluciuri moZraoba

saqarTveloSi~ (211), akaki surgulaZe, `qarTveli demokratiuli

inteligencia sam revoluciaSi (1900-1921)~ (280) `narkvevebi qarTveli

inteligenciis istoriidan~ (278), v. oniani `ruseTis demokratiuli

inteligencia XIX saukunis damlevsa da XX saukunis damdegs~ (251).

erasti axobaZis naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia wvrilburJuaziuli

partiebis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos bolSevikebis Seurigebel brZolaze.

onianis naSromi naklebi masaliT warmogvidgens qarTveli inteligenciis

moRvaweobas. meti informaciis Semcvelia akaki surgulaZis naSromebi.

misi azriT: `revoluciamdel saqarTvelos inteligencia ZiriTadad

wvrilburJuaziul-glexuri iyo socialuri warmomavlobiTac (wvril

mwarmoebelTa, vaWarTa, sasuliero pirTa da glexTa Svilebi) da

ganwyobilebiTac wvrilburJuaziul-radikaluri iyo. igi sisxlxorceu-

115

ad iyo dakavSirebuli erovnul yofasTan da misi yvelaze jansaRi

tradiciebis aRorZinebisaTvis ibrZoda... es inteligencia Tavisi qveynis

gadarCenis erTaderT gzas carizmis koloniuri reJimis damxobaSi

xedavda~ (278, 21-22).

qarTul mediaSi sakmaod xSiri iyo qarTveli inteligenciis

kritika araqarTuli, araerovnuli moRvaweobis gamo. qarTveli

sazogadoebis nawili fiqrobda, rom `gadagvarebuli~ da `garusebuli~

inteligencia ver asrulebda im misias, rac drom da istoriam daakisra.

`arsad, arc erT erSi, inteligencia iseT umoqmedobas ar iCens, rogorc

CvenSi. arsad ise mowyvetili ar aris igi mSobel xalxs, rogorc CvenSi.

aiReT romeli kulturuli eri geneboT, Tu is gaevropielebis gzas

dasdgomia da daakvirdiT mis cxovrebas. Tqven eWvs gareSea, naxavT, rom

iq inteligencia saTaveSi udgas ra mSobeli qveynis kulturul

winmsvlelobas, mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT mxurvale monawileobas iRebs

praqtikul sazogado saqmeebSi. soflad da qalaqad yovelgvar

kulturul dawesebulebis daarsebasa da warmoebas is kisrulobs. igi

kvaldakval misdevs xalxis ekonomiur da gonebriv ganviTarebas. aarsebs

xalxisave daxmarebiT droisa da garemoebis Sesafer kulturul

dawesebulebebs, energiulad da naTlad awarmoebs qveynis sakeTildReo

saqmes, riTac saukeTeso momavlisaken miuZRvis qveyanas, naTel sxivsa

hfens is mSromelTa da dabeCavebulTa mZime cxovrebas. es xdeba, rogorc

damoukidebel, ise CvensaviT dabeCavebul erebSi, miuxedavad klasobriv

winaaRmdegobis gaRrmavebisa~ (37, 1). gazeTi `mnaTobi~ ki 1911 wels

inteligencias aseT Sefasebas aZlevda: `qarTveli inteligencia im

TaviTve igive umaRlesi wodeba iyo, is sul erTianad Sesdgeboda

umaRlesi wodebis Svilebisagan da gasakvirveli ar aris Tu imasac

mamapapaTa `Cinovnikuri~ suli Rrmad hqondaT gamjdari Zvalsa da

rbilSi. magram wodebriv Semadgenlobas rom Tavi davaneboT, es

inteligencia Tavisi miswrafeba-idealebiT im Tavidanve Tavadaznauruli

iyo da dResac aseTi darCa~ (111, 3).

qarTveli inteligenciis daniSnulebad miiCneoda qarTveli eris

erovnuli cnobierebis amaRleba da maTi interesebis dacva. ruseTis

TviTmpyrobelobis antiqarTuli politikis Sedegad gamowveuli

116

problemebi, rac erovnuli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi

gamoixateboda, bunebrivia, qarTveli eris cnobierebis da cxovrebis

wesis Secvlas ganapirobebda. inteligencia ki, sazogadoebis yvelaze

ganaTlebul da gaTviTcnobierebul nawilad miiCneoda da arc Tu

usafuZvlod, amitom maT movaleobas Seadgenda qarTveli eris intresebis

dacva. akaki surgulaZis azriT: `qarTveli demokratiuli inteligenciis

erovnul-kulturuli saqmianoba, romelic xalxis ganaTlebas, misi

erovnuli meobis dacvas, TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas, patriotuli suliskve-

Tebis aRzrdas emsaxureboda~ (280, 128).

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, inteligenciis wreSi sxvadasxva politikuri

mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli, amitom TiToeuli

maTgani pirvel rigSi, sakuTari partiis da interesebis dacvas

eswrafvoda da maTi Sexedulebebidan da mrwamsidan gamomdinare

cdilobda sakuTari ideologiis realizebas sazogadoebaSi. amitom

`iveria~ inteligents Semdeg movaleobas akisrebs: `yvela eris

inteligentobis aucilebel da uTuo moTxovnilebas Seadgens, rom mas

garkveuli hqondes da icodes Tavisi eris warsuli cxovreba, rom mas

gagebuli hqondes is miswrafeba da ideebi, rac mas asuldgmulebda da

erad xdida, rom mas Seswavlili hqondes eris Tanamedrove viTareba, misi

gonebrivi, zneobrivi da ekonomiuri mdgomareoba... aqvT Tu ara qarTvel

inteligentebs aucilebeli Tviseba inteligentobisa? gadaWriT SeiZleba

vTqvaT, rom ara da ara~! (85, 3). inteligenciis roli da movaleoba

qarTveli eris TviTSegnebis amaRleba da qarTuli saqmis keTeba iyo,

radganac swored is warmoadgenda sazogadoebis ganaTlebul da

gaTviTcnobierebul nawils, romelic naTlad xedavda saqarTvelos

politikuri da kulturuli gadarCenis saWiroebas. amis nacvlad ki

sawinaaRmdego viTareba iyo: `sakuTar istoriul xanaSi inteligencia

brZolis unars kargavs da dedaqalaqis dawesebulebebs afarebs Tavs.

sruliad saqarTvelos inteligencia amJamad TbilisSi zis. sxva kuTxeebi

saqarTvelosi marto moxeleT, komisrebsa, erobis moRvaweT da miliciis

ufrosebs darCeniaT. dRes Cveni inteligencia daeSva am mimarTulebiT,

saidanac mas aRmarTi winaaRmdegoba ar mohxvdeba. inteligencia

gapasiurda, yvela TbilisSi da provinciebSi aravin. ai, dRevandeli

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devizi inteligenciisa~. (33, 4)

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan, pirveli msoflio omis wina da

mimdinare periodSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda politikuri elita,

romelic saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis saxeliT gamodis. saerTod,

kulturuli da politikuri elitis mizani erTi iyo: qarTveli eris

erovnuli cnobierebis amaRleba da damoukideblobis aRdgena. Tumca am

miznamde sxvadasxva gzebiT midiodnen. kulturuli elita, romelsac

mwerlebi, mecnierebi da msaxiobebi Seadgendnen socialuri fenebis

saganmanaTleblo da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebas cdilobda.

politikuri elita ufro meti radikaluri xasiaTis nabijebiT

gamoirCeoda da saqarTvelos saxelis sazRvargareT gatanas da evropis

daxmarebiT ruseTis gavlenisgan ganTavisuflebas cdilobda. am mxriv

aRsaniSnavia, jer kidev 1907 wels varlam CerqeziSvilis haagis

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze gamosvla da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas-

Tan mimarTva aRedgina da daecva ruseTs georgievskis traqtatis

principebi. rogorc vxedavT, am etapze qarTveli sazogadoebis wamyvani

nawili gadamwyvet moTxovnebs ar ayenebs da mxolod avtonomiiT

kmayofildeba. aRsaniSnavia 1913 wels JenevaSi qarTvelTa jgufis mier

`Tavisufali saqarTvelos~ daarseba, 1914 wels JenevaSive Camoyalibebuli

`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~. 1916 wels mixako wereTlis

gamosvla mcirericxovan erTa II kongresze qalaq lozanaSi. misi

moxsenebis Tema iyo `qarTveli eris uflebani~, sadac mouwoda yvelas

daxmarebodnen qarTvel ers ruseTis mier darRveuli georgievskis

traqtatis pirobebis aRdgenaSi.

gazeTi `axali saqarTvelo~ 1919 wels werda: `saqarTvelos

sinamdvilem mSobliuri inteligencia brZolis qarcecxlSi gamoatara.

qarTveli inteligencia am sityvis WeSmariti aRqmiT TviTmpyrobel

ruseTis saqarTveloSi barbarosobis da Zalmomreobis protesti iyo.

Cveni intelgencia erovnul-revoluciuri cecxliT iyo anTebuli.

inteligent-teroristebis saxeebi da cimbirSi daWleqebuli filtvebi

mowmoben, rom qarTveli inteligencia mudam aqtiuri iyo, yovelTvis

omobda, mudam aqtiuri iyo~ (33, 4).

qarTveli studentebis da moswavleebis roli gaSuqebulia

118

naSromebSi: guram Sengelia `ase iriJraJa... saqarTvelos demokratiuli

inteligencia ruseTis pirveli burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis

periodSi~ (290), `qarTveli demokratiuli inteligencia revoluciur-

ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi (1907-1917)~ (291), v. oniani `demokratiuli

inteligencia ruseTis pirveli revoluciis periodSi~ (251) da sxva. aq

ZiriTadad aqcenti keTdeba studentebis revoluciur moRvaweobaze da im

rolze, rac iTamaSes 1905-1907 da 1917 wlebis revoluciebSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis

saqarTveloSi arsebobda ori ideologia: nacionalizmi da socializmi.

TiToeul ideaTa Semoqmedebs da realizatorebs gansxvavebuli gziT

esaxebodaT brZola. zemoT dasaxelebuli monografiebi ZiriTadad

sabWoTa periodSia Seqmnili, miuxedavad maTi didi mecnieruli

Rirebulebisa, rac gamoixateba sakmaod mravalricxovani da mravalfero-

vani faqtebis saaSkaraoze gamotaniT da SefasebiT aq mxolod

moswavleebis da studentebis erTi nawilis erTi mxarea Seswavlili _

revoluciuri moRvaweoba. rogorc viciT, social-demokratiuli partia

aarsebda organizaciebs studentebis da moswavleebis revoluciuri

ideebiT aRzrdis mizniT da is faqti, rom 1905-1907 w.w. da 1917 wlis

revoluciebSi mravalricxovnobiT gamoirCeoda studentebi, moswavleebi

aRniSnulis gamoxatuleba iyo. bolSevikebi xelmZRvanelobdnen leninis

lozungiT, rom sazogadoebis yvela fena da maT Soris moswavle-

axalgazrdoba ganewyoT TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg da arsebuli

ukmayofileba, romelic gamomdinareobda ZiriTadad socialuri da

ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan politikuri xasiaTi miecaT. v. oniani

aRniSnavs: `moswavle axalgazrdobis politikuri aRzrdisa da maTSi

social-demokratiuli ideebis Setanis mizniT, rsdmp Tbilisis komitetis

xelmZRvanelobiT TbilisSi Seiqmna axalgazrdobis organizacia,

romelic aerTianebda ufrosi klasis mowafeebs. social-demokratiuli

partiis xelmZRvanelobiT am organizaciam mgznebare revoluciuri

muSaoba gaSala moswavle axalgazrdobaSi. Tbilisis komitetis

miTiTebiT axalgazrdobis organizaciam 1902 wels gamosca ramdenime

nabeWdi biuleteni. moswavle axalgazrdobaSi revoluciuri moZraoba

dRiTidRe Zlierdeboda. man masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo quTaisis komitetis

119

xelmZRvanelobiT 1904 wels quTaisSi moewyo moswavle-axalgazrdobis

masobrivi demonstracia mefis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg~ (251, 50). es sakiTxis

mxolod erTi mxarea.

XIX saukunis II naxevridan, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, rodesac

mimdinareobda sxvadasxva saxis reformebi sazogadoebis uflebebis

gazrdisaTvis da saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi CarTvisTvis, rogorc

ukve aRvniSne samocianelebi amasTan erTad erovnuli cnobierebis

amaRlebisTvis gadamwyvet nabijebs dgamen.

swored aRniSnuli periodidan moyolebuli sakmaod aqtiurdeba

sazogadoebis wamyvani nawili qarTveli studentebis dasaxmareblad,

romlebic ganaTlebas saqarTvelos farglebs gareT ruseTSi iRebdnen.

qarTuli kulturuli elita imedovnebda, rom ganaTlebamiRebuli

qarTvelebi samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg axali ZalebiT Seudgebodnen

samSoblos interesebis dasacavad moRvaweobas da ruseTSi miRebul

codnas da gamocdilebas sakuTari qveynis aRorZinebas moaxmardnen.

jer kidev XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi TbilisSi Camoyalibda

`Tbilisis keTilmoqmedi sazogadoeba~, romlis mizani Raribi

studentebis daxmareba iyo. am mimarTulebiT didi roli iTamaSa

`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~,

romelic sxvadasxva cnobil saqmianobasTan erTad qarTveli studentebis

daxmarebaSic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. amgvari RonisZiebebi qarTve-

li sazogadoebis mxridan mxolod erTjeradi ar yofila da mTeli XIX

saukunis II naxevarSi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen am mimarTulebiT

moRvaweobis gaZlierebas. am sakiTxs naTlad asaxavs ir. tatiSvilis da

T. dekanosiZis naSromi `moskovis universiteti da qarTveli

axalgazrdoba~ (282).

XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis ukve farTo xasiaTi hqonda miRebuli

qarTveli axalgazrdebis sazRvargareT swavlas, romelTa garkveuli

nawili politikuri, nawili ki kulturuli elitis warmomadgeneli

gaxda. samson fircxalava igonebs Tavis memuarebSi qarTveli

studentebis ruseTSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. `didi xniT da ambiT

vemzadebodiT qarTveli studentebi yovelwliuri qarTuli `saRamo-

balis~ mosawyobad. igi iyo araTu materialuri saxsris momcemi, aramed

120

qarTuli kulturis propagandis saSualebac. yvela zomas vxmarobdiT

rom igi rac SeiZleba Sinaarsiani da saintereso gamosuliyo. da,

marTlac, Cveni `saRamo~ did sazogadoebas izidavda, saqarTveloSic

vugzavnidiT warCinebul pirebs sapatio bileTebs, rasakvirvelia, isini

ver gveswrebodnen, magram daxmarebas gvigzavnidnen. `saRamos~ programaSi

aucileblad Sedioda qarTuli simRerebi, qarTuli cekva da cocxali

suraTebi, qarTuli literaturidan da cxovrebidan~ (205,26).

XX saukunis dasawyisidan qarTul mediaSi intensiuri xdeba

studentebis da moswavleebis mdgomareobasTan da maTi erovnuli

Segnebis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebiT publikaciebis beWdva, rac erT

mizans: maTi rolis da funqciebis gamokveTas emsaxureboda modernul

periodSi. XIX saukunis II naxevridan dawyebuli procesi, 90-ian wlebSi

garkveul cvlilebas ganicdis, rac gamowveulia erTi mxriv, glexobis

da meore mxriv, axali socialuri fenis proletariatis interesebis

dacvasTan. XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi politikuri situacia icvleba

mTlianad ruseTSi da bunebrivia es Tavisebur gamoZaxils poulobs

saqarTveloSic. am gavlenis Sedegad qarTulma erovnulma ideam trans-

formacia ganicada, marTalia grZeldeba ilias mier Camoyalibebuli

ideologiis mizanmimarTuli ganxorcieleba, magram aq erovnuli Segnebis

gaZlierebasTan erTad, muSaTa klasis revoluciuri moZraobis aqtiuro-

basTan dakavSirebiT, am cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebac saWiro iyo.

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, qarTveli sazogadoeba yovelTvis

TanagrZnobiT ekideboda studentebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. gazeTi

`iveria~ werda: `wels peterburgis qarTvelobas didi gamofxizleba

etyoba: studentebis saRamom Cinebulad Caiara, sxva warsul wlebzed

meti wminda Semosavali darCaT moswavleebs. Sesdga axalgazrda qal-

vaJTa wre, romelic didi xalisiT swavlobs qarTul istorias da

literaturas. axalgazrda, Cveni privat-docenti i. javaxiSvili ukiTxavs

maT yovel kviras leqciebs kerZo binazed, msmenelni gul-modgineT

emzadebian am leqciebisTvis, sweren referatebs da CvenTvis uCveulo

Tav-gamodebiT epyrobian am saqmes. amas garda, arsdeba aq ramodenime

axalgazrdebisagan inteligent qarTvelTa mudmivi wre, romelsac azrad

aqvs, SeZlebisdagvarad qarTul morig kiTxvisaTvis sataxto qalaqSive

121

zrunva. am azriT dawyebulia ukve molaparakeba Jurnal-gazeTebis

warmomadgenlebTan, rom sxvadasxva saWiroebaTa Sesaxeb SeiZlebodes

azris gamoTqma periodulad rusul presaSi. erTi sityviT, qarTveli

sazogadoeba fxizldeba aq. vinatroT, rom didxans gahyolodes mas es

ganwyobileba da `Cveneburad~, Cveulebrivad ar daeviwyebinos saqebi da

sasurveli azrebi~ (92, 3).

1920 wels `qarTveli studenti~ wers: `qarTveli studentoba

yovelTvis iyo gamsWvaluli erisadmi siyvarulis uwmindes grZnobiT.

drois xangrZlivobam da ukiduresma devnam ucxo mxareSi ver Cahkla is

diadi samSoblosadmi siyvarulis grZnoba, romelic cecxlebrivis

gznebiT Rvivoda mis gulSi, samSoblos ukidures gasaWiris da saSinel

movaleobis Rrma SegnebiT dadga eris Tavisuflebis mowinave

sadarajoze da TavganwirviT ibrZoda saxelovnad~ (153, 2).

amrigad, ganxiluli faqtobrivi monacemebi cxadyofs qarTveli

inteligenciis brZolas saqarTvelos interesebis dacvisaTvis.

bunebrivia, aseTi farTo masStabis sakiTxis gadawyveta mxolod erT

paragrafSi rTulia, Tumca gamomdinare disertaciis miznidan, rom

aRvadgino da Sevafaso XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTuli

garemo mxolod aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqebiT Semovifargle.

122

Tavi IV.

nacionaluri narativis formireba da nacionaluri

simboloebi (1900-1917).

$1. istoriuli mexsiereba da tradicia

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, 1900-1921 w.w. metad rTuli periodia. qarTul

sinamdvileSi kapitalisturi sistemis Camoyalibebis Semdeg iwyeba axali

gardaqmnebi ara mxolod ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri da politikuri

TvalsazrisiT. es aris ori sruliad gansxvavebuli ideologiis:

nacionalizmis da socializmis propagandis periodi. nacionalizmis da

socializmis ideologebi cdiloben yvela socialuri fenis faseulo-

baTa gaerTgvarovnebas, gansxvaveba imaSia, rom socializmi miznad isaxavs

saerTo mSromelTa saxelmwifos Seqmnas, nacionalizmi _ ki

saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebiT Tavisuflebis

brZolis mowodebas damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis. miuxedavad social-

demokratiis aqtiurobisa, saqarTveloSi nacionalisturi ideologia

mTavari iyo, miT umetes, rom rogorc cnobilia, TviTon social-

demokratebi nawilobriv erovnul poziciaze idgnen. swored amiT

aixsneba is, rom mTavari aqcenti keTdeba iseT identobriv

maxasiaTeblebze, rogoricaa istoriuli maxsovroba, tradicia, Teatri,

muzeumi.

istoriuli warsulis da tradiciebis rolze saubari mediis

saSualebiT epoqis erT-erTi aucilebeli moTxovna iyo. aRniSnul ideaTa

mniSvneloba qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi yovelTvis didi iyo da

saukuneebis manZilze erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebisTvis Seqmnil

ideologiaSi swored warsulis maxsovrobas ekava didi adgili. 1901

wels gazeT `iveriaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `mogoneba im tanjva-wamebisa,

romelic xalxs gamouvlia mTeli istoriuli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi,

survili masTan erTad wamebisa, gaTvaliswineba da dafaseba misis

warsulis gonebriv da zneobriv namoqmedarisa, Seswavla istoriuli

nawarmoebisa, _ ai ra Seadgens aucilebel Sinaarss erovnebisas, ai ra

hqmnis mas! amisTvis im xalxs, romelsac Tavisi warsuli istoriuli

123

cxovreba daviwyebia da mama-papaTa Rvawlsa da namoqmedars ar igonebs,

eri ar ewodeba. is mxolod individuumTa ubralo krebulia, brboa. aseT

xalxs momavalic ver gauRimebs, is mas ver gaaxarebs. mas momavalSi sxva

Zlier erebis morCileba moelis (85, 1). sakuTari qveynis istoriis,

tradiciebis, erovnuli idealebis gamgrZelebeli da damcveli eri

SeZlebs drois msvlelobaSi sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebas

da ganviTarebas~ (87, 1). marTalia, disertaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi

Camoyalibebulia wayaroTa sxvadasxva tipis Seswavlis saerTo analizis

safuZvelze, magram naSromis am nawilSi ZiriTadad daveyrdnobi beWduri

mediis monacemebs, romelic am mxriv mTavar rols TamaSobda.

saukuneebis manZilze qarTulma erTobam konsolidaciis formirebis

sxvadasxva faza gaiara. XIX saukunis II naxevarSi ki ganviTarebis axal

stadiaSi Sevida. XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi mimdinare movlenebi

swored am epoqis ideuri gagrZelebaa. rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli Cven-

jgufis wevrebi erTobad Tavs moiazrebdnen iseT faseulobebze

dayrdnobiT rogoricaa qarTuli ena, religia da mefobis instituti.

swored amitom XIX saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli ruseTis xelisuf-

lebam saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gauqmebis Semdeg

mTavari Zala mimarTa qarTuli erTobis arsebobis tradiciuli

elementebis: mefobis institutis, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

da qarTuli enis gauqmeba-Sesustebisaken.

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi antirusuli ajanyebebis warumateblad

dasrulebis Sedegad, qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita

darwmunda im etapze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis uperspeqtivobaSi da aqedan gamomdinare XIX saukunis II

naxevridan iwyeba erovnuli moZraobis axali etapi. adrindeli stiqiuri

SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobebi adgils uTmobs ideologiur brZolas,

saTanado Segnebis gaRvivebas mosaxleobaSi, rasac mTeli qarTveli

sazogadoeba unda Seemzadebina koloniuri uRlis mosaSoreblad (243).

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideologebi Semdeg miznebs

isaxavdnen: 1. avtonomiis formiT ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi gaerTianebas;

2. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan saglexo reformisa da burJuaziuli

reformebis Semdeg gaCnda met-naklebad Tavisufali socialuri fena.

124

saukuneebis ganmavlo-baSi glexis feodalur sistemaze morgebuli

cnobiereba axali sistemis pirispir aRmoCnda. amitom qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elitis sazrunavi xdeba iuridiulad

Tavisufali fenis sazogadoebasTan integracia; 3. qarTuli kulturuli

memkvidreobisa da saqarTvelos istoriis propaganda-aqtualizacia.

XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTveloSi sabolood

Camoyalibda kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli axali

socialuri struqtura. qarTuli sazogadoeba gardamaval xasiaTs

atarebda da batonymuri sistemis naSTebis likvidaciidan kapitalizmis

saboloo gamarjvebisaken mimaval gzaze idga. sazogadoebis gamravalfer-

ovnebasTan erTad sxvadasxvagvari gaxda sazogadoebis Semadgeneli

socialuri fenebis, jgufebisa Tu klasebis interesebic. yvela maTgans

sakuTari miswrafebebi gaaCnda da cdilobda isini sxvadasxva gziT

daekmayofilebina (265, 9) aseT viTarebaSi qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elita ormagad sapasuxismgeblo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.

saWiro iyo sworad SemuSavebuli da warmarTuli erovnuli programa,

romelsac erTobis wevrebis homogenizaciisTvis unda Seewyo xeli da

momavalSi maTi konsolidacia uzrunveleyo. es pirvel rigSi kulturis

erTobiT unda gamoxatuliyo. saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis warmomadgenels

unda hqonoda gancda imisa, rom `qarTveli eri erTia: kaxeli, imereli,

qarTleli, fSav-xevsuri, mTiuli, javaxeli, imereli, aWareli, megreli,

guruli da svani, yvela qarTvelia, yvelas udis qarTuli sisxli, yvela

laparakobs qarTul enaze, yvelas erTad gamouvlia warsul saukuneebSi

erTi da igive sixaruli da ubedureba. dRes yvela erT tafaSi iwvis da

yvelas uRvivis an unda uRvivodes erTnairi miswrafeba_kulturuli

Tavisufleba~ (96, 2). erTaderTi, rac anawilebs qarTvelebs erTmaneTis-

gan mxolod geografiuli sazRvrebi da geografiuli saxelwodebebia.

sinamdvileSi ki saqarTvelo erTiani qveyanaa da is mxolod qarTveli

eris kuTvnilebaa. qarTuli sazogadoebis moazrovne nawili kargad

acnobierebda kulturis erTobis aucileblobas, sazRvrebis mospobas,

ara marto calkeul kuTxeebs, aramed socialur klasebs Soris da

saerTo, erovnuli ideologiis irgvliv gaerTianebas. `samSoblos

siyvaruli ar Seadgens erTi romelisame klasis monopolias, is aris

125

saerTo grZnoba da, rogorc aseTi dgas klasobriv psixologiaze maRla.

ra idealebis momxrec unda iyos gansazRvruli socialuri klasi, ra

gamwvavebuli formac unda hqondes miRebuli klasobriv ganxeTqilebas,

saerTo erovnuli interesebi mainc realuri faqtia, romlis uarisyofa

mxolod Zalad dabrmavebis momaswavebelia. es saerTo niadagi advilad

dasanaxia gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac ers gareSe mtrisgan gansacdeli

moelis da rodesac mTeli eri erTdeba erovnul individualobis

dasacavad. aseTi momenti iwvevs erovnul enTuziazms da erovnul ZalTa

gaerTianebas. aseT dros klasobrivi winaaRmdegoba kargavs gamwvavebul

formas, is droebiT qreba da eri mTel Tavis ZalRoniT saerTo mtris

winaaRmdeg midis ieriSiT. (94, 2).

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis mxridan amgvari

mowodebebi SemTxveviTi ar yofila. istoriis ganviTarebis aRniSnul

monakveTSi qarTul sazogadoebas erovnuli Segnebis amaRleba namdvilad

esaWiroeboda. swored amitom ar darCenila arc erTi Jurnali da gazeTi,

arc erTi erovnuli dawesebuleba, sadac am problemaze ar iqneboda

saubari. giorgi gavazavas azriT, `pirveli moTxovnileba eris aRsadge-

nad aris misi erovnuli cnobierebis gamoRviZeba. Tu calke piri vera

grZnobs, rom igi nawilia erisa, rom misi bedniereba damokidebulia, Tu

materialurad ra, sulierad mainc mTeli eris bednierebaze, ra Tqma

unda yoveli erovnuli xasiaTis Sromac SeuZlebelia~ (224, 10).

rusuli gavlenis Sedegad erovnuli cnobierebis Sesustebas Tan

daerTo mTeli rigi socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnebi,

rac batonymobis gauqmebas, glexobis, rogorc axali Tavisufali fenis

statusiT gaCenas, kapitalizmis damkvidrebas da proletariatis

Camoyalibebas, revoluciebis mravalricxovnobas da gansxvavebuli

ideologiebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. axali gamowvevebis winaSe

aRmoCenili gauTviTcnobierebeli sazogadoeba arc erTmaneTs indobda

da saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolis nacvlad gauTavebel Sida

dapirispirebas axmardnen drosa da energias. amasTan dakavSirebiT 1876

wlis gazeT `droebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `qarTvelebs rom saRi erovnuli

Segneba hqondeT, mtkiced idgnen im rwmenaze, rom erovnebis gareSe

miuwvdomelia kultura, maSin Seqmnidnen iseT sulier erovnul wres,

126

romelic winaaRmdegobas gauwevda garegan borotebas, erovnuli vinaoba

ar daiCagreboda ise sastikad da SesaZlebeli iqneboda pirovnebis

warmoSoba da ganviTareba, miuxedavad garegani dabrkolebisa. amis

nacvlad, ojaxSi, sazogadoebaSi, kerZoobaSi Cven vxedavT mxolod

miswrafebas erovnuli wris mospobisadmi. gareSeebis devnils Cven

TviTon ara nakleb vdevniT da vaZlierebT im pirobebs, romlebic

uaryofen Cvens arsebobas~ (45, 1).

swored amitom cdilobdnen nacionalizmis ideologebi erovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis wina planze wamowevas da propagandas. istoriuli

maxsovroba da tradicia koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis erT-erTi

aucilebeli atributia. XX saukunis I ocwleulSi qarTuli kulturuli

da politikuri elita mTlianad orientirebulia qarTuli enisa da

warsulis maxsovrobis da tradiciebis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebaze. es

procesi Tavisi arsiT, rogorc Cans, universaluria. amas kargad aCvenebs

Teoriuli literatura: `samSoblo xdeba istoriu-li mexsierebisa da

asociaciebis sacavi adgili, sadac `Cveni~ brZeni winaprebi, wmindanebi da

gmirebi cxovrobdnen, Sromobdnen, loculobdnen da ibrZodnen. yovelive

amis gamo mSobliuri miwa unikaluri xdeba, misi mdinareebi, sanapiroebi,

tbebi, mTebi da qalaqebi `sakralur~ mniSvnelobas iZens~ (269, 11. 12).

miuxedavad imisa, rom 1901 wlidan iwyeba axali saukune,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia politikur movlenaTa xSiri

cvalebadoba, ideuri TvalsazrisiT 1900-1917 wlebi, 1864 wlidan Seqmnili

movlenebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. am konteqstSi 1864-1917 wlebi erT

periodad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. epoqis sirTulidan da drois xangrZli-

vobidan gamomdinare sakiTxis srulyofilad Seswavlis mizniT amjerad

ganvixilavT 1900-1917 wlebs.

aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli erTobis identobis SeswavlaSi

presis monacemebi did informacias Seicavs da pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba

eniWeba. Jurnal-gazeTebSi mocemulia calkeuli raionebis istoriul-

geografiuli da arqeologiur-eTnografiuli daxasiaTebebi. sistematu-

rad ibeWdeboda saqarTvelos istoriasTan dakavSirebuli statiebi, didi

yuradReba eTmoboda mefeebis, saxelmwifo moRvaweTa, wmindaTa da

sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa cxovreba-moRvaweobis mimoxilvas.

127

gamoqveynebulia, agreTve, xalxuri leqsebi, zRaprebi, legendebi.

mniSvnelovani adgili ekava Tanamedrove qarTul literaturas,

ibeWdeboda leqsebi, moTxrobebi, piesebi. istoriuli warsulis gaxseneba-

propagandasTan erTad mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoboda sxvadasxva

sazogado moRvaweTa biografiuli cnobebis gaSuqebas, rac qarTuli

erTobis wevrebs Soris saerTo qarTuli sivrcis Seqmnisa da gancdisaken

iyo mimarTuli. TiTqmis yvela publikaciaSi aRniSnul problemebze iyo

saubari.

publicistebi acnobierebdnen ra epoqis moTxovnilebebs warsulis

maxsovrobisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis propagandasTan erTad arc

Tanamedrove moTxovnebs tovebdnen uyuradRebod. Jurnal `mogzauris~

azriT warsulis Seswavla mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda nayofieri,

roca sazogadoeba arsebul sinamdviles awmyos Seufardebda da naTlad

gaacnobierebda winaparTa samSoblos winaSe gaweul Rvawls. rac mTava-

ria, Tanamedrove qarTvelic ganagrZobda im gzas, romelsac gadioda

arsebobis manZilze qarTveli eris yoveli wevri. (176, 4).

nacionaluri identoba, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs `erTobis wevrebs

Soris solidarobis iseTi kavSirebis arsebobas, rogoricaa saerTo

warsuli, miTebi da tradiciebi. istoriuli maxsovroba, romelic koleq-

tiur kulturul identobaze dafuZnebuli erTobis erT-erTi umTavresi

markeria, inaxavs gardacvlil wevrTa saxelebs, ufro zustad ki, saxeebs.

“simboloebi, gamogonili istoriebi iseve moqmedeben, rogorc realurni.

anu gamonagonic arsebobis TvalsazrisiT realuria. is ikavebs niSas,

romelsac koleqtiur mexsierebaSi Seesabameba ujredi `winapari~.

rogorc marTebulad aris SeniSnuli specialur literaturaSi, eTnikuri

erTobebi mnemonikuri koleqtivebia. maTi arseboba swored maxsovrobiT

aris gansazRvruli. ramdenad Zlieria es maxsovroba, ramdenad Rrmaa igi,

imdenad didia molodini imisa, rom eTnie Tavs SeinarCunebs da metic,

SeiZlebs miTebis gadatanas modernul ideologiaSi (295, 30).

swored amitom istoriuli warsulis gacnoba aucilebel saWiro-

ebas warmoadgenda. `saqarTvelos kulturuli istoriis Seswavla _ es

aris Seswavla da gacnoba qarTveli xalxisa yovels mxriT: swavla misi

cxovrebisa, zne-CveulebaTa, kanonebisa, dawesebulebaTa. es aris gaTval-

128

iswineba misi rogorc ekonomiuris, ise politikuris cxovrebisa. es aris

Seswavla qarTveli eris kulturuli moZraobisa rogorc warsulis, ise

Tanamedrovisa, awmyosi, romlis Sedegad advili xdeba momavlis

gaTvaliswineba (177, 68).

istoriuli warsulis codna yvela erisTvis aucilebeli da

saWiroa. magram es faqti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens dapyrobili

eris cnobierebaSi. warsuli ubralo istoriuli faqtebi ki aRar aris,

aramed TiToeuli movlena sakralur datvirTvas iZens da xSir

SemTxvevaSi eris gamaerTianebeli Zala xdeba. `garkveul teritoriasTan

an missave farglebSi romelime adgilTan mimarTebas SeiZleba hqondes

miTiuri da subieqturi xasiaTi. swored es kavSirebi da asociaciebia

ufro mniSvnelovani eTnikuri identifikaciisTvis, vidre am teritoriaze

cxovreba an misi gankargva. es is adgilia, romelsac mivekuTvnebiT.

xSirad es aris sakraluri miwa, Cvens mama-papaTa, rjulmdebelTa, mefeTa,

brZenkacTa, poetTa da mRvdelmsaxurTa miwa da amitom aris is Cveni

samSoblo. Cven iseve vekuTvniT mas, rogorc is Cven gvekuTvnis. garda

amisa, samSoblos sakraluri centri Tavs uyris eTnis wevrebs~ (269, 29).

aqedan gamomdinare qarTuli kulturuli elitis mTavari orientiri

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ararsebobis pirobebSi

qarTuli nacionaluri tradiciebis da im istoriuli pirebis wina

planze wamoweva xdeba, romlebmac saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvis

brZolas Tavi Seswires. radganac istoria did pirovnebas uyurebs ara

rogorc ubralo individs, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc Zalas,

romelsac Tavis moqmedebaSi istoriul moZraobas ganasaxierebs. gmiruli

warsuli, saxelovani adamianebi aris is Zala, romlis safuZvelze

erovnuli idea yalibdeba, saerTo dideba warsulSi, saerTo neba awmyoSi.

nacionalizmis ideologiebisaTvis saerTos warmoadgens warsulis

idealizacia. yuradRebis gamaxvileba erTobis warsulis `oqros xanaze~

did socialur mniSvnelobas iZens. amiT xazi esmeba erTobis

gangrZobadobas. agreTve, isaxeba sasurveli saerTo momavlis perspeqti-

vac. rogorc marTebulad miuTiTeben, nacionalizmis ideologia,

erTdroulad moiazrebs samive dros: awmyos, romelic mosawoni ar aris

(`ar gvwyalobs~), warsuls, romelic didebuli iyo da momavals,

129

romelic imedia, rom kargi iqneba, raxan erTobis cxovrebaSi iyo

periodi, romlis drosac man gamoavlina Tavisi didebuleba da

sicocxlisunarianoba. arsebiTad momavlis dasafuZvlebas emsaxureba

koncepti òqros xana~ da, amdenad, igi, agreTve nacionaluri

konsolidaciis erT-erT umTavres indikators warmoadgens (296, 30).

`daxasiaTeba romelsame istoriuli pirisa anu ambisa, srulis

simarTliT da SaravandediT, Cven migvaCnia ukeTes saSualebad sazogado-

ebisa da xalxis keTilSobiluris azrebiT, miswrafebiT da xasiaTebiT

gasamWvaleblad da aRsazrdelad. RvawlT da moqmedebiT farnavazisas,

mirianisas, vaxtang gorgaslisas, giorgebisas, bagratebisas, daviT

aRmaSeneblisas, Tamarisas; aTonis wminda mamaTas, rusTavelisas da

sxvaTa maT msgavsTa, gamoTqmulia istoriuls werilebsa Tu poemebsa da

moTxrobebSi didi aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba aqvT~ (176, 8). rogorc

Sesaval nawilSi aRvniSne XX saukunis I ocwleuli presis

mravalricxovnebiT da Tematuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi socialuri da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi

gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZenen da TiTiqmis yvela Jurnalsa Tu

gazeTSi amazea saubari, arsebobda nacionaluri mimarTulebis organoebi,

romlebic mTlianad mimarTuli iyo qarTvelTa Soris erovnuli

cnobierebis amaRlebisken. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia gazeTebi: ìveria~,

~Temi~, `saqarTvelo~, `samSoblo~, ìmereTi~, Jurnali `mogzauri~ (1900-

1904w.w.). gazeT `Temis~ 144-e nomerSi vkiTxulobT: ìstoriulma msvlelo-

bam dagvimtkica, rom es patara saqarTvelo yovelgvar gasaWirs da

gansacdels gauZlebs da marTlac is eri, romelmac warmoSoba:

rusTaveli, mTawmindelebi, gorgaslani, daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe,

giorgi saakaZe da sxva maTi msgavsi, gana sasikvdiloa?~ (118, 3).

epoqis arsidan gamomdinare, garda imisa, rom beWduri media saerTo

nacionaluri ideebis propagandas eweoda, aseve aqcentirebuli iyo

ùbralo xalxis~ TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebaze, radgan momxdariyo

erTobis wevrebs Soris daaxloeba da saerTo saqmis procesSi yvela

socialuri fenis Tanabari ZalebiT CarTva. saqarTvelos istoriaSi

cnobili pirovnebebis, wmindanebis Tu sxvaTa Rvawlis gaSuqebas

erovnuli grZnobis amaRlebis datvirTva gaaCnda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo,

130

rom gamorCeuli mefeebis istoriis da moRvaweobis gaSuqebas

mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoboda presis furclebze, kulturuli da

politikuri elitis mTavari mizani warsulis detaluri gacnoba da

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi am gamocdilebis TanamedroveobaSi gadmotana da

realizeba iyo saWiro. amasTan iseTi gmirebis xelaxla aRzrda,

romlebmac saqarTvelos erTianobisTvis brZolas Tavi Seswires.

`ubralo xalxmac unda ikiTxos istoria. igi Searigebs mas arsebul

wesTa usrulobas, viTarca Cveulebriv movlenasTan yvela saukuneebSi,

anugeSebs samefo ubedurebaSi, umtkicebs ra rom uwinac yofila aseTi

ambebi da ufro usaSinlesebic da samefo ki mainc ar darRveula. bevri

saSineli wami unaxavs Cvens xalxsa da ersa, susti adamiani susti xalxi

maSinve Sehrigebia mtersa da dauTmia misTvis Tavisi alami _ ase ar

iqceoda qarTveli: igi gmirulad umklavdeboda mters da xSirad sZlevda

kideca mas~ (176, 10). es mowodebebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba

garkveulwilad gadaRlili da uimedo iyo ruseTis imperis winaaRmdeg

uSedego brZolebiT. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi arsebuli SemarTeba

naklebad Cans XIX saukunis II naxevarSi. socialuri xasiaTis

gardaqmnebma ki axali satkivari da problema gauCina ara mxolod

sazogadoebis wamyvan nawils, aramed TiToeul qarTvels.

saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvliani codna, qarTuli kulturuli

da politikuri elitis azriT, gmiruli ambebis gaxsenebasTan erTad

warsulSi Cadenil Secdomebsac axsenebs sazogadoebas. es yovelive ki

momavalSi swori moqmedebis saSualebas miscems qveyanas da rac mTavaria,

daanaxvebs imas, rom warsulSic yofila Znelbedobis dro, magram

erTianobas, brZolis Jins da samSoblos siyvaruls qarTveloba mtris

winaaRmdeg daurazmavs da swored maTi damsaxurebaa saqarTvelos

arseboba. `marTalia bevr winaaRmdeg faqtebsac warmogvidgens Cveni

warsuli da awindeli cxovreba, bevrs magaliTebs vxedavT maTSi Zmisas

da qveynis Ralatisas, sakuTaris xeliT yelis gamoWrisas, sul ubralo

saqmis gaugebrobasa, TiTqmis velurobasa, magram arc amaTi Seswavlaa

urigo da umniSvnelo: igini gvamcneven Cvens naklsa da manksa, gvZenen

sibrZnesa da gamocdilebas, ganaviTareben Cvens moqalaqurs xasiaTsa da

moqmedebis unarsa~ (176, 4). saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos gadarCena,

131

maTi azriT, mxolod warsulis codniT iyo SesaZlebeli. radganac

individi, romelic kargavs maxsovrobas, kargavs Tavis vinaobas. vinaobis

sawinaaRmdegod, istoria aris yovelTvis rekonstruqcia. warsulis

maxsovrobis gareSe ki istoria ar iqneba rekonstruirebuli. `veraferi

ver daixsnis ers gadaSenebisagan, Tu Cvenis araferi gagvegeba, Tu ar

vecdebiT samSoblosadmi wminda siyvaruls, samSoblos sakeTildReod

marad da yovelTvis uangarod moqmedebas da Tavdadebis danergvasa... es

ki SeiZleba mxolod gamudmebuls da Seuyeneblis swavliT mSobliurisa

yovelTa wvlilTa, raica marad centri unda iyos yovelis swavlisa~

(176, 4).

SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom beWduri mediis mTavari mizani warsulis

maxsovrobis codnis gaZliereba da propaganda iyo, radgan saerTo

istoriuli warsuli erTobis wevrebis konsolidaciis aucilebeli

winapirobaa: `rogor unda iyos Sobili awmyo warsulisagan, ai ra unda

gvaswavlos samSoblos warsulis zedmiwevniT Seswavlam da gamokvlevam.~

(176, 198). miuxedavad imisa, rom warsulis codnas, Jurnal `mogzauris~

publicistebis azriT, yvela saWirod ar Tvlida, isini mainc

arwmunebdnen sazogadoebas mis aucileblobaSi: `zrunva da cxovreba

marto awmyosa da momavlisaTvis, yovels ukuxedad warsul qviSaze

aSenebuli saxlia. Tu gvinda, rom saxli mtkice da Seuryeveli idges,

misTvis aucileblad saWiroa mtkiceve da Seuryvneli saZirkveli. asevea

awmyo da momavali, Tu gvinda, rom igi mtkice da Seuryvneli iyos,

aucileblad saWiroa, maTac ueWvelad mtkice saZirkveli hqondeT. xolo

es saZirkveli warsulis zedmiwevniT gacnoba Seswavlaa~ (177, 198).

politikuri cenzuris miuxedavad, qarTveli inteligencia beWduri

mediis saSualebiT istoriuli warsulis, tradiciebis da zogadad

saqarTvelos istoriis propagandiT yvela qarTvels Tanamedrove

epoqaSic konsolidaciisken mouwodebda.

e. smiTis mixedviT, nacia adamianTa iseTi erTobaa, romlis

safuZvelsac koleqtiuri kulturuli identoba warmoadgens: “rogorc

saxelwodebidanac Cans, amgvar identobebs gansazRvravs mocemuli

erTobis anu koleqtivis kultura. naciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

kulturis gansakuTrebuli tipi _ sajaro kultura anu kultura,

132

romlis umaRlesi gamovlinebani Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia mocemuli

erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis. eTnosimbolizmis umTavresi miRweva naciebisa

da nacionalizmis urTierTdakavSirebuli fenomenebis gaazrebaSi isaa,

rom am midgomam dagvanaxa: nacia, upirveles yovlisa kulturis formaa.

Sesabamisad, nacionalizmis ideologiis kulturuli aspeqti Zalian

mniSvnelovania. nacionalistis TvalTaxedviT xom nacia is erTobaa,

romlis wevrebsac gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi kulturuli erToba da

TavdadebiT iRvwian nacionaluri kulturis meSveobiT nacionaluri

individualobis ganviTarebisaTvis” (294, 225).

nacionaluri ideologia xels uwyobs erTobis wevrebis saerTo

nacionaluri fsiqologiis ganmtkicebas, amitom kulturuli elitis

mTavari orientiri yovelTvis, yvela epoqaSi warsulis faseulobebis

propagandaa eris momavlis arsebobisaTvis. modernul epoqaSi am

funqcias asrulebs beWduri media. is faqti, rom modernuli naciis

arsebobaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs beWduri media dRes ukve

aRaravisTvis siaxles ar warmoadgens. XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSic

gacnobierebuli hqondaT qarTvel sazogado moRvaweebs misi saWiroeba.

faqtobrivad aRniSnul epoqaSi mTavari sakontaqto saSualeba xalxTan

swored media iyo. amitomac swored aq Cndeba mowodebebi samSoblos

Sesaxeb. `yovel adamians, ragind umecari iyos igi, Seugneblad mainc

uyvars Tavis eri da samSoblo. magram es ar kmara! saWiroa adamians

Segnebulad uyvardes isini, es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca mas

kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli Tavis warsuli da awmyo. aseTi adamiani

fxizlad uyurebs Tavis eris istoriis msvlelobas, is namdvili

moqalaqea da mamuliSvili, is aqtiuri moqmedi piria. samSoblos

Segnebuli siyvaruliT gaJRenTilia mTeli misi arseba. aseTi siyvaruli

didebuli moZravi Zalaa, es adamianis moqmedi dinamoa. am siyvarulis

gziT is hqmnis saero mwerlobas, xelovnebas, mecnierebas, aviTarebs enas,

is hqmnis WeSmarit eris kulturas, mis brwyinvale momavals (72 2).

Jurnal-gazeTis publicistebi warsulis codnis aucileblobas

Zlieri qveynis Seqmnas da ukeTesi momavlis aSenebas ukavSirebdnen:

`yovel ganaTlebul qveyanaSi da yovel ganaTlebul adamianisaTvis

warsulis gacnoba savaldebulod iTvleba _ igi SeuZleblad xdis

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erTxel Cadenil Secdomebis gameorebas da SemdegSi samoqmedo gzasac

gvinaTebs, warsulis gacnoba gvaCvevs awmyoSi kargsa da avis garCevas da

warsuls pativiscemaze zrdis momaval bednierebas da gamarjvebis

imedebs. iq, sadac es warsulis pativiscema ar aris, sadac yoveli Taoba

axlad iwyebs saqmes da warsuli gamocdilebiT sargeblobas ar etaneba

_ iq winsvla da ganviTareba saeWvo aris da damarcxeba _ aucilebeli~

(70, 1).

nebismieri erisTvis sakuTari qveynis istoriis Seswavlas `Temi~

eris arsebobis pirobad miiCnevs: `saWiroa adamianisaTvis sakuTari eris

warsulis Seswavla. yoveli adamiani dakavSirebulia Tavis erTan da

samSoblosTan sulierad da fizikurad. is aris eris ujredi, mas

akavSirebs erTiani deda-ena, zne-Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, xelovnebani,

alRo da miswrafebani, sazogadoT is xorcieli da sulieri

individualoba, romelic axasiaTebs ama Tu im ers da mis Svilebs. am

rigaT, eri dedaa adamianis da rogorc mSobeli, aCens da hkvebavs mis

arsebaSi Tavis kargsa Tu cud Tvisebas. amitom Tu surs adamians

Seiswavlos Tavisi Tavi, Tavis fizika da fsiqika, uwinares yovlisa man

unda Seiswavlos kargad Tavisi eri, misi awmyo da warsuli” (72, 2).

istoriuli warsulis gacnobiT gazeTi cdilobs daarwmunos

erTobis wevrebi, rom saqarTvelos rogorc qveynis arseboba saukuneebis

manZilze qarTvelTa brZolis Sedegia da am monapovars SenarCuneba

sWirdeba: `mraval saukuneTa qariSxalma grigaliviT gadaiara Cvens

Tavze, Tumca xalxis jani ver gastexa. saqarTveloSi sulierad

ganmtkicebuli gaxldaT rwmena, Cveni xati da winaparTa Tayvaniscema.

Zvel wesTa da adaT-rwmenis Seryvna da gaTaxsireba araviTar sasixarulo

movlenas ar Seadgens da miT umetes winsvlas. ingreodnen saxelmwifoebi,

istoriul sarbielze mravalma erma ganuteva suli da ukvalod

Caiferfla Tavis naSenTa nangrevebSi. iveria ki ar gahqra, sul im

rwmenis, Cveulebis ZaliT. yvela adamianis movaleobaa daicvas Tavis

individualoba, ase irjebian yvela erebi~ (70, 2). imisTvis, rom sazoga-

doeba iyos erTiani da ibrZodes samSoblos TavisuflebisTvis saWiroa

naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli sakuTari roli eris arsebobis

istoriaSi, safuZvlianad icnobdes qveynis istorias, tradicias da am

134

yovelivesadmi gaaCndes siyvaruli. qarTuli inteligenciis mTavari

mizani am grZnobis gaRviveba iyo. `samSoblos siyvaruli erTi ZiriTadi

grZnobaTagania adamianis bunebaSi, vinac samSoblos siyvaruls atarebs

gulSi, mas uyvars deda-ena, samSoblo mxare, didi pativiscema aqvs mas

samSoblo gmirebisa, mwerlebisa. samSoblos siyvaruli rwmenad eqceva

kacs da es rwmena mis moqmedebas gansazRvrul mimarTulebas aZlevs.

cxadia, samSoblos siyvaruli acxovelebs adamians, unergavs mas

energias, badebs masSi idealisadmi miswrafebas, iwvevs mas sagmiro

saqmeebisaken~ (97, 2). is faqti, rom xSirad keTdeba aqcenti istoriul

pirebze, maT damsaxurebaze eris arsebobis SenarCunebaSi, qarTul wes-

Cveulebebze, tradiciaze da im ZiriTad erovnul maxasiaTeblebze,

rooricaa ena, sarwmunoeba mianiSnebs maT did rols qarTuli

cnobierebis istoriaSi. `qarTuli gazeTis~ erT-erTi statiis

`qarTvelebis erovnuli mdgomareoba~, avtori svams kiTxvas `ra iyo

mizezi, rom erTma muWa qarTvelma xalxma ori aTasi wlis gaWirvebasa da

mterTagan musvras dauZlo da Tavisi erovneba dRemdis moitana?~ _ da

TviTonve pasuxobs _ `erTi umTavresi mizezi, sxva bevr mizezTa Soris

aris is Zala, romelsac saxelad ewodeba erovnuli suli. am sulis

konkretuli gamomxatveloba aris ena, zne-Cveuleba, gansakuTrebuli wesi

azrovnebisa, literatura, xelovneba...~ (154, 5).

qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis mier presis saSualebiT erovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis propaganda erT mizans emsaxureboda qarTvelTa

erTianobas. `yvela, visac qarTveli eris kulturuli aRorZineba surs,

unda ecados moispos samudamod yvelaferi, rac acalkevebs erTmaneTSi

qarTlsa da kaxeTs, imereTsa da amereTs, guriasa da samegrelos, aWarasa

da svaneTs. erTi azriT, erTi miswrafebiT unda iyos gamsWvaluli yvela

qarTveli saqarTvelos kidiT kidemde. am saerTo grZnobebis

gasaRviZeblad da gasamagreblad aucileblad saWiroa saerTo erovnul-

kulturul dawsebulebaTa Seqmna, rom yvela kuTxis qarTveli am

dawesebulebebSi erTmaneTs xvdebodes da saerTo moqmedebas eCveodes.

saWiroa qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznauroba SeTanxmebiT iwyebdes sxvadasxva

saqmes. Tbilisis qarTuli gimnazia, quTaisis gimnaziasTan erTad da

SeTanxmebiT eweodes Tavis diad saqveyno saqmes, Tbilisis qarTuli

135

gazeTebi quTaisis qarTul gazeTebTan saqmes iWerdnen da yoveli

Tbilisisaken mcxovrebi qarTveli Tavis movaleobad sTvlidnen

quTaisisaken qarTul-erovnuli da sazogado cxovrebis majiscemas Tval-

yuri adevnos ise, rogorc quTaisis yoveli qarTvelis Tvali

Tbilisisaken unda iyos mipyrobili, rom yvelam erTmaneTis Wiri da

varami Tanasworad icodes, rom am Wirsa da varams yvela Tanasworad

grZnobdes da Tavis sakuTar Wirad da varamad miiCnevdes~ (160, 2).

$2. Teatri da muzeumi

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi istoriuli warsulis,

tradiciebis, wes-Cveulebebis propagandasTan erTad aqtualuri xdeba e.

w. nacionaluri simboloebi, nacionaluri idealebi, romelic pirvelad

me-17 saukunis bolosa da me-18 saukunis dasawyisSi gaCnda dasavleT

evropaSi (268, 36).

`nacionaluri simboloebi, wes-Cveulebebi da ceremoniebi naciona-

lizmis yvelaze mZlavri aspeqtebia. maTSi xorcSesxmulia nacionalizmis

ZiriTadi ideebi. maTi meSveobiT es ideebi naTeli da xelmisawvdomi

xdeba naciis yvela wevrisaTvis. am gasagebi da adviladmisawvdomi eniT

gadmocemuli abstraqtuli ideologiis doqtrina myisier da Zlier

emociur gamoZaxils hpovebs sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi~ (269, 96).

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom evropaSi ganaTlebamiRebuli qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi qarTuli erTobis

wevrebs Soris erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebas nacionaluri

simboloebis meSveobiTac Seecadnen. XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan

beWduri mediis saSualebiT aqtiuri agitacia iwyeba. 1912 wels gazeTi

`Temi~ werda: `ra rigaT SeuZlia adamians Seiswavlos Tavis eris awmyo

da warsuli? amis Seswavla SeiZleba ara marto istoriuli wignebiT,

136

matianeebiT, memuarebiT, istoriul pirTa biografiebiT, eris mwerlobis,

xelovnebis da zepir Tqmulebis gacnobiT, istoriul naSTTa naxviT, eris

eTnografiuli SeswavliT, aramed mogzaurobiT, istoriul pirTa da

movlenebis iubileebiT~. droa mivapyroT gulisyuri Cvens didebul

warsuls da aRvniSnoT igi Sesafer ZeglebiT da iubileebiT. istoriuli

piris iubile aris istoriuli burusidan istoriuli piris gamoyvana. am

rigaT gaSuqebuli movlena Rrma gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze da maT

fsixikaze Taobidan Taobamde gadadis~ (72, 2).

istoriuli warsulis SenarCunebasa da dacvaSi istoriul pirTa

iubileebsa da dResaswaulebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

aRniSnuli problemis mogvareba ki, qarTvel ers saSualebas miscemda

Rirseulad mdgariyo kulturul erTa rigebSi. `yvela ganaTlebul

qveynebSi ukve saanbano WeSmaritebadaa cnobili, rom yoveli eris awmyo

damyarebulia mis warsulze. am oriveze ki misi momavali. amitom Tu

gvsurs kargad gavecnoT Cvens awmyos, unda SeviswavloT kargad

qarTveli eris warsuli. am codniT (iubileebiT, ceremoniebiT _ n.s.) ki

Cven advilaT gaviTvaliswinebT eris momavals, aRar agvebneva gza-kvali

istoriul srbolaSi da aRar mogviva is didi Secdomani, rac gvemarTeba

xolme xSirad, droa qarTvelebmac SevignoT es diadi cneba da miT

amovudgeT gverdSi sxva kulturul erebs~ (72, 2).

aRniSnul procesebTan erTad XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi erT-erTi

mTavari sakiTxi, rac inteligenciis safiqrals warmoadgenda, muzeumis

gaxsna iyo: `ganvizraxeT erovnul siZveleT mouyaroT Tavi. Cvenis

xelovnebis, mwignobrobis, saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis da saerTod

mTelis Cvenis istoriis da kulturis naSTebi xelidan gvecleba. Tu

Cvenis daudevrobiT, Tu JamTa viTarebisa, mtaceblobis da sxvaTa da

sxvaTa mizezTa gamo. dauyovnebliv saWiroa erTi saSviliSvilo taZris

ageba, muzeumis saxiT, romelSic is mainc davicvaT, rac jer kidev

SegvrCenia erovnuli simdidridan~ (68, 2). erT-erT nacionalur simbolod

moiazreboda muzeumi, romelsac qarTuli erTobis cnobierebis

SenarCunebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda. muzeumi iqneboda is

adgili, sadac Tavs mouyridnen da warmoadgendnen qarTuli

kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel cocxal eqsponatebs. maTi naxvis

137

saSualeba eqneboda yvela qarTvels, ganurCevlad imisa ecodineboda Tu

ara mas wera-kiTxva. nebismieri qarTveli cocxlad naxavda yvela im

nivTs, romelic saqarTvelos istoriis sxvadasxva etaps asaxavda

`umTavresi yuradReba qarTveli sazogadoebisa unda iyos miqceuli

TbilisSi qarTuli erovnuli muzeumis Senobis agebaze. aq unda

Segrovdes qarTuli erovnebis damaxasiaTebeli istoriul-eTnografiuli

masala, rom yovel qarTvels SeeZlos Tavisi Tavi gaicnos da

ucxoelsac gaacnos~ (68, 2).

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi muzeums mxolod

warsulis amsaxveli nivTebis Sekrebis da qarTveli da ucxoeli

sazogadoebis winaSe popularizaciis datvirTva ar gaaCnda. nacionaluri

konsolidaciis aRniSnul etapze muzeums istoriuli mexsierebis

SenarCunebaSi unda Seewyo xeli da momavali TaobebisTvis Seenaxa

erovnuli saganZuri. `muzeumis mniSvneloba is iqneba, rom yovel

mkvlevars saSualeba miecema erT adgilas xelSi iqonios sxvadasxva

siZvele da yoveli mnaxvelisTvis TvalsaCino iqneba _ ra iyo Cveni

warsuli. muzeumSi moTavsebuli Zveli nivTebis garda istoriuli

warsulisa, cxadad dagvixatavs Tvalwin wasul kulturas, xelovnebas,

mxatvrobas, xuroTmoZRvrebas da sxva dargs adamianis Sromisas. didi

mniSvneloba isicaa, rom aTasi saintereso Zveli nivTi dabneulia

xalxSi, zogan SerCeviT Senaxulia, zogan samaxsovro nivTad gadaqceula,

mecnieruli mosazrebiT ki aravin efereba. ase rom, dRes Tu xval es

nivTebi mouvlelobiT gafuWdeba, daikargeba da sul moispoba da

mecnieris Tvals verc ki naxavs. amitom maTi erT adgilas Tavis moyra da

sifrTxiliT dacva yovelgvari mosaspobi pirobisagan _ mxolod

muzeumis agebis da mowyobis saSualebiT SeiZleba. amgvarad, muzeumi

erTgvari ganZi iqneba Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi da saukeTeso saSuakeba

warsulis gamosakvlevad~ (98, 3).

garda imisa, rom inteligenciis RonisZiebebs erovnuli datvirTva

gaaCnda da saerTo nacionaluri cnobierebis ganmtkicebas isaxavda

qarTuli erTobis wevrebs Soris, yovelive zemoaRniSnulis politikuri

motivic edo safuZvlad. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturuli

memkvidreobis propagandiT qveynis teritoriaze mravalsaukunovani

138

saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli tradiciebis popularizaciiT

sazRvargareT da, maT Soris, ruseTis pirispir, sakuTari

saxelmwifoebrivi moTxovnilebis legitimacias axdenda.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axal etapze qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elita ideologiur gavlenas axdens

erTobis wevrebze da maTSi saerTo nacionalur interesebze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas. muzeumi ki saSualebas miscemda qarTvelebs `enaxaT da

SeegrZnoT warsulis didebis TvalnaTlivi maCvenebeli: qarTuli

kultura, gaecnobierebinaT is faqti, rom maT saerTo, saamayo warsuli

aqvT. noe Jordania aRniSnavda: `yvela xalxi Tavis istoriul

ganviTarebaSi eqvemdebareba raime wesrigs, raime kanons. am kanonis

umTavres muxls Seadgens is xana, roca xalxi grZnobs Tavis-Tavs erT

erad, WirSi da lxinSi ganuyrelia, aqvs warmodgena Tavis erovnul `me~-

ze da amas SegnebulaT icavs. iq, sadac erovnuli Segneba ar sufevs, iq

arc erovneba arsebobs, iq mxolod adamianTa gundia, eTnografiuli

krebulia~ (204, 13).

erovnuli aqtivobis aRniSnul etapze warsulis aqtualizebas

beWdur mediasTan erTad eweoda qarTuli Teatri. rogorc sagazeTo

publikaciebidan Cans, Teatri did rols TamaSobda qarTul

sazogadoebaSi. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCunebaSi da rusuli

agresiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda.

antirusuli suliskveTebisa da erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis

saqmeSi Teatrma udidesi roli Seasrula. am kulturul dawesebulebebs

yvelaze axlo kavSiri hqonda xalxTan, amitom SeeZlo didi emociuri

zemoqmedebis moxdena adamianze, maTSi erovnuli grZnobebis gaRviveba da

sabrZolo suliskveTebis SenarCuneba (218, 336). swored aman ganapiroba

qarTuli Teatris sicocxlisunarianoba, rac pirvel rigSi gamowveuli

iyo imiT, rom igi realurad asaxavda qarTul sinamdviles, misi

erovnuli TviTmyofadobis sarkes warmoadgenda. Teatris scenaze

idgmeboda istoriuli xasiaTis speqtaklebi, cocxldebodnen istoriuli

pirebis saxeebi, rasac mosaxleobis dabali fenebis cnobierebaze

patriotizmis aRorZinebis zegavlena hqonda (278, 96).

sazogadod Teatri yvela eris cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols

139

asrulebda da asrulebs, magram qarTvelobisTvis mas mravali datvirTva

gaaCnda. garda imisa, rom Teatri kulturis ganviTarebaSi mTavar rols

TamaSobs, saqarTveloSi istoriuli mexsierebis da qarTuli enis

moqalaqeobrivi mniSvnelobis SenarCuneba misi daniSnuleba iyo. iseT

mgdomareobaSi myofi erisTvis, rogorSic qarTveloba iyo Teatrs

mTavari funqcia gaaCnda. es iyo erTaderTi dawesebuleba, sadac qarTul

enaze saqarTvelos istoria da kultura axal ganzogadebas iZenda.

`Teatri TviTon faqtoria xalxis kulturuli gawvrTnis da

gaSalaSinebis saqmeSi. aqtiuri momqmedia Segnebuli sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis duRilis, xelis Sewyobis saerTo socialuri sifxizlis da

ganaxlebis. Tu sazogadod Teatris roli yvelgan didmniSvnelovani da

yovelmxrivad sagulisxmieroa. Cveni eris cxovrebaSi mas kidev sxva

gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis asruleba aqvs dakisrebuli Cveni sazoga-

doebrivi ganviTarebis istoriisagan. igi aRmZvrelia sazogadoebaSi

esTeTiur moTxovnilebebis da grZnobebis, gamafaqizebelia sazogado-

ebrivi zneobis, Seudarebeli maswavlebelia saerTo avkargianobis, magram

CvenSi is amave dros didi skolaa devnili deda-enis dacvis,

ganviTarebis da gavrcelebis~ (160, 1).

Teatris faqtoris aseTi popularizeba gamomdinareobda iqidanac,

rom dabali socialuri fenebis ganaTlebis da erovnuli cnobierebis

amaRlebis sakiTxSi misi roli gadamwyveti iyo. maSin rodesac,

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi swavla-ganaTleba rusul enaze mimdi-

nareobda da TiTqmis yvela organoSi rusuli ena iyo momqmedi, qarTveli

sazogado moRvaweebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen, Teatris saSualebiT,

mosaxleobis dabali fenebisTvis SeeqmnaT yvelanairi piroba qarTul

enaze gaecnoT sakuTari qveynis istoria da kultura. `Teatria erovnuli

simdidris saunje, Teatria suraTi namdvili cxovrebisa: iq, rogorc

sarkeSi, aRbeWdilia saxe Cveni cxovrebisa, Teatris warmateba da

gamSveniereba erTsa da imave dros xelis Sewyobaa sazogadoebis

aRzrdisa da erovnuli TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebisa~ (105, 1).

marTalia, presaSi Teatrs xSirad akritikebdnen, magram es pirvel

rigSi misi naklis aRmosafxvrelad iyo mimarTuli. mTavari moTxovna iyo:

erovnuli Tematikis wina planze wamowevasTan erTad, `evropuli~ mxarec

140

gaeTvaliswinebinaT. `qarTuli TeatrisaTvis saWiroa Zveli gzis uaryofa

da ase vTqvaT `gaevropieleba~. e.i. saWiroa Teatrma daanaxvos da agemos

sazogadoebas Tanamedrove kulturis nayofi da namoRvawari sasceno

xelovnebaSi. saWiroa ganviTarebuli da inteligenturi Zalebis gamosvla

am asparezze, romelnic miznad daisaxaven swored Teatris ganaxlebas~

(158, 1). baTumis gazeTi ki ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis gulgrilobaze TeatrTan mimarTebaSi. `arc erT Cveni

qveynis kuTxeSi ar aris moklebuli qarTveloba qarTul warmodgenebs

ise, rogorc baTumSi. Cven viciT, rom sadac ki cxovrobs Tu gind imis

mesamedi qarTveloba, ramdenic baTumSi, TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobs an

dramatiuli sazogadoebebi an TavianTi dasi an scenismoyvareTa jgufebi.

garda Tbilisisa da quTaisisa, dramatiuli sazogadoebebi arsebobs

WiaTuraSi, soxumSi, baqoSi, xonSi, foTSi da sxva. am qalaqebSi

sistematurad yovelTvis imarTeba. amaT garda ar aris saqarTvelos arc

erTi mivardnili daba-sofelic ki, rom drogamoSvebiT mainc qarTuli

warmodgenebi ar imarTebodes. mxolod mTel gamonakliss warmoadgens

baTumi~ (36, 2).

Salva dadiani Tavis memuarebSi ixsenebs: `quTaisis qarTuli

Teatri, garda Tavisi pirdapiri daniSnulebisa, erTgvarad emsaxureboda

qarTuli inteligenciis azrovnebis gaRrmavebasa da sifaqizes. maSin

quTaisi, metwilad, warmoadgenda movaWre xalxis da dawesebulebis

mosamsaxureTa liangs, maTSi eris agreTve moqeife TavadaznaurTa wre da

Zalian mcire nawili inteligenciisa. ase rom quTaisis Teatris

Semadgenloba Tavis azrovnebiT mainc oaziss warmoadgenda, magram

Zalian gabeduls sityvebs da ideaTa aRiarebas moismendiT~ (197, 6).

XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTulma garToba-sanaxaobebma garkveuli

formireba ganicada da XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi Teatrma

Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo da nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesSi

erT-erTi mTavari roli iTamaSa. cnobili socialist-federalisti,

qarTveli politikuri moRvawe giorgi lasxiSvili memuarebSi wers: `XX

saukunis 10-ian wlebSi qarTuli Teatri ukve didi da Zlieri dargia

Cveni qveynis kulturuli cxovrebisa. Cven ukve ramdenime Zlieri dasi

gvyavs TbilisSi da quTaisSi, bevri profesionali artisti da reJisori.

141

garda amisa, gaZlierda da gaumjobesda saxalxo Teatris saqme ara

marto TbilisSi, aramed quTaisSic da zogierT daba-qalaqSic~ (200, 249).

gazeTi `Temi~ aqtiurad aris dakavebuli qarTuli Teatris

saqmianobis gaSuqebiT mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, im rolis

warmoCeniT, rac Teatris arsebobas hqonda qarTvelTa konsolidaciaSi:

`Teatri iq, sadac eri Tavis politikur-sazogadoebrivi pirobebis mxriv

metad Seviwrovebuli da Seborkilia, iq Teatri did erovnul-kulturul

Zalas warmoadgens. swored amitom eloliaveba qarTul Teatrs qarTveli

xalxis yvela Segnebuli elementi, muSa iqneba igi Tu saqmis mimcemi~ (68,

1). qarTuli kulturuli elita acnobierebda ra konsolidaciis

aucileblobas, erTobis wevrebis daaxlovebaSi Teatrs gadamwyvet

mniSvnelobas aniWebda: `Teatris saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba CvenTvis

sajaro saubari samSoblo enaze xalxTan. saWiroa es saSualeba miznis

dacvaSi gamoviyenoT~ (67, 2). aRniSnuli problemis aqtualobas mowmobs

Teatris sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili 30-mde statia gazeT `TemSi~, sadac

detalurad iyo gaSuqebuli Teatris saqmianoba.

erT teritoriaze xangrZlivi cxovreba, urTierTSoris mtkice

ekonomikuri, kulturuli kavSiri, yofa-cxovrebiTi urTierToba da

bolos, yvela am urTierTobis saSualebad erTi saerTo enis gamoyeneba

bunebrivad ayalibebs fsiqikuri wyobis erTobas, rac kulturis erTobiT

vlindeba. qarTuli presa, qarTuli Teatri, qarTuli skola is mZlavri

iaraRi iyo, romliTac mtkicdeboda qarTvelTa fsiqikuri wyobis erToba,

rac Tavs iCenda kulturis erTobiT (235, 25).

amdenad, beWdur mediaze dakvirveba saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,

rom qarTuli erTobis wevrebs Soris saerTo nacionaluri cnobierebis

aRdgena-SenarCunebaSi warsulis maxsovrobas, tradiciebs, nacionalur

simboloebs erT-erTi mTavari mniSvneloba hqonda.

142

Tavi V.

qarTuli garemo da erovnuli identoba

saqarTvelos istoriis Sefasebis da analizis procesSi metad

mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi aRqmebis roli. aRniSnuli problemis

Sesaswavlad seriozuli wyaroTa baza arsebobs beWduri mediis saxiT.

modernul epoqaSi beWdurma mediam didi roli iTamaSa qarTuli,

erovnuli cnobierebis formirebaSi. qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elita beWduri mediis saSualebiT nacionaluri ideebis

aqtiur propagandas eweoda. beWduri mediis arseboba gaTvlili iyo ara

marto elitaze, aramed sazogadoebis farTo fenebze, romlis

saSualebiTac unda momxdariyo yvela socialuri jgufis, yvela wevris

saerTo, erovnuli moZraobis procesSi CarTva. yvela saxelmwifoSi,

yvela epoqaSi arsebobs sxvadasxva socialuri fenebi, socialuri

jgufebi, romelTac maTTvis gasageb enaze sWirdebaT saubari.

sazogadoebis moazrovne nawili maqsimalurad cdilobda qarTuli,

erovnuli Rirebulebebis erTobis wevrebs Soris propagandas. am

moRvaweobaSi yvela dawesebuleba Tu organizacia iyo CarTuli, Tumca

mTavari adgili presas ekava. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda erovnuli

mimarTulebis Jurnal-gazeTebi. beWduri mediis TiTqmis yvela nomerSi

aqcenti keTdeboda erovnul maxasiaTeblebze. gazeTma `iveriam~, Tavidanve

gamokveTa Tavisi mimarTuleba. aq Camoyalibebulia is ideebi, romelTac

erovnuli datvirTva gaaCnda. pirvel adgilze dayenebulia samSoblo.

`saZirkvels nacionaluris Zalisas Seadgens teritoria, miwa-wyali,

mamuli, samSoblo. miwa-wyali marto nivTieri faqtori ar gaxlavT. igi

amasTan sulieria, cocxali arsebaa. Tu erTi mxriv igi ipyrobs gvamTa

mama-papasaTa, meore mxriv masSi trialebs winaparTa didebuli suli da

es suli acocxlebs, asuldgmulebs, acxovelebs Tanamedrove Taobas.

waarTviT ers misi miwa-wayli, misi teritoria da igi dahkargavs ara

marto niadags arsebobisa, aramed moswydeba im didebul istoriuls

suls, romelic samSobloSi trialebs~ (83, 1). TiToeul statias,

TiToeul sityvas gaaCnda garkveuli datvirTva, rogorc erovnuli,

agreTve politikuri. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom pirvel adgilze samSoblo,

143

teritoriaa dayenebuli. saWiro iyo saxelmwifoebadakarguli qarTveli

eris cnobierebaSi damoukidebeli miwa-wylis, sakuTari samSoblos qonis

aucileblobis damtkiceba. samSoblos Semdeg meore erovnul simbolod

`iveria~ miiCnevs qarTul enas, romelic eris arsebobis aucilebeli

niSania. qarTul enas saukuneebis manZilze didi datvirTva gaaCnda,

Tumca ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, rodesac mas

gansakuTrebuli safrTxe Seeqmna, qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri

elitis mier sistematiurad ibeWdeboda presaSi qarTuli enis

daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. am mxriv gamonakliss arc `iveria~ warmoadgenda.

`meore burji eris aRorZinebisaTvis gaxlavT samSoblo ena. eris

ganviTareba pirdapir damokidebilia enis ganviTarebaze. Tu ena erT

wertilzea SeCerebuli, eris winmsvlelobac mospobilia, Tu ena ukanukan

midis da Ratakdeba, azrovnebac erisa qveiTdeba, uZlurdeba, viTardeba,

mdidrdeba formebiTa, eris azrovnebac welSi imarTeba, Zal-Rones iZens,

ayvavebis xana udgeba~ (83, 1).

mesame `burjad~ miCneulia skola. `mesame burji eris warmatebisa

gaxlavT skola. romel qveyanaSiac ki umravlebiaT skolebi, yvelgan maT

mouxdeniaT saocari ZiriTadi cvlileba: eri gamdidrebula codniT,

amaRlebula zneobiT, aRvsila dovlaTiT. skolebs didi mniSvneloba

aqvT ara marto glexTaTvis, aramed keTilSobil wodebisaTvisac,

radganac CvenSi wvrilmani aznauroba mravalricxovania da igi Tavis

Svilebs saxalxo skolebSi zrdis~ (84, 1).

sainteresoa, rom mesame adgilze skola, swavla-ganaTlebaa

dayenebuli. rac Semdegi garemoebiT aris ganpirobebuli: 1. rogorc

cnobilia, XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan qarTvelTa erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi iwyeba axali etapi, rac gulisxmobda

SeiaraRebuli brZolis nacvlad, mtkiced SemuSavebuli erovnuli

ideologiis saSualebiT sazogadoebis cnobierebis gaerTgvarovnebas. 2.

sazogadoebis yvela wevris Tanasworad CarTva ganmaTavisuflebeli

moRvaweobis procesSi. 3. skolas, swavlas ganaTlebis garda, aRniSnul

epoqaSi erovnuli funqciac mieniWa. skolis saSualebiT, erovnuli

istoriis codniT unda momxdariyo sazogadoebis ganaTlebis,

nacionaluri cnobierebis donis amaRleba.

144

meoTxe adgilzea dayenebuli qristianoba, romelmac publicistebis

azriT mas Semdeg rac saqarTveloSi gavrcelda da gamocxadda

saxelmwifo religiad qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili

daikava. qarTveloba da qristianoba saukuneebis manZilze erTian

konteqstSi moiazreboda. `meoTxe burji eris warmatebisa aris eklesia.

winad Cveni eklesia sasiqadulod aRasrulebda Taviss maRals

daniSnulebas. man Cvens erSi danerga Zlieri sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba,

mohfina velni da mTani mdidari taZrebiT da monastrebiTa, Seqmna

sasuliero literatura, SeaerTa qarTvelebSi erTad macxovris da

mamulis mxurvale siyvaruli da TviT kavkasionis mTebic ki gaxada

asparezad saxarebis Zlevamosili qadagebisa. eklesia da skola aris

saTave xalxis zneobisa, keTilisa, xolo TviTon eTika, spetaki zne

saZirkvelia xalxis arsebobisa, simtkicisa, keTildReobisa, warmatebisa~

(84, 2).

qarTul istoriografiaSi zemoT aRniSnul erovnul maxasiaTeb-

lebze araerTxel gamaxvilebula yuradReba da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

faqtobrivad, yvela naSromSi pirdapir Tu iribad am erovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelobazea saubari. Tumca, amjerad Cemi ganxilvis

sagans warmoadgens TiToeuli erovnuli maxasiaTeblis erTian

konteqstSi Sefaseba qarTveli eris gaerTianeba-gaerTgvarovnebis

procesSi.

145

$ 1. samSoblo

nebismieri eris arsebobis istoriaSi teritorias gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba. myari erTobisTvis aucilebelia eris garkveul

sazRvrebSi moqceva, romelzedac saukuneebis manZilze xalxis erToba

ganicdis ganviTarebas, uyalibdeba erTiani zne-Cveuleba, mentaliteti,

iqmneba erovnul RirebulebaTa Taviseburi sistema. swored amitom iyo,

rom qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis mxridan mudmivad

keTdeboda aqcenti sakuTari teritoriis, sazRvrebis saWiroebaze da

qarTvelebis erTianobaze. gazeT `iveriis~ mier SemuSavebuli ideac am

mosazrebis sajarod realizaciaa.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom istoriis ganviTarebis garkveul

etapze, sxvadasxva saukuneSi, aqtiuri propagandis sagani xdeba is

erovnuli faseulobebi, romelTa SenarCuneba eris gadarCenis aucilebel

winapirobas warmoadgens. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi,

sparselebis, arabebis, osmalebis, Semosevis periodSi mTavari safrTxe

qristianobas da teritoriis dakargvas emuqreboda, swored amitom

Cvenamde moRweul ZeglebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti maT SenarCunebaze

keTdeboda. hagiografiuli Zeglebi ki specialurad qristianobis

sakralizaciis da legitimaciis dacvas emsaxureboda. gansaxilvel

periodSi, anu 1900-1921 wlebSi, marTalia, zemoT aRniSnuli kriteriumebi

Tavis aqtualobas ar kargavs, magram mTavari propagandis obieqti

qarTuli ena, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saWiroeba da socialuri

fenebis saerTo mizniT gamsWvalva da gaerTgvarovnebaa. amitom ZiriTadi

yuradReba, gansxvavebiT sarwmunoebisagan, swored maT eTmoba.

qarTul sazogadoebaSi `miwa-wylis~ mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvarad

aRiqmeboda. `miwa-wylis mniSvneloba erisaTvis yvelas erTnairad rodi

hqonda dafasebuli. Tu socialist-federalisturi mimarTuleba

teritoriis sakiTxSi or elements, or did faqtors _ erovnulsa da

ekonomiurs _ xedavda da amtkicebda rom miwa qarTvel mSromel xalxs,

xolo teritoria erovnebasao, daselebi da Tavadaznauroba miwis

sakiTxSi mxolod erT mxares xedavda _ ekonomiurs. muSaTa klasi Tavis

samSoblosTan marto grZnobiT ar aris dakavSirebuli. samSoblo is

146

kuTxea, sadac mTeli misi sulieri da qonebrivi kultura iqmneba. muSas

aviRebT, Tu glexs _ yvela mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tavis

samSoblosTan. samSoblo miwa-wyalze uxdeba glexkacs meurneobis

gaumjobeseba~ (55, 1).

eris konsolidaciisTvis aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgens

sazogadoebis erToba, anu saerTo miswrafebiT gamsWvalva, raTa ufro

naTlad gaacnobieros sakuTari mamulis, samSoblos roli eris

arsebobaSi. `samSoblos damkargavi eri ver daicavs Tavis arsebobas da

Tundac gaagrZelos, Tundac moipovos simdidre vaWrobiT da

mrewvelobiT, maincdamainc yovlad ubeduri iqneba. igi daemsgavseba

bogano mxvnel-mTesvels, romelsac sakuTari kera ar gaaCnia. igi

ilawlawebs erTi qveynidan meoreSi, yvelgan igi iqneba ucxo, yvelgan

moZulebeuli stumari, yvelasagan dabriyvebuli Robe, romelsac Telavs

yoveli gamvlel-gamomvleli. ai risTvis saWiroa, ukiduresad saWiro rom

qarTvelobam savsebiT SeirCinos Tavisi miwa-wyali, mamuli da sxva

xalxis xelSi ar Caagdos~ (83, 1). is faqti, rom yvela socialuri fena,

Tu socialuri jgufi gansxvavebulad aRiqvams samSoblos da saerTo

azri ar arsebobs bunebrivia arTulebs brZolas erovnuli

TavisuflebisTvis. amitom saWiroeba moiTxovda yvela socialuri fena

mTlianobaSi erTi miznis _ damoukideblobis mopovebisken wasuliyo.

`mamuli rodia marto niadagis sivrce metad Tu naklebad didi, romlis

gamoxatulebas rukazed vxedavT. mamuli warmoadgens dawesebulebaTa,

CveulebaTa, zneTa erTobliobas. igia adamianTa amxanagoba, romelic sxva

amxanagobaTa gverdiT Tavis Rirsebis, politikuri gavlenis,

sjulierebis Zalis xvedrs moiTxovs. igi mdgomareobs, rac yvelam

adridganve unda viswavloT, siyvarulSi, movlaSi, dacvaSi~ (224, 39).

erTobis SekavSirebis da erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis

aucilebeli pirobaa erTiani sivrce, romelsac eris ToToeuli wevris

gaerTianeba ufro metad uwyobs xels. marTalia, arsebobs garkveuli

gamonaklisebic, magram saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis aRniSnul

etapze samSoblos ideas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. nacionaluri

ideologiis Semqmneli qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita

mudmivad akeTebda aqcents samSoblos dacva-SenarCunebaze. amasTan

147

dakavSirebiT xSiri iyo mowodebebi beWduri mediis saSualebiT. gazeTi

`Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ 1913 wels werda: `... gamoacaleT qarTvel ers

teritoria da is ukve mospobilia. SeiZleba Tqven mipasuxoT, ai

arseboben uteritorio erebio da daasaxeloT ebraelebi da somxebi~ _

da statiis avtori TviTonve pasuxobs _ `marTalia, es erebi arseboben,

magram vai aseT arsebobas. gabneuli mTel dedamiwis zurgze, isini

yvelgan ucxoni arian da versad Tavisi erovnuli Semoqmedeba ver

gauSliaT. masTan maT dRemdis rasac miaRwies, es imitom rom istoriul

msvlelobaSi isini iseT pirobebSi moxvdnen, rom yoveli xalxi maT

mtrulad epyroboda, yovel xalxs isini ejavreboda. siZulvili ki am

SemTxvevaSi iyo saocari javSani, romelic am erebs icavda sxva erTa

Soris arevisagan. magram ramdenadac sxva erebi maT urigdebian,

ramdenadac ispoba maTdami siZulvili da isini srul ufleba-

movaleobiT uswordebian, imdenad isini erevian am erebSi, zogi sul

kargavs Tavis erovnul saxes, da savsebiT uerTdeba ucxo ers, zogs ki

rCeba mxolod sarwmunoebrivi Taviseburoba~ (57, 1).

nacionaluri ideis aRqma da ganviTareba sxvadasxva epoqaSi

garkveul cvlilebas ganicdis da drois moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare

yuradReba eqceva im erovnul simbolos, romlis SenarCunebas eris

arsebobisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne,

1900-1921 wlebSi aRniSnuli problemisadmi sazogadoebis aRqma etapobriv

cvlilebas ganicdis, 1900-1917 wlebis ideologia erTgvari winapirobaa

demokratiuli respublikis periodSi Seqmnili movlenebis. xazgasasmelia

is faqti, rom am dros erovnuli sakiTxisadmi da konkretulad,

samSoblos ideisadmi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs kulturul da

politikur elitaSi, rac Tavis asaxvas poulobda sazogadoebis farTo

fenebSic. swored amitom erovnuli Zalebis mier SemuSavebuli programa

mTlianad iyo mimarTuli socialuri fenebis im nawilze, romelTac

yvelaze metad sWirdeboda sakuTari adgilis da rolis gacnobiereba

qarTveli eris nawilad. amitom saxelmwifoebriobadakarguli eris

cxovrebaSi sazogadoebis wamyvani nawili brZolis axal gzas adgeba,

rasac saboloo jamSi damoukideblobis aRdgena unda moyoloda, romlis

monawile unda yofiliyo qarTuli erTobis yvela wevri.

148

garda im erovnuli ideologiisa, romlis ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva

ideebTan Widilis pirispir mimdinareobda, magaliTad, rogoric iyo

socializmi, aRniSnuli periodi gamoirCeva imiT, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi

mkvidrdeba erovnuli problemis kvlevis Teoriuli midgoma, romlis

mTavar fuZemdeblad SeiZleba miviCnioT mixako wereTeli. aseve,

aRsaniSnavia arCil jorjaZis Semoqmedeba, romelTa mosazrebebs xSirad

vimowmeb. calke unda aRiniSnos konstantine kapaneli, romelmac

erovnuli problemis kvlevis sakiTxSi, saqarTveloSi pirvelad

Semoitana geografiuli garemos roli da am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT

Camoayaliba sakuTari mosazrebebi.

samSoblos sakiTxi sxvadasxva politikuri mimdinareobis

warmomadgenlebs gansxvavebulad esaxebodaT. sainteresoa giorgi

plexanovis mosazreba: `samSoblo istoriuli kategoriaa, e.i. warmavali

Tavisi arsebiT. tomis ideam adgili dauTmo samSoblos ideas, samSoblos

fargali jer saqalaqo Temis sazRvrebs ara scildeboda, mere erovnul

sazRvrebamde gadaiwia. exla samSoblos ideac ukan unda Camodges

kacobriobis ideis winaSe, romelic bevrad ufro farToa samSoblos

ideaze, _ amis Tavdebia igive Zala, romlis meoxebiTac warmoiSva,

romlis zegavleniTac icvleboda patriotuli idea; Zala ekonomiuri

ganviTarebisa. yovelTvis, rodesac erTi qveynis interesebi meore qveynis

interesebs ewinaaRmdegebian, samSoblos idea mxurvale solidarobis

grZnobiT aerTebs am qveynebis xalxs~ (254, 23). gazeTi `imereTi~ ki

Semdegnair azrs ayalibebs: `samSoblos siyvaruli erTi ZiriTadi

grZnobaTagania adamianis bunebaSi, vinac samSoblos siyvaruls atarebs

gulSi, mas uyvars deda-ena, samSoblo mxare, Tavisi eri, misi warsuli da

momavali, didi pativiscema aqvs mas samSoblo gmirebisa, mwerlebisa.

samSoblos siyvaruli rwmenad eqceva kacs da es rwmena mis moqmedebas

ganmsazRvrul mimarTulebas aZlevs. samSoblos siyvaruli acxovelebs

adamians, unergavs mas energias, badebs masSi idealisadmi miswrafebas,

iwvevs sagmiro saqmeebisaken~ (97, 2).

XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli mTeli qarTveli

politikuri da kulturuli elitis mizani mdgomareobda ilias mier

Camoyalibebuli erovnuli programis ganxorcielebaSi, romelic

149

garkveul cvlilebas da ganaxlebas ganicdida etapobrivad epoqis

gamowvevebidan gamomdinare. aRniSnuli mizani ki qarTuli erTobis

wevrebis erovnul sivrceSi mobilizeba, samSoblos rolis gaazreba da

misi Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis brZolaSi Cabma iyo. is faqti, rom

saqarTveloSi samSoblos Sesaxeb xSiri ganmarteba-mowodebebi ismis,

miuTiTebs imaze, rom sazogadoeba amis saWiroebas ganicdida. `baTumis

gazeTi~ 1914 wels werda: `teritoria mraval gvarad SeiZleba

ganvixiloT da ganvsazRvroT. mara dRevandel kamaTSi Cven umTavresad

gvainteresebs misi ori mxare: teritoria, rogorc miwis, ukeT agraruli

da ekonomiuri kiTxva da teritoria, rogorc erovnuli, politikuri da

uflebrivi kiTxva. pirvels sWris demokratiuli wyobileba, agraruli

gadatrialeba da sxva nawilobrivi zomebi kerZo da sazogado

Taosnobisa, xolo meores erovnuli teritoriis mTlianobis aRiareba da

avtonomia~ (38, 1).

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis mier aRniSnul

problemaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba imasac miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs

Widili, romelic mimdinareobda sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris winaSe

da mTlianad aRebuli sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis cnobierebaSi.

sainteresoa is faqtic, rom or mimarTulebaze keTdeba aqcenti

teritoria, rogorc garkveul sazRvrebSi moqceuli kategoria da

samSoblo, rogorc arsebul teritoriaze dasaxlebuli eris

gamaerTianebeli da nacionalur faseulobaTa Camomyalibebli faqtori.

1919 wels gazeTi `erToba~ qarTvelebis samSoblosadmi damokidebulebas

Semdegnairad ayalibebs:

`xSirad gagigoniaT sityva samSoblo da axla minda gkiTxoT: iciT

kargad, ra aris ai Tundac Cveni samSoblo?

_ Se dalocvilo, Tu egec aRar vici, maS raRa mcodnia, sadac

davibade, Cemi samSoblo is aris.

_ Cemi samSoblo, Seni Wirime, Cemi sofelia_aqamSoba dedama da aqve

movkvdebi.

_ me rom mkiTxo, ase vfiqrob, rom Cemi samSoblo Cemi karmidamoa,

Cemi yana da venaxi, is maWmevs purs da Cemi mSobelic is aris, dedac da

yvelaferi.

150

_ Cemi samSoblo mTeli saqarTveloa.

ai ramdeni pasuxi mesmis Tqvengan da marTali da WeSmariti ki

mxolod ukanasknelia.

marTlac da Cveni samSoblo mTeli saqarTveloa, sadac qarTveli

xalxi cxovrobs da qarTuli laparaki, qarTuli enaa yvelasTvis saerTo.

(52, 3). es imas miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri

elitis brZola rusufikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg da erovnuli

cnobierebis SenarCunebisTvis Sedegiani aRmoCnda saqarTvelosTvis.

aRniSnulis sailustraciod moviyvan kidev erT saintereso cnobas. `1918

wlis 25 maiss, xaSurTan axlomdebare sofel aZvisSi erTi ubralo

qarTveli glexikaci, daviT kapanaZe gardaicvala. 26 maiss saqarTveloSi

istoriuli kviradRe gaTenda _ gamocxadda saqarTvelos Tavisufleba da

damoukidebloba. istoriam Semoinaxa saocari saflavis qva, romliTac

Svilebma ara marto sakuTari mamis _ daviT kapanaZis saxeli ukvdavyves,

aramed im Taobebis qarTvelTa gulisTqmac gaacxades, samSoblos

bednierebisaTvis rom ibrZodnen, magram am sanukvar dRes ver moeswrnen.

ai, ra weria saflavis qvaze: `monobaSi tanjulo, dauviwyaro mamav! Seni

natvra aRsrulda _ saqarTvelo ganTavisuflda! 1918 wlis 26 maisi~. (302,

5). es faqti mowmobs imas, rom samSoblos Tema metad aqtualuri iyo XX

saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi. motanili arcTu ise

mravalricxovani informacia dasturia qarTveli eris miswrafebisa

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisadmi.

miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sakiTxi arc ise martivi

gadasaWrelia. albaT amitomac aris, rom gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia 1900-

1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi samSoblos aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT da xSir

SemTxvevaSi kamaTis sagani xdeba socialurad dabali fenis

warmomadgenlebis damokidebulebis sakiTxi samSoblosTan mimarTebaSi.

vfiqrob, arsebuli masala mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gamotanis

saSualebas gvaZlevs.

151

$ 2. qarTuli ena da ganaTleba

nacionaluri konsolidaciis erT-erT aucilebel winapirobas

warmoadgens erTobis wevrebis saerTo nacionaluri ideiT gamsWvalva da

mis safuZvelze saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis realizacia.

politikuri sisustisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis

pirobebSi qarTuli ena da religia, kerZod saqarTvelos eklesia

gamaerTianebel rols TamaSobda. politikuri daSlilobis miuxedavad,

yvela qarTul samefo-samTavroSi qarTulma enam SeinarCuna erTianoba.

eklesiurma erTianobam mniSvnelovanwilad Seamsubuqa politikuri

daSlilobebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi (227, 5).

XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

gauqmebis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam mTavari dartyma qarTul enasa

da marTlmadidebel eklesias miayena, rac maTi rusifikaciiT gamoixata.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis reformebs, rac gamowveuli iyo

garkveul socialur-politikuri Tu ekonomikuri viTarebiT, mohyva

reformebi ganaTlebis dargSic, marTalia, TviTmpyrobeloba iZulebuli

iyo gaexsna skolebi, gaezarda maTi ricxvi, mieca codnis erTgvari

minimumi axalgazrdobisaTvis, magram es imdenad, ramdenadac aucilebeli

iyo gabatonebuli fenebisaTvis, memamuleebisa da kapitalistebisaTvis.

garda amisa, skolas ruseTis xelisufleba Tvlida Tavisi politikis

gatarebisa da arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis ganmtkicebis

iaraRad. skolas is akisrebda politikur amocanebs, romelsac unda

aRezarda TviTmpyrobelobis mona-morCili da erTguli adamianebi,

gaerusebina ararusi mosaxleoba, ewarmoebina brZola revoluciuri

ideebis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, saxalxo ganaTlebis organoebs ufro

politikuri funqcia ekisreboda, vidre kulturul-saganmanaTleblo (267,

22).

saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo centrebi yovelTvis erovnul

idealebze aRzrdas iTvaliswinebda. saukuneebis manZilze am process

saTaveSi edga qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia. rusuli mmarTvelobis

damyarebis Semdeg ki saqarTvelos eklesiam es funqciebi dakarga da

paralizebuli gaxda. es procesi bunebrivia uaryofiTad aisaxa qveynis

152

kulturul Tu politikur mdgomareobaze: `skolebSi deda-enis

Sesustebam gonebriv daClungebasTan erTad ukve dasca da gaaTaxsira

CvenSi qristianuli sarwmunoeba da zneoba, sjuli, grZnoba. is

sarwmunoeba, romelic ase didmniSvnelovania _ rogorc kerZod CvenTvis,

ise mTeli qveynebisaTvisac ki. diax, skolaSi deda-enis Sesustebas udevs

am arasasurvel movlenaSi wili~ (183, 47).

XIX saukunis II naxevridan Tavisuflebis mizniT qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elita brZolis axal etapze gadadis, rac

nacionaluri konsolidaciis ganmtkicebas gulisxmobda axali

meTodebiT.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurTa programa-

maqsimumi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena, qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis demokratiul safuZvelze reorganizacia iyo. magram

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita angariSs uwevda

araxelsayrel politikur pirobebs da Zalauneburad kvecavdnen TavianT

moTxovnebs. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis Semdeg Seqmnil situaciaSi

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi mxars uWerdnen

reformebs, moiTxovdnen ruseTis imperiis federaciul saxelmwifod

gardaqmnas da masSi Semavali erebis avtonomiur saxelmwifoebriv

erTeulebad mowyobas. avtonomiuri saqarTvelo maTi azriT warmatebiT

ganaviTarebda ekonomikas, kulturas, mecnierebas da sapatio adgils

daikavebda federaciuli ruseTisa da msoflios erTa rigebSi (216) .

rogorc cnobilia, erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxi, romelsac

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda am epoqaSi _ es iyo masebis uwignurobis

mospoba da farTo fenebis ganTleba (293). jer kidev 1876 wels gazeTi

`droeba~ wers: `gavida is dro, rodesac yovel qarTvelis vali imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom xmliT xelSi daecva Tavisi sayvareli mamuli

auarebeli da mZvinvare mtrebisgan. gavida is dro, rodesac qarTvels ar

SeeZlo, droTa viTarebis gamo, gaexsna TviT bunebisgan miRebuli niWi,

ezruna axali rusTvelebis dabadebisaTvis. piriqiT, dadga dro, roca

yvela qarTvelis valia, rom rbilSi da xorcSi gamjdari qarTvelis

siyvaruliT, Seudges mama-papebis sisxliT morwyuli mamulis ganaTlebis,

misi Svilebis sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis gaxsnas~ (43 1). modernul

153

epoqaSi es funqcia saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebTan erTad

aiRo Tavis Tavze beWdurma mediam. TiToeuli sakiTxi qarTuli ena,

saganmanaTleblo sistema, ara erTxel gamxdara mecnierTa Seswavlis

obieqti da maT Soris beWduri mediis saSualebiT. Cemi mizania

disertaciis am TavSi epoqis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare TiToeuli

atributi erTian konteqstSi ganvixilo.

enobriv politikas saqarTveloSi uZvelesi tradiciebi aqvs.

qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi Zliereba saqarTvelos samefos

mesveurTa mier mudmivad iyo misi makontrolebeli roli qarTvelur

sivrceSi sxvadasxva dialeqtebTan mimarTebaSi. amis Sedegi iyo, rom

ucxo saxelmwifoTa eqspansiis viTarebaSic ki qarTuli ena mTeli

qarTveluri samyaros samwignobro da eklesiis enad rCeboda (281, 25).

amasTan qarTuli ena saerTo politikuri da ekonomikuri sivrcis

makontrolebel funqcias asrulebda.

qarTuli enisaTvis brZola XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis

dasawyisis saqarTveloSi warmoadgenda qarTveli xalxis erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis ZiriTad sakiTxs. qarTuli enis, misi

swavlebisa da arswavlebis, saswavlebelSi misi mdgomareobis sakiTxi

sruliad gascda, gansakuTrebiT aRebul periodSi pedagogiuri kamaTis

sferos da erisaTvis sasicocxlo sakiTxad iqca (223, 17).

jer kidev 1873 wlis dadgenilebiT qarTuli ena amoRebul iqna

saswavleblebis oficialur saganTa Semadgenlobidan da mis swavlebas

mieca kerZo xasiaTi. 1874 wlidan ki_saswavlebelTa kursidan, misi

Seswavla SeeZloT msurvelebs sagnis maswavleblebisaTvis garkveuli

safasuris gaRebis pirobiT.

es problema aseve arsebobda XX saukunis dasawyisSi. faqtobrivad

qarTveli eris brZolas erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

manZilze qarTuli enis sakiTxi ar moscilebia.

ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan qarTuli enis uflebebis Sekveca

SemTxveviTi ar yofila. radgan `umTavresi Ziri kulturuli cxovrebisa

enaa. samSoblo ena is niadagia, romelzedac aRmocendeba normaluri,

kulturuli zrda da ganviTareba xalxisa. amitom swavla-ganaTleba

xalxisa usaTuod samSoblo enaze unda iyos mowyobili. es aucilebeli

154

pirobaa, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia ganmanaTlebel dawesebulebaTa

moqmedeba da masTan ZiriTadi moTxovnilebaa am drois da yvela drois

pedagogiisa~ (171, 9).

rogorc cnobilia, erovnul maxasiaTeblebs Soris erT-erTi

mTavari adgili enas ukavia. qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi qarTuli ena

yovelTvis gamaerTianebel rols asrulebda. èrovnul faqtorTa Soris

yvelazed ufro dasanaxavi, xelSesaxebi, mtkice mainc-enaa. ise martivad,

aSkarad, reliefurad, yvelasaTvis gasagebad da sagrZnobelad araferi

ar gamoxatavs erovnul Taviseburobas da gansxvavebas, rogorc ena.

istoriulis warsulis, erTs Cveulebebs, erTs sarwmunoebas xalxi ver

grZnobs rogorc saerTo enas~ (166, 1). `cnobis furcelSi~ vkiTxulobT:

èna aris yvelazed ufro gamomsaxveli da cxadi saxe erisa. rogorc

vTqviT, ena Zlier mtkicea. SeiZleba erTi ìstoriuli bedi~ meoreTi

Seicvalos, erTi meores SeebrZolos, erTma erma moindomos meores

mospoba, am SemTxvevaSi mets cxovelmyofelobas iCens ena. igi dids

winaaRmdegobas uwevs gadagvarebas da Tumca enis dakargvis Semdegac

SeiZleba ar moispos erovnoba, magram sazogadod ki, rodesac ers

ekargeba ena, misi arseboba dids gansacdelSia Cavardnili, iseTs

gansacdelSi, romelic mas sruls mospobas uqadis. gansakuTrebiT

ubralo xalxisTvis `misiania~ mxolod is, vinc mis enazed laparakobs

da enasTan misTvis ikargeba erovnuli Tavisebureba~ (247, 126).

am periodSi skolas ekisreba erovnuli funqcia, romlis

saSualebiTac unda momxdariyo saerTo nacionaluri cnobierebis

formireba. `rogorc zneobrivi da gonebrivi ganviTareba, ise nivTieri

keTildReobis interesebi daJinebiT moiTxoven xalxis brbos ganaTlebas,

rac dafuZnebulia ganaTlebis saSualebebze, aq erTdebian saxelmwifo

da sazogadoebrivi interesebi. ganaTleba amaRlebs xalxis Zalas da

amravlebs simdidres. brbos uvicoba aris xalxis ubedureba, rac avad

cxaddeba kerZo piris, sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos cxovrebis yovel

mxareebze. gonebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi aRzrda da yvelasaTvis xelmisa-

wvdomi pirveldawyebiTi swavla-ganaTleba warmoadgenen qveynis im

safuZvels, romelic uzrunvelyofs nivTier da gonebriv keTildReobas~

(182, 662). yvela nacionalur sakiTxTa Soris, ueWvelia, sakiTxebi

155

erovnuli skolisa, enisa da kulturis Sesaxeb udidesi mniSvnelobis

sakiTxebia, vinaidan erovnuli aRzrda-ganaTleba, ena, kultura, _ es

iseTi faqtorebia eris cxovrebaSi, romlebic xSirad akavSireben eris

sxvadasxva nawilebs erTmaneTTan, romelic aZlevs ers uflebas

TviTarsebobisas (250, 2).

amisaTvis saWiro iyo yvela socialuri fenis daaxloeba da

gaerTianeba erTi saerTo saqmisaTvis. `droa SevignoT, rom calke gaweva

Cveni eris wodebaTa: glexTa, TavadaznaurTa, vaWarTa, samxedroTa da

sxvaTa xeirs ar dagvayris da amitom droc aris dauyovneblad SevudgeT

eris erTianobis am ZirismomTxreli mizezebis frTebis Sekvecas~

(mogzauri 1904g: 167). sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenaTa da wodebaTa

daaxloveba, Jurnalis publicistebis azriT, mxolod maSin SeiZleboda

`roca Cven sameurneo saqmes Cvenis bneliT moculis glexis daxmarebiT

vawarmoebT, roca mas Cven humanurad xels gavuwvdiT da gverdSi

amoviyenebT im saqmeSi, romelic mas mTeli aTasi wlebiT aqvs Sewvneuli,

roca mas gverdiT davisvamT da masTan erTad davlevT Cais~ (179, 9).

socialur fenaTa daaxloeba uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli saerTo

nacionaluri cnobierebis CamoyalibebasTan. solidarobis gancda

erTobis wevrebs Soris erTi miznisaTvis brZolas gaaadvilebda:

`upirveles yovlisa saWiroa, rom Cvenma xalxma erTi garkveuli da

naTeli azri da Sexeduleba iqonios Tavisi yofa-cxovrebis gaukeTesebis

pirobebze da saSualebebze, raTa Cveni yoveli sazogado moqmedeba im

mxriT iyos erT sul da erT xorc~ (182, 795).

beWdur mediaSi socialuri sakiTxebisadmi interesi SemTxveviTi ar

iyo, rac Semdegi garemoebebiT aixsneba: 1. 1864 wlidan batonymobis

gauqmebis Sedegad warmoSobili axali Tavisufali fenis erTobis

wevrebs Soris daaxloveba unda momxdariyo. 2. saerTo nacionaluri

interesebis gareSe TavisuflebisaTvis brZola warmoudgeneli iqneboda

da socialur fenaTa homogenizacia aucilebel winapirobas

warmoadgenda. rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, ise 10-ian wlebSi

problema aqtualobas ar kargavs. `TemSi~ vkiTxulobT: `aRvZravT

sakiTxebs Tu ukve aRZruls SevexebiT, mxolod eris keTildReobas

miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, upirveles yovlisa, Cveni mSromeli xalxis

156

mdgomareobas gaviTvaliswinebT. is migvaCnia Cveni eris kulturulad

ganaxlebis safuZvlad, masze vamyarebT Cven imedebs, Cvens momavals. masSi

unda gavavrceloT swavla-ganaTleba. SevaTvisebinoT kulturuli

saSualebani mZime ekonomikur pirobebTan brZolaSi da sazogadod

SevuwyoT xeli mis winsvlas da gonebriv ayvavebas~ (64, 1).

ganaTlebis sakiTxis wina planze wamoweva ukavSirdeba epoqis

moTxovnilebas. garda imisa, rom qarTveli nacionalistebis mizani iyo

wignieri Taobis aRzrda, es istoriuli aucileblobidanac gamomdinare-

obda. XIX saukunis II naxevari da XX saukunis pirveli ocwleuli aris

dro, rodesac msoflio masStabiT iwyeba axali gardaqmnebi rogorc

politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, aseve kulturuli TvalsazrisiTac.

ganaTlebul sazogadoebis saWiroeba axalma politikurma wyobamac

moiTxova. gansxvavebiT Zveli periodisgan, rodesac msoflio mxolod

omebiT iyo dakavebuli da amasTan miwaze mimagrebul glexs arc dro da

arc saSualeba ar hqonda ganaTlebis miRebis, kapitalisturma wyobam

mTlianad Secvala arsebuli situacia. Tu Zvel droSi mxolod qalebma

icodnen ZiriTadad wera-kiTxva, modernul epoqaSi es yvelasTvis

savaldebulo gaxda. amasTan sqesTa ganurCevlad yvelas erTad unda

eswavla. es procesi socialuri uTanasworoebis mospobiskenac iyo

mimarTuli. `bavSvobaSi swavlis dros erTad yofna sxvadasxva

sazogadoebriv klasTa SvilebSi ganaviTarebs iseT sulier da zneobriv

Cveulebebs, romelic Semdeg, roca isini cxovrebaSi gamovlen, bevris

mxriT sasargeblo da gamosadegi iqmneba. es garemoeba xels Seuwyobs

wodebriv crumorwmuneobis aRmofxvras~ (95, 1). skolam sruliad unda

mospos Tavis kedlebSi wodebrivi gansxvaveba. SeZlebiTi uTanasworoba

kidev ufro sagrZnobelia dRes. skola ar unda uwyobdes xels

SeZlebulTa egoizmis ganviTarebas. ar unda zrdides maTSi raime

Tavisebur egoizms, romelic SeZlebuls agrZnobinebs Tavis viTomda

upiratesobas. amitom dawyebiTi skola yvelasaTvis saerTo unda iyos,

rom Rarib muSis Svili da milionerisa Tanasworni iyvnen aRzrdis

winaSe. es Seamcirebs gankerZoebas, orive mxares SeaCvevs erTmaneTis

metis pativiscemas~ (233, 18). sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis saerTo sivrcis

Seqmna unda momxdariyo qarTul enaze warmoebuli saswavlo-

157

saganmanaTleblo sistemiT: `samSoblo ena igiv sisxli da xorcia

adamianisa da maSasadame misi ganuviTarebloba dahbadavs msgavssave

fizikur ganuviTareblobas, rasac mohyveba yovelmxrivi gonebrivi da

zneobrivi dacema da gadagvareba samSoblo enis uaris-myofelis erisa.

igi unda iyos safuZveli da saZirkveli, romelzedac unda aSendes mTeli

swavla-aRzrda adamianisa. yoveli swavla-aRzrdis miReba yoveli

adamianisaTvis samSoblo enazed unda swarmoebdes~ (180, 499).

qarTuli enis da ganaTlebis erTian konteqstSi ganxilva

SemTxveviTi ar yofila. axal epoqaSi tradiciul erovnul maxasiaTeb-

lebs daemata ganaTlebis sakiTxi, romlis saSualebiTac unda

momxdariyo qarTuli enis, tradiciebis, istoriuli warsulis

SenarCuneba da amasTan sazogadoebis sameurneo-samrewvelo donis

amaRleba. ruseTis xelisuflebis mizans warmoadgenda qarTuli enis

ufleba da funqcia Sekvecili yofiliyo. 1909 wlis gazeT `amiranSi~

vkiTxulobT: `biurokratiis mier samSoblo ena sistematiurad

idevneboda skolebidan. aman ki didi vneba moutana ara rusebs. aviRoT,

magaliTad, qarTuli skolebi, an ufro swored qarTvelebisTvis

daarsebuli rusuli skolebi... im garemoebam, rom saswavlebelSi rusul

enaze iyo swavleba da ara samSoblo enaze, faqtiurad skolis

mniSvneloba sruliad gaaqarwyla CvenSi, saswavleblebi verc codnas

aZlevdnen xalxs da rusul enasac zedmiwevniT ver aswavlidnen. ase rom,

moswavle saswavleblidan sruliad arafris mcodne gamodioda. magram

marto es vneba ar mogvitana im garemoebam, rom swavleba

qarTvelebisaTvis ucxo enaze swarmoebda. rusuli skola aSorebda

qarTvel xalxs qarTul kulturas da sazogadoebriobas~ (30, 1).

qarTuli enis standartizacias publicistebis azriT xels

Seuwyobda erovnuli skola, sadac ganaTlebas qarTul enaze miiRebdnen:

`iseTi skola, sadac ymawvilebi deda-enis saSualebiT gaicnoben da

SeiTviseben mecnierebas, xelovnebasa da sazogadod kacobriobis sulis

miswrafebasa, ganamtkicebs CvenSi saR, sistematur aRzrdas Cveni

ymawvilTaobisas da mis zneobriv, gonebriv da fizikur ganviTarebas.

didebulia Sedegi erovnuli skolisa erebad dayofil kacobriobisaTvis.

erovnuli skola iseve Seergeba ymawvils, rogorc dedis ZuZus wova. eri,

158

ena da erovnuli skola erTsulovani bunebrivi principia. amas unda

aRviarebdeT Cvens rwmenad, Cvens aRTqmad~ (180, 500).

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis aqtiuri brZola

sazogadoebis wignierebisTvis SemTxveviTi ar yofila. jer erTi,

msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebis Sedegad moxda Rirebulebebis garkveu-

li gadafaseba da masebis ganaTlebis problema yvela qveyanaSi mTeli

simwvaviT daisva da, bunebrivia, evropul ideebs ziarebuli qarTuli

inteligencia cdilobs saqarTveloSi axali sistemis danergvas; da

meore, qarTuli erTobisTvis ormagad mniSvnelovani iyo saerTo

cnobierebis farglebSi qveynis aRorZinebisTvis moqmedeba, rac unda

gamxdariyo safuZveli SemdgomSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenisa. `ZiriTad sakiTxs Seadgens saxalxo

ganaTleba da sazogadoebrivi aRzrda. keTili zne-Cveulebebis danergva,

amaRleba ganaTlebiT brbosi, miwodeba misTvis ganaxlebuli da

ganmaviTarebeli gasarTobebis, gaRviZeba xalxis sulieri interesebisa,

brZola mis sibnelisa da uvicobis winaaRmdeg _ ai ras unda

veswrafodeT sxva zomebTan, saSualebebTan erTad, Tu gulwrfelad

gvsurs xalxisaTvis keTili, Tu gvinda maT namdvilad davexmaroT~ (180,

549).

saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis sakiTxiT daintereseba

gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mTavari dasayrdeni

qarTvelebis garusebis sferoSi swored skolebi iyo. samson fircxalava

igonebs Tavis memuarebSi: `... gvikrZalavdnen Cveni TavisTvis qarTvelebi

gvewodebina. ai, amis erTi magaliTi: meeqvse klasSi erTi mowafe rusuli

enis maswavlebels puSkinis `poltavas~ Sinaarss uyveboda da iq, sadac

ambavia rusebis da Svecielebis omis, imis magier, rom eTqva rogorc

avtors aqvs, `Cven~ (e.i. rusis jari), mowafem Tqva `rusebi~, maswavlebelma

maSinve SeaCera da hkiTxa: ratom `rusebs~ ambob da ara `Cven~? mowafem

miugo: me xom rusi ara var da rogor unda vTqva `Cven~. `rogor Tu rusi

ara xar!~ _ Seuyvira maswavlebelma, pedagogiur sabWoSi daabezRa da

mowafe ramdenime saaTiT karcerSi Casves~ (205, 18).

iakob gogebaSvili werda: `kavkasiis saswavlo olqis ober-

prokurorma dasavleT saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisas inaxula baTumis

159

erT-erTi saswavlebeli, sadac 8 wlis ymawvils mimarTa : `Sen vin xar ?~

qarTveli _ sTqva pasuxad bavSvma. _ qarTveli ki ara, rusi xar. _ sTqvi,

rusi varTqo! bavSvi gaSterda da sdumda. revizorma ifiqra aq namdvilad

separatistobaa damalulio. gawyra, gagulisda, waavlo xeli bavSvs,

anjRrevda da gajavrebT gaiZaxoda Tavisas. SeSinebulma bavSvma Zlivs

wailuRluRa: rusi var...~ (222, 23).

XX saukunis I ocwleulis beWdur mediaSi aqtualuria erovnuli

skolebis mowyoba standartizebul sistemaze, romelTac saganmanaTleb-

lo-aRmzrdelobiTi funqciis Sesruleba ekisrebodaT. Jurnali

`mogzauri~ (1901-1904) erT-erTi pirvelia iniciativis gamoCenis sferoSi.

JurnalSi vkiTxulobT: `Cveni skolebi dRes ufro codnis

gamavrceleblebi arian, vidre aRzrdisa. dRevandeli skola mTels

Taviss unars da Zalas imas andomebs, rom moswavlem oRond ki kargad

iswavlos, kargad SeiTvisos is auarebeli codna, romlis mesakuTrea

dRevandeli swavla-mecniereba da mas mere Tundac qva-qvazedac nuRar

iqneba. ra emarTeba am dros TviT adamians, mis gonebrivs da zneobrivs

Zalebs, viTarca igi Tu ilaxeba, amas dRevandeli skola sruladac

arafers dagidevs~ (178, 699).

araswor saswavlo sistemas emateboda skolebSi rusuli enis

momZlavreba, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebda saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT

sistemaze da erovnul formas akargvinebda: `mTeli da erTaderTi mizezi

saxalxo skolis aseTi unugeSo mdgomareobisa iyo da dResac aris ara

racionalurad, ara pedagogiurad mowyoba swavlebis saqmisa Cvens

saxalxo skolebSi, erTaderTi mizezi Cvenis saxalxo skolis

unayofobisa iyo da aris is, rom mTeli swavleba am skolebSi

mimarTulia bavSvebisTvis ucnob rusul da ara mSobliur, qarTul

enaze~ (180, 503).

amasTan erTad Jurnali swored dadgenili programis

aucileblobasac asabuTebda, romlis meSveobiT moswavleebi

SeiTvisebdnen rogorc saWiro codnas, aseve moaxdendnen mis realizacias

qveynis sakeTildReod: `nu stanjavT moswavleebs SeuZleblis SeswavliT,

rom amiT igini, viTomc erTi aTad ufro Wkvian-gonierni gamoiyvanoT.

yvela es imdenad aswavleT maT, vis ramdenad da ris Seswavlac SeuZlian

160

da umTavresad ki am codnis gamoyeneba aswavleT, wesieri cxovrebisaTvis

ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi, xalxSi. maSin SeZlebT namdvili adamianebis,

mamuliSvilebis aRzrdas~ (178, 699).

Jurnal `mogzauris~ msgavsad gazeTi `Temi~ qarTuli enis sakiTxs,

rogorc nacionaluri konsolidaciis aucilebel elements did adgils

uTmobs. beWduri mediis interesi qarTuli enisadmi SemTxveviTi ar

yofila. radgan adamianTa nebismieri istoriulad cnobili gaerTianebis

safuZveli enaa, romelic rac unda Soreul warsuls mivmarToT,

yovelTvis winamaval epoqis memkvidred gvevlineba. yvela sazogadoeba

enas cnobda da cnobs wina TaobaTagan miRebul produqtad (219, 10).

swored aman ganapiroba qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis

RonisZiebebi qarTuli enis SenarCunebisaTvis, rac SeiZleba Semdegnairad

daiyos: 1. Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocema qarTul enaze. 2. wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarseba 1879 wels. 3. wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis iniciativiT skolebis gaxsna mTeli

saqarTvelos masStabiT. 4. qarTuli Teatris Camoyalibeba.

`Temis~ publicistebi gazeTis TiTqmis yvela nomerSi qarTuli enis

mdgomareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas: `ar vfiqrob Cvens warsulSi

moiZebnos imisTana dro, roca ise Seviwroebuliyos da SebRaluliyos

qarTuli ena, rogorc axla. Seviwroeba, abuCad agdeba Cveni enisa Sinaur

da gareSeTagan savalaloa dRes Cvens cxovrebaSi. is garemoeba, rom

Cvens enas ara aqvs rigiani yuradReba miqceuli saswavlebelSi, rom es

ena ar aris savaldebulo sagnad cnobili da rom amis gamo, qarTul enas

`sxvaTa Soris~ misCerebia qarTveli mowafe da qarTveli mSobeli, ai,

swored es garemoeba aferxebs, xels uSlis Cveni enis, literaturisa da

istoriis Seswavlis saqmes~ (81, 2).

qarTuli enis daviwyeba ki xels Seuwyobs axalgazrdebSi sakuTari

qveynis istoriis arcodnas, erovnuli cnobierebis gadagvarebas: `is ena,

romelzedac bavSvobis xanaSi, mSobeli deda gvimReroda tkbil iavnanas,

gvinergavda spetak siyvaruls samSoblosadmi, warsulis Rrma

pativiscemas, is ena, romelzedac deda mogviTxrobda saqarTvelos

Tavgadasavals, bed-iRbals, warsuls da mTel mis istorias, dRes is

daviwyebia qarTul mowafes da gadagvarebis gzas damdgara~ (81, 3).

161

qarTuli enis funqcionirebis dakargva uaryofiTad aisaxa qarTuli

erTobis cnobierebaze. `skolaSi gonebis ganviTarebisaTvis, eWvgareSea

unda iyos gamefebuli erovnuli ena, deda-ena. amas moiTxovs bunebrioba,

saRi azrovneba da samarTlianoba. uamisod eri moklebuli iqneba sulier

sazrdos, uamisod eris winmsvleloba Seferxdeba cxovrebaSi, uamisod

eris ymawvilTaoba ugzoukvlod daiwyebs xetials. uamisod eris

cxovreba Seborkil iqneba~ (81, 1).

gazeTis publicistebi qarTul enaze saganmanaTleblo procesis

aucileblobis dasabuTebas cdilobdnen. `mkvidr niadagze agebuli

pirveldawyebiTi aRzrda uZlieresi da udidesi faqtoria qveynis

warmatebis saqmeSi, es axla ukve yvela Segnebul kacs esmis, rom

axalTaobis saR aRzrdaze unda iyos damyarebuli Cveni qveynis momavali

da amitom umTavresad aqeT unda iyos mopyrobili mSoblebis da

sazogadoebis yuradReba. rogorc kerZo pirTa da mSoblebis, ise mTeli

sazogadoebis imedebi, eris idealebis ganxorcieleba, axalTaobis saRs

gonebriv da zneobriv aRzrdaze unda iyos damyarebuli, romelTanac

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Cveni qveynis sulieri da nivTieri

interesebis ganviTareba~ (72, 3). magram yvelaze mnivnelovnad miiCnevdnen

ara mxolod qarTul enaze warmoebul swavla-ganaTlebis process,

aramed skolebSi arsebuli biurokratiuli sulis aRmofxvras.

saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebze gvxvdeba informacia nebismieri saxis

wyaroSi. radgan es iyo epoqis mTavari moTxovna da gamowveva. qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elita maqsimalurad cdilobda sazogado-

ebis darwmunebas skolebis didi raodenobiT gaxsnis aucileblobaSi.

`erovnuli skola es is moedania, sadac eris grZnobam da gonebam

pirveli fesi unda aidgas; is gamzrdelia erisa, romelmac unda aZlios

ers masazrdoebeli sulisa da xorcisa im patara sawyaoTi, romelic zed

gamoWrilia eris Sinaur cxovrebazed, mis sulier da xorciel

cxovrebazed. da marTlac skola msazrdoebelia erisa, magram skolasac

garCeva aqvs: maxinj skolis SemweobiT SeiZleba adamianis sruli

gadagvareba, mis pirovnebis daCagvra. misi unarianobis Cakvla. skolis

daxmarebiT Zalian advilia monebis gazrda. swored amisTana misias

kisrulobdnen Cveneburi Zveli mTavrobis skolebi, romelTa upirvelesi

162

mizani mozard TaobisaTvis gonebis axsna da ganviTareba ki ar iyo,

aramed sxvadasxva mozard Taobis gadagvareba da maTTvis saWiro

biurokrat moxeleebis aRzrda~ (106, 13).

disertaciis pirvel TavSi ukve aRvniSne, rom es periodi

nacionalizmis da socializmis qadagebis droa da amitom gansxvavebuli

ideebi arsebobda. yvela mimdinareoba, Tu organo sakuTari ideolo-giis

damkvidrebas cdilobda xalxSi. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc skola iyo.

ramdenadac erovnul moRvaweebs skolis saSualebiT nacionaluri,

ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo ideebis qadageba surdaT, imdenad

ruseTis xelisufleba sakuTari miznebis gaxorcielebisTvis iyenebda.

maSin, rodesac damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis brZolaSi yvela

socialuri fenis CarTva gaxda saWiro dRis wesrigSi dadga

sazogadoebis erTiani ideis irgvliv gaerTianeba. es funqcia skolas

unda Seesrulebina. `erTaderTi saSualeba saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisa da

aRorZinebisaTvis swavla-ganaTlebaa. demokratiuli saxelmwifo ver

uSvelis saqmes, Tu xalxi, massa moklebulia TviTSegnebas,

gaTviTcnobierebas~ (135, 3).

garda imisa, rom qarTuli inteligencia dainteresebuli iyo

skolebis gaxsniT, romlis saSualebiT unda momxdariyo erovnuli

cnobierebis amaRleba da ganaTlebis donis aweva, amasTan ruseTis

xelisufleba aseve dainteresebuli iyo skolebis gaxsniT, romlis

meSveobiT unda momxdariyo qarTvelebis garuseba. 1901-1902 saswavlo

wels Tbilisis guberniaSi sul 197 dawyebiTi saxalxo skola

iricxeboda, quTaisis guberniaSi ki_223. sul orive guberniaSi 420

dawyebiTi saswavlebeli arsebobda, maSin, rodesac saskolo asakis

bavSvTa 67% skolis gareT iyo darCenili. 1904 wels 543-is nacvlad, erTi

wlis Semdeg pirveldawyebiTi saxalxo skolebis ricxvi 513-mde Semcirda,

xolo 1906 wels es raodenoba 491-de davida. marto aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi mTavrobam 59 saswavlebeli daxura. saqalaqo da sasoflo

erTklasiani da orklasiani skolebis qseli saqarTveloSi 1907-1908 w.w.

reaqciis periodSi kidev ufro Semcirda.

1913 wlisTvis saxelmwifos gamgeblobaSi saqarTveloSi iyo vaJTa

da qalTa 23 gimnazia, 4 progimnazia, 3 realuri saswavlebeli, 2

163

samaswavleblo instituti, 25 samoqalaqo da umaRles dawyebiTi

saswavlebeli da ramdenime skola. 1908-1912 w.w. ganmavlobaSi `kavkasiis

saswavlo olqis samzrunvelos~ saqarTveloSi arc erTi saSualo skola

ar dauarsebia, maSin rodesac mosaxleobis iniciativiT, adgilobrivi

saxsrebiT gaxsnil iqna Tbilisis me-6 da foris vaJTa gimnaziebi.

axalcixis, xonis, baTumis da xaSuris progimnaziebi. (263, 26).

saganmanaTleblo sakiTxma ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurebi

ganvlo. Tu saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis xelisufleba aqtiurad

cdilobda swavla-ganaTlebis qarTul enaze akrZalvas. 1917 wlis

Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg situacia

arsebiTad Seicvala.

skolebis nacionalizaciis sakiTxi saganmanaTleblo reformebis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili iyo, romelic xorcieldeboda 1917 wlis

Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg, jer kidev

ruseTis gavlenis qveS myof saqarTveloSi. am procesebma saintereso

ganviTareba hpova Semdgom periodSi. aRniSnuli sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi

dadga erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos sxdomaze. rogorc cnobilia,

erovnuli inatrpartiuli sabWo Seikriba 1917 wlis 19 noembers da 20

noembers ki daisva sakiTxi skolebis nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb.


demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba aqtiur nabijebs dgamda am

problemis mosagvareblad.

jer kidev 1917 wlis ivlisSi, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis

proletariati bolSevikebis xelmZRvanelobiT moiTxovda saerTo, ufaso,

mSobliur enaze yvelasaTvis savaldebulo swavla-ganaTlebis SemoRebas

(16 wlamde), moswavleTaTvis ufaso saswavlo nivTebis, tanisamosis,

sadilis da sxv. micemas, skolisgareSe da saskolo asakamde swavla-

ganaTlebis mowyobas, ufaso klubebis, kursebis, biblioTeka-

samkiTxveloebis, eqskursiebis organizacias, sabavSvo saxlebis, baRebis

da sxva (250, 146).

1917 wlis seqtemberSi es movlena ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida.

Jurnal `ganaTlebis~ 1917 wlis #6-7 vkiTxulobT: `gamoqveynda kavkasiis

droebiTis sagangebo komitetis debuleba skolebis nacionalizaciis anu

164

gaerovnebis Sesaxeb. am debulebiT wreul saSualo saswavleblebisaTvis

savaldebuloa nacionalizaciis moxdena saanbano da pirvel

mosamzadebel klasSi, xolo sxva klasebSi ki misi moxdena

damokidebulia sapedagogio sabWos azrze. Tu sabWo dainaxavs

mosaxerxeblad sxva klasebSic SemoRebul iqnas swavla samSoblo enaze,

mas eZleva ufleba am klasebSic ganaxorcielos nacionalizacia.~ (172, 4).

aRniSnulis dasamtkiceblad moviyvanT Semdeg dokuments: saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi. fondi 1935, aRwera 1,

saqme # 20. es dokumenti daTariRebulia 1917 wlis 5 seqtembriT.

`kavkasiis saswavlo okrugis miTiTebiT sabWo varaudobs saswavlo wlis

dawyebisas moaxdinos damwyebi da mosamzadebeli klasebis nacionaliza-

cia saSualo saskolo dawesebulebebSi. rac Seexeba klasebs, maTi

nacionalizacia ar moxdeba saswavlo wlis dawyebis dros, sabWo

dadgenilebiT gaacnobs maT gaZlierebul da savaldebulo swavlebis

nacionalur sagnebs. nacionalur sagnebad SeiZleba gavigoT: mSobliuri

ena, literatura, istoria da geografia. 1917-1918 saswavlo wels saolqo

komisariatma daadgina gakveTilebis Semdegi ricxvi nacionaluri

sagnebidan: mosamzadebeli klasis ufros ganyofilebaSi _ 5 saaTi, 1, 2, 3,

4 klasebSi 4 saaTi, danarCen ufros klasebSi 3 saaTi kviraSi~ (24, 17).

zemoT aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetasTan erTad dRis wesrigSi

dadga maswavleblebis SerCevis sakiTxi. rac Semdegnairad iqna

gadaWrili.

1. piri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT miRebuli iqneba saSualo da dawyebiT

saswavlo dawesebulebebSi pedagogiuri sabWos SefasebiT da

gadawyvetilebiT.

2. pedagogiuri sabWos gadawyvetilebiT iqneba damtkicebuli

gimnaziebis 1-4 klasebis xelmZRvanelebi, realuri saswavleblebis da

dawyebiTi saswavleblis piri, romelsac aqvs dasrulebuli is saSualo

saswavlo dawesebuleba, romlebic iReben specialur ganaTlebas

nacionalur sagnebTan SesabamisobaSi. aseT saswavlo dawesebulebebad

komisariati Tvlis: a) qarTuli nacionaluri sagnebisTvis: qarTuli

gimnazia _ Tbilisis da quTaisis, marTlmadidebluri sasuliero

165

seminaria _ Tbilisis da quTaisis, eparqialuri saswavlebeli _

Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniis, Tbilisis qalTa samaswavleblo

seminaria `ganaTleba~. b) somxuri nacionaluri sagnebisaTvis yvela

somxuri saSualo saswavlo dawesebuleba. g) Turquli nacionaluri

sagnebisaTvis: yvela saSualo saswavlo dawesebuleba Turquli enis

xelmZRvanelobiT da medrese.

3. rac Seexeba im pirebs, romlebsac ar aqvT wina paragrafSi

miTiTebuli cenzi, komisariatis kanonis da saswavlo okrugis miTiTebis

Sesabamisad daikaveben Stats (24, 18).

calke punqtad iyo gansazRvruli nacionaluri sagnebi.

saSualo saswavlo dawesebulebebSi da dawyebiT saswavleblebSi

kavkasiaSi nacionaluri sagnebis swavlebaze.

1. saSualo saswavlo dawesebulebebSi da dawyebiT

saswavlebelSi mimdinareobs swavleba nacionaluri sagnebiT.

2. nacionaluri sagnebidan igulisxmeba mSobliuri ena mis

literaturul formebSi, nacionaluri literatura da misi istoria,

naciis istoria, nacionaluri geografia da musulmanebisTvis SariaTi.

3. nacionaluri sagnebis swavleba warmoebs saswavlo programis

mixedviT, damtkicebuli nacionaluri-saswavlo komisarebis mier,

nacionaluri sabWos TanxmobiT.

4. saSualo saswavlo dawesebulebebSi da dawyebiT

saswavleblebSi dafuZndeba nacionaluri sagnebis maswavleblis

saStato Tanamdeboba kavkasiis xalxSi.

5. kavkasiis saswavlo okrugis gadawyvetilebiT komisariati

gansazRvravs moswavleebisaTvis romeli naciaa da nacionaluri sagnebis

maswavleblebis ramdeni saStato erTeuli SeiZleba iyos dawesebuli

yovel saswavlo dawesebulebaSi. (24, 20).

bunebrivia es procesi aseve grZeldeba demokratiuli respublkis

periodSi da ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sedis. garda imisa, rom skolebi

ixsneba moswavleebisTvis, aseve arsebobs sapedagogio mosamzadebeli

166

kursebi, sadac maswavleblebi euflebian erovnul sagnebs. `dasavleT

saqarTveloSi saSualo skolaTa maswavleblebis kavSiris gamgeobam

gaxsna qalaq quTaisSi mimdinare wlis 17 ivnisidan sazafxulo kursebi

saSualo da dabali skolebis maswavleblebis mosamzadeblad _ qarTul

enaSi, sityvierebaSi, saqarTvelos istoriasa da geografiaSi. kursebi

ganzraxulia 150 msmenelisaTvis, aqedan 121 _ ukve quTaisSi imyofeba da

leqciebs ismens. kursebis Senaxva ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi jdeba ocdaaTi

aTas orasi maneTi (30. 200 man.) (27, 1). `saqarTvelos respublikis

teritoriaze oTxi pedagogiuri saswavlebelia: Tbilisis saostato

instituti da seminariebi gorSi, xonsa da soxumSi. am saswavlebelTa

mizania _ saxelmwifosaTvis saxalxo maswavlebelTa momzadeba (24, 4).

saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis gaxsnis sakiTxSi ganaTlebis

saministrosTan erTad aqtiurobda eroba. 1920 wlis monacemebiT `erobas

aqvs 74 skola, maT Soris sami umaRles dawyebiTi. am 74 skolidan 9

pirveldawyebiTi skola ar moqmedebs. maswavlebelTa ricxvi udris 102

kacs, xolo mowafeTa ricxvi 3942 bavSvi~ (12, 5).

qarTuli sazogadoebis moazrovne nawili acnobierebda imas, rom

swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxs saqarTvelosTvis erovnuli mniSvneloba

hqonda. am mizans emsaxureboda erobis mier gadadgmuli nabijebic. `Zveli

ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis dros skolebs garegnulad mainc yuradRebas

aqcevdnen. hxsnidnen skolebs, amuSavebdnen skolaTa qsels, aSenebdnen

soflis sazogadoebaT skolebisaTvis Senobas da sxva. 1914 wels mazraSi

54 skola iyo, maswavlebelTa ricxvi -74, mowafeT _ 3182. erTi skola

modioda 1810 mcxovrebze /mcxovreblebi mazraSi daaxloebiT

iTvlebodnen 9777 77 suli/, 163 bavSvze /saskolo asakis bavSvebi

iTvlebodnen 8786/ da 74 kvadratul versze /mazris sivrce udris 400, 408

kv. verss/. soflebis erT mesamedSi iyo skolebi daarsebuli. /mazraSi

sul 152 mozrdili sofelia/. erTi mowafe modioda 31 mcxovrebze da 2,

75 saskolo asakis bavSvze. ase rom saskolo asakis bavSvebis 36%

swavlobda, danarCeni ki 64% skolis gareSe iyo darCenili. amnairad

raRac keTdeboda Zvel droSiac xalxis gasanaTleblad, magram es marto

pirvel SexedviT. skola ar emsaxureboda Tavis pirdapir daniSnulebas:

es, erTi mxriv ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobisaTvis iaraRi iyo qarTveli

167

eris gasaruseblad da meore mxriv _ erTgul moxele-CinovnikTa kadris

mosamzadeblad. am ori miznis garSemo trialebda umTavresad CvenSi

swavla-ganaTlebis saqme. samSoblo ena, rogorc calke saganic ki

gandevnili iyo skolebidan, pedagogiuri principebi daviwyebuli.

skolaSi, cocxali, Sromis principebze damyarebuli swavlis magier,

cxovrebidan daSorebuli wignobrivi, sxolastikuri swavla iyo

gamefebuli. skolebis tipic sxvadasxvanairi iyo. 54 skolidan 18 e.w.

samrevlo skola iyo, danarCeni _ saministro. pirvelSi Tu saRmrTo

sjuli da locvebi sWarbobda, meoreSi bavSvebs mefis

TviTmpyrobelobisadmi siyvaruls unergavdnen. samrevlo skolebi

yovelmxriv uaresad iyvnen mowyobili, vidre saministro skolebi.~ (17, 16).

bunebrivia aseT mdgomareobaSi arsebuli skolebi ver aZlevdnen

moswavleebs saTanado ganaTlebas. amitom ganaTlebis mxriv sagangaSo

mdgomareoba iyo. 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli

revoluciis Semdeg am mimarTulebiT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga,

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg ki axali etapi daiwyo, rac mTlianad

iTvaliswinebda skolebis mdgomareobis da ganaTlebis sistemis

gaumjobesebas.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne zemoT, ganaTlebis saministrosTan erTad am

kuTxiT aqtiurad moRvaweobda eroba. `saangariSo wlis bolos 1920 wlis

1 ivliss aseTi suraTia: mazraSi sul StatiT iTvleba 74 skola da maT

ricxvSi sami umaRlesi dawyebiTi da 103 maswavlebeli, mowafeTa ricxvi

udris 3942, saskolo asakis bavSvi 9300 iqmneba, mazris mcxovrebTa ricxvi

daaxloebiT 103000 udris. amnairad erTi saswavlebeli modis 1365

mcxovrebze, 125 saskolo hasakis bavSvze 53 mowafe. erTi mowafe modis

mcxovrebTa 25 sulze da 2, 3 saskolo hasakis bavSvze; 43% saskolo

bavSvebisa swavlobdnen, danarCeni 57% skolis gareSe rCeba. mazraSi 152

mozrdili sofelia, sadac skolebi unda gaixsnas. am adgilebis or

mesamedSi skolebi daarsebulia.~ (17, 18).

1918 wlis 13 seqtembris ganaTlebis saministros monacemebiT

`saxalxo ganaTleba saqarTvelos yvela nawilebSi erTnairad ar aris

gavrcelebuli. am mxriv dasavleTi saqarTvelo SedarebiT ukeTes

pirobebSi imyofeba. amitom am xanad mTavrobis gansakuTrebuli

168

yuradReba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, anu Tbilisis gubernias unda

mieqces. aq orgvari dabali saswavlebeli arsebobs: pirveldawyebiTi da

umaRlesdawyebiTi. orisave tipis skolebis ricxvi metad mcirea.

gansakuTrebiT umaRles pirveldawyebiTia. amis gamo pirveldawyebiT

saswavlebelSi swavla damTavrebulni, umetes SemTxvevaSi, an sruliad

ver axerxeben swavlis gagrZelebas, an da iZulebulni arian friad didi

Sroma da energia daxarjon, rom sawadels miaRwion da sadme umaRles-

dawyebiT saswavlebelSi Sevidnen, magaliTad: Tbilisis mazraSi 60

pirveldawyebiTi, 1 da 2 klasiani saswavlebelia da arc erTi umaRlesi

safexuris saswavlebeli ar moipoveba, garda TviT qalaq Tbilisisa,

goris mazraSi 117 pirveldawyebiTi saswavlebelia da mxolod erTi

mTavrobis umaRlesdawyebiTi; duSeTis mazraSi 32 pirveldawyebiTi

saswavlebelia da arc erTi umaRlesi safexurisa, garda qalaq duSeTSi

arsebuli umaRles pirveldawyebiTi skolisa, romelic sazogadoebis

xarjiT inaxeba.~ (17, 48).

saswavlo dawesebulebebis gaxsna da moswavleTa da maswavlebelTa

kontingentis gazrda bunebrivia emsaxureboda erT mizans sazogadoebis

saganmanaTleblo donis da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebas. imperiis

daqvemdebarebaSi yofnis dros marTalia arsebobda skolebi saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi, magram ganaTlebis miRebas arTulebda rusul enaze

warmarTuli saswavlo procesi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, xelisuflebam ganagrZo jer kidev 1917

wlis Tebrevlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg aRebuli

kursi da skolebis nacionalizaciis procesi daaCqara, rac pirvel rigSi

gamoixata qarTuli enis uflebebis gazrdiT, rasac arTulebda

moswavleTa erovnuli Semadgenloba. amaze qveviT visaubreb, Tumca

manamade minda yuradReba gavamaxvilo erT saintereso dokumentze, sadac

qarTuli enis Sesaxebaa saubari. `qarTuli enisa da sityvierebis

programa saSualo skolisaTvis.

umcrosi ganyofileba:

1. umcros ganyofilebaSi Sesvlis dros mowafem unda icodes

garkveuli wera-kiTxva.

169

2. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi man unda SeiTvisos Tavisufali da

Segnebuli kiTxva, agreTve wakiTxulis gadmocema Tavisis

sityviT.

3. codna zepirad da SegnebiT saukeTeso leqsebisa

saxelmZRvanelodan.

4. sityvierad gadmocema Tavis STabeWdilebaTa-naxulisa da

gamogonilisa.

5. wera mokle frazebisa da wignidan gadmowera, an wakiTxuli

statiebis Sinaarsis werilobiTi gadmocema, agreTve

Tavisuflad wera mokled sakuTar STabeWdilebaTa.

ufrosi ganyofileba:

1. Tavisufali, Segnebuli kiTxva da wakiTxulis gadmocema

literaturulis eniT.

2. zepirad codna, saWiro ganmartebis Semdeg, saukeTeso

leqsebisa da igav-arakebisa saxelmZRvanelo wignebidan.

3. Tavisuflad aRwera sagnebisa da suraTebisa, agreTve

gadmocema sakuTar STabeWdilebaTa-naxulisa da gagonilisa.

4. weriTi savarjiSoebi: sagnebisa da suraTebis aRwera,

wakiTxulis Sinaarsis gadmocema weriT, sakuTar

STabeWdilebaTa mokled gadmocema, agreTve naxul-

gagonilisa da SemTxvevebisa sakuTaris cxovrebidan.

5. amave ganyofilebaSi maswavlebelma mowafeebs unda gadasces

cocxalis saubariT pirveldawyebiTi cnobani geografiidan

sazogadod da samSoblo qveynis aRwerilobiTdan kerZod,

daaxloebiT Semdegis gegmiT: saklaso oTaxis mowyobiloba da

misi gegma, mTeli saswavleblisa da misi karmidamos gegma da

mokled aRwera da gegma im qalaqis an dabisa, sadac

saswavlebelia, maxlobeli mTa da mTis nawilebi, maxlobeli

mdinare da mdinaris nawilebi, qveynis kuTxeebi; saqarTvelos

is kuTxe, sadac skola imyofeba; saqarTvelo da misi mTavari

nawilebi, mTebi da mdinareebi, agreTve qalaqebi da

SesaniSnavi adgilebi, sazogado cnobani kavkasiaze. (29, 4-5).

170

amas garda gawerili iyo saswavlo programa, romelic iswavleboda

1-8 klasebSi. bunebrivia aq srulad ver moviyvan programas, Tumca

SeiZleba aRiniSnos is avtorebi, romelTa nawarmoebebic iswavleboda

skolebSi. esenia: iakob xucesi, ioane sabanisZe, giorgi merCule, basil

zarzmeli, SoTa rusTaveli, sulxan-saba orbeliani, daviT guramiSvili,

ilia, akaki, vaJa, rafiel erisTavi, sofrom mgalobliSvili, ekaterine

gabaSvili, niko lomouri, Sio aragvispireli da sxva.

is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli

cxovrobda xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli kanonebis ganxorcielebas

arTulebda. aseTive damokidebuleba iyo qarTuli enis sakiTxTan.

`saministrom moaxdina anketa, gamosarkvevad imisa, surT Tu ara qarTvel

mSobelT, rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeT, dastovon Tavisi Svilebi

mTavrobis im saswavleblebSi, sadac swavleba mowafeTa deda enaze

iqmneba da dRemde miRebulis cnobebidan sCans, rom TiTqmis arc erTis

ara qarTvel mSobels ar surs saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqeoba

/qveSevrdomoba/ da amave dros ki yvela daJinebiT moiTxovs, rom

saqarTvelos mTavrobam gauxsnas maT sruluflebiani skolebi

saxelmwifo xarjiT~ (27, 8). `ganaTlebis saministro fiqrobs, rom

qarTuli ena savaldebulo unda iyos respublikis yvela skolaSi, magram

vinaidan ara qarTvel mowafeT qarTuli sruliad ar ician da zogis

maTganis CvenSi yofnas droebiTi xasiaTi aqvs, SeuZlebeli iqmneboda

saxelmwifo enis SemoReba dauyonebliv yvela klasSi. jer-jerobiT

mosaxerxebeli iqneba mxolod pirvel oTx klasSi savaldebulod, zeviT

klasebSi ki msurvelTaTvis.~ (27, 52).

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam SeimuSava kiTxvari da dagzavna

calkeul mxareebSi imis gasagebad, Tu rogori mdgomareoba iyo qarTul

enasTan dakavSirebiT. aRmoCnda, rom umravles regionSi saqmis

warmoebaSi rusuli ena iyo gabatonebuli, rac arTulebda problemis

mogvarebas. (15). skolebis gaxsnasTan erTad didi adgili ekava

universitetis sakiTxs. amasTan dakavSirebiT araerT naSromSi yofila

yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. amjerad Cemi mizania saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebis rolis warmoCena erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis

sakiTxSi. amitom universitetis rolsac am kuTxiT Sevexebi. Tavidanve

171

minda xazi gavusva im mZime viTarebas, romelSic universiteti

imyofeboda. `universitetis profesorTa sabWo Tavidanve cdilobda

mkvidri saZirkveli Cahyroda am did samecniero dawesebulebas. saqmis

kargad mosawyobad sabWom dainaxa piradi Sedgenilobis gadideba.

profesorTa ricxvis gadideba gansakuTrebiT studentTa ricxvis erTi-

orad gadidebiT aixsneba, romelTa ricxvi amJamad ori aTasamde aRwevs.

maT xelmZRvanelobs 27 profesori... miuxedavad imisa, rom universiteti

kriziss ganicdida materialuri mxriv, is mainc cdilobda

biblioTekisaTvis aucilebeli wignebi SeeZina. ruseTidgan saqarTvelos

gamoyofis Semdeg profesorTa sabWo cdilobda wignebi Cveni

sazRvrebidan ar gasuliyo. marTlac maSin universitetma bevri wignebi

gadaarCina da Seinaxa. Zveli gamocemebiT universiteti uzrunvelyofi-

lia, aklia mxolod axali gamocemebi, uromlisod universitets arseboba

ar SeuZlia. dRemdis universitetis wignTsacavisTvis daxarjulia 18. 880.

994 man; Semowiruleba 20. 304. 6000 man. sul universitetis wignTasacavSi

moipoveba daaxloebiT 42. 868. 430 man. Rirebulebis wignebi. (13, 16).

yovelive zemoT aRniSnuls emateboda kidev erTi problema, rac

dakavSirebuli iyo skolebSi sxvadasxva erovnebis moswavleebTan.

gansxvavebiT soflis skolebisgan, sadac gacilebiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba

iyo am mxriv, qalaqis saswavlo dawesebelebebi gamoirCeoda erovnul

umciresobaTa simravliT. es problema aseve arsebobda demokratiuli

respublikis periodSi.

1918 wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis Semdeg qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis winaSe

sxvadasxva problemebis gadawyveta dadga dRis wesrigSi. 1918-1921 wlebi

metad rTuli periodia saqarTvelos istoriaSi. damoukideblobis

gamocxadebam mraval dadebiT movlenasTan erTad bevri problema

moitana. es dakavSirebuli iyo, rogorc erovnuli, nacionaluri

simboloebis SenarCuneba-aRorZinebasTan, aseve politikuri, socialuri,

ekonomikuri, kulturuli xasiaTis reformebTan, romlebic saboloo

jamSi qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobierebis axal saxelmwifoebriv

sazRvrebSi moqcevas iTvaliswinebda. sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvnelobis gardaqmnebTan da RonisZiebebTan erTad mosagvarebeli iyo

172

yvela is problema, romelic rusuli mmarTvelobis gadmonaSTs

warmoadgenda. es pirvel rigSi exeboda ganaTlebis sistemas. aucilebel

saWiroebas warmoadgenda skolebSi qarTul enaze swavla-ganaTlebis

warmarTva. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo moswavleebis erovnuli

Semadgenloba. rogorc cnobilia am periodSi saqarTvelos skolebSi,

gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis skolebSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi

mravlad swavlobdnen. Tbilisis vaJTa gimnaziebSi, magaliTad,

iTvleboda 1736 qarTveli. 1624 rusi da 1477 somexi moswavle. sxva

erovnebaTa ricxvi mcire iyo. ganaTlebis ministrma mTavrobisagan

moiTxova daekanonebia qarTuli, somxuri da rusuli gimnaziebis cal-

calke arseboba. momdevno saswavlo wlisaTvis TbilisSi unda

Seqmniliyo sami qarTuli, erTi somxuri, erTi rusuli da erTic

Sereuli _ rusul-somxuri gimnazia. aseTive reorganizacia xdeboda

qalTa gimnaziebSi.

1918 wlis seqtembrisaTvis mTel saqarTveloSi arsebobda vaJTa 24

da qalTa 21 gimnazia, erTi samaswavleblo instituti da 4 saostato

seminaria, 3 realuri da 3 komerciuli saswavlebeli. aseve saxalxo

ganaTlebis uwyebaSi arsebul saSualo skolebis gverdiT saqarTveloSi

sakmaod bevri iyo kerZo gimnaziebi, realuri da komerciuli

saswavleblebi. 1919 wlis statistikuri cnobis mixedviT saqarTveloSi

moqmedebda vaJTa da qalTa kerZo gimnaziebi _ 26, realuri saswavlebeli

_ 3, sakomercio saswavlebeli _ 2, sabuRaltro kursebi _ 8. dawyebiTi,

dabali da maRali tipis skolebi swavla-ganaTlebis saerTo sistemaSi

Sediodnen, magram calke aRiricxebodnen. 1919 wels mTel saqarTveloSi

moqmedebda 1860 pirveldawyebiTi skola, saidanac mxolod 120 iyo

araqarTuli (217, 262).

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg xelisuflebam araerTi mniSvnelovani

reforma ganaxorciela. maT Soris iyo gardaqmnebi ganaTlebis sferoSi.

qarTveli sazogadoebis nawili jer kidev ruseTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi yofnis dros maqsimalurad cdilobda farTo fenebSi

ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas da bunebrivia damoukideblobis aRdgenis

Semdeg es sakiTxi upirvelesi ganxilvis sagani gaxda. es pirvel rigSi

173

gamoixateboda skolebis nacionalizaciiT, romelsac safuZveli 1917

wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg Caeyara

da 1918 wlidan axali aRmavloba ganicada. es yovelive ki dakavSirebuli

iyo skolebis reorganizaciis programasTan, rac pirvel rigSi

gulisxmobda qarTul enaze swavla-ganaTlebis warmoebas da saswavlo

sagnebSi: saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli enisa da literaturis,

saqarTvelos geografiis Setanas.

am mimarTulebiT moRvaweobas arTulebda saqarTvelos,

gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis skolebis erovnuli Semadgenloba. rogorc

cnobilia ruseTis saimperatoro karma saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva

erovnebis warmomadgenlebis Camosaxlebas Seuwyo xeli, ramac mTeli

simwvaviT Tavi iCina damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg. 1918 wlis

monacemebiT zogierT skolebSi qarTvelebs araqarTvelebi sWarbobdnen.

ganaTlebis sistemis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saitorio arqivis fondi 1935, saqme

# 249

qalTa erovnuli Semadgenloba saxazino gimnaziebSi: `qarTvelni-

972, somxebi-1555, TaTrebi-47, rusebi-2065, uriebi-209, germaneli-55,

polonelebi-117, gamourkveveli-72. kerZo gimnaziebi: qarTveli-560, somxebi-

131, TaTrebi-2, rusebi-62, gamourkvevelni-122 germaneli-1, poloneli-1.

vaJTa saxazino gimnaziebi: qarTvelni-687, somxebi-1313, TaTrebi-72,

rusebi-950, uriebi-176, germanelni-28, polonelni-26, gamourkvevelni-69.

kerZo gimnaziebi: qarTvelni-1624, somxebi-943, TaTrebi-23, rusebi-446,

berZnebi-76, uriebi-257, polonelni-26, sparsni-2, ukrainelebi-2,

gamourkvevelni-85, ingliseli-1, aisorni-1.

vaJTa kerZo gimnaziebi: qarTvelni-1624, somxebi-943, TaTrebi-23,

rusebi-446, berZnebi-76, uriebi-257, germanelni-28, polonelni-26, sparsni-2,

ukrainelni-2, gamourkvevelni-85, aisorni-1, ingliselni-1.

kadetTa korpusi da ori komerciuli da realuri saswavleblebi:

qarTvelni-462, somxebi-805, TaTrebi-70, rusebi-771, berZnebi-9, uriebi-52,

germanelni-54, polonelni-71, osebi-1, qarTveli israelni-4,

gamourkvevelni-38~ (25. 1, 2).

174

calkea gamoyofili kerZo gimnaziebis mowafeTa erovnuli

Semadgenloba qalaq TbilisSi.

6. qarTuli saqalebo gimnazia _ 309 _ qarTveli.

7. berozaSvilis gimnazia sqesTa ganurCeveli _ qarTvelni _ 50,

somxebi _ 12, rusebi _ 14.

8. bilanaSvilis gimnazia sqesTa ganurCeveli _ qarTvelni _ 180.

9. maSCenkosi da tixomirovis gimnazia, qarTvelni _ 15, somxebi _

28, rusebi _ 48, TaTrebi _ 2, polonelni _ 1, germanelebi _ 1,

uriebi _ 1.

10. griaznovis gimnazia sqesTa ganurCeveli, qarTvelebi _ 6.

11. gimnazia lisicianis sqesTa ganurCeveli, somxebi _ 91~ (25, 11).

vaJ mowafeTa erovnuli Semadgenloba realur, komerciul da

kadetTa korpusisa.

1. kadetTa korpusi: qarTvelni _ 66, somxebi _ 26, TaTrebi _ 14,

rusebi _ 273, osebi _ 1, ingiloelni _ 4, polonelni _ 12,

germanelni _ 9, gamourkvevelni _ 3.

2. komerciuli I: qarTvelni _ 84, somxebi _ 453, TaTrebi _ 33,

rusebi _ 78, polonelni _ 13, germanelni _ 18, uriebi _ 21,

gamourkvevelni _ 16.

3. komerciuli II: qarTvelni _132, somxebi _ 138, TaTrebi _ 13,

polonelni _ 6, germanelni _ 2, uriebi _ 14, berZnebi _ 9.

4. realuri: qarTvelni _ 180, somxebi _ 138, TaTrebi _ 10, rusebi

_ 40, polonelni _ 40, germanelni _ 25, uriebi _ 17,

gamourkvevelni _ 19~ (25, 19).

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTarobis damsaxureba iyo

is faqti, rom mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga `sqesTa ganurCeveli

saswavleblebis daarsebaze.~ am mxriv saintereso informacias Seicavs

saqme # 249. `moswavleTa ricxvi naZaladevis 8 klasiani, klasikuri qal-

vaJTa kerZo elene bilanaSvilis gimnaziisa.

3 klasi: qalebi _ 30, vaJebi _ 6

2 klasi: qalebi _ 35, vaJebi _ 16

175

1 klasi: qalebi _ 27, vaJebi _13

1 klasi (paraleluri) qalebi _ 32, kacebi _ 14

ufrosi mosamzadebeli ganyofileba: qalebi _ 24, vaJebi _ 32

ufrosi mosamzadebeli ganyofileba: qalebi _ 35, vaJebi _ 21

umcrosi mosamzadebeli ganyofileba (qarTuli) _ qalebi _ 27,

vaJebi _ 23

umcrosi mosamzadebeli ganyofileba (rusuli) _ qalebi _ 22, vaJebi

_ 27

saanbano ganyofilebebi:

1. saanbano qarTuli: qali _ 20, vaJi _ 10

2. saanbano rusuli: sul 12 qali, 13 vaJi

mTel saswavlebelSi iricxeba 473 moswavle: qarTvelni _ 325, rusi

_ 103, somexi _ 24, osebi _ 12, aisorni _ 6, berZeni _ 2, ebraeli _ 1~ (25, 2.

20).

vaJTa kerZo gimnazia, mowafeTa erovnuli Semadgenloba qalaq

TbilisSi, 1918 weli, 17 ivlisi.

1. vaJTa qarTuli gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 796

2. vaJTa sasuliero gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 245.

3. bilaniSvilis gimnazia sqesTa ganurCeveli: qarTveli _ 90,

gamourkvevelni _ 60

4. berozaSvilis gimnazia sqesTa ganurCeveli

5. qal maswavlebelTa gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 74, somxebi _ 33,

rusebi _ 18, gamourkvevelni _ 8

176

6. gimnazia trafimenkosi: qarTvelni _ 25, somxebi _ 16, rusebi _

25, uriebi _ 10, germanelni _8, polonelni _ 1, sparseli _ 1,

berZeni _ 1

7. griaznovis gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 5

8. axali skolis gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 5, somxebi _ 97, rusebi _

5, uriebi _ 2, poloneli _ 1, TaTrebi _ 5

9. levandovskis gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 63, somxebi _ 119, rusebi _

119, uriebi _ 10, germanelni _ 5, polonelni _ 7, TaTrebi _ 4

10. me-2 saxalxo gimnazia: qarTveli _ 7, somxebi _ 5, rusebi _ 9

11. gimnazia meore maswavlebelTa jgufisa: qarTvelni _ 6,

somxebi _ 38, rusebi _ 37, uriebi _ 6, polonelni _ 2, TaTrebi

_ 1, gamourkvevelni _ 5

12. TevzaZis gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 21, somxebi _ 8, rusebi _30,

uriebi _7

13. puSkinis saxalxo gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 89, somxebi _ 248,

rusebi _ 69, uriebi _ 5, germanelni _ 4, polonelni _ 2,

berZeni _ 6, TaTrebi _ 6, qarTveli uriebi _ 35

14. maswavlebelTa jgufis gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 14, somxebi _ 21,

rusebi _ 13, uriebi _ 6, germanelni _ 2, poloneli _ 6,

TaTrebi _ 2

15. realuri saswavlebeli piragovisa: qarTvelni _ 5, somxebi _

4, rusebi _ 17, TaTrebi _ 1, gamourkvevelni _ 1

16. maswavlebelTa amxanagobis gimnazia: qarTveli _ 14, somxebi _

17, rusebi _ 33, TaTrebi _ 2, gamourkvevelni _ 2

17. ter-stepanovis gimnazia: qarTvelni _ 3, somexi _ 15, uriebi _

2

18. ebraelTa gimnazia: qarTveli _ 9, somxebi _ 52, rusebi _ 19,

uriebi _ 207, germaneli _ 4, polonelni _ 3, TaTrebi _ 2,

ukrainelni _ 2

19. berZenTa gimnazia: berZeni _ 75

20. somexTa gimnazia lisicianisa: qarTvelni _ 1, somexi _ 232,

rusi _ 9, germanelni _ 2, polonelni _ 2~ (26, 22).

177

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis skolebSi

mowafeTa erovnul Semadgenlobas, TbilisTan SedarebiT qarTvelebi

umravlesobas warmoadgendnen. 1919 wlis monacemebiT mdgomareoba

Semdegia:

`foTis vaJTa gimnazia: qarTvelebi-280, somxebi-1, rusebi-53, sxva

erovnebebi-47.

foTis qalTa gimnazia: qarTvelebi-271, rusebi-4.

Telavis vaJTa gimnazia: qarTvelebi-279, rusebi-5, sxva erovnebebi-2.

Telavis wmnida ninos gimnazia: qarTveli-321, sxva erovnebebi-2.

goris qalTa gimnazia: qarTvelebi-209, rusebi-1, sxva erovnbebi-8.

goris vaJTa gimnazia: qarTvelebi-224, somexi-78, rusebi-46, sxva

erovnebebi-20.

zestafonis vaJTa gimnazia: qarTvelebi-299, sxva erovnebebi-2.

zestafonis qalTa gimnazia: qarTvelebi-258, sxva erovnebebi-1~ (28, 1).

rogorc motanili dokumentebidan Cans, Tbilisis skolebSi sakmaod

mravlad iyvnen sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. swored amitom,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mTavari mizans warmoadgenda respublikis

yvela skolaSi qarTveli moswavleebis ricxvis gazrda. aRniSnulis

umniSvnelovanes gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda qarTul enaze warmoebuli

swavla-ganaTlebis SemoReba.

erovnul umciresobaTa mravalricxovnobam mniSvnelovani proble-

mebi Seqmna qarTul enaze warmoebuli saswavlo sistemis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis. `ganaTlebis saministrom SeimuSava saswavlo gegma saqarTvelos

respublikis saSualo skolebisaTvis da ukve saTanado gankargulebac

moaxdina misi cxovrebaSi gatarebisaTvis. darCa gaurkveveli mxolod

sakiTxi saxelmwifo enis swavlebisa ara qarTvelTaTvis. ganaTlebis

saministro fiqrobs, rom qarTuli ena savaldebulo unda iyos

respublikis yvela skolaSi, magram vinaidan ara qarTvel mowafeT

qarTuli ar ician da zogi maTganis CvenSi yofnas droebiTi xasiaTi aqvs,

SeuZlebeli iqneboda saxelmwifo enis SemoReba dauyonebliv yvela

klasSi. jerjerobiT mosaxerxebeli iqneba mxolod pirvel oTx klasSi

savaldebulod, zeviT klasebSi ki msurelTaTvis. rac Seexeba

178

saqarTvelos istorias, igic savaldebulo unda iyos ara qarTvelTaTvis,

magram vinaidan mowafeT jerjerobiT qarTuli ar ician, misi swavleba

droebiT unda moewyos rusulad.~ (27, 52).

`araqarTul skolebSi swavla mowafeTa samSoblo enaze warmoebs.

pirveldawyebiT skolaSi saxelmwifo /qarTuli/ ena araa savaldebulo

da arc aswavlian, Tu TviT mSoblebi da mowafeni ar moisurveben. asea

saqme dayenebuli magaliTad, didi durnukis skolaSi, sadac swavla

somxur enaze swarmoebs. magram aris iseTi soflebi /Sindisi, kumisi/,

sadac somxebi qarTvelebidan grigorianobiT gamoirCevian. samSoblo ena

qarTulia, zne-Cveuleba qarTuli da sxva. (17, 16.). garda amisa,

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam da kerZod

parlamentma `ar daiviwya arc erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebi da

ramdenadac ki SesaZlebelia es, uzrunvelyo maTi interesebic. amitom

Cveni kanoniT momrigebel mosamarTleTa Sesaxeb qaRaldebis micema da

Targmanebis ufasoT miReba SeiZleba yvela im adgilebSi, sadac ki

erovnuli umciresoba Seadgens mcxovrebTa cotaT Tu bevrad sagrZnob

nawils, xolo iq, sadac qarTulis ara mcodneni umravlesobas Seadgenen,

saqmis warmoeba unda xdebodes saxelmwifo enasTan erTad umravlesobis

enazec~ (51, 1).

calke minda Sevexo saqarTveloSi arsebul saganmanTleblo da

profesiul organizaciebs, romlebic sakmao mravalricxovnobiT

gamoirCeoda XX saukunis dasawyisSi. maTi mTavari mizani iyo

sazogadoebis farTo fenebis ganaTlebis amaRleba. `1910 wlis 11 martis

monacemebiT gatyobinebT, rom Cemdami rwmunebul raionSi dakvirvebis

Sedegad (baTumis da foTis garda) moqmedebs saganmanaTleblo da

profesiuli organizaciebi.

1. qalaqi soxumi – saganmanaTleblo sazogadoebebi:

a) saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel

Tbilisis sazogadoeba, Tavmjdomare: maria anCabaZe.

b) abxazebs Soris ganaTlebis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, am

sazogadoebis saTaveSi dgas soxumis qalaqis Tavis meuRle

grafinia elena sologubi.

179

c) soxumis mSobliuri universitetis sazogadoeba, Tavmjdomare

evgenia simonova.

d) soxumis berZnuli sazogadoeba. Tavmjdomare _ giorgi

zagrafopuli.

2. profesiuli:

a) soxumis sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoeba, Tavmjdomare,

botanikuri da saxazino baRis gamocdili moRvawe vasil

markoviCi.

b) soxumis amxanagoba, Tavmjdomare golaSevski.

3. qalaq quTaisis saganmanaTleblo sazogadoebebi:

a) quTaisis qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis ganyofileba, Tavmjdomare giorgi zdanoviCi.

b) quTaisis saxalxo universitetis sazogadoeba, Tavmjdomare

mose qiqoZe.

4. profesionaluri:

a) sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoeba `kolxida~, Tavmjdomare

ioseb quTaTelaZe

b) quTaisis bunebismetyvelebis moyvarulTa sazogadoeba,

Tavmjdomare saxalxo saswavleblis direqtori semenovi.

c) aralegaluri organizacia quTaisSi, xelmZRvanelebi koberiZe

da demuria.

5. yvirila saganmanaTleblo

a) WiaTuris saxalxo universitetis sazogadoeba, xelmZRvaneli

nikoloz razmaZe

b) `WiaTuris qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis ganyofileba~, Tavmjdomare ivane abaSiZe.

6. WiaTura-profesionaluri

a) `wvril mewarmeTa asociaciis biuro~, Tavmjdomare

aleqsandre gamrekeli. (6, 131).

baTumis olqSi aris Semdegi legaluri profesiuli da

saganmanaTleblo sazogadoebebi:

1. baTumis saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba.

180

2. kavkasiis samefisnacvlos qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis baTumis ganyofileba.

3. baTumis elinuri kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba.

4. somxur-kaTolikuri saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba.

5. baTumis meqvabe-mSromelTa arteli.

6. baTumis aWaris mSromelTa arteli.

7. baTumis momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba `Savi zRva~. (6, 133).

$ 3. sarwmunoeba

sainteresoa gamoikveTos kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, es aris

sarwmunoeba. mas Semdeg rac gauqmda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba da

rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda, axali etapi daiwyo ara marto

politikuri, aramed religiuri TvalsazrisiTac. qarTuli sazogadoebis

molodini, rom erTmorwmune ruseTi gansxvavebul gzas airCevda da

saqarTvelos mimarT dampyroblur politikas ar ganaxorcielebda ar

gamarTlda. aseTive viTareba aRmoCnda qristianobasTan mimarTebaSic.

ruseTma 1811 wels gaauqma saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

avtokefalia da reformebi ganaxorciela, rac mis rusifikacias isaxavda

miznad. eklesiaSi rusi sasuliero pirebis moyvanis da rusul enaze

wirva-locvis SemoRebis Semdeg xalxSi Seirya rwmena. qarTveli

samRvdeloeba am problemis aRmofxvras qarTvel sazogado moRvaweebTan

erTad presis saSualebiT Seecada, romlis saSualebiTac xSirad

mouwodebdnen qristianobis SesanarCuneblad.

181

disertaciis mesame TavSi, rodesac ganvixile sasuliero wodeba,

rogorc socialuri fena ukve gamovkveTe qristianobis roli da

samRvdeloebis gavlena sazogadoebaze. amitom naSromis am nawilSi

mokled ganvixilav sarwmunoebis da konkretulad, qristianobis

damsaxurebas qarTveli eris istoriaSi.

dResdReobiT aravisTvis aRar aris sakamaTo, rom qristianoba da

qarTveloba saukuneebis manZilze erTian konteqstSi moiazreboda da

qarTvelebisTvis qarTvelobis dacva qristianobis SenarCunebas udrida

da piriqiT. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi es Tvalsazrisi didi

xania damkvidrebulia, amitom sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT Seswavla

siaxles ar warmoadgens. magram, calke sakiTxia ra kuTxiT ganicdida

cvlilebas qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimarT qarTuli sazogadoebis,

TiToeuli socialuri fenis Tu jgufis cnobiereba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Sua saukunebSi, rodesac sxvadasxva

sarwmunoebis xalxi modioda saqarTvelos dasapyrobad, mTavar dartymas

swored qristianobisken mimarTavda. 1900-1917 wlebSi qarTvelebis mTavari

moTxovna religiasTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena iyo da ara brZola qristianobis

dasacavad. e. i. rogorc vxedavT, am etapze erovnuli faseulobebisTvis

brZola garkveul cvalebadobas ganicdis da epoqis moTxovnilebidan

gamomdinare sxva erovnuli Rirebulebebis SenarCuneba xdeba mniSvnelo-

vani. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom gazeTma `iveriam~, romelic saqarTveloSi

nacionalizmis mTavari ideologi iyo sarwmunoeba meoTxe adgilze,

xolo teritoriis Semdeg, meore da mesame kriteriumad qarTuli ena

da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi daayena.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli ena, qristianobasTan erTad qarTveli

eris istoriaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda. 1900-1921 wlebSi

qarTuli enis SenarCunebisTvis brZola saqarTveloSi Seqmnili

politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinareobda.

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg misi koloniuri

politika saqarTveloSi sami mimarTulebiT warimarTa: politikuri,

ekonomikuri, da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo. ruseTi samive mimarTule-

biT ipyrobda qveyanas, politikurad _ iaraRiT, ekonomikurad _

182

warmoebis konsolidaciiT da iafi nedleulis gadazidviT, kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo mimarTuleba ki ZvelTaZveli qarTuli kulturis

tradiciebis mospobiTa da ganaTlebis axali kerebis rusifikaciiT

igegmeboda (218, 301).

ruseTis xelisufleba dapyrobil qveyanas upirvelesad rusifika-

toruli politikiT unda daufleboda. iaraRiT dapyrobili saqarTvelo

qarTveli xalxis garusebiT Tu iqceoda imperiis bunebriv Semadgenel

nawilad, mxolod garusebuli qarTveloba Tu iqneboda rusuli

guberniebis morCili mosaxleoba. es mizandasaxuloba mxolod skolebiT

SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo, Tuki am skolebidan sruliad

ganidevneboda mSobliuri ena da swavleba rusul enaze dawesdeboda (218,

301).

rac Seexeba skolebs, es sruliad axali movlenaa XIX saukunis II

naxevrisa da XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi. mas Semdeg,

rac gauqmda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da qarTve-

veli eris mTavari loialobis obieqti mefe aRar arsebobda, aseve

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia, sasuliero

wodebis warmomadgenlebs seriozuli dabrkolebebi SeeqmnaT saukuneebis

manZilze Camoyalibebuli uflebebis realizaciisTvis. xalxTan mTavari

damakavSirebeli da erovnuli ideebis matarebeli yovelTvis iyo

samRvdeloeba. am uflebis CamorTmevis Semdeg, bunebrivia nawilobriv,

radgan ruseTma mainc ver SeZlo saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli

kavSiris sruli aRmofxvra xalxsa da eklesias Soris, saWiro gaxda

axali organos Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobda xalxTan kavSirs da rac

mTavaria, erovnuli ideebis qadagebas. skola garda imisa, rom

saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba iyo, mas axali epoqa axal

moTxovnilebebs uyenebda. 1. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, glexebma

moipoves piradi Tavisufleba da saWiro iyo maTi sazogadoebasTan

dakavSireba. 2. qarTul enaze warmoebuli ganaTleba. 3. skolebis

saSualebiT unda momxdariyo ekonomikuri, sameurneo ganaTlebis

amaRleba.

swored aqedan gamomdinareobda is faqti, rom sarwmunoeba

dayenebuli iyo meoTxe adgilze. miuxedavad amisa, samRvdeloeba aqtiur

183

nabijebs dgamda rogorc eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad, ise

saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis rolis warmoCenisTvis. amisTvis

maT hqondaT sxvadasxva beWduri organo. qarTveli sasuliero fenis

interesebs gamoxatavda gazeTi `Sinauri saqmeebi~. 1909 wlis #4-Si

vkiTxulobT: `saWiroa gavacnoT xalxs Cveni mSobliuri eklesiis

xasiaTi, misi Rvawli ara marto qristes cxovelmyofeli moZRvrebis

gavrceleba-damkvidrebaSi, aramed qarTveli xalxis erovnulad

gaZlierebis saqmeSic. man Seinaxa Cveni eri, sarwmunoeba amxnevebda mas

mraval saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi auarebel mtrebTan brZolis dros,

aZlevda Zalas gamosuliyo am uTanasworo brZolidan gamarjvebulad,

Seenaxa mas Tavisi erovneba. TvalsaCino iyo Zveli saqarTvelos

kultura, romlis SeqmnaSi umTavresi wili udevs Cvens mSobliur

eklesias. Zveli kulturis daviwyeba ki xalxisTvis ar aris saxeiro. is

xalxi, romelsac Tavis warsuls istoriul cxovrebasTan kavSiri

gauwyvetia, momavalSi warmatebas ar unda moelodes~ (156, 1).

qristianobasTan dakavSirebuli TiToeuli statia mimarTuli iyo

qarTvelebSi rwmenis amaRlebasa da eklesiis rolis dasabuTebaze.

`eklesia warsulSi didi erovnuli movlena iyo, eklesiis garSemo

iyrida Tavs saxelmwifoebrivi energia, iq iyo elementi _ eris

SemaerTebeli da erovnuli simdidre, erovnuli kultura umTavresad

eklesia-monastrebSi grovdeboda. ber-monazonTa kolegia iyo mTavari

matarebeli sulieri kulturis da es qmnida samRvdeloebis batonobas.

dRes sulieri kulturis meTauroba maTi imdenad dakargulia, rom

warsulSic maTi aseTi roli bevrs ara sjera. magram qonebrivi kultura

ki didia mogrovili eklesia-monastrebSi. es qoneba ekuTvnis ers, mTel

xalxs da ara eklesiis msaxurT ber-monazonT. igini dRemde mxolod

mcvelia am qonebis~ (54, 1).

grigol lorTqifaniZe Tavis memuarebSi yuradRebas amaxvilebda

qristianobis rolze saqarTvelos istoriaSi. igi warsulSi eklesiis da

qristianobis mniSvnelobas epoqidan gamomdinare miiCnevda. `qarTuli

eklesiis erovnul-mogeriebiTi moRvaweoba wina saukuneebSi, erTis mxriT,

ramdenimed gaadvilebuli iyo imiT, rom maSin saqristiano saqarTvelos

saqme qonda islamTan, am ori sarwmunoebas Soris gauvali ufskruli iyo,

184

mdgomareoba da urTierToba metad naTeli, mkafio da gansazRvruli,

amitom am xanebSi SeuZlebeli iyo mtrisaTvis qarTul eklesiaSi

megobrisa da Zmis qurqiT Sesvla da misi Signidan gadagvareba da moSla.

xolo ruseTis mflobelobis dros am mxriT mdgomareobas arTulebda is

garemoeba, rom axali mpyrobeli TviT iyo qristiani da isic

marTlmadidebeli. am garemoebam metad gauadvila ruseTs, saqarTvelos

eklesiasTan brZola. anaforaSi gadacmuli rusuli nacionalisturi

imperializmi erTmorwmuneobis sababiTa da niRbiT advilad SeiWra

qarTul eklesiaSi da mis garusebas Seudga~ (199, 52).

amdenad, daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1900-1917 wlebSi

marTlmadidebeli eklesia marTalia uflebaSuzRuduli aRmoCnda, magram

qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisTvis brZola ar Seuwyvetia.

$ 4. qalis, dedis sakiTxi

erT-erTi problema, romelic aqtualuria XX saukunis I

ocwleulSi aris genderuli sakiTxi. rac gulisxmobda qalisa da

mamakacis uflebebis gaTanabrebas erovnuli ideis ganviTarebisTvis

erToblivi ZalebiT. rogorc eTnosimbolisturi Teoriis warmomadgeneli

e. smiTi aRniSnavs: `yvelaze aSkara da fundamenturia genderis kategoria.

genderuli klasifikaciebi ucvleli Tu ara, universaluri da

yovlismomcvelia. maTganve gamomdinareobs sxva gansxvavebani da

daqvemdebarebani. sqesia, cxadad Tu farulad Cveni ganmsazRvreli. is

ganapirobebs metwilad Cvens SesaZleblobebsa Tu miRwevebs~ (269, 4).

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTul mediaSi qalis, dedis

rolis warmoCenas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. erTi mxriv, warmodgenilia

qarTveli dedis damsaxureba warsulSi da, meore mxriv, gakritikebulia

Tanamedrove qarTveli deda. ZiriTadad aRniSnuli problemis irgvliv

trialebs yvela qarTulenovani Jurnal-gazeTi da cdilobs sakuTari

mowodebebiT qarTveli dedis gamofxizlebas. es procesi gamowveulia

185

imiT, rom qals did aRmzrdelobiT misias akisrebdnen da modernul

epoqaSi am funqciebis gadagvarebas xedavdnen: `daiviwya qarTvelma deda-

ena _ es deda ZarRvi erovnebisa da erovnebasac safrTxe gauCnda.

akvnidan, skolaSi mibarebamde bavSvs uazrod atiktikeben rusul enaze

da vinicobaa qarTuli wamoscda rame, yursac ki uweven. qarTveli deda

qarTuli enis, literaturis da istoriis ucodinarobasTan erTad is

gulidan TiTqo icilebs samSoblos winaSe movaleobasac da srulad

misTvis axal ucnob azrebs etaneba. is ebRauWeba ucxoelebs, maT

cxovrebas zedmiwevniT icnobs da is aqebs napoleons, petre dids da

amave dros uyuradRebod tovebs daviT aRmaSenebels, erekle meores da

giorgi brwyinvales~ (81, 3).

qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi skolaze ara nakleb mniSvnelobas

aniWebdnen ojaxs, romelsac unda uzrunveleyo momavali Taobis

patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrda. `mSoblebis aRzrdas ufro meti

mniSvneloba da gavlena aqvs bavSvze, vidre skolas, radgan ded-mamis

aRzrdis meTodi ufro gavleniania Cvilis gonebaze. amitom gvmarTebs

Cven, mSoblebs, ufro kargs pirobebSi aRvzardoT Cveni Svilebi, rom

swavlis miRebisTanave SevqmnaT igini ganaTlebulaTac. amisi wyaro ki

urTierTSoris siyvarulis Canergvaa, wynari qceva yvelasTan da garja

da Sroma yvelas sasargeblod~ (184, 183). motanili masala naTlad

metyvelebs imaze, rom inetligenciis warmomadgenlebi xazs usvamdnen

yvela im maxasiaTebels, romelic erovnuli idealebis propagandas

Seuwyobda xels. qarTuli ojaxi erT-erTi is saSualeba iyo, romelic

momavali Taobis aRzrdaSi erovnul muxts Seitanda. `ojaxia pirveli da

saukeTeso skola, sadac ibadeba da izrdeba adamianis zne-xasiaTi.

bavSvis suli, guli da goneba pirvelad warmoadgens dauwerels qaRalds

da pirvelad ojaxSi daiwereba masze aseTi Tu iseTi saTave zneobisa,

xasiaTisa, mimarTulebisa da grZnobierebisa~ (189, 7). magram amis

sawinaaRmdego ikveTeba: `qarTuli ojaxi karga xania aRar arsebobs.

ojaxi ar unergavs Svilebs samSoblo enis siyvaruls. ar aswavlis am

enas, am enis nawarmoebs. Svili ara xedavs ojaxSi aranair simtkices da

mTlianobas, zneobriv principebs, erovnul Tavmoyvareobas. sakuTar

ojaxSi igivea, rac sxvis, ucxos skolaSi, erTi meoris gagrZelebaa da

186

damateba. arc skolaSia qarTveloba da arc ojaxSi~ (45, 1).

1901 wlis `cnobis furcelSi~ vkiTxulobT: dRevandeli Cveni

daqveiTeba, moqalaqobriv grZnobaTa uqonloba, znisa da xasiaTis

gaTaxsireba SekavSirebulia Cvenis ojaxis daqveiTebasTan. dRevandeli

qarTveli deda, es deda-boZi Cveni cxovrebisa, ar akmayofilebs awindel

cxovrebis moTxovnilebas, es mze da mTvare Cveni cxovrebisa aRar iZleva

sxivs, misgan miviwyebuli ojaxis kera veRar aTbobs Cvens guls. ojaxi

gadagvarebulia da Cvenc migvicia Tavi cxovrebis talRebisaTvis da misi

Zala saiTac unda iqiT gvisvris. gahqra qarTveli deda da masTan erTad

hqreba Cveni sasiqadulo zne da Cveuleba, gamsWvaluloba sazogado

saqmisadmi da, erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rac winad amSvenebda,

mniSvnelobasa da Zalas aZlevda Cvens ojaxs, gaqra deda da masTan

erTad qreba Cveni xasiaTic, Cveni aRzrdac da miswrafebac saqveyno

saqmisadmi~ (165, 1). gazeT iveriis publicists ipolite varTagavas ki

qarTvelebis gadagvarebis mizezad aseve ojaxi miaCnia. `Cveneburi

gadagvarebis gzas damdgari ojaxi ver aCvevs, ver ayvarebs mozard

Taobas Taviss samSoblo enas da samSoblo literaturas da es imisTvis,

rom Cven ojaxebiTgan, Cvenda samarcxvinod gandevnilia qarTuli wigni,

qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebi. Cvens ojaxSi ymawvili Zlier iSviaTad

mohkravs yurs Cvenis cxovrebis varamsa, Cvenebur saqmeTa viTarebasa da

mwerloba literaturazed sja-baass. qarTveli deda _ es odesme Cvenis

ojaxis Seuryeveli burji _ am saukuneSi damaxinjda, dafuqsavatda. mas

gauqra Segneba Tvisis wminda movaleoba-mowodebisa. qarTvel dedas,

savalalod `gardaecvala guli cxoveli~. winandeli gmirebis

aRmzrdeli qarTveli dedebi, romlebsac ise usazRvrod uyvardaT

TavianTi samSoblo, rom misTvis sasikvdilod imetebdnen erTaderT

Svilsac, dRes es sasiqadulo dedebi, mokiskise `qalbatonebad~

Seicvalnen~ (85, 1). qarTveli qalis mTavar naklad, rogorc

saJurnalo Tu sagazeTo publikaciebidan Cans, bavSvebis araswor

aRzrdas miiCnevdnen: `damnaSavea qarTveli deda, romelsac dahviwyebia

Tavisi movaleoba da Tavis swavla-codnas ubralo, unayofo dros

gatarebaSi hkargavs, ris gamoc misi miswrafeba-interesebi sruliad

ewinaaRmdegeba namdvili dedis interesebs... amnairad me im azris var, rom

187

Svili dedam unda gamozardos da ara `niankebma~, elaparakos mSobliur

enaze, rom Svilma icodes Tavisi ena, Tavisi vinaoba da samsaxuris

gawevac aswavlos, rogorc Tavis moZmisas, ise mTeli kacobriobisas~ (183,

8).

qarTveli qalis idealizebuli saxe erTobis istoriul

mexsierebaSi yovelTvis arsebobda. XX saukunis I ocwleulSi

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare qarTveli qalis roli

arsebiTad gaizarda da nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesSi mniSvne-

lovani datvirTva SeiZina. qarTuli enisa da istoriuli warsulis

propaganda epoqis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, misi funqcia gaxda.

Tumca beWdur mediaze dakvirvebidan ikveTeba, rom inteligencia

Tanamedrove qarTveli qaliT, qarTveli dediT ukmayofiloa da mis

kritikasac ar erideba: `Tanamedrove qarTvelma qalma bevrSi ukan

Camoitova Zveli qarTveli deda, magram erTSi CamorCa: is gadagvarda, mas

aRar esmis Tavisi movaleoba samSoblos winaSe. yoveldRiurobam, piradma

cxovrebam STanTqa is da daukarga ideali. simebi, romlebiTac Zveli

dedis guli SeerTebuli iyo Tavis xalxTan, dRevandel dedas TiTqmis

srulebiT dauwyda da mSobeli eris kvnesa da varami imis guls aRara

swvdeba. gadagvarebis seni gansakuTrebiT inteligencias da maRali wris

qalebs moedoT, raSi etyoba dRevandel inteligent qals qarTveloba?

erTi umTavresi piroba qarTvelobisa _ qarTuli enac ki aRar SerCa~ (80,

3).

elitis roli yovelTvis, yvela istoriul epoqaSi

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebisa da nacionaluri idealebis SenarCunebaSi

didi iyo, Tumca modernul epoqaSi misi garkveuli nawili Tavis

movaleobebs veRar asrulebs da nacionaluri erTianobis mTavari

elementi qarTuli ena daviwyebuli aqvs. `savalalo mdgomareobaSia

qarTuli ojaxi. bavSvs aRar esmis ojaxSi qarTuli ena, qarTuli

laparaki, qarTuli alufxulia sxva laparakSi, sxva enaSi. Cveni

inteligenti xuT wams ver SeZlebs qarTulad laparaks, wamdauwum

waurusulebs. qalebi Cveni momavali dedebi xom sul `paruskoben~ (74, 3).

problemis srulyofilad gasaSuqeblad publicistebi Zveli da

Tanamedrove dedebis Sedarebas axdendnen da amis saSualebiT

188

cdilobdnen Zveli dedebis upiratesobis damtkicebas: `SevadaroT

gadasuli dedebi dRevandel qalebs. dRevandeli qalebi ufro

ganviTarebulni arian da naswavli gadasulebze. Zvel dedebs mxolod

erTi safiqrali da sazrunavi qondaT, samSoblo. dRevandelma qalebma ki

ucxo enebi ician, zedmiwevniT fiqroben Cacma-daxurvaze da dro aRar

rCebaT, rom kidev samSoblozec ifiqron. Zveli dro sul sxva iyo misi

moTxovnilebiT. Zvelma dedebma mxolod qarTuli icodnen. im enaze

zrdidnen Svilebs da im enaze adidebdnen RmerTs. dRevandeli qali

iseTive Tvaltanadia, rogorc misi winapari. ufro naswavli, egeb ufro

metsac Sromobdes, magram Cven ra? qarTveli ki aRar aris. SexvdebiT

ganaTlebul qarTvel qals, romelic qarTuls veRar axerxebs da kidec

eqada: ra saWiroa da ra unda gamikeToso~ (73, 1). imis dasamtkiceb-lad,

rom dedazea damokidebuli eris ganviTarebis mravali momenti, Jurnal-

gazeTebis publicistebs araerTi cnoba moyavdaT. `mowinave erebi

Segnebuli dedebiT iyvnen da arian qebuli-bednieri. erovnul saxes,

Taviseburobis Segneba-TviTcnobierebas umTavresad Segnebuli dedebi

icav-naxaven da miT umzadeben `momavals xalxs~. Seugnebli, mCate, araris

mgrZnobi, araris mcnobi dedebi ki eris damRupvelni arian, es utyuari

WeSmaritebaa~ (103, 1).

aRniSnuli problemis aqtualoba beWdur mediaSi SemTxveviTi ar

yofila. rogorc zemoT mivuTiTebdi, qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elita nacionalur konsolidaciisTvis erTobis wevrebis

cnobierebis gaerTgvarovnebas cdilobs. sworad warmarTuli aRmzrde-

lobiTi procesi, rogorc skolaSi, aseve ojaxSi ki am mdgomareobis

miRwevis winapirobaa.

aRzrdis mizans, mis daniSnulebas da amocanebs gansazRvravs

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis pirobebi, romlebic warmoSobs misi

interesebidan gamomdinare da misTvis sasurveli aRzrdis sistemas.

amitom sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis yvela etapze aRzrdis daniSnuleba

gamomdinareobda sazogadoebis yofierebisa da misi materialuri

cxovrebis ganviTarebis realuri moTxovnilebebidan. amitom roca

icvleba cxovrebis pirobebi, icvleba aRzrdis mizani da daniSnulebac

(167, 46).

189

saqarTvelos istoriidan gamomdinare qarTveli qalis roli

yovelTvis didi iyo erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCunebaSi. mis movaleobas

mudam Seadgenda samSoblos Rirseuli Svilebis aRzrda. aqedan

gamomdinare XX saukunis I ocwleulSi qarTveli dedis movaleobebis

aseTi gaazreba siaxles ar warmoadgenda, Tumca erTi ram udavod epoqis

moTxovnileba gaxda _ qarTuli enis SenarCunebis tvirTi saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebebis SezRudvis gamo, amjerad qarTvel

dedas unda aeRo.

$ 5. ekonomika

erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTareba nebismieri saxelmwifos arsebobis

erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa. Aam mxriv, arc saqarTveloa gamonaklisi.

saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli mefeeebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen

ekonomikuri politikis qveynisTvis sasikeTod warmarTvas. dReisaTvis

sakmaod aqtualuria am dargis ganviTareba-aRorZinebis sakiTxi. am fonze

mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia arsebuli tradiciebis gaTvaliswineba da

imis warmoCena Tu rogor mimdinareobda erovnuli ekonomikis

ganviTarebis procesi 1900-1921 wlebis magaliTze, rodesac erTi mxriv,

cvlilebas ganicdis feodalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri

formebi da meore mxriv, damkvidrebas iwyebs axali ekonomikuri sistema

kapitalizmis saxiT da bunebrivia saqarTvelo axali gamowvevebis winaSe

dgeba.

XIX saukunis II naxevridan arsebiTi cvlilebis Sedegad, kerZod,

batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi, qarTuli erToba

190

axali gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda. kapitalisturi urTierTobis

farTod gavrcelebam samrewvelo-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebas

Seuwyo xeli. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTveli inteligenciisTvis naTeli

gaxda, rom glexTa saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesSi aucilebeli

iyo sameurneo-teqnikuri rolis wina planze wamoweva da saswavlo

programaSi Setana.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo axali gamowvevebis winaSe

aRmoCnda. qarTulma sazogadoebam ver gadalaxa XIX saukunis II

naxevridan qveyanaSi Seqmnili cvlilebebis Sedegad warmoqmnili

problemebi. erTi mxriv, glexebis da qarTuli inteligenciis mTavar

survils da moTxovnas warmoadgenda batonymobis gauqmeba. glexisTvis

piradi, iuridiuli, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis miniWeba umTavresi

moTxovna iyo. magram, meore mxriv, qarTuli sazogadoebis molodini ar

gamarTlda. glexebis ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi arc ise advili

gadasalaxi aRmoCnda, rogorc erTi SexedviT Canda. batonymobis

gauqmebas axali problemebi mohyva. saWiro gaxda glexis, rogorc

Tavisufali socialuri fenis sazogadoebasTan dakavSireba. amas Tan

erTvoda is faqti, rom saukuneebis manZilze glexis feodalur sistemaze

morgebuli cnobiereba ase advilad ver Seegua kapitalizmisTvis

damaxasiaTebel moTxovnebs. nebismieri saxis gardaqmna saxelmwifos

cxovrebaSi sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis umtkivneulod ar xdeba da

miTumetes gaunaTlebel, axali epoqis mimarT gauTviTcnobierebel

nawilSi. Zveli politikuri Tu socialur-ekonomikuri wyobilebis

SecvliT ver Seicvala xalxis cnobiereba. cvlileba ganicada

saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebulma saxelmwifoebrivma wyobam da

bunebrivia sazogadoebisTvis bevri ram gaurkvevli da miuRebeli

aRmoCnda. `Cvens ekonomiur sisustes mravalgvari mizezi da safuZveli

aqvs, magram Tu maT saTiTaod davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom TiTqmis

yvela am kerZo mizezebs erTi mTavari, farTo Sinaarsisa da ufro

zogadi mniSvnelobis garemoeba Seicavs. es garemoeba aris Semdegi:

qarTveloba, Tavis praqtikul saqmianobiTa da Sinagani psixikiT, dResac

ver Seswyobia da ver Sehguebia Tanamedrove moqalaqobriv anu

kapitalistur cxovrebis azrsa da moTxovnilebas. wesi Cveni saqmianobisa

191

da xasiaTi psixikisa imgvaria, rom srulebiT ar Seesabameba

kapitalistur drois arc saqmianobasa da arc psixikas~ (192, 2). swored

amitom iyo, rom samocianelebma skolas da saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebs istoriuli misia daakisres. am gzis gamgrZeleblebi XX

saukunis dasawyisSic cdilobdnen sazogadoebis cnobierebis formirebas

da sameurneo-ekonomikuri ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas. `istoriam Cvens

dros da Cvens qveyanas mravali axali praqtikuli saqme dausaxa Tvalwin.

gavrceleba saskolo da skolis gareSe ganaTlebisa mdabio xalxSi,

racionaluri aRzrda axali Taobisa, ganviTareba momxmareblebis da

mwarmoeblebis kooperaciebisa, amaRleba sasoflo sameurneo texnikisa,

SerCena saqarT-velos mkvidrTa xelSi amoZravebul miwisa da mravali

sxva msxvili da wvrili saqme yvela erTad Txoulobda gaZRolas,

asrulebas~ (100, 1).

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita naTlad acnobierebda

yvela im problemas, rac ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg

warmoiSva. magram, amavdroulad Zal-Rones ar iSurebda qarTuli

sazogadoebis gadayvanisTvis drois axal moTxovnebze. XX saukunis

dasawyisidan, rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli sazogadoebis garkveuli

nawili axerxebs ganaTlebis miRebas ruseTsa da evropis sxvadasxva

qalaqebSi. sadac isini yuradRebiT adevneben Tvalyurs evropis

masStabiT mimdinare gardaqmnebs saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

nawilSi da samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg mTeli ZalisxmeviT

eswrafvian am axali ideebis danergvas. maT Soris ekonomikis sferoSi,

radgan damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis brZola azrs kargavs, Tu qveyanas

ar gaaCnia saTanado ekonomikuri saxsari da amasTan ar icis misi

gamoyeneba. ase rom, erovnuli ekonomikis aRorZineba sxva mraval

faqtorTan erTad epoqis mTavari moTxovnileba gaxda.

filipe gogiCaiSvili, romelic erovnuli ekonomikis sakiTxebs

araerT statias uZRvnida, 1909 wlis `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ werda:

`rogorc yvelam icis, xalxis mTeli ekonomikuri saqmianoba sam mTavar

dargad ganawildeba. es aris: sasoflo meurneoba, mrewveloba da

vaWroba. kapitalisturis sazomiTa da angariSiT, TiToeul am dargs,

rogorc sazogadod adamianis yovelgvar sameurneo saqmianobas, imdenad

192

aqvs fasi da Rirebuleba, ramdenadac igi sargebels anu mogebas iZleva.

xolo es mogeba maSin axlavs ekonomikur saqmianobas, roca am

saqmianobas warmoebis gaumjobesebuli texnika udevs safuZvlad, roca

Sroma Sesaferis codniTa da nivTieris mowyobilobiT aris ganayofie-

rebuli, roca warmoeba bazris moTxovnilebasTanaa SeTanxmebuli. _ amis

sawinaaRmdego ki ikveTeba. `sasoflo meurneoba TiTqmis ucvlelad im

wesiT warmoebs, rogoric asisa da orasi wlis winad: qarTvel

soflelisTvis TiTqo ar arsebobs arc texnikis ganviTareba, arc bazris

cvalebadoba, mrewveloba.~ avtori gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom

ekonomikuri cvlilebebi sxva xalxis istoriaSic momxdara da

qarTvelebisgan gansxvavebiT nelnela Sehguebian axal wess. qarTul

sazogadoebaSi ki es procesi saerTod ar igrZnoba. (192, 2). amasTan

dakavSirebiT geronti qiqoZe werda: umTavresi mizezi, Cven meurneobas

rom aferxebs, fsixologiuria: esaa Cveni umecreba da mconareoba. amitom

saWiroa Cveni erovnuli fsixologiis gadabruneba, sanam samSoblos

niadags gadavabrunebdeT. kulturosani erebis meurneoba dRes

racionalur codnasa da mecnierebazea dafuZnebuli. Cveni meurneoba ki

piriqiT tradiciebsa da Cveulebebze. dResac daaxloebiT ise vxnavT da

ise vTesavT, rogorc Cveni Soreuli winaprebi xnavdnen da Tesavdnen,

roca isini qsenofonma aRwera. mxolod afrikaSi Tu darCenila aseTi

wesi muSaobisa~ (144, 3).

swored amitom iyo, rom XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi ase

aqtualuri iyo samrewvelo sagnebis skolaSi swavleba. Jurnali

`mogzauri~ da misi redaqtori ivane rostomaSvili erT-erTi pirvelia

vinc aRniSnul sakiTxebs erTian konteqstSi moiazrebs. misi

SexedulebiT, `skola unda iZleodes ara marto wignur ganaTlebas,

aramed praqtikul momzadebasac. skolaSi swavla-aRzrdis saqme ise unda

moewyos, rom man uzrunvelyos momavali Taobis daaxloeba buneba-

cxovrebasTan, maTi SeiaraReba iseTi codniT, romelic cxovrebaSia

saWiro, gauadvilebs maT Sromas, miscems saSualebas racionalurad

moawyos meurneoba da amiT uzrunvelyos mTeli qveynis ekonomikuri

ayvaveba da aRorZineba (177, 685).

1909-1912 wlebSi gamodioda Jurnali `mosavali~, romlis redaqtori

193

iyo v.i. rcxilaZe. aq ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda yvela im sakiTxze,

romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sameurneo codnis da teqnikis gavrcelebas-

Tan. 1909 wels `mosavalSi~ e. ioseliani werda: `raT aris xalxi teqnikas

CamorCenili, meurneoba raTa rCeba ukan, amaze Cven exla dawvrilebiT ar

vilaparakebT, mxolod imas ki aRvniSnavT, rom roca xalxi moklebulia

ubralo wera-kiTxvas, iq meurneobis ganviTarebis dapirdapireba texnikis

ganviTarebasTan SeuZlebelia~ (185, 5). qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZineba

uSualo kavSirSia sameurneo teqnologiebis aTvisebasTan. saerTo

masobriv saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi sameurneo sagnebis Setana am

procesis warmatebas ganapirobebda. `CvenTvis aucileblad saWiroa

SevignoT da Zvalsa da rbilSi gavimdinaroT igi azri, igi rwmena, rom

sasoflo meurneoba da mis mrewveloba erTaderTi bunebiTi da amitom

utyuari faqtoria adamianuris cxovreba-simdidrisa. droa SevignoT, rom

Cveni yoveli ubedureba iqidam warmosdgeba, rom Cveni xalxi or did

jgufad aris gayofili: erTis mxriv, dgas muSaobis mcodne, magram

ganuviTarebeli, uswavleli glexi da, meores mxriT, _ muSaobis ar

mcodne naswavli, romelic sruliad moklebulia damoukidebel,

TviTmomqmed moRvaweobas miwazed da amitom gamosadegia mxolod

moxeleobaSi, sxvis samsaxurSi da iq jamagiris aRebaSi~ (179, 7-8).

ucodinari meurne yovelTvis problemebis winaSe iqneba da ver

gadalaxavs im dabrkolebebs rac awuxebs. `sanam meurne swavliT ar

SeiTvisebs namdvil sameurneo codnas, ar SeeCveva varjiSobiT mamulis,

mcenaris da pirutyvis wesierad movla-moSenebas, manamdis igi welSi ver

gamagrdeba da yovelTvis xelmokle iqneba~ (100, 1).

samrewvelo-teqnikuri progresis fonze moZvelebuli qarTuli

sameurneo sistema ekonomikis ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad aferxebda.

`mogzauri~ grZnobda epoqis axal moTxovnilebebs da sazogadoebas

Tanamedrove sistemaze gadasvlisken mouwodebda: `ekonomikurad

gaWirvebuli iqnebi, sanam yofili cxovrebis moTxovnilebas ar

gaiTvaliswineb, maSindeli gaurjelobis mizezs ar gaicnob, maSindeli

cxovrebis moTxovnilebas dRevandel moTxovnilebebs ar Seudareb da

sanam Sens maSindel Sroma-muSaobas da Sexedulebas sul erTianad ar

gamoscvli da dRevandeli drois Sesaferad ar gardaqmni~ (177, 566).

194

axal droze morgeba da epoqis moTxovnilebis qveynis sasargeblod

gamosayeneblad saWiroa saswavlo programaSi Tanamedrove sistemaze

morgebuli sagnebis CarTva. saerTo nacionaluri cnobiereba ganaviTa-

rebs rogorc politikur, ise kulturul-ekonomikur mdgomare-obas.

`swavla-ganaTlebas pirdapiri gavlena aqvs vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis

ganviTarebaze, maT Zlierebasa da warmatebaze. axlandel droSi

yovelgvari warmoebis wesi mudmivad icvleba da umjobesdeba. amitom

warmoebaSi Zvel wesebze SeCereba ucxo, mcodne erTagan gadmouReblobas

niSnavs, ukan CamorCenas da daZabunebas. ucxo xalxTagan ekonomikuraT

damokidebulebas da ymaT gaxdomas ver avcdebiT Tu warmoebaSi Zveli

wesis Secvla ar moxerxda. Tu xalxi, romelic am warmoebas eweva uvici

da gaunaTlebelia, Tavis xelobisaTvis ganuswavleli da moumzadebeli~

(223, 120).

`mogzauris~ msgavsad gazeTi `Temic~ ekonomikuri sakiTxebis

gaSuqebas did adgils uTmobs. rogorc XX saukunis I, ise II aTwleulSi

problema erTnairi simwvaviT da aqtualobiT gamoirCeva: `kargad

mogexsenebaT ra kriziss ganicdis Cveni meurneoba, gamofituli miwa,

Zveli iaraRebi. mama-papuri miwis damuSavebis wesebi mSromels mosavals

aRar aZleven. xarjebi ki wliTiwlobiT emateba mas. rogor unda

gavuwioT ekonomikuri metoqeoba Cven uZlurma da daqvemdebarebulma erma

ekonomikurad Ronier qveynebs da mezoblebs: saWiroa Cvenc Cveni

ekonomikuri cxovreba ise movawyoT, rogorc amas moiTxoven Tanamedrove

ekonomikuri pirobebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi cxovrebis brZolaSi Cven

sruliad gavisrisebiT~ (69, 4).

qarTuli inteligenciis mxridan mudmivad iyo mowodebebi

sazogadoebis misamarTiT, rom gamosuliyo Zveli sistemidan da iseve

sakuTari mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT mieRo axali gamowvevebi.

`yvelasaTvis dResaviT naTelia, rom Cveni qveyana meurneobis qveyanaa, is

baRia, romlis gulis siRrmeSi damarxulia auarebeli simdidre, mxolod

ubedureba is aris, rom Cvens mSromel klass ara aqvs codna, raTa es

simdidre aRmofxvras miwis gulidan da rigianad moixmaros. romel

dargis samuSao ginda aiRo CvenSi, yvelafris damuSaveba-damzadeba xdeba

dro moWmuli pirvelyofili samuSao iaraRebiT~ (161, 3).

195

amisaTvis ki zogad ganaTlebasTan erTad skolaSi sameurneo-

teqnikuri sagnebis swavlebac aucileblad miiCneva: `xalxis kulturuli

da ekonomikuri ganviTareba marto wera-kiTxvis codniT da sazogado

ganaTlebis doniT ar ganisazRvreba. Tanamedrove texnikis ganviTarebam

axali pirobebi Seqmna cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad da axali

saSualebani saarsebo brZolisaTvis. xalxisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna wera-

kiTxvisa da sazogado ganaTlebis imisTana swavla-ganaTleba, romelic

mas arsebobisaTvis brZolas gauadvilebs~ (77, 1).

gazeTis publicistebi skolas ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi mTavar

funqcias akisrebdnen. `swavla ganaTleba cud mdgomareobaSia da Cven

sazogadoebas marTebs sifrTxiliT da gonierad moqmedeba, rom qarTvel

ers samsaxuri gauwios. diadi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba skolisa dRes

cxadia... Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxalxo ganaTleba aris erTaderTi

namdvili gza, rom SedarebiTi siCqariT gavrceldes xalxSi warmoebis

saukeTeso saSualebani. amiT ganisazRvreba saxalxo mniSvneloba saxal-

xo simdidris mogrovebaSi. swored am mxriT qarTveli eri yvela erebze

ufro CamorCenilia, Raribia. amitom normaluri dayeneba ganaTlebis

saqmisa CvenSi aris erTi umTavresi adgili sazogadoebriv dawesebule-

baTa programul moqmedebaSi~ (72, 4).

erovnuli mrewvelobis asaRorZineblad da ekonomikis gansaviTareb-

lad erT-erTi mTavari piroba saerTo erovnuli saqmis procesSi yvela

socialuri fenis CarTva iyo. `CvenTvis saWiroa glexTa Soris muSaoba,

rom Cven glexis amtanoba gvaklia, es misiT SevivsoT, xolo Cveni meti

swavla imav dros mas ganvuziaroT... erTi sityviT gvWiria sruli

gardaqmna dRevandelis Cvenis znisa da xasiaTisa... mTlad Cveni qveyana

dasaxlebuli da dausaxlebeli, SemuSavebuli da SeumuSavebeli, mTa da

bari, yvelaferi Txoulobs auarebel fizikur Sromas, rom bolos

daemsgavsos kulturul mxares~ (179, 8).

sazogadoebis gaunaTlebloba warmoSobs Caketilobas da siaxlis-

admi Seugueblobas. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis etapze, sxvadasxva

istoriul epoqebs ki Tavisi moTxovnilebebi aqvs, romlebzec uaris Tqma

_ qveynis winsvlis Semaferxebelia. sworad warmarTuli saganmanaTleb-

lo sistema ki, Jurnalis publicistebis azriT, ara marto kulturul,

196

aramed ekonomikur aRorZinebasac gamoiwvevs: `wera-kiTxvis mcodne ufro

gamosadegia muSaobaSi mometebuls mimxvdarobiT da gamWriaxobiT, igi

ufro sazrianad, faqizad da rigianad muSaobs, mets awarmoebs, ufro

iTvisebs axalSemoRebas SromaSi da ufro keTilsindisierad epyroba

namuSevars, mas SeuZlia gaigos moxatuloba, gegma, sixalisiT ekideba

axal rames, miwis samuSevar iaraRebs. im dros, roca wera-kiTxvis

ucodinars yovelive miqarvaT miaCnia, garda mama-papur saxnisisa da

farcxisa~ (182, 543). Jurnali qveynis ekonomikur warumateblobas ara

marto rusuli xelisuflebis gavleniT xsnis, aramed sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli nihilisturi damokidebulebiT: `Cven vCiviT Cveni ojaxis

dacemas, gaTaxsirebas... an ki sxva ras unda gamoelodos Cvens

mdgomareobaSi myofi eri, Cvenis ucxo idealebis patroni! yvelafers

ipovniT CvenSi, yovel azrs, yvelafrisaTvis gacxadebul baass, brZolas,

mecadineobas, ver ipoviT diasaxlisebs, rom nakvexurad miaCndeT Tavisi

ojaxis da mamulis meurneobis samagaliTod mowyoba, ver ipovniT maTSi

ubralo motrfialeTac ki~ (179, 5). rogorc Cans, XX saukunis dasawyisSi

ekonomikuri sakiTxi metad aqtualuria da kulturuli da politikuri

elita nacionaluri konsolidaciis pirobad erovnul simboloebTan

erTad ekonomikis ganviTarebas miiCnevs. amitom arsebuli viTarebis

kritikiT isini mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas cdilobdnen: `mTeli aTasi

wlebia am miwazed vzivarT, vxnavT, vTesavT, vmkiT, vrgavT, vkrebT, magram

mainc ver vityviT rom Cven miwad-moqmedi xalxi varT, ufro marTali

iqneba vTqvaT, rom Cven mxolod da mxolod miwis mflobelni varT.

aixsneba es imiT, rom miwas Cven mxolod rogorc Cvens samflobelos

vucqeriT, mas Cven ufro rogorc Cvens sakuTrebas vafasebT, rogorc

Cvenis Tavs Sesaferebels budes, masSi muSaoba-garjas Cven vuyurebT

rogorc sxvaTa Soris saqmes da ara rogorc Cvenis cxovrebis umTavres

wyaros~ (179, 4). sazogadoebis arc erTi jgufi sasoflo-sameurneo

muSaobaSi ar Rebulobda monawileobas, rac `mogzauris~ azriT, qveynis

dacemas uwyobda xels: `mTeli Cveni Tavad-aznauroba, dididam

pataramdis, friad mcire ricxvis garda, srulad ar misdevs sasoflo

meurneobas, aqtivurs monawileobas ar iRebs mamulis ukeT da

Tanamedrovulad mowyobaSi, ar muSaobs, sakuTar ofls ar Rvris masSi!..

197

Cveni Tavadaznaurobis da mravali glexis Svilebic ki TveSi aTs da

TxuTmets maneTs jamagirs rCeoben sadme saxelmwifo Tu kerZo

samsaxurSi, vidre laRad da Tavisuflad mamulSi yofnas, misTvis Tav-

dadebas~ (179, 4). Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavlis Ziebas gazeTi

mizanmimarTul moqmedebaSi xedavda da saprogramo gegmas sTavazobda

sazogadoebas. `1. saWiroa davukvirdeT Cvens bunebas, am bunebis

gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs, Cvens mcenareulobas, mis gamoyenebas, Cvenis

qveynis Tvisebas da bevrs amgvars. 2. saWiroa movikriboT Zala da

SeerTebulis ZaliT vakeToT is, rac gancalkevebulad ar SegviZlia. 3.

saWiroa movawesrigoT vaWroba da mrewveloba da gamovikvlioT ra

kvalze unda davayenoT igi da ra Zala unda vamuSaoT, rom Cveni eri

ekonomiurad gamagrdes~ (76, 4).

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli inteligenciis brZolam

Sedegi gamoiRo da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, 1905 wlis guriis glexTa

gamosvlis dros, glexebTan mosalaparakeblad gagzavnil krim-gireis

mosaxleobam mimarTa: `Cven swavla gvinda. sxva qveynebSi wera-kiTxvis

aramcodnes ver naxavT, CvenSi ki wera-kiTxvis mcodne sanTliT saZebaria,

maSin, rodesac swavlis gadasaxadiT suls gvxdian. swavla gvinda ufaso,

sayovelTao-savaldebulo 16 wlamde, qalebisa da vaJebis erTad~ (263, 30).

erovnuli ekonomikis aRorZinebisTvis brZola jer kidev XIX

saukunis II naxevridan daiwyo, romelsac ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT

Tergdaleulebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZo-

lis axali formiT aRmavloba, ganaTlebis da erovnuli faseulobebis

wina planze wamowevasTan erTad ekonomikis sakiTxi aucilebel

saWiroebas warmoadgenda. XX saukunis dasawyisidan am mimarTulebiT

sakmaod aqtiurobda beWduri media, sadac aqcenti keTdeboda mudmivad

ekonomikuri ganaTlebis problemebze. TiTqmis yvela beWdur organoSi

iyo mowodebebi, praqtikuli rCevebi imasTan dakavSirebiT Tu rogor

unda aRorZinebuliyo da ganviTarebuliyo ekonomika. zemoT ganxiluli

masalebi swored amas mowmobs.


1918-2921 wlebSi, bunebrivia erovnuli ekonomikis sakiTxma axali

ganzogadeba SeiZina da es problema ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida.

198

ekonomikiT Tanabrad iyo dainteresebuli rogorc xelisuflebis warmo-

madgenlebi, aseve sxva politikuri partiebi. erTi sityviT, qarTuli

kulturuli da politikuri elita moqmedebis gansxvavebul sistemaze

gadavida, saboloo mizani ki erTi iyo: erovnuli mrewvelobis,

ekonomikis, meurneobis aRorZineba. Tu 1900-1921 wlebSi qarTveli

inteligencia ZiriTadad ifargleboda mowodebebiT presis meSveobiT da

rusuli xelisuflebis SiSiT aqtiur nabijebs ver dgamda. 1918-1921

wlebSi qarTuli politikuri elita yovel Rones xmarobs praqtikuli

nabijebis gadadgmisTvis. es gamoixateboda sxvadasxva formebiT. 1.

grZeldeba wina wlebSi dawyebuli procesi samrewvelo skolebis gaxsnis

da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi sameurneo sagnebis SetaniT. saWiro iyo

erTi mxriv, qarTuli, erovnuli meurneobis SenarCuneba da meore mxriv,

kapitalisturi sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebis Semotana-

damkvidreba. 2. iqmneba specialuri proeqtebi, sadac yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia yvela detalze. bunebrivia aq ver ganvixilav yvela

proeqts da arc Seadgens Cemi Temis mizans, Tumca nawilobriv unda

Sevexo ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romlebsac mTlianobaSi saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvneloba hqonda. `sasoflo meurneobis ganaTlebis gavrceleba

amierkavkasiaSi da kerZod, saqarTveloSi dRemdis ar swarmoebda

winaswar Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT, arc skolis tipebis da arc maTi

ganawilebis mxriv... am sakiTxis SemuSavebas safuZvlad daedo Semdegi

debulebani sasoflo-meurneobis umaRlesis ganaTlebis gavrcelebis

Sesaxeb, romelic saWiroa agronomiul moRvaweTa mosamzadeblad, uwyeba

im azrisaa, rom amisTvis sakmarisi arian ganaTlebis saministros

gankargulebaSi myofni saxelmwifo universitetis da Tbilisis

politexnikuri institutis ukve arsebuli agronomiuli fakultetebi.

saministro Tavis mxriv gauwevs daxmarebas, raTa dasaxelebul

saswavlebelTa studentebis praqtikuli muSaoba Sesaferisad iyos

mowyobili. sasoflo meurneobis saSualo ganaTlebas bevri

mowinaaRmdege hyavs. maTi azriT agronomiul moRvaweobis mosamzadeblad

saWiroa sakmao zogadi ganaTleba da bunebis metyvelebis da ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa safuZvliani Seswavla, ris micemac SeuZlia mxolod

umaRles da ara saSualo saswavlebels.~ (20, 5). Tumca amisda miuxedavad

199

saxelmwifo uwyebebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen am problemis mogvarebas

da yvela tipis skolebis da umaRlesi saswavleblebis gaxsnas. radgan

sasoflo-sameurneo ganaTlebis gavrceleba aucileblobas warmoadgenda

qarTuli ekonomikis samomavlo ganviTarebisTvis. `Cven Raribni varT ara

marto imiT, rom cota miwebi gvaqvs, aramed imiTac, rom ar viciT miwis

damuSavebac. didi mniSvneloba aqvs miwis damuSavebis codnas. aviRoT

magaliTad iseTi qveynebi, rogoric aris germania. aq ukeTesad aris saqme

dayenebuli da miwas met nayofs aRebineben. aseTi codnis gavrceleba

aris agronomiuli ganyofilebis sagani~ (12, 4). 3. ucxouri investiciebis

mozidva. es gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom `saqarTvelos respublikis 1918

wlis biujeti dasrulda 260 milioni deficitiT. Tu mxedvelobaSi

moviRebT politikur mdgomareobis SesaZlebel garTulebas, axal

samxedro operaciebis saWiroebas, gadamdeb senTa gavrcelebas da

siZvires, mimdinare 1919 wlis sabiujeto deficiti SesaZlebelia 700

milioniT aRematos, rac warsuli wlis deficitTan Seadgens erT

miliard maneTs. milioni deficitiT.~ (19, 11). xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebi acnobierebdnen imas, rom saqarTvelos uWirda sakuTari

saxsrebiT ekonomikis aRorZineba, amitom maT mizans warmoadgenda

ucxouri investiciebis mozidva. sainteresoa im periodis qarTuli

politikuri elitis damokidebuleba aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi. 1918-1921

wlebSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dros mxolod sameurneo-

samrewvelo codnis gavrcelebiT Semofargvla ukve veRar gaswvdeboda

saqarTvelos ekonomikur siZlieres da ganviTarebas. maTi mizani iyo

saqarTvelos farglebSi arsebuli sasargeblo wiaRiseulis da

sakurorto zonebis gamoyeneba da ucxoelebis mozidva Tanxis Casadebad.

`saWiroa Cveni bunebrivi simdidreni gadavaqcioT eqsploataciis sagnad,

gadavceT isini aqciebis saxiT ucxo kapitalis warmomadgenelT da

gamovarTvaT maT aqciebis Rirebuleba sagareo valutiT. saxelmwifo am

aqciebis ganaRdebiT Tavidanve miiRebs didZal fuls, romelic

Seamsubuqebs Cvens mZime finansur mdgomareobas da SesaZlebelia amiT

saSualeba mogveces SevqmnaT sakuTari valutac. am mizniT Cven

dauyonebliv unda SevudgeT uxcoelebTan xelSekrulebaTa dadebas,

romelnic saSualebas miscemen daaarson warmoebani Cveni umTavresi

200

bunebriv simdidreTa saeqspluataciod. Cveni azriT, ucxoelTaTvis

yvelaze ufro mimzidveli dargi Cveni meurneobisa iqneba tyvarCelis

qvanaxSiri, tyeebi da mineraluri wylebi. tyis masalis gazidva SeiZleba

zRviT im qveynebSi, sadac is winadac blomad gaqondaT. tyis warmoebis

sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebas Cvens qveyanaSi SeuZlia farTo xasiaTi

miiRos... mTavrobis gankargulebaSi miRebul an misaReb wylebSi, bevria

iseTi, romelnic Tavisi samkurnalo TvisebebiT SeiZleba gadaiqcnen

SesaniSnav kurortebad, Tu amisTvis saWiro Tanxa iqneba gadadebuli.

meurneobis es dargi saqmis wesieri da farTo dayenebiT gadaaqcevs

saqarTvelos saucxovo kurortis kuTxed mTel dedamiwis zurgze da

moutans did sargeblobas xazinas da xalxs~ (19, 12). aRniSnuli

nabijebiT mTavroba imedovnebda, rom moagvarebda nawilobriv im

problemebs, rac saqarTveloSi arsebobda da metnaklebad Seamsubuqebda

im mdgomareobas, romelSic sazogadoeba imyofeboda. `am dasaxuli

ekonomiuri programis gansaxorcieleblad, romelic organiulad

dakavSirebulia Cven finansur problemebTan, da politikur miznebTan,

aucileblad vTvliT daarsdes mTavrobasTan safinanso-saekonomio sabWo,

mas unda daevalos: 1. Seswavla Cven bunebriv simdidreTa, romelTa

dasamuSaveblad mowveul unda iqnes ucxo kapitali da 2. opcionebis

ZiriTadi principebis aRnusxva im pirTaTvis, romelTac daevalebaT

molaparakeba ucxo kapitalistebTan zemoaRniSnul safinanso saekonomio

mizanTa misaRwevad, rom am sabWom SesZlos Tavis daniSnulebis

Sesruleba, mas saSualeba unda mieces, saTanado uwyebaTa da saTanado

specialistebis daxmarebiT, safuZvlianad gaecnos Cveni meurneobis

mTavar dargebs, SeimuSavos saTanado gegma da mosazreba, romelic

sarCulad unda daedos ucxoelebTan molaparakebas da opcionebs~. (19, 15.

16). motanili masala naTlad mowmobs imas, Tu rogori damokidebuleba

hqondaT xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ekonomikis sakiTxTan da rogor

maqsimalurad cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi arsebuli resursebis

gamoyenebas qveynis gasaZliereblad da rac mTavaria sagareo savaWro-

ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaaqtiurebas. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom

mTavroba am problemis mosagvareblad sadazRvevo monopoliis SemoRebas

apirebda da imedovnebda, rom sicocxlis, saqonlis, uZravi qonebis

201

dazRveviT mniSvnelovan mogebas naxavda, rac saboloo jamSi

saxelmwifoebrivi miznebisTvis iqneboda gamoyenebuli.

amdenad, zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebis erTian konteqstSi ganxilva

gamomdinareobda epoqis suliskveTebidan. sazogadoebis socialuri

erTgvarovneba warmoadgenda Tavisuflebis mopovebisa da saxelmwifoeb-

rivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis winapirobas. qarTulma kulturulma da

politikurma elitam gaacnobiera, rom erovnuli ajanyebis mowyoba

ruseTis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas ver moutanda. realurad

ar arsebobda is samxedro-politikuri Zala, romelic saqarTvelos

daxmarebas gauwevda. garda amisa, warumatebeli ajanyebis SemTxvevaSi

daiRupeboda erovnuli moZraobis is monapovari, romelsac unda

dafuZneboda qarTveli eris brZola TavisuflebisaTvis. XIX saukunis II

naxevridan moyolebuli ki erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

axali programa SemuSavda ilias meTaurobiT, rac Semdegs gulisxmobda:

qarTveli eris konsolidacia saqarTvelos ekonomikuri aRorZineba da

gaZliereba, ruseTis imperiis farglebSi eris fizikuri da sulieri

gadarCena, qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCuneba (228, 10). zemoT

Tqmuli mowmobs imas, rom qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita

agrZelebda am gzas da cdilobda bolomde mieyvana is saqme, romelsac

safuZveli XIX saukunis II naxevarSi Caeyara da romlis mTavari mizani

saqarTvelos aRorZineba da gaZliereba iyo.

202

Tavi VI.

Tavisuflebis fenomeni

Tavisuflebis fenomenis aRqmam garkveuli evolucia ganvlo. jer

kidev berZen-romaeli filosofosebidan moyolebuli pirovnuli

Tavisuflebis gansazRvrebis mravali mosazreba Seiqmna, Tumca

aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxi.

Tavisuflebis fenomenis gansazRvrebam axali aRmavloba ganicada

safrangeTis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg, rodesac

gaaqtiurda naciaTa konsolidaciis procesi, dRis wesrigSi erovnuli

sakTxis kvleva dadga. am periodidan moyolebuli erovnuli

Tavisufleba naciaTa kvlevis sferoSi ganuyreli faqtori xdeba.

Tavisuflebis, rogorc istoriuli kategoriis axsnis mcdeloba

dakavSirebulia germaneli filosofosis hegelis da frangi

ganmanaTleblis monteskies saxelebTan. da rac mTavaria zogadad

erovnuli sakiTxis da konkretulad erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxis

garkvevas isini Seecadnen geografiuli garemos, havis, klimatis

gaTvaliswinebiT. marTalia, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT azris formireba

siaxles ar warmoadgenda da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

etapze cdilobdnen xalxTa Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis, xasiaTis

axsna geografiul garemos sxvadasxvaobasTan daekavSirebinaT, magram am

periodSi axal ganzogadebas iZens.

hegelis azriT, `arc erTi ideis Sesaxeb ar viciT ise zogadad, rom

igi ganusazRvrelia, mravalmniSvnelovania, mraval gaugebrobaTa

SesaZleblobas Seicavs da amis gamo marTlac vardeba am gaugebrobebSi,

rogorc Tavisuflebis ideis Sesaxeb da arc erTi sxva idea araa

gavrcelebuli misi esoden mcire gageba-gacnobierebis pirobebSi,

rogorc es~ (308, 281). Tavisuflebis cnebis ganmartebasTan erTad hegeli

mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmobs `Tavisuflebis istoriul mxares.~ misi

azriT, `yoveli adamiani Tavisufalia, magram istoriis adreul xanaSi es

Tavisufleba mocemulia rogorc SesaZlebloba, mocemulia potenciurad.

203

aRmosavleT xalxebSi Tavisufalia mxolod erTi adamiani-despoti.

Tavisufleba am dros gagebulia rogorc TviTneboba. despoti akeTebs

imas, rac moesurveba, rac pasuxobs mis kaprizebs. aRmosavleTis xalxebma

ar ician, rom Tavisufalia yoveli adamiani, amitom isini arc arian

Tavisufalni. berZnebma da romaelebma gadadges erTi nabiji win _ maTi

azriT, Tavisufalia ara erTi, aramed zogierTi. magaliTad, berZnisTvis

Tavisufalia yoveli berZeni, moqalaqe, magram araTavisufalia mona.~

`rac Seexeba Tavisuflebis istoriul mxares, antikuri samyaros xalxebi

_ berZnebi da romaelebi _ ver iyvnen amaRlebulni absolituri

Tavisuflebis cnebamde, radgan ver Seicnes, rom adamiani, rogorc aseTi,

rogorc es zogadi me, rogorc gonebiTi TviTcnobiereba, uflebamosilia

es Tavisufleba hqondes. am xalxebSi, piriqiT, adamiani mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi iTvleba Tavisuflad, Tu igi Tavisuflad Sobili iyo.

amgvarad, Tavisuflebas maTSi jer kidev bunebiTobis garkveuloba

hqonda. amitom iyo, maTs Tavisufal saxelmwifoebSi rom monoba

arsebobda da romSi sisxlismRvreli omebi tydeboda, romlebSic monebi

cdilobdnen Tavisufalni gamxdariyvnen, TavianTi maradiuli adamianuri

uflebebis aRiarebisaTvis mieRwiaT~ (309, 281). hegeli aRniSnavda, rom

Tavisuflebam garkveuli transformacia ganicada qristianobis

gavrcelebis Semdeg. `berZnebs da romelebs, platonsa da aristoteles,

agreTve stoelebs Tavisuflebis idea arasodes hqoniaT. maT, piruku is

icodnen mxolod, rom adamiani namdvilad Tavisufalia Tavisi

warmomavlobis, xaisaTis simtkicis, ganaTlebis, filosofiis ZaliT.

es idea Tavisufleba qveynad qristianobam moitana, romlis

Tanaxmadac individs, rogorc aseTs usasrulo Rirebuleba aqvs,

ramdenadac igi-RvTisgan siyvarulis sagani da mizani _ imisTvisaa

mowodebuli, rom RmerTisadmi, rogorc gonisadmi, es goni TavisSi

acxovros. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qristianobis mixedviT, adamiani

TavisTavad umaRlesi TavisuflebisaTvisaa mowodebuli (308).

frangi ganmanaTlebeli monteskie cneba Tavisuflebis ufro farTo

ganmartebas iZleva. man pirovnul da erovnul TavisuflebebTan erTad

samarTlebrivi Tavisuflebac Seiswavla. amasTanave man rogorc

pirovnuli, aseve erovnuli Tavisuflebis Taviseburi formiT arsebobis

204

ganmsazRvrel faqtorad miiCnia klimati, garemomcveli buneba.

magaliTad, aziis nayofieri buneba despotizmis arsebobas uwyobs xels,

evropis bunebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare ki kanonebis morCilebaa, ris

gamoc evropelTa fsiqologiaSi Tavisuflebis gancda arsebobs. `aziaSi

yovelTvis iyo didi imperiebi. evropaSi maT verasodes ver gaZles. saqme

is aris, rom CvenTvis cnobil aziaSi ufro didi vakeebia, igi zRvebiT

ufro did nawilebadaa dayofili da, vinaidan igi ufro samxreTiTaa,

wyali iq ufro advilad Sreba, mTebi naklebadaa TovliT dafaruli da

mcirewyliani mdinareebi mcire barierebs qmnian. aziaSi Zalaufleba

yovelTvis despoturi iyo, radgan Tu iq ukiduresi monoba ar iqneboda,

moxdeboda miwa-wylis danawileba, rasac qveynis buneba ver dauSvebda.

evropaSi bunebrivi dayofa ramdenime saSualo sididis

saxelmwifos qmnis, sadac kanonTa batonoba saxelmwifos interesebs

uTavsdeba. ufro metic, igi iq imdenad xelsayrelia am mimarTebiT, rom

kanonTa gareSe es saxelmwifo daecemoda da sxva saxelmwifoebze susti

gaxdeboda. ai, ram warmoSva Tavisuflebis suliskveTeba, romlis gamoc

evropis yoveli nawili Zalze Znelad dasamorCilebeli da dasamonebelia

ucxo ZalisaTvis sxvagvarad, Tu ar kanonebis gziT da urTierTsargeb-

lianobis gamo. aziaSi ki, piriqiT, monobis suliskveTeba sufevs,

romelic iq arasodes gamqrala. am qveynebis mTels istoriaSi ver naxavT

erT Strixsac ki, romelic Tavisufali sulis gamoxatuleba iyos, aq

mxolod monobis gmirobas vxvdebiT~ (248, 300). radgan `qveynis miwaTa

vargisianoba bunebrivad adgens morCilebis suliskveTebas. unayofo

miwebi adamianebs qmedebisunarians, TavdaWerils, SromaSi gamobrZmedils,

gulads, omisunarians xdian. imitom rom, maT TviTon uxdebaT TavianTi

TavisaTvis imis mopoveba, rasac miwa ar iZleva. qveynis nayofiereba

siuxvesTan erTad modunebulobas da sicocxlis SenarCunebis erTgvar

siyvaruls warmoSobs. amitom Tavisufleba ufro mTian da Znelad

gamosayenebel qveynebSi mefobs, vidre im qveynebSi, romlebic, albaT,

ufro keTilyofilia bunebisagan~ (248, 302-304).

erovnuli sakiTxis kvlevam axali ganzogadeba da datvirTva

SeiZina XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, rac dakavSirebulia `analebis

skolis~ saxelTan romlis mTavari warmomadgenlebi iyvnen mark bloki,

205

fernan brodeli da lusien fevri. maT mier Semotanili iqna

mentalobebis kvleva. istoriis Seswavla daiwyo axali kuTxiT

faqtebisadmi kritikuli midgomiT. istoriis gabmuli Txroba Seicvala

movlenebis SefasebiT. Tanamedrove pirobebSi ki gansakuTrebul

aqtualobas iZens naciis da misi Camoyalibebis kvlevis Tematika. amasTan

dakavSirebiT arsebobs sxvdasxva Teoriuli mimdinareobebi, romelTa

ZiriTad principebs faqtebTan erTad etapobrivad ganvavrcob.

vidre uSualod gadavidode konkretulad am sakiTxis ganxilvaze,

Tavdapirvelad gamovkveTav Tavisuflebis mniSnelobas. cneba

Tavisufleba ara erTgzis aris gamoyenebuli samecniero literaturaSi.

magaliTad, èrovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba,~ èrovnuli

Tavisufleba~, `qarTveli xalxi yovelTvis ibrZoda erovnuli

TavisuflebisTvis~ da a. S. magram naklebad keTdeba aqcenti imaze, Tu

ras niSnavda qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi erovnuli Tavisufleba. rogor

aRiqvavda TiToeuli socialuri fena, Tu socialuri jgufi

Tavisuflebas. radgan `damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi warmatebis

misaRwevad mxolod samSoblos siyvaruli da misTvis Tavdadeba ar kmara.

cxadia, rom brZolisaTvis, upirvelesad saWiroa racionalur

politikaze agebuli moqmedebaTa kompleqsi, sadac emociebis gamoxatvas

mxolod damxmare roli SeiZleba miekuTvnos~. (277, 72). akaki surgulaZe

aRniSnavda: èrovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rogorc TviT

saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, im eris moZraobaa, romelic erovnul

Tavisuflebas moklebulia da misi mopovebisaTvis ibrZvis. am moZraobas

gaaCnia Tavisi specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebi, rac mas sxva xasiaTis

moZraobaTagan ganasxvavebs~. (277, 73). ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

warmoSobasa da daniSnulebaze igi Semdegnairad saubrobs: èrovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba xalxebis erebad konsolidaciis

xangrZlivi procesis damamTavrebel etapze warmoiSva. es iyo feodalur-

batonymuri urTierTobis rRvevis, mis wiaRSi Sobili burJuaziuli

urTierTobis ganviTarebis periodi. evropis xalxTa cxovrebaSi es

procesi rogorc cnobilia XVII saukuneSi daiwyo da XVIII-XIX saukuneTa

mijnaze gaZlierda. feodalizmis damxobisa da kapitalisturi

urTierTobis gabatonebis epoqam warmoSva is didi erovnul-

206

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobani, romelic evropis maSindelma

dapyrobilma xalxebma _ germanelebma, italielebma, irlandielebma,

polonelebma da sxva gaaCaRes (272). akaki surgulaZis azriT `erovnuli

saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis brZola ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali

koloniuri xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mTavari

tendencia iyo. es brZola mimdinareobda erTi mxriv, feodalur-

batonymuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg da es iyo misi socialuri Sinaarsi, meore

mxriv, carizmis koloniuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg, erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis mosapoveblad~. (249, 22).

XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis imperiis mier qarTuli samefo-

samTavroebis dapyrobam, mefobis institutis da bagrationTa samefo

dinastiis uflebebis gauqmebam Zlieri dartyma miayena qarTul, erovnul-

saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas. qarTuli realobidan gamomdinare mefobis

institutis legitimuroba RvTisgan momdinareobda, amitom qarTuli

erTobis loialobis mTavari obieqti iyo mefe. aRniSnuli movlenis

radikalurad Secvlam, bunebrivia, didi gardatexa Seitana qarTveli

eris cnobierebaSi. am problemis gadaWras emsaxureboda qarTuli

kulturuli elitis mier saerTo nacionaluri ideologiis SemuSaveba,

romlis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda standartizebuli saswavlo-

saganmanaTleblo sistemis saSualebiT erTobis wevrebis cnobierebaSi

qarTuli enis, qristianobis, istoriuli maxsovrobis tradiciebis

rekonstruqcia, rac iqneboda safuZveli Tavisuflebisa da

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi. aRniSnul

RonisZiebebs seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi.

rodesac ruseTSi gaZlierda reaqcia saqarTvelo uares mdgomareobaSi

aRmoCnda. am periodSi daiwyo saerTod dapyrobil qveynebSi da, kerZod,

saqarTveloSi, reaqciis axali talRa. Tu ruseTSi reaqciam

inteligencias da mSromel xalxs miayena ziani, saqarTveloSi devna da

ganadgureba mTel ers Seexo. mefis moadgileebis da sxvaTa mizani gaxda

Zirfesvianad aRmoefxvraT erovnuli kultura da gaeZlierebinaT

gamarusebeli politika (200, 68). mefis mTavrobam mTavari dartyma

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaaRmdeg mimarTa. ruseTis

xelisuflebam yvela Rone ixmara, raTa gaenadgurebina erovnul-

207

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rogorc erT-erTi Zlieri nakadi

revoluciisa, romlis gamarjvebas Sedegad unda mohyoloda carizmis

damxoba da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis damyareba (210, 262). swored

amitom sruliadac ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom qarTuli kulturuli da

politikuri elitis mier warmodgenili erovnuli programa yvelaze

srulyofilad damuSavebuli sabrZolo gegma iyo (234, 115).

ama Tu im konkretul ideas yovelTvis drois moTxovna warmoSobs

xolme, Tavad es moTxovna ki sazogadoebis simwifis doniT, misi

ganviTarebis xarisxiTa da istoriuli aucileblobiT aris ganpirobe-

buli. ideebi Tavisi arsiT SesaZloa iyos viwro jgufuri, partiuli,

klasobrivi, erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio (303, 22). erovnuli da zogad-

sakacobrio mniSvnelobisaa Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damouk-

ideblobisaTvis brZola. ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg nebismieri

xalxis brZola yovelgvar pirobebSi bunebrivia da samarTliani

moZraobaa, magram kacobriuli ganviTarebis Sesabamisad icvleba am

moZraobis socialur-politikuri Sinaarsi. feodalizmis ZiriTadi

mizania ucxoel dampyrobTagan qveynis ganTavisufleba. feodalizmis

rRvevisa da kapitalizmis ganviTarebis periodSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli moZraoba politikurTan erTad iZens socialur-Sinaarssac (216,

4).

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, XX saukunis dasawyisSi

saqarTvelos istoriaSi iwyeba axali etapi. ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraoba axal stadiaze gadadis. marTalia, erovnulma moZraobam

garkveuli formireba ganicada, magram idea ucvleli darCa. rogorc XIX

saukunis II naxevarSi, ise XX saukunis I ocwleulSi qarTuli

kulturuli elita mTlianad orientirebulia nacionaluri Rirebule-

bebis, simboloebis aRorZineba-propagandaze sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi,

mniSvnelovanwilad socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgenlebSi.

rogorc e. smiTi aRniSnavs: `garkveul teritoriasTan an missave

farglebSi romelime adgilTan mimarTebas SeiZleba hqondes miTiuri an

subieqturi xasiaTi. swored es kavSirebi da asociaciebia ufro

mniSvnelovani eTnikuri identifikaciisaTvis, vidre am teritoriaze

cxovreba an misi gankargva. es is adgilia, romelsac mivekuTvnebiT.

208

swored es aris sakraluri miwa, Cven mama-papaTa, rjulmdebelTa, mefeTa,

brZenkacTa, poetTa da mRvdelmsaxurTa miwa da amitom aris is Cveni

samSoblo. Cven iseve vekuTvniT mas, rogorc is Cven gvekuTvnis. garda

amisa, samSoblos sakraluri centri Tavs uyris eTnis wevrebs~ (269, 29).

erTianobis gancdas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. nacionaluri

konsolidaciisTvis erTianobis nacionalisturi ideali mravalismomc-

velia. nacionalistur enaze `erToba~ niSnavs socialur erTsulovnebas,

naciis yvela wevris `Zmobas~. erTobis nacionalisturma ideam Sors

mimavali Sedegebi gamoiRo. man biZgi misca naciis ganuyofelobis ideas

da kulturuli da politikuri homogenurobis interesebidan gamomdinare

gamarTleba mounaxa yvela Sualeduri rgolisa da lokaluri

Taviseburebebis amoZirkvas, xSirad Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki~ (269, 94).

erTianobis ideis aqtualoba-saWiroebaze 1900-1917 wlebSi ukve

visaubre wina TavebSi. amjerad, yuradRebas gavamaxvileb 1918-1921 wlebze,

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis xanaze. gansxvavebiT

1900-1917 wlebisgan, drois am monakveTSi qarTuli erToba nacionaluri

konsolidaciis ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sedis da mTavari orientiri

koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi

Tavisuflebis ideali xdeba. saqme isaa, rom erovnuli identobisTvis

damaxasiaTebel mTavar orientirebs Soris, rogoricaa ena, religia,

istoriuli mexsiereba, Tavisuflebis ideals mTavari adgili ukavia:

`Tavisuflebis idealma dasabami misca nacionalur TviTgamorkvevas da

erTobliv brZolas nacionaluri nebis realizaciisaTvis. mxolod aseT

SemTxvevaSi SeZlebda sazogadoeba sakuTari `Sinagani ritmis~ ayolas,

Tavisi `Sinagani xmis~ gagonebas da wminda da pirvandeli mdgomareobis

dabrunebas. avTenturi sazogadoeba da avTenturi gamocdileba aris

sruli avtonomiis winapiroba, radgan mxolod avtonomias SeuZlia

saSualeba misces nacias da mis wevrebs, Tavisi Tavi avTenturi saxiT

ganaxorcielon. aucilebelia, rom yovel nacias sruli TviTgamoxatvis

saSualeba da avtonomiuroba hqondes. avtonomiis nacionalur ideals

aqvs ramdenime aspeqti. zogadad, etimologiurad avtonomiuroba niSnavs

TviTmmarTvelobas, Sida kanonebis an ritmebis qonas, sakuTari Sinagani

xmisTvis yuris migdebas, garedan raime Seviwroebis ararsebobas. amas

209

mivyavarT koleqtiuri nebis da individualobis realizebis maZiebeli,

sakuTari koleqtiuri `me~-s cnebasTan~ (269, 95).

swored amitom kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze yvela eris

mTavar mizans TavisuflebisaTvis brZola warmoadgenda. `jer kidev

kacobriobis arsebobis simwifis xanaSi ocnebobdnen Tavisuflebaze

RmerTis mfarvelobiT. am Tavisuflebis sawindari ki mudam suverenuli

saxelmwifo iyo~ (208, 5). saukuneebis manZilze sazogadoebrivi

cnobierebis ganviTarebis pirobebSi Tavisuflebis idealisken swrafvam

garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. `Tavisuflebis idealis erovnulma

percefciam Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo 1789 wlis safrangeTis

burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg. amis Sedegad Tavisuf-

lebis idealma dasabami misca nacionalur TviTgamorkvevas da erTobliv

brZolas. avTenturi nacionaluri nebis realizaciisaTvis~ (269, 95).

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Tavisuflebis idealis aRqmam axali

datvirTva SeiZina ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg. qarTuli

kulturuli elita TavisuflebisTvis brZolisken yovelTvis mouwodebda

pirdapir Tu iribad qarTvel sazogadoebas. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

erovnuli ajanyebis kraxiT dasrulebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis II

naxevridan erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganviTarebis axal

fazaSi Sedis. es dakavSirebulia saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesis

srulyofasTan da sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi gavrceleba-damkvidrebas-

Tan. qarTuli kulturuli elita orientirebulia qarTuli erTobis

nacionalur konsolidaciaze, rac saerTo, erovnuli programiT unda

ganxorcielebuliyo. amavdroulad inteligenciis progresuli nawili

Tavisuflebis ideis farTo propagandas iwyebs. aRniSnul movlenas

ukavSirdeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mTavari lideris

ilia WavWavaZis fraza `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudvnes~. sainteresoa, aseve

aRiniSnos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi aqtiuri monawilis

vaJa-fSavelas Tvalsazrisi Tavisuflebis idealze: `iq vin naxa

Tavisufleba, saca me Cems deda-enaze laparaks miSlian: arc maswavlian,

arc maubneben, arc mamRereben, arc magalobeben?! ra guli unda mqondes

maSin? ras unda vgrZnobdeT?! _ sxvas arafers garda zizRisa,

mZulvarebisa. mowamlul-moSxamulia Cemi sicocxle, vgrZnob mxolod

210

usiamovnebas, siZulvils da vwyevli im Zalebs, romelnic yvela zemore

aRniSnul saqmeSi xels miSlian, win meRobebian da vucdi marjve

SemTxvevas Sevmusro isini. roca es dro dgeba da mec moqmedebas viwyeb

am ZalTa Sesamusravad, dasaTrgunad, maSinve iwyeba Cemi Tavisufali

cxovreba. aq aris dasawyisi Tavisuflebisa da ukeTu viTmen xmas ar

viReb, arafers vambob, maSin var mona, ara mZuls Cemi mCagvreli Zala,

iqneba mZuls kidec, magram am mZulvarebas gulSi vmalav, maSin var

laCari, sazizRari, vidre monaa. ara, mZulvareba roca ukiduresobamde

midis, maSin laCruli grZnoba ispoba, maSin ambobs adamiani: an movkvdebi,

an vZlev Cems mtanjvelT!...~ (231, 410. 411).

XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi Tavisuflebis fenomenma

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina, ramac evoluciis garkveuli gza

ganvlo qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi. qarTulma politikurma da

kulturulma elitam gaacnobiera, rom Tavisuflebis brZolisTvis

xalxis masebis mobilizebas mxolod lozungebi ver moagvarebda da arc

gauTavebel SeiaraRebul, usistemo gamosvlebs moyveboda Sedegi. saWiro

iyo xalxTan rac SeiZleba meti kontaqti da maTTvis gasageb enaze

saubari. garda imisa, rom qarTvelebs Tavisuflebasa da saxelmwifoeb-

rivi damoukideblobisaTvis unda ebrZolaT, maT, agreTve uxdebodaT

yoveldRiuri brZola im cvlilebebTan, rac ruseTis xelisuflebam

moitana saqarTveloSi. aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda axali

gamowvevebis miReba da masSi CarTuloba. es iqneboda ekonomikuri Tu

saganmanaTleblo. `XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi qarTuli sazogadoebis

nawili qarTuli skolisa da qarTuli enis uflebebisaTvis ibrZodnen,

magram saxelmwifos, qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis farTo programa

maT ar hqondaT. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis moTxovna

arsebuli viTarebis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo. XIX saukunis II naxevarSi ise

momZlavrda CvenSi rusuli mmarTveloba, rom saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgenis moTxovnebiT gamosvla SeuZlebeli iyo. TavisuflebisaTvis am

brZolas Tan sdevda socialuri TavisuflebisaTvis brZola~ (204, 125).

1900-1917 wlebSi saqarTveloSi sakmaod aqtualuri iyo

Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. marTalia, qarTveli kulturuli da politikuri

elitis warmomadgenlebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

211

bis aRdgena im etapze SeuZleblad esaxebodaT, magram gansxvavebul

brZolis meTodebidan, romelTac TiToeuli politikuri partia

sTavazobda qarTvel sazogadoebas erovnuli Tavisuflebis lozungs

mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. amas mowmobs is mravalricxovani sagazeTo

publikaciebi, romelic amjerad Cemi ganxilvis obieqts warmoadgens.

`gadis ager sami weliwadi ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aqtiurad

dawyebidan da brZolas, gamarjvebas bolo ar uCans. da es mitom rom

xalxi jer kidev uvicia da uvicoba ki Tavisuflebis mosisxle mteria.

uvici da ganuviTarebeli xalxi ver aris kargi mebrZoli: mis brZolas

ar moaqvs Sesaferi nayofi. Tavisufleba marto fizikuri brZoliT,

marto iaraRiT jer aravis moupovebia arsad; mis mopovebas upirvelesad

yovlisa ganviTareba, codna, momzadeba da Segneba unda... vinc xalxis,

masis ganviTarebis da gaTviTcnobierebis saqmes emsaxureba, iman mas unda

miawodos, sityviT Tu weriT, sistematiurad dawyobili, xalxuri eniT

mkafiod da mokled gamoTqmuli codna ama Tu im mecnierebidan~ (173, 14).

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom gaTviTcnobierebas da codnas did datvirTvas

aniWebs publicisti, erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZola 1900-1917

wlebis saqarTveloSi mxolod SeiaraRebuli brZoliT ar gamoixateboda,

es faqti vlindeba kulturuli da politikuri elitis saganmanaTleblo

moRvaweobaSi. disertaciis wina TavebSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi swored

aRniSnulis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. ganaTlebuli da sakuTari

nacionaluri simboloebis mniSvnelobas mixvedrili qarTveli ufro meti

SemarTebiT daicavda samSoblos. gazeTi `iveria~ 1909 wels werda:

`Tavisufleba yovelTvis da yvelgan sanatrelia, vinaidan Tavisufleba

TviTon aris uzenaesi bedniereba, magram erovnuli Tavisufleba yvelgan

SesaZlebeli ki ar aris. amitom unda gaviTvaliswinoT is pirobebi,

romlebic aucilebeli arian erovnuli Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad. es

pirobebi mxolod oria: erTeuloba erovnuli da teritoriuli. orive es

piroba saqarTveloSi naTlad aris daculi. qarTveli eri erTia: kaxeli,

qarTleli, fSav-xevsuri, mTiuli, javaxeli, imereli, aWareli, megreli,

guruli da svani, yvela qarTvelia, yvelas udis qarTuli sisxli, yvela

laparakobs qarTul enaze, yvelas erTad gamouvlia warsul saukuneebSi

erTi da igive sixaruli da ubedureba, dRes yvela erT tafaSi iwvis da

212

yvelas uRvivis an unda uRviodes gulSi erTnairi miswrafeba _

kulturuli Tavisufleba.~ (96, 2). erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxi ukav-

Sirdeboda aseve avtonomias. `saqarTvelos avtonomia niSnavs saqarTve-

los Tavisuflebas Tavisi Sinaur saqmeebis mowyobaSi. qarTveli xalxi

cxovrobs gansazRvrul miwa-wyalze, anu teritoriaze. mTels im miwa-

wyals, im teritorias, romelzedac qarTveli xalxi cxovrobs,

saqarTvelo qvia. qarTli, kaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi,

raWa-leCxumi, afxazeTi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, fSaveTi, aWara-qobuleTi,

yvela es adgilebi erTad Seadgenen erTs qveyanas, - saqarTvelos,

romelic dasaxlebulia an qristiani an mahmadiani qarTvelebiT. es aris

Cveni samSoblo-saqarTvelo, romelsac unda mieniWos ufleba, Tavis

Sinaur saqmeebs TviTon gauZRves~ (264, 5).

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi erovnuli

Tavisuflebis sakiTxis gansazRvra arc ise martivia, gamomdinare iqidan,

rom TavisuflebisTvis yvela socialuri fena Tu jgufi gansxvavebuli

gziT ibrZoda. erovnul TavisuflebaSi isini sxvadasxva rames gul-

isxmobdnen. `dRes qarTvelebSi ornairi moTxovnilebaa wamoyenebuli:

erTi Txoulobs iseT urTierTobis damyarebas saxelmwifos da ers

Soris, romelic uzrunvelyofs nacionaluri kulturis ganviTarebas,

meore Txoulobs iseT urTierTobas, romelic Seqmnis saqarTvelos

avtonomiur saxelmwifos, avtonomiur marTva-gamgeobas. pirvelis

pirdapiri mizania nacionaluri kultura, meoris pirdapiri mizania

nacionaluri mTavroba. es ori mimdinareoba erTmaneTs ebrZvis samkvdro-

sasicocxlod da ipyrobs saerTo yuradRebas. pirveli gagrZelebaa

mesamoce wlebis pirveli meoTxedisaken, roca avtonomiuri mTavroba

brZolis lozungiT gamocxadda~ (1-39). amis paralelurad arsebobda

politikuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. `sxvadasxva klasebs politikuri

Tavisufleba sxvadasxva miznisaTvis sWiriaT. gabatonebul klasebs

Tavisufleba imitom undaT, rom gaaumjobeson da samudamo batonoba

moupovon kapitalistur weswyobilebas. Segnebuli muSebi ki imitom

ibrZvian politikuri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad, rom imis saSualebiT

male daamxon es weswyobileba da ganaxorcielon socializmi~ (40, 3).

social-demokratebisTvis es sakiTxi ase moiazreboda: `politikuri

213

Tavisufleba muSebs unda ara Tavis Tavad, aramed rogorc saSualeba

ufro farTe miznisaTvis. daqiravebuli Sromis mosaspobad da muSaTa

xelSi yvela sazogadoebrivi simdidrisa da sawarmovo saSualebaTa

SesarCenad. Tavisufleba Cven gvinda socializmisaTvis sabrZolvelad,

radgan mxolod socializmi ganaTavisuflebs milion muSebs lukma-puris

mosapoveblad kapitalistebisagan. xolo socializmisaTvis sabrZolve-

lad CvenTvis saWiroa yovlad sruli politikuri Tavisufleba, e.i.

Tanasworoba ara marto sasamrTlos winaSe, romelsac mogvcemen Cven

liberalebi, aramed sruli Tanasworoba yvelasi saxelmwifo saqmeebis

marTva-gamgeobaSi. amas ki Cven nebiT aravin mogvcems, es brZoliT unda

movipovoT~ (39, 3). faqtobrivad, aq ikveTeba TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis

ori gansxvavebuli gza, romelsac politikuri elita sTavazobs qarTul

sazogadoebas. social-demokratebisTvis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi

moiazreboda ekonomikuri da socialuri Tavisufleba, erovnuli mimar-

Tulebis partiebisaTvis (erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalis-

tebi) ki _ erovnuli Tavisufleba. `ra TavisuflebisTvis kvdebodnen?

sruli TavisuflebisTvis! iseTi TavisuflebisTvis, romlis Semdeg ar

iqneboda mtarvaloba erTi meoris carcva-gleja warmoebis mizeziT, ar

iqnebodnen batonebi, monebi, aramed Tanasworuflebiani-Tanasworad

Tavisufali adamianebi, ar iqnebodnen jaSuSebi, Jandarmebi, ar iqmneboda

Zmebis da megobrebis mkvleli mxedroba, ar iqneboda sapyrobileebi,

jalaTebi, mdidrebi, Raribebi~ (112, 1). gazeTi `megobari~ 1906 wels wers,

rom aucileblobas warmoadgens ekonomikuri Tavisufle-bis mopoveba

politikurTan erTad. `dRevandeli kapitalisturi wes-wyobilebis

damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, sxvaTa Soris is aris, rom man wamoayena axali

klasebi _ burJuazia ekonomiurad gabatonda, igi batoni Seiqneba

politikuradac. amrigad, ekonomiur monobidan, iuridiulad Tavisufali

proletari, politikur monobaSiac gadadis. TavisTavad cxadia, rom am

monobidan proletari manamde ver ganTavisufldeba, sanam burJuaziisagan

qonebrivad damoukidebeli ar gaxdeba, e.i. sanam ar moaxdens socialur

revolucias, romelic erT-erTi Tavdebia sruli Tavisuflebisa da

Tanasworobisa~ (107, 2). politikuri TavisuflebisTvis brZola lenins

ase esaxeboda: politikuri Tavisufleba niSnavs xalxis uflebas airCios

214

Tavisi xmosnebi saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi. mxolod es, TviT xalxis mier

arCeuli saxelmwifo saTaTbiro unda ganixilavdes da scemdes yvela

kanons, awesebdes yvela gadasaxadsa da xarks. politikuri Tavisufleba

imas niSnavs, rom xalxs ufleba hqondes TviTon airCios Tavisi

moxeleebi, moawyos yovelgvari kreba yvela saxelmwifoebriv saqmeTa

gansaxilvelad, gamosces yovelgvari nebarTvis gareSe, wignebi da

gazeTebi Tavisi survilis mixedviT~ (241, 14).

Tavisuflebis ideis propagandis sferoSic ikveTeba nacionalis-

tebis da socializmis momxreebis brZola. qarTveli nacionalistebi,

romlebic mTlianad mimarTuli iyvnen erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebi-

saken da qarTuli, nacionaluri faseulobebis dacvisaken, Tavisuflebis

brZolis lozungad pirvel rigSi erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebas

ayenebdnen. maTi mTavari mizani qarTuli enis, qristianobis, istoriuli

warsulis SenarCuneba iyo, rac skolis da presis saSualebiT unda

momxdariyo. amasTan beWdur medias da saswavlo dawesebulebebs xeli

unda Seewyo erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis amaRlebisaTvis,

romlis saboloo gamoxatuleba iyo Tavisufleba _ damoukidebeli

saqarTvelo. `dRes qarTvelebSi ornairi moTxovnilebaa wamoyenebuli:

erTi Txoulobs iseT urTierTobis damyarebas saxelmwi-fos da ers

Soris, romelic uzrunvelyofs nacionaluri kulturis ganviTarebas,

meore Txoulobs iseT urTierTobas, romelic Seqmnis saqarTvelos

avtonomiur saxelmwifos, avtonomiur marTva-gamgeobas. pirvelis

pirdapiri mizania nacionaluri kultura, meoris pirdapiri mizania

nacionaluri mTavroba. es ori mimdinareoba erTmaneTs ebrZvis samkvdro-

sasicocxlod da ipyrobs saerTo yuradRebas. pirveli gagrZelebaa

mesamoce wlebis mimarTulebis, meore dabrunebaa mecxramete saukunis

pirveli meoTxedisaken, roca avtonomiuri mTavroba brZolis lozungiT

gamocxadda~ (40, 2).

qarTuli sazogadoebis meore nawili, socializmis ideologebi

maqsimalurad cdilobda xalxis farTo fenebis politikuri Segnebis

amaRlebas. maT CarTulobas politikur movlenebSi, rasac Sedegad

socializmis ganxorcieleba unda moyoloda. sadac yvela Tanaswori

iqneboda da ar iarsebebda klasTa Soris gansxvaveba. gazeT

215

`proletariatis brZolaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `Tavisufleba Cven gvinda

socializmisaTvis sabrZolvelad, radgan mxolod socializmi

ganaTavisuflebs milion muSebs lukma-puris mosapoveblad

kapitalistebisagan. xolo socializmisaTvis sabrZolvel-ad CvenTvis

saWiroa yovlad sruli politikuri Tavisufleba, e.i. Tanasworoba ara

marto sasamarTlos winaSe, romelsac mogvcemen Cven liberalebi, aramed

sruli Tanasworoba yvelasi saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTva-gamgeobaSi. amas

ki Cven nebiT aravin mogvcems, es brZoliT unda movipovoT. CvenTvis

saWiroa, rom kanonebis gamocema da saxelmwifo saqmeebis damqaSebisagan

gadavides ara marto erT misgan amorCeul memamuleTa da sazogadod

`xazeinebis~ xelSi, aramed wodebisa da mdgomareobis ganurCevlad.

yoveli moqalaqe Tanasworad unda Rebulobdes monawileobas mTavrobisa

da kanonmdeblobis arCevaSi_da ai, swored amas qvia demokratiuli wes-

wyobileba~ (39, 3).

yvela socialur fenas Tavisuflebis mopoveba sakuTari miznebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis sWirdeba. `sxvadasxva klasebs politikuri

Tavisufleba sxvadasxva miznisaTvis sWiriaT. gabatonebul klasebs

Tavisufleba imitom undaT, rom gaaumjobeson da samudamo batonoba

moupovon kapitalistur wes-wyobilebas. Segnebuli muSebi ki imitom

ibrZvian politikuri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad, rom imis saSualebiT

male daamxon es wes-wyobileba da ganaxorcielon socializmi~ (292, 6).

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, TavisuflebisTvis brZola xalxis

cnobierebaSi garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdida, rac ganpirobebuli iyo

politikur da socialur movlenaTa xSiro cvalebadobiT. amasTan,

xalxis politikuri da erovnuli Segnebis done ganviTarebas ganicdida.

1910 wels `axali sxivi~ werda: `1904-1905 wlebis ganmaTavisuflebelma

moZraobam ruseTSiac da CvenSiac erTi da igive lozungi wamoayena: miwa

da Tavisufleba. miwis moTxovnileba TviT xalxis sulis da gulis

siRrmidan iyo amosrolili. saubedurod, Tavisuflebis aucileblobas

pirveli moTxovnilebis misaRwevad Tanabrad yvelgan ruseTSi ver

grZnobdnen da amitomac es moTxovnileba Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari ar

qoniaT~ (34, 1).

swored amitom iyo, rom qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri

216

elita sxvadasxva saSualebiT cdilobda eris cnobierebis amaRlebas da

erovnuli Tavisuflebis brZolis saWiroebis damtkicebas. magram

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad erovnuli Zalebis aqtiurobisa

social-demokratiuli partia sul ufro da ufro popularuli xdeboda

xalxSi da mravalricxovan momxreebs iZenda. es garemoeba SemTxveviTi ar

iyo, social-demokratebi yovelmxriv aqtiurobdnen sakuTari gegmebis

realizaciisTvis. amasTan isini aqcents akeTebdnen socialuri uTanaswo-

robis mospobaze, rac xalxis farTo masebis simpatias imsaxurebda.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli social-demokratiuli partia socializmis

ganxorcielebisTvis ibrZoda. qarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis

erT-erTi mTavari ideologi noe Jordania aRniSnavda: namdvili

Tavisufleba rogorc pirovnebis, ise eris, SesaZlebelia momaval

sazogadoebaSi, sadac klasTa brZola aRar iqneba da mis alags daiWers

brZola bunebasTan adamianis keTildReobis ukeT mosawyobad. dRes ki

Cven vibrZviT iseTi nacionaluri Tu politikuri urTierTobisaTvis,

sadac Sesustdeba Cagvra, rogorc eris, ise pirovnebis~ (256, 17).

1917 wlidan qarTuli erTobis konsolidaciis axali periodi

iwyeba. qarTul cnobierebaSi Tavisuflebis idealma aqtualoba SeiZina

pirveli msoflio omisa (1914-1918) da 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis

revoluciis Semdeg.

pirveli msoflio omis periodSi da aseve misi dasrulebis Semdeg

qarTul beWdur mediaSi gaCnda mowodebebi erovnuli erTianobis

aucileblobaze: `saerTaSoriso omma wamoayena bevri iseTi sakiTxi,

romlis gadawyveta uqadis kacobriobas momavalSi srul mSvidobianobas.

erTi am sakiTxTagani gaxlavT patara erebis interesebis win wamoyeneba

(Temi 1914T: 1). “Cveni Zala kulturul SemoqmedebaSia da imis Segnebis

moaxloebaSi, rac pirdapir gvianderZa dRevandelma omma. erovnuli

TviTSegneba da erovnuli erTianoba unda gaxdes Cveni moqmedebis

qvakuTxedad, romelzedac unda aSendes mTavari kedlebi mTliani

erovnuli cxovrebisa. amas gveubneba Cveni dRevandeli omi. amas aswavlis

gansakuTrebiT wvrili erebis dRevandeli saSineli sisxlisRvra

ganaTlebul da kulturul kacobriobisa (82, 2).

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg qarTveli inteligencia saqarTvelos

217

saxelmwifoebrivi da teritoriuli mowyobis Sesaxeb meti aqtiurobiT

fiqrobda da werda presaSi. iqneboda is avtonomiuri ruseTis Semadgen-

lobaSi Tu ara, rogori unda yofiliyo es avtonomiuri uflebebi da ra

samarTlebrivi safuZveli eqneboda mas. inteligenciis nawils miaCnda,

rom avtonomiis ZiriTadi safuZveli 1783 wlis traqtati unda yofiliyo

(300, 239). `ra didi codva iqneba, rom ganaxlebulma ruseTma aRadginos

Zveli mTavrobis mier darRveuli xelSekruleba da daubrunos

saqarTvelos 1783 wlis traqtatiT gansazRvruli avtonomiuri

TviTmmarTveloba, romelic sruliadac ar aRemateba Tavisi gareSe

SemcvelobiT finlandiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiis da sxva

avtonomiebis uflebaT~ (121, 2).

beWduri media, romelmac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana, did adgils uTmobs mowodebebs

Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis brZolisaTvis. beWduri mediis

saSualebiT qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis mier

Tavisuflebis idealis propaganda SemTxveviTi ar iyo. 117 wlis manZilze

rusul gavlenaSi myofi qarTveli xalxis cnobiereba garkveulwilad

Seicvala, amavdroulad saqarTveloSi arsebul yvela socialur fenas

gaaCnda gansxvavebuli fsiqologia. glexobaSi dabali iyo patriotuli,

moqalaqeobrivi SemarTeba, Sesabamisad dabali iyo saxelmwifoebrivi

azrovnebis done. mis SegnebaSi miwa da Tavisufleba SeduRabebuli iyo.

glexi Tavisuflebas miwis mosapoveblad iyenebda (285, 72). rac Seexeba

muSebs, maTi didi nawili klasobrivi cnobierebiT iyo Sepyrobili da

erovnul cnobierebas warsulis mavne gadmonaSTad Tvlida. muSebis

umravlesobas glexebis msgavsad ar gaaCnda patriotuli, moqalaqeobrivi

Segneba. muSebi Tavis misias klasobrivi cnobierebiT Sepyrobili

politikuri elitis mxardaWeraSi xedavdnen da ara saxelmwifos

erTgulebaSi (226, 26).

saglexo reformisa da burJuaziuli reformebis gatarebis Semdeg

saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis II naxevarSi Cndeba axali socialuri fena

burJuazia, romelic ZiriTadad araqarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili.

sazogadod burJuazias Tavisi ekonomikuri interesebi gaaCnda da

erovnuli sakiTxiT naklebad iyo dainteresebuli. am SemTxvevaSic

218

burJuazia saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi ar

monawileobs.

erTaderTi nawili qarTuli sazogadoebisa, romelic

mizanmimarTulad moqmedebda saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis da

gacnobierebuli hqonda problemis arsi iyo samRvdeloeba da

kulturuli da politikuri elita. swored isini Seecadnen saerTo

nacionaluri ideologiis safuZvelze Cven-jgufis wevrebs Soris

erTianobis gancda CaenergaT. rac arc ise advili iyo. rogorc mixako

wereTeli aRniSnavda: `oriod kacis garda, Zvelebsa da axlebs ver

warmoudgeniaT urusoT qarTuli Tavisufleba~ (297, 21). rogorc

cnobilia, saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damkvidrebis Semdeg

qarTuli, erovnuli cnobiereba radikalurad Seicvala. sxvadasxva

socialuri fena gansxvavebulad afasebda rusul mmarTvelobas. erTi

nawilisTvis ruseTi ganmaTavisuflebeli iyo, meorisTvis _ dampyrobeli.

mTlianobaSi ki saukunis ganmavlobaSi rusulma gavlenam Tavisi daRi

daasva qarTul suls. erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebis brZolis

gasaRviveblad ki saWiro iyo ara marto ajanyebebi, aramed mtkiced

SemuSavebuli erovnuli ideologia. rogorc mixako wereTeli wers:

`bevri ar aris iseTi, rom Tavis samSoblod gulwrfelad mTels

saqarTvelos Tvlides, aramed misTvis samSoblo an kaxeTia, an qarTli,

an imereTi, samegrelo, guria da sxva. CvenSi jer ar aris maSasadame

damTavrebuli sruli kohezia erisa, magram am mxriT didi erovnuli

muSaoba swarmoebs amJamad Cven Soris. da rodesac Cveni erovnuli

erTobis Segneba iqneba ganxorcielebuli da ara mxolod sasurveli

idea, Cveni bedic sxvanairad datrialdeba~ (297, 110).

mixako wereTlis msjelobani erovnul TavisuflebasTan

dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinareobs da

pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba.

`ueWvel faqtad SegviZlia vaRiaroT, rom ers araviTari seriozuli,

Sinagani socialuri progresis ganxorcieleba ar SeuZlia, Tu

garegnulad ar aris ganTavisuflebuli (297, 198). ideali kacobriobisa _

yovelmxrivi Tavisufleba unda iyos. Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba unda

hqondes miniWebuli rogorc individs sazogadoebaSi, ise socialur

219

individs, _ ers sazogadoebaTa sazogadoebaSi, `kacobriobaSi~ (297, 241).

misi mosazrebebi erovnul TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT mimarTulia

rogorc qarTul, aseve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaze. `Tavisufali eri ki

yovelTvis ufro Semomqmedia, ise rogorc monazed metad Tavisufali

pirovneba iCens iniciativas da Semoqmedebas. rogorc pirovnebasa aqvs

grZnoba da instinqti, survili da SeuCerebeli miswrafeba Tavis dacvisa,

ise mTels ers aqvs eseve instinqti da survili da amiT aixsneba, rom

miuxedavad mopirdapire klasTa nivTier interesTa winaaRmdegobisa,

mTeli eri, ganurCevlad wodebisa da klasisa, ibrZvis garegan

Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad, rom ufro mtkiced dadges progresis

gzazed~ (297, 43). misi azriT, erovnuli Tavisufleba eris arsebobis

aucilebeli pirobaa. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi eri arsebobis uflebas da

funqcias kargavs. `Tavisuflebis mopoveba daCagruli, damonebuli eris

upirvelesi uflebaTagani gaxlavT. amasTanave es Tavisufleba unda iyos

sruli, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoTi da ara avtonomiis formiT didi

saxelmwifos farglebSi (297, 337). ZiriTadad, rogorc qarTul aseve,

evropul azrovnebaSi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis arsebobis Semdeg

miiCnevdnen erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebis aucileblobas. mTavari

siaxle rac ekuTvnis mixako wereTels, mdgomareobs SemdegSi. misi azriT,

`adamianis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi unda gadawydes eris Tavisuflebis

niadagze~ (297, 7).

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis moRvaweebidan gamorCeulia am

partiis erT-erTi lideri, publicisti, mwerali da iuristi,

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli da

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sagareo da saSinao politikis aqtiuri

monawile _ giorgi gvazava. misi publikaciebi qarTul presaSi mTeli

simwvaviT pasuxobda saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlo interesebs, ebrZoda

antiqarTul Zalebs, icavda saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas,

qarTuli kulturisa da literaturis tradiciebs (300, 255).

giorgi gvazavas naSromebi Tu sagazeTo-saJurnalo publikaciebi

ZiriTadad exeboda erovnul problematikas, maT Soris erovnuli

Tavisuflebis sakiTxs. man gamoyo gonebrivi, zneobrivi, fizikuri,

samarTlebrivi, pirovnuli da erovnuli Tavisuflebebi. gansakuTrebul

220

yuradRebas UuTmobs erovnul Tavisuflebas da TiToeul sakiTxs am

problemis ideis irgvliv ganixilavs. misi azriT, `Tavisuflebis

ganxorcieleba warsulSi ki ar unda veZioT. Tavisufleba idealia da

rogorc ideali, anaTebs mxolod kacobriobis momaval Saras~ (225, 81).

igi Semdegnairad ganmartavs Tavisuflebas. `ra aris Tavisufleba?

qarTuli termini am mxriv metad metyvelia da gansakuTrebiT iuridiuli.

Tavisufalia is, vinc TavisTavis ufalia, visac ar hyavs sxva ufali, sxva

batoni, garda Tavisive Tavisa. es srulebiT ubralo da martivi axsna

erTbaSad ayenebs sakiTxs Tavis bunebriv, gansakuTrebiT uflebriv

kalapotSi da sul ar Seexeba Tavisuflebas, rogorc filosofiur

Semecnebas~ (225, 81). Tavisuflebis ideis aRmavlobas igi safrangeTis

revolucias ukavSirebs. saerTod XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTul politikur

da sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi safrangeTis revolucias didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis dawyebis

axal etapad miiCneven. erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebis da

SenarCunebis aucilebel pirobad giorgi gvazava mixako wereTlis

msgavsad saerTo nacionaluri ideis arsebobas miiCnevda. `Tu calke piri

vera grZnobs, rom igi nawilia erisa, rom misi bedniereba damokidebulia,

Tu materialurad ara, sulierad mainc mTeli eris bednierebaze, ra Tqma

unda, yoveli erovnuli xasiaTis Sromac SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac

adamiani gonebiT dabla dgas, imdenad igi warmoadgens ubralo massas,

misi gardaqmna da gadakeTeba ufro advilia~ (224, 33). erovnuli

gamoRviZebis mTavari motivi ki misi azriT inteligenciis da samxedro

Zalis Seqmnaa. es faqti SemTxveviTi ar aris, radganac nacionaluri

dadginebis stadiaze aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens Zlieri

kulturuli da politikuri elitis arseboba. XIX saukunidan

moyolebuli qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa mTavari orientiri aRniSnuli

sakiTxis mogvareba iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisSi es ideebi axal

aqtualobas iZens da rogorc mixako wereTeli, aseve giorgi gvazava

swored am gzis gamgrZeleblebi arian. `yoveli Zal-Rone Segnebul da

ganviTarebul pirebisa unda iyos miqceuli am erovnuli gamoRviZebisaken.

jer saWiroa TviT am pirebis SeerTeba. am SeerTebam unda Seqmnas

Taviseburi ideuri kera, unda wamoanTos Taviseburi cecxli da mohfinos

221

naTeli irgvliv. amitom sul pirveli nabiji gaxlavT inteligenciis

Seqmna. ufro saWiroa adgilobrivi brZola, muSaoba TviT eris wiaRSi da

momzadeba misi kulturuli da samxedro Zal-Ronisa~ (224, 33-34).

Tavisuflebas giorgi gvazava mixako wereTlis msgavsad istoriuli

procesis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad miiCnevs. ès Rirebuleba, es diadi

mizani, romlisken miiltvis mTeli kacobrioba da romelic Seadgens

Sinagan azrs mTeli istoriuli procesisa, aris Tavisufleba.

gamoacaleT es idea saerTaSoriso omebs, klasobriv brZolas,

individualur Sromas da Tavganwirulebas da Tqven dagrCebaT mxolod

uazroba istoriuli procesisa~ (225, 81). misi msjelobani XX saukunis

dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnili movlenebis gamoZaxilia da

politikuri datvirTvac gaaCnia da rusuli gavlenis winaaRmdeg aris

mimarTuli. ìdea Tavisuflebisa moiTxovs, rom adamianis energia, misi

fizikuri, gonebrivi da zneobrivi Zala ar iyos xelovnurad SezRuduli.

maSin adamiani gaiSleba da ganviTardeba mTeli sisruliT, Seiqms mets

simdidres, mets Rirebulebebs, rogorc materialurs, ise gonebrivs da

zneobrivs~ (225, 81).

noe Jordania Tavis memuarebSi wers: `roca wamovayene debuleba

saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobisa, erTi glexi adga da

momaxala _ awi Cven tyved syidvas ver davubrundebiTo! (204, 15).

sazogadoebis umetes nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT socialurad dabali

fenis warmomadgenlebSi ruseTi maT usafrTxoebas niSnavda da amitom

arsebuli viTarebis SecvliT da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aRdgeniT maTi mdgomareoba uaresobisken Seicvleboda, iakob

mansvetaSvili memuarebSi igonebs iliasa da glexebis saubars. es

ukanasknelni swored rusuli xelisuflebis mxardaWeras gamoxatavdnen.

àdre gareT ver gamovdiodiT. sofels rom gavcilebuliyaviT, an leki

dagvixvdeboda an Sinauri avi kaci. sisxli iRvreboda. mosveneba ara

gvqonda, Svela arsaidam iyo. Ai, daloca RmerTma rusis xelmwife: exla

ra gviSavs, ai, qalaqSic CamovdivarT samuSaod. Tu ram gasayidi an

sasyideli gvaqvs xels vmarTavT. gzaSi xels veravin gvaxlebs~ (202, 125).

qarTvelebSi jer kidev ar arsebobda erTianobis gancda.

`gurulebisTvis saqarTvelo _ qarTlels, xandaxan _ kaxelsac. erTi

222

mTliani qarTveli eris, erTi mTliani saqarTvelo mis warmodgenaSi

srulebiT ar arsebobda. is mudam fiqrobda Tavis dacvaze TaTrebisagan~

(204, 15).

zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebTan erTad qarTul sazogadoebaSi

sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisebi arsebobda. rogorc saqarTvelos

damoukideblobisaTvis erT-erTi aqtiuri mebrZoli Salva qarumiZe werda:

`saqarTveloSi iyo xalxi, romelTaTvisac ruseTis erTguleba

samSoblos Ralati iyo da romelTa azriT samSoblos bedniereba da

momavali mxolod ruseTis nangrevebze aSendeboda... am xalxis TvalSi

ruseTi da saqarTvelo erTad ver Tavsdeboda da qarTveli kacis winaSe

sakiTxi amnairad ismeboda _ an samsaxuri ruseTs da Ralati

saqarTvelos, anda Ralati ruseTs da ganwirva mSobeli erisaTvis~ (303,

226).

rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg qarTvelebis erTi nawilis

protesti bunebrivia im nacionaluri ideologiis Sedegi iyo, romelic

kulturulma elitam SeimuSava. qarTuli politikuri elitis erT-erTi

TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis arCil jorjaZis azriT: `qarTveli eri

yovelTvis ebrZoda xolme yvelas, visac ki misi politikuri damonaveba

surda. riT aixsneba amgvari garemoeba? xalxi Seviwrovebuli da

SexuTulia, xolo moadgeboda ra mas gareSe mteri, igi iviwyebda Tavis

varams, xels aZlevda Tavis mCagvrels (feodals _ n. s.) da masTan erTad

mters ebrZoda. etyoba is gareSe mteri mas ufro mavnebel mtrad miaCnda,

vidre Sinauri batoni, rom miuxedavad nivTieri uTanasworobisa,

qarTveli glexi raRaciT dakavSirebuli iyo sxva wodebebTan da mas

Tavisi Sinauri monoba erCivna, gareSe Zalis monobas. es `raRac~ iyo _

ena, zne-Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, istoriuli tradicia. maSasadame,

qarTvelebi icavdnen Tavis miwas, enas da sarwmunoebas. yvela amisi dacva

mas Tavisuflebis dacvad miaCnda da gareSe mters ise uyurebda, rogorc

imis sicocxles da Tavisuflebis damamxobels~ (306, 315).

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erT-erTi mTavari figura giorgi

kvinitaZe mogonebebSi wers: `ubralo xalxsac daatyo kvali istoriulma

warsulma da maT sulsa da gonebasac aforiaqebda Tavisuflebisa da

damoukideblobaze fiqri imis miuxedavad, rom rusTa xelisuflebis

223

batonoba ukve saukuneze met xans grZeldeboda, arc sazogadoebasa da

arc xalxSi ar igrZnoboda rusuli kulturisken swrafva, piriqiT, sul

ufro da ufro metad ucxoobdnen am kulturasac da, bunebrivia, mis

Semoqmeds rus xalxsac~ (198, 17).

damoukideblobis mopovebisTvis brZolis mzadebas Rrma safuZveli

hqonda sworad SemuSavebuli nacionaluri ideologiis wyalobiT. `xalxi

amasobaSi TandaTanobiT Zalas ikrebda da ukve karga xania, Sesaferis

dros eloda Tavisi Selaxuli uflebebis xmamaRla dasacavad. im

msxverplis miuxedavad, romelic priviligirebul klass unda gaeRo,

yvelanairi Seviwroebis, devnis da mkvlelobebis miuxedavad, romelic

bunebrivi Sedegia revoluciisa da axali wes-wyobilebisa, yvelam

Tavadaznaurobam, mosamsaxureebma, romelTa mTavar nawils samxedroebi

Seadgendnen, vaWrebma, mewarmeebma, muSebma, xalxma _ axali liderebis

garSemo moiyara Tavi. muSebi TavianT socialistur beladebs uWerdnen

mxars, glexoba, romelic mxurvaled gamoexmaura maT mowodebebs~ (198,

18).

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro ministris

grigol lorTqifaniZis azriT, qarTvelebis aseTi erTianoba istoriuli

warsuliT iyo ganpirobebuli, radgan saqarTvelos brZolis

mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba hqonda. `qarTveli xalxi erTi uZvelesi

da kulturuli xalxia. man jer kidev ramdenime saukunis maRali

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli skola gaiara, sanam miaRwevda

Tavis oqros xanas Tamaris epoqaSi. qarTvelma gaiara maRali saxelwifo-

ebrivi skola qristianuli organizaciisa da monarqiuli centralizmisa.

masSi dagrovili iyo da aris mraval saukuneTa erovnuli gancda,

politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis gamocdileba. qarTveli

xalxis es Sinagani gaZliereba _ ganZi istoriis grZel Sara gzaze xan

inacreboda da iCrdileboda gareSe Zalebis Zalmomreobis gamo da xan ki

didis brwyinvalebiTa da siZlieriT Cndeboda xolme. magram TviT

xalxSi ganuwyvetliv, TviT usaSinles saxelmwifoebriv daqsaqsvisa da

gapartaxebis drosac ki Rvioda es xangrZliv politikuri gamocdilebis

ganZi, Sinagani erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi potencia~ (199, 36).

1917 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis

224

aRdgenis Semdeg beWduri media sul ufro da ufro xSirad saubrobs

damoukideblobis aRdgenis saWiroebaze. `avtonomia _ ai is mkveTri

sityva, romelic exla elvasaviT gadadis mTel saqarTveloze da

aucileblad moaqcevs Tavis cecxlis rkalSi yvela mamuliSvils, mas

win, vnaxoT Tu vinme aRudgeba~ (121, 2).

revoluciis Semdeg inteligencia warsulis idealizebiT qarTuli

erTobis wevrebSi brZolis Jinis gaRviZebas cdilobs. `ifeTqa

revoluciam, daemxvnen Zirs porfirmosilni mtarvalni da jalaTebi.

wamebul xalxs moevlina sanatreli Tavisufleba. dRes dahkra qarTveli

erisTvis sabediswero Jamma, dRes eWirveba mas Wkua-fxizeli, maRal-

niWieri, Zlieri nebis, mamaci da samSoblos siyvaruliT aRgznebuli

beladebi, romlebmac unda aRZran eris suli aamoqmedon da aqcion

uZlevel lomad. gvwams, rom aseTi gmirebi male gamoCndebian~ (124, 2).

saqarTvelos rTuli istoriuli warsulidan gamomdinare,

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargva Tu teritoriuli

Seviwroebis dros qveynis Zliereba `didebul gmirebs~ gadaurCeniaT:

`Tavis xangrZliv istoriul cxovrebaSi saqarTvelos bevrjer ganucdia

saSineli wamebi, xSirad yofila mis win aRmarTuli yofna-aryofnis

sabediswero sakiTxi, magram eris genialobas warmouSvia am dros

didebuli gmirebi da maTi meoxebiT qveyana gadarCenia daRupvas. mesxeTi,

kolxeTi da iveria kvlav Sesdgomian Tavis kulturul moRvaweobas.

aseTi tragikuli wamebi Cveni eris warsulSi iyo xSiri~ (124, 2).

kulturuli da politikuri elita saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan

gamomdinare Tavisuflebis ideis propagandis mizniT xSir SemTxvevaSi

warsulis idealizebas cdilobda: `bevrjer miuyvania ulmobel

istoriul qartexils Cveni xalxi Savi jurRmulis pirad, bevrjer,

bevrjer dausvams mas cvalebad cxovrebas misTvis samkvdro-sasicocxlo

sakiTxi, magram, sabednierod, survili sicocxlis SenarCunebisa

yovelTvis TvalsaCino yofila. am eris cxovrebaSi. sagani _

Tavisufleba, risTvisac es erTi muWa xalxi ebrZoda yovelgvar

dabrkolebas. risTvisac is vaJkacurad umklavdeboda karze momdgar

ubedurebas _ yovelTvis xatad da jvarad hqonia qarTvel ers da amiT

unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom yofna-aryofnis sakiTxic am eris

225

sasargeblod iWreboda _ Tavdeboda. fizikuri SenarCunebis alRos xom

TviT udides kritikul wuTebSic Camouyvia Tavi qarTvelebis cxovrebaSi

da mouwodebia Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebni xeli-xel

Cakidebuli moqmedebisaken~ (126, 4). gazeT `saqarTvelos~ publicistebis

azriT yovelTvis arsebobda qarTuli erTobis wevrebis gaerTianebis

mTavari safuZveli – saqarTvelo. `erovnuli safrTxis winaSe erovnul

ZalTa gaerTianeba-SekavSirebas, mravaljer dauxsnia Cveni samSoblo da

daucavs qarTveli eris arseboba da Tavisufleba. qarTvel ers dRes

aseTi safrTxe da gansacdeli moelis da rogorc mravaljer Zvelad, ise

exlac, mas mxolod erovnuli mTlianoba, erovnul ZalTa gaerTianeba

ixsnis gasaWirisgan. patara eri Zlieria, rodesac is Tavis arsebobas

icavs, magram susti da umweoa, Tu man yvela Tavisi Zalebi ver

gaaerTiana am arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi. saqarTvelo kuTxeebad, olqebad

da mazrebad aris dayofili. qarTveli eri klasebisa, sazogadoebrivi

jgufebisa da partiebisagan Sedgeba. magram saqarTvelo erTia da erT

mTlian erovnul arss warmoadgens~ (127, 1).

1900-1917 wlebSi qarTuli erTobis identobis mTavari

ganmsazRvreli iyo istoriuli mexsiereba, tradiciebi, ena, qristianoba.

1918 wlidan aRniSnul nacionalur simboloebs emateba Tavisuflebis

ideali. `bazaleTis tbas Tavisuflebis niavqarma dahbera da misi aqamde

uZravi, Setborebuli zedapiri aamoZrava, dahqrola, xavsi ahyara da

yovels qarTvelis WeSmarit gulSi imis movlinebis Suqmfeni imedi da

sasoeba gamohkvanZa, visic ilias Tqmis ar iyos:

`visic ar iTqmis saxeli,

visac dRe da Ram natrulobs

Cumis natvriTa qarTveli~ (122, 3).

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis Semdeg, rogorc kulturuli, agreTve politikuri elita zemoT

aRniSnuli nacionaluri simboloebis dacva-SenarCunebasTan erTad iwyebs

muSaobas damoukidebeli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributebis

SemuSavebas. rogorc britaneli mecnieri e. smiTi aRniSnavs: `es ideebi _

226

damoukidebloba, identoba, avTenturoba, erToba ayalibebs Sinagan

kavSirSi myof enasa Tu diskurss, romlis gamoxatvis saSualebac aris

ceremoniebi da simboloebi. maTSi moiazreba naciebis aSkara atributebi

_ droSa, himni, aRlumi, fulis niSnebi, deda qalaqebi, folkloris

muzeumebi, sabrZolo memorialebi da sxva, anu yvela is gansxvavebuli

wes-Cveuleba, Rirebuleba, stilis, moqmedebisa da grZnobebis

Tavisebureba, romelic aerTianebs istoriuli kulturis mqone

sazogadoebis wevrebs~ (269, 96).

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita sazogadoebas

damoukideblobis aRdgenas miiCnevda axali epoqis dawyebad saqarTvelos

istoriaSi da amitom saqarTvelos sruluflebian qveynad

damkvidrebisaTvis saerTaSoriso sarbielze saWirod Tvlida im

reformebis da RonisZiebebis gatarebas, rac am miznisaken mimaval gzaze

arsebiTi da gadamwyveti iqneboda: `aRiarebuli damoukidebloba

saqarTvelosi aris pirveli gverdi saqarTvelos axali istoriisa. Tu es

aris dasawyisi saqarTvelos aRorZinebisa, amave dros es iqneba

qarTvelTa politikur da ekonomikur damoukidebeli cxovrebis unaris

maCvenebeli momavalSi. damoukideblobis SenarCuneba da Cveni gaZliereba

Cvens xelT aris, Cvens muSaobazed aris damokidebuli. Tu gvinda

SevinarCunoT sapatio adgili kulturul saxelmwifoTa Soris, Cven unda

SevqmnaT sakuTari mrewveloba, sakuTari jari~ (132, 4).

saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis gaZlierebasTan erTad rogorc

kulturuli, aseve politikuri elita mTeli ZalisxmeviT cdilobs

sazogadoebis umravlesobaSi im damaxinjebuli cnobierebis Secvlas,

risi kvalic rusulma gavlenam daatyo. saqarTvelo, rogorc

damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, axali gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda. amitom

saWiro iyo Tanmimdevruli RonisZiebebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

sferoSi. es procesi arc ise advili iyo. qarTuli erTobis wevrebis

umravlesobas ar hqonda gacnobierebuli Tavisuflebis arsi. beWdurma

mediam da saerTo saganmanaTleblo sistemam ver SeZlo problemis

sabolood gadaWra. `ara marto mopovebuli Tavisufleba, saqarTvelos

miwa-wyali da dovlaTi, aramed TviT eris arseboba, misi fizikuri

arseboba ganicdis gansacdels da moiTxovs dacvas. saWiroa qarTveli

227

eris yvela Zal-Ronis Semokreba da mobilizacia~ (126, 1). amasTan erTad

aucileblobas warmoadgenda erTobis wevrebSi saxelmwifoebrivi

azrovnebis ganmtkicebis da Tavisuflebis dacvisTvis brZolaSi yvela

socialuri fenis CarTva. `SevZlebT piradi angariSebis daviwyebas da

erT droSis qveS gaerTianebas: ratom aris es saeWvo? imitom rom arc ise

Zvirad gvxvdeba magaliTebi Cveni fsiqikis mowamlisa da sulieri `me~-s

dawvrilmanebisa. da exla roca saqme da mdgomareoba moiTxovs

yvelafris gadalaxvas, SeerTebis yiJinas gavcemT Sesafer pasuxs da

gavCndebiT iq, sadac mogvTxovs moqalaqeobrivi movaleoba da

gavanaRdebT samSoblos imedebs~. Aai, ra kiTxvebi ibadeba Cvens

cxovrebaSi! Aai, ras mogvTxovs Cven momavali da Tu umtyuneT Cven mas,

Tu CvenSi raindulma sulma ver gaiRviZa, maSin isev uimedobis burusi

dahfaravs Cvens samSoblos da miss cxovrebas da vin icis, egeb kideca

Cagviqres mze didebisa~ (123, 4). aseT pirobebSi gazeTis publicistebis

azriT, Zlieri liderebis irgvliv gaerTianeba SeaZlebinebda

sazogadoebas swori gziT siaruls `viwro klasobrivi, proletaruli

rwmena ver aRZravs erSi maRal patriotul grZnobas, ver aqcevs

qarTvels Zvelebur lomTas! saqarTvelos dRes eWirveba sul sxva

beladni. mas unda dRes quji da farnaozi, ivane maruSiZe da giorgi

saakaZe. mas eWirveba dRes erovnuli grZnobiT zarxozni, gmirni

mamuliSvilni, rom aRZran eris suli, auxilon Tvali da daayenon

istoriis swor gzaze~ (124, 2).

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, romelic erovnul-demokratiuli

mimarTulebis iyo da saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis sakuTari gzebi

gaaCnda, erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare sazogadoebas mTavrobis

irgvliv gaerTianebisken mouwodebda. `mxolod erovnul mTavrobas,

romelic daeyrdnoba mTel qarTvel ers, SeuZlia moipovos is Zala da

avtoriteti, uromlisod ar damyardeba CvenSi wesrigi, mSvidobianoba da

pirovnebis xeluxlebloba da Tavisufleba. saqarTvelos, qarTvel ers

da yvela mis jgufebs da wevrebs mxolod sulieri gaerTianeba da

SekavSireba, sulieri aRfrTovaneba, simtkice da Tavganwiruleba ixsnis~

(125, 1).

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenam dRis

228

wesrigSi daayena qveynis saSinao da sagareo viTarebis mowesrigeba da

gaumjobeseba. `eris Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis sakmarisi

ar aris am damoukideblobis gamocxadeba: saWiroa misi ganmtkiceba

Signidan da garedan, Sinagani ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiroa, rom

damoukidebeli eris cxovreba saxelmwifoebriv formebSi Camoyalibdes

da samarTals daeqvemdebaros. garegani simtkice ki imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom didma saxelmwifoebma misi damoukidebloba icnan, orive es metad

Zneli gansaxorcielebelia yovelgvar pirobebSi, miT umetes iseT

pirobebSi, rogorSiac Cveni damoukidebloba warmoiSva.~ (51, 1).

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba acnobierebda ra

rogorc sagareo mdgomareobis sirTules, aseve qveynis SigniT arsebul

viTarebasac, rac gamoixateboda mTavrobis mowinaaRmdege Zalebis

aqtiurobiT CaerToT sazogadoebis farTo fenebi xelisuflebis mimarT

ukmayofilebis gamoxatvebSi. maqsimalurad cdilobda orientacia aeRo

dabali fenis warmomadgenlebze, glexebze, muSebze. aqcenti gaekeTebina

maTTvis saWiro sakiTxebze da sakuTari dasayrdeni gamxdariyo. `Cveni

respublikis mTeli momavali, Cveni xsna da Cveni daRupva Cveni mSromeli

xalxis xelSia. me mivmarTav Cvens mSromel xalxs da gansakuTrebiT imis

Rirseul medroSes _ proletariats, muSebs: saqarTvelo Tqven

gaanTavisufleT. Tqven gadaaqcieT is sakuTar samSoblod da Tqven icavT

mas sxvadasxva mtrisagan. bevri agitaniaT, kidev bevri unda aitanoT,

magram mters rodis SeSinebixarT, rom axla SeuSindeT?~ (56, 2).

beWduri media, romelmac modernuli qarTuli naciis formirebaSi

gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa, ara marto kulturuli da politikuri

elitis ideaTa realizatoria, aramed TvalsaCinod gamoxatavs mTeli

sazogadoebis saxes, kerZod, socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul-

politikur viTarebas. beWdur mediaze dakvirveba saSualebas gvaZlevs

vTqvaT, rom XX saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli ruseTSi Seqmnili

viTarebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo, rogorc mis gavlenaSi myofi

qveyana 1900-1917 wlebSi, da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

periodSi qarTuli erTobis cnobiereba garkveul zewolas ganicdis.

qarTvelebis umravlesobaSi, kerZod, socialurad dabali fenis

warmomadgenlebSi gaurkvevlobasac aqvs adgili. miuxedavad imisa, rom

229

qarTuli politikuri elita damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg

mopovebuli Tavisuflebis SenarCunebas cdilobda, ar hqondaT

SemuSavebuli saerTo, erovnuli programa da maTi umravlesoba rusuli

ideebis gavlenas ganicdida. giorgi gvazava Tavis werilSi èri da

Tavisufleba~ qarTuli eris aseT mdgomareobas rusuli gavlenidan

gamomdinare xsnis. àsi wlis monobam moaduna qarTveli eris sxeuli da

SexuTa kunTebi, ukiduresma klasobriv brZolis moZRvrebam mis gonebas

gadaubnia iseTi burusi, rom am burusSi kinaRam Caimarxa uaRresi

Rirebuleba _ erovnuli Tavisufleba~ (127, 1). saqarTveloSi Seqmnil

viTarebas igi ara marto rusuli gavleniT, aramed qarTvelebis

moqmedebiTac xsnis. `sibneles miCveuli Tvali sinaTles ver itans,

monobas miCveul adamians erTxans rCeba monuri midrekileba, igi batons

eZebs, imas ubatonod cxovreba ver warmoudgenia. igi darwmunebulia, rom

batoni usaTuod mova, mxolod ar icis vin iqneba is batoni: rusi, Turqi,

ingliseli Tu germaneli~. am samarcxvino fsiqologiis SeqmnaSi Cvenc

didi brali migviZRvis. Tu yvela ara, erTi nawili Cveni moRvaweebisa

sul imis qadagebaSi iyo, rom samSoblo ar aris, rom igi mogonilia

mxolod burJuaziis da aznaurebis mier. Cven amovfxikeT xalxis gulidan

mamulis siyvaruli da gmirebis qveyana gadavaqcieT monebis qveynad (127,

1).

erTi ram faqti iyo, rom qarTul sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali da

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRqma ar arsebobda. ùnda gavagebinoT

xalxs, rom SimSili da wyurvili gamowveulia sul sxva mizeziT, rom es

Sedegia ara politikuri Tavisuflebisa, piriqiT, swored imisa, rom es

Tavisufleba jer ar aris sruliad damyarebuli da gatarebuli

cxovrebaSi da saerTaSoriso ganyofilebaSi. ar aris Tavisufleba

momavlis, aReb-micemobis, vaWrobis da sxva. Sin jer kidev ar aris

ganmtkicebuli avtoriteti Cveni mTavrobisa, imis moqmedebas jer kidev

win eRobeba sxvadasxva mowinaaRmdege elementebi. jer kidev ara varT

yvelasagan cnobili rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, amitom rogorc

Sin, ise saerTaSoriso areSi areulia da awewil-dawewili ekonomiuri da

kulturuli Zalebi. Tavisufleba swored imitom gvinda, rom bolo

moeRos amisTana mdgomareobas~ (127, 2).

230

gvazava saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis safuZvlad realur da

aqtiur nabijebs miiCnevda. `marto qaRalds ar aqvs didi mniSvneloba.

qaRaldze Camoyalibeba erovnuli cxovrebis principisa kidev ar

moaswavebs am cxovrebis realur ganxorcielebas. erovnuli cxovrebis

gamoWedvas unda didi dro, didi brZola da muSaoba~ (128, 2).

1919 wlidan gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze ukve SeiniSneba

nacionaluri konsolidaciis gaZliereba socialurad dabali fenis

warmomadgenlebSi: `xalxSi didi sulieri gardatexa xdeba, revoluciuri

psixoziT Sepyrobili, ngreva-daqcevis ideologiiT gatacebuli, is

bunebriv gamomTelebis gzas daadga. es xdeba bunebrivad, TavisTavad. es

procesi saerTo movlenaa saqarTveloSi, xolo zogan ufro

gamoaSkaravebulia da TvalsaCino~ (129, 1). gazeTis publicistebi am

movlenas imediT uyurebdnen da damoukideblobis SenarCunebis

aucilebel pirobad miiCnevdnen. `Tu erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis

nebisyofa qarTvel xalxSi gaizarda iseTi proporciiT, rogorc amden

xans, maSin araviTari eWvi ar aris imaSi, rom saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba mkvidr niadagze dadgeba da rac unda partiuli

Semadgenlobis ar iyos mTavroba, amas angariSs gauwevs da WkuaSi

Caxvdeba~ (saqarTvelo 1920a: 1). gazeTi erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebis

da SenarCunebis mTavar obieqtad inteligencias miiCnevs. `inteligenciam

ar dazoga arc sakuTari sisxli, arc Tavisi arseboba da SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom man miiyvana saqarTvelo dRevandel Tavisuflebamde. is

dResac aseT rols TamaSobs da albaT yovelTvis iTamaSebs~ (149, 2).

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavroba marTlmadidebel eklesias Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualebas

ar aZlevda da misi uflebebi Sekvecili iyo, erovnul-demokratebi

eklesiis rolis wina-planze wamowevas cdiloben da marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis problemebis gaSuqebas did adgils uTmoben. `Cveni eklesia

friad damsaxurebuli, mxcovani dawesebulebaa Cvens samSobloSi. is

asazrdoebda qarTvel ers sulierad, zneobrivad, gonebrivad da

wvrTnida mis mamuliSvilur Semecnebasac. Cveni eklesia saqarTveloSi

asrulebda did kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmes, afxizlebda ers

istoriuli gansacdelis xanaSi, icavda mas gadarjulebisagan. mravaljer

231

politikurad ufleba-ayrili da damonebuli saqarTvelo arsebobda

eklesiurad, sarwmunoebrivad SekavSirebuli mtkice safuZvliT~ (134, 4).

damoukideblobis xanaSic, saqarTvelos sinamdvilidan gamomdinare

nacionaluri simboloebis propagandas isev aqtualuri mniSvneloba

eniWeboda, radgan saerTaSoriso sarbielze damkvidrebas saerTo

erovnuli faseulobebiT homogenizirebuli qarTuli erToba Tu

SeZlebda. nacionalur-konsolidaciaSi ki qristianobas didi roli

eniWeboda. `Cven vxedavT, rom kulturul kacobriobas da Tundac ara

kulturul kacobriobas imdenad ainteresebs rusis xalxi, ramdenadac

igi fizikur safrTxes warmoadgens Zvelsa da axal kulturisaTvis,

xolo axlad ganTavisuflebuli erebi imdenad Seadgenen interess

kacobriobisas, ramdenadac am erebs axali motivi da axali gamarTleba

SeaqvT kacobriobis istoriaSi.

am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo yvelaze ufro privilegiur

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, radganac igi xidia evropasa da azias Soris,

mtkice iqneba qarTveli xalxi nacionalurad, miT ufro yuradRebiT

moepyrobian mas mezobeli da Soreuli saxelmwifoebi _ Tanac

saqarTvelo jer kidev imdenad ar gamagrebula erovnulad da

saxelmwifoebrivad, rom SeiZlebodes erovnul brZolaze xelis aReba~

(134, 2).

amdenad, Tavisuflebis idealisTvis brZola qarTuli erTobis

cnobierebaSi istoriuli warsulidan gamomdinare qarTuli enis,

qristianobis, tradiciis SenarCunebasTan igivdeboda. Tavisuflebis

idealis am saxiT propagandis mTavari mesveuri iyo kulturuli da

politikuri elita.

232

daskvna

disertaciaSi Seswavlilia qarTuli identobis istoria 1900-1921

wlebSi sxvadasxva saxis istoriul wyaroTa kompleqsuri analizis

safuZvelze yvela is movlena, romelic epoqis gamowvevas warmoadgenda

ganxilulia mTlianobaSi da warmodgenilia gansxvavebuli kuTxiT.

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi ruseTis

saimperatoro karis mier Camoyalibebuli antiqarTuli politikisda

miuxedavad kulturuli da politikuri elitis aqtiuri moRvaweobis

Sedegad, qarTuli sazogadoebis gaerTianebis procesi ganviTarebis

axal fazaSi Sedis. rogorc disertaciaSi ganxiluli masala mowmobs,

amas Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi hqonda. es gamowveuli iyo im socialuri

Tu ekonomikuri xasiaTis gardaqmnebiT, rac Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinareobda.

rogorc arCil jorjaZe aRniSnavda, mtris Semosevis SemTxvevaSi

qarTveli glexi iviwyebda mebatonis mimarT pirad wyenas da mis

mxardamxar gamodioda dampyroblis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. es gamowveuli

da ganpirobebuli iyo saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebu-

li sistemidan. sazogadoebis farTo fenebi miCveuli da Seguebuli iyo

politikuri, Tu socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobis am formas.

ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis Sedegad saqarTvelos dapyrobis

Semdeg qarTveli eri mudmivad axali siaxleebis Tu cvlilebebis winaSe

idga. garda imisa, rom monarqiuli sistema aRar arsebobda da

saqarTvelo axal cxovrebas iwyebda ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi, qarTvel

ers ruseTis saimperatoro kari im erovnul faseulobebsac uspobda, rac

saukuneebis manZilze nebismieri mtris Semosevis SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis

mTavari saSualeba iyo. es aris: qristianoba da qarTuli ena. marTalia

saqarTvelosTvis siaxles ar warmoadgenda axali dampyroblis gamoCena

da mis daqvemdebarebaSi gadasvla, Tumca namdvilad axali iyo

qristianuli saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli is qmedebebi, rasac

aseve marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelos mimarT iCenda. am yvelafers daemata

isic, rom batonymobis gauqmebas Sedegad mohyva kapitalisturi wyobis

damkvidreba. axalma ekonomikurma formam garkveuli cvlilebebi

233

gamoiwvia socialuri sistemaSi. Camoyalibda axali socialuri klasebi:

burJuazia da proletariati. faqtiurad gaqrobis safrTxe Seeqmna

Tavadaznaurobas, rac etapobrivad xorcieldeboda. SeezRuda glexebs

funqciebi, gansxvavebul garemoSi Tavis damkvidreba uWirda. araqarTvel-

Tagan Semdgari burJuazia, romelic materialuri TvalsazrisiT Zlieri

Zala iyo, naklebad iyo dainteresebuli qarTveli eris interesebiT,

proletariati ki social-demokratiuli partiis gavleniT sawyis etapze

klasobrivi cnobierebiT iyo Sepyrobili. es yovelive uaryofiTad

aisaxeboda qarTvelTa erTianobaze, amitom saWiro iyo mtkiced Camoyali-

bebuli ideologia, romlis irgvliv gaerTiandeboda qarTveloba.

disertaciaSi ganxiluli da Seswavlili sakiTxebi swored aRniSnulis

gamoxatulebaa da naTlad mowmobs qarTveli eris cnobierebis

cvalebadobas da maT etapobriv gardasaxvas axali drois Sesabamisad

qarTuli, erovnuli faseulobebis SenarCunebiTa da ganaTlebuli,

organizebuli, SekavSirebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebiT, romlis

mTavari ideali erovnuli Tavisufleba unda gamxdariyo.

amgvarad, winamdebare gamokvleva qarTveli eris identobis

Seswavlis cdas warmoadgens. detalurma analizma saSualeba mogvca

davkvirvebodiT kulturuli da politikuri elitis Rvawls, agreTve,

mTeli sazogadoebis aRqmebs erovnuli konsolidaciis procesis

ganviTarebis iseTi maxasiaTeblebis meSveobiT rogoricaa istoriuli

warsuli da tradiciebi, qarTuli ena da erovnuli Tavisufleba;

gagveanalizebina epoqis axali moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad saswavlo-

saganmanaTleblo procesis saWiroeba aramarto, rogorc mosaxleobaSi

codnis gavrcelebis, aramed mTlianad qarTveli eris erovnuli

cnobierebis SenarCunebis mTavari saSualeba. 1901-1917 ww. da 1918-1921 ww.

qarTuli erTobis identobis SedarebiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze

TvalsaCino gaxda, rom pirvel periodSi anu 1901-1917 ww. didi

sazogadoebrivi wonis mqone da sagangebo ganxilvis sagani iyo Semdegi

sakiTxebi:

erTiani saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo programa, rogorc sazogadoe-

bis homogenizebis da socialuri tixrebis moSlis safuZveli. ekonomika,

rogorc qarTveli eris arsebobis da gadarCenis winapiroba.

234

istoriuli mexsiereba da tradiciebi, nacionaluri simboloebi.

amavdroulad mniSvnelovani adgili davuTme sxvadasxva socialuri

fenebis cnobierebis Seswavlas epoqis Sesabamisad, centrisa da

periferiis rolis Sefasebas damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi.

meore periodSi anu 1918-1921 wlebSi prioritetuli gaxda

nacionalur konsolidaciaSi Tavisuflebis fenomeni da misiT

sazogadoebis farTo fenebis gamsWvalva.

disertaciaSi ganxiluli sakiTxebidan Semdegi daskvnebi gamomdi-

nareobs:

1. uaryofilia XIX saukunis II naxevarSi qarTveli eris Camoyali-

bebis marqsistuli mosazreba da dasabuTebulia sawinaaRmdego

Tvalsazrisi.

2. XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTuli garemos srulad

aRsadgenad Seswavlilia regionaluri identobis sakiTxi, naCvenebia ra

roli iTamaSa centrma da periferiam qarTuli erTobis konsolidaciis

procesSi.

3. qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebuli gamokvlevebisgan gansxvave-

vebiT gaanalizebulia socialuri fenebis Tu jgufebis cnobierebis

ganviTareba-cvalebadoba epoqis Sesabamisad da naCvenebia qarTuli

erTobis konsolidaciis procesSi TiToeuli maTganis roli da

mniSvneloba.

4. Seswavlilia istoriuli mexsierebis da tradiciebis, aseve

nacionaluri simboloebis datvirTva da gavlena modernuli periodis

qarTuli erTobis cnobierebaze.

5. erTian konteqstSia ganxiluli xSir SemTxvevaSi calkeul

sakiTxebad Seswavlili problemebi, rogoricaa: samSoblo, qarTuli ena

da ganaTleba, sarwmunoeba, qarTveli dedis roli, ekonomika, rogorc

sazogadoebis homogenizebis safuZveli.

6. gaazrebulia erovnuli Tavisuflebis fenomeni da misi aRqma

qarTuli erTobis wevrebis mier.

235

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

saarqivo masalebi:

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, (SemdegSi scsa),

f. 83, aRwera 1, saq. # 2.

2. scsa, f. 83, saq. # 46.

3. scsa, f. 153, saq. # 178.

4. scsa, f. 153, saq. # 3615.

5. scsa, f. 153, saq. # 2306.

6. scsa, f. 153, saq. # 19241.

7. scsa, f. 153, saq. # 1782.

8. scsa, f. 156, saq. # 4.

9. scsa, f. 1825, saq. #13.

10. scsa, f. 1825, saq. #17.

11. scsa, f. 1830, saq. #9.

12. scsa, f. 1830, saq. #21.

13. scsa, f. 1833, saq. #970.

14. scsa, f. 1836, saq. # 12.

15. scsa, f. 1836, saq. # 18.

16. scsa, f. 1836, saq. # 75.

17. scsa, f. 1836, saq. # 77.

18. scsa, f. 1836, # 418.

19. scsa, f. 1861, # 418.

20. scsa, f. 1861, saq. # 533.

21. scsa, f. 1863, saq. # 9.

22. scsa, f. 1863, saq. # 319.

23. scsa, f. 1833, saq. # 1072.

24. scsa, f. 1935, saq. # 20.

25. scsa, f. 1935, saq. # 249.

26. scsa, f. 1935, saq. # 318.

27. scsa, f. 1935, saq. # 453.

28. scsa, f. 1935, saq. # 658.

29. scsa, f. 1935, saq. #1166.

236

gazeTebi:

30. amirani, 1909, #25.

31. amxanagi, 1917, #3.

32. axali kvali, 1915, #8.

33. axali saqarTvelo, 1919, #1.

34. axali sxivi, 1910, #33.

35. axali cxovreba, 1906, #2.

36. baTumis gazeTi, 1911, #111.



39. brZola, 1901, #1.

40. ganTiadi, 1913, #19.

41. glexi, 1906, #1.

42. glexi, 1906, #5.

43. droeba, 1976, #102.

44. droeba, 1909, #167.

45. droeba, 1909, #44.

46. elva, 1906, #148.

47. erToba, 1917, #12.

48. erToba, 1917, #70.

49. erToba, 1918, #78.

50. erToba, 1919, #10.

51. erToba, 1919, #17.

52. erToba, 1919, #47.

53. erToba, 1920, # 155.

54. erToba, 1920, #158.

55. zvirTi, 1915, #2.

56. Tavisufali gza, 1919, #1.

57. Tavisufali saqarTvelo, 1913, #1.

58. Tanamedrove azri, 1914, #12.


237





64. Temi, 1911, #1.

65. Temi, 1911, #2.

66. Temi, 1911, #4.

67. Temi 1911, #6.

68. Temi, 1911, #8.

69. Temi, 1911, #10.

70. Temi, 1911, #29.

71. Temi, 1911, #33.

72. Temi, 1912, #54.

73. Temi, 1912, #64.

74. Temi, 1912, #83.

75. Temi, 1912, #86.

76. Temi, 1912, #93.

77. Temi, 1913, #118.

78. Temi, 1913, #146.

79. Temi, 1914, #157.

80. Temi, 1914, #160.

81. Temi, 1914, #164.

82. Temi, 1915, #203.

83. iveria, 1901, #116.

84. iveria, 1901, #117.

85. iveria, 1901, #128

86. iveria, 1901, #257.

87. iveria, 1901, #267.

88. iveria, 1902, #2.

89. iveria, 1902, #26.

90. iveria, 1902, #220.

91. iveria, 1902, #252.

92. iveria, 1903, #38.

238

93. iveria, 1905, #8.

94. iveria, 1905, #148.

95. iveria, 1905, #162.

96. iveria, 1909, #2.

97. imereTi, 1912, #28.

98. imereTi, 1912, #38.

99. isari, 1907, #116.

100. isari, 1908, #39.

101. kvali, 1901, #25.

102. kvali, 1901, #36.

103. kolxida, 1911, #80.

104. kolxida, 1911, #82.

105. kolxida, 1912, #15.

106. mebrZolTa xma, 1917, #40.

107. megobari, 1906, #3.

108. mercxali, 1908, #1.

109. miwa, 1906, #5.

110. miwa, 1907, #7.

111. mnaTobi, 1911, #1.

112. muSa, 1906, #13.

113. muSa, 1906, #30.

114. naperwkali, 1906, #4.

115. proletariatis brZola, 1904, #7.

116. samSoblo, 1915, #246.

117. samSoblo, 1916, #256.

118. samSoblo, 1916, #384.

119. saqarTvelo, 1903, #2.

120. saqarTvelo, 1903, #4.

121. saqarTvelo, 1917, #37.

122. saqarTvelo, 1918, #3.

123. saqarTvelo, 1918, #4.

124. saqarTvelo, 1918, #7.

125. saqarTvelo, 1918, #15.

239

126. saqarTvelo, 1918, #43.

127. saqarTvelo, 1918, #45.

128. saqarTvelo, 1919, #107.

129. saqarTvelo, 1919, #233.

130. saqarTvelo, 1920, #1.

131. saqarTvelo, 1920, #3.

132. saqarTvelo, 1920, #40.

133. saqarTvelo, 1920, #49.

134. saqarTvelo, 1920, #62.

135. saqarTvelos respublika, 1920, #41.

136. saxalxo gazeTi, 1910, #184.

137. saxalxo saqme, 1917, #33.

138. saxalxo saqme, 1917, #456.

139. saxalxo saqme, 1918, #158.

140. saxalxo saqme, 1918, #351.

141. saxalxo saqme, 1919, #463.

142. saxalxo saqme, 1920, #814

143. saxalxo saqme, 1920, #860.

144. saxalxo furceli, 1915, #241.



147. sityva, 1906, #1.

148. social-demokrati, 1905, #1.

149. social-demokratiuli furceli, 1905, #5.

150. sxivi, 1905, #5.

151. talRa, 1906, #2.

152. qarTli, 1912, #68.

153. qarTveli studenti, 1920, #1.

154. qarTuli gazeTi, 1916, #6.

155. Sinauri saqmeebi, 1909, #4.

156. Sinauri saqmeebi, 1912, #30-31.

157. Sroma, 1906, #11.

158. Cveni azri, 1909, #5.

240

159. Cveni gza, 1920, #4.

160. Cveni droeba, 1913, #30.

161. Cveni megobari, 1916, #123.

162. Cveni respublika, 1918, #42.

163. ciskari, 1908, #1.

164. ciskari, 1908, #11.

165. cnobis furceli, 1902, #1697.

166. cnobis furceli, 1902, #1884.

167. cnobis furceli, 1903, #2154.

168. cnobis furceli, 1905, #2945.

169. xma kaxeTisa, 1912, #100.

170. jariskaci, 1917, #2.

Jurnalebi:

171. ganaTleba, 1908, #1

172. ganaTleba, 1917, #6-7.

173. ekali, 1907, #2.

174. klde, 1915, #1.

175. moambe, 1904, #6.

176. mogzauri, 1901, #1.

177. mogzauri, 1902, #2-3.

178. mogzauri, 1902, #6-7.

179. mogzauri, 1903, #1-2.

180. mogzauri, 1903, #7-8

181. mogzauri, 1903, #9-10.

182. mogzauri, 1903, #11-12.

183. mogzauri, 1904, #1-2.

184. mogzauri, 1904, #3-4.

185. mogzauri, 1905, #15.

186. mogzauri, 1905, #35.

241

187. mosavali, 1909, #1.

188. mosavali, 1911, #1.

189. mwyemsi, 1900, #15.

190. mwyemsi, 1906, #3-4.

191. respublikis jari, 1918 #1.

192. saqarTvelos moambe, 1909, #4.

193. jvari vazisa, 1906, #6.

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