Cradles of Civilization The Near and Middle-Eastern Origins of Human Society.
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Transcript of Cradles of Civilization The Near and Middle-Eastern Origins of Human Society.
![Page 1: Cradles of Civilization The Near and Middle-Eastern Origins of Human Society.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2b5503460f94b19bc2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cradles of Civilization
The Near and Middle-Eastern Origins of Human Society
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Myth & history
The Epic of Gilgamesh 2100 BCE
Gilgamesh
Enkidu
mythopoeic
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I. Neolithic Era10,000 – 3300 BCE
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A. The Fertile Crescent
1. Nutritious plants- cereal grains
2. Cooperative animals- “big four”
Geographical determinism?
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B. Prelude to Civilization
1. Division of labor- spare time
- fired-pottery- copper
Jericho, 8400 BCECatalhöyük, 7400 BCE
communal, subsistence oriented
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2. “Eden”- alluvial plain
Physical, metaphoricalplace of transition
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3. Hydraulic Societies Karl Wittfogel
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4. Flood culture
- Flood Myth – “divine right” (3000 BCE)
- historicism – cycles, determinism
- pessimism – the gods must be crazy
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Terms (from notes and text)
• Epic of Gilgamesh• Fertile Crescent• Hydraulic Society• Mesopotamia• Sumer• Bronze/Iron Ages• Cuneiform writing• Indo-European “sky gods”
• Code of Hammurabi• Sargon the Akkadian• Old Babylonians
• Old/Middle/New Kingdoms
• Narmer Palette• Imhotep• Maat (ma’at)• Hatshepsut• Upper / Lower Egypt • The Nile River• Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)
• Osiris
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II. MesopotamiaThe Land Between the Rivers
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A. Hot in the city
1. Sumer 3200-2360 BCE Ur, Uruk, Eridu
2. Good neighbors- household rule ↓ kings
↓ dynasties
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B. Tools
1. Bronze Age (3300BC – 1300BC)
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2. Cuneiform Writing (Sumerians, 3500 BCE)
“Whoever has walked with Truth generates life”
Evolved Hieroglyphs – separate meaning from symbol
Alphabets (Phoenicians) 1600 BCE
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C. Religion1. Gods and goddesses
- bound to “cycles”- impersonal- “un” ethical
See Hammurabi’s Code
Inanna
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2. Indo-Europeans ca. 2200-2000 BCE
“Sky gods”
exs. Enlil & Anu, Ra or Amon-Re, El, Zeus, Yahweh
- external morality/social order
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D. Consolidation and fall
1. Akkadian Empire 2300-2200 BCE
standing army nepotism soil salinity
Sargon the Akkadian“basket case”
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2. Old Babylonian Empire
Hammurabi’s Code (1700s BCE)
“If…then…”
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III. Egypt
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A. Land of the Nile
1. Ecological stability
2. Semi-isolation
3. Early Dynasties3100-2700 BCEgod-kingsless innovative
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B. Old Kingdom 2700-2200 BCE
1. Old Pharaoh Maat (ma’at)
- optimism / eternity
2. Bureaucracy
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3. Life and death- Nation-building “out of many, one” - orderly universe
Djoser / Imhotep 2650 BCE
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C. Middle Kingdom 2025-1630 BCE
1. Economic expansion
2. Literature
3. Resurrection cults- Osiris / Isis- funeral culture
Hyksos ca. 1600 BCE
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D. Imperial Egypt 1550-1075
1. Beyond the Nile- Hittites- Phoenicians- Hebrews- Assyrians- Greeks
Thutmose I 1504-1492 BCE
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2. Power and purpose- Hatshepsut 1478-1458 BCE
She is one girl, there is no one like her.
She is more beautiful than any other.
Look, she is like a star goddess arising
at the beginning of a happy new
year.
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3. Limits to power - Amenhotep IV / Nefertiti (ca. 1350s BCE)
- Aten Cult “Sky god”?
King Tut
cultural lethargy