Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 11 - Chronic Diseases.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 11 - Chronic Diseases

Coming Up in this Chapter

□Learn the major types of CVD, cancer, and diabetes.

□Assess your personal risk factors for chronic disease.

□Become familiar with screening, diagnosis, and treatment options.

□Find out steps to reduce your risk factors.


Table 11-1 Estimated prevalence and annual mortality from cardiovascular

disease, cancer, and diabetes


Cardiovascular Disease

□One in three people die of CVD□These diseases are highly treatable □They are also highly preventable


Circulation

□ The left side of the heart (systemic pump) receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all the tissues in the body

□ The right side of the heart (pulmonary pump) receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs


Circulation

□ Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart

□ Blood is so important to the heart that every muscle fiber is supplied by at least one capillary


Conduction system

□ The heart has its own conduction system

□ The beating rate and rhythm are established by the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

□ The electrical contraction pauses at the atrioventricular (AV) node, allowing the ventricles to fill with blood


Cardiovascular Disease

□Coronary artery disease□Stroke□Peripheral artery disease□High blood pressure□Heart failure□Heart murmurs


Coronary artery disease

□Usually cause by atherosclerosis□Can lead to arteriosclerosis□Diagnosed when any artery is

narrowed by 60% or more


Coronary artery disease

□A myocardial infarction (heart attack; death of the heart muscle)

□Angina pectoris

□Arrhythmia


Heart failure

□The heart is unable to pump sufficient volume of blood

□Shortness of breath□Fluid build up causing swelling□Fluid build up in lungs


Stroke

□Ischemic stroke□Hemorrhagic stroke□Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)


Stroke (Brain Attack)

□Strokes are caused by a thrombus or an embolus (70% to 80%) or a cerebral hemorrhage

□Brain cells die, causing loss of function of some parts of the body

□Strokes have similar risk and prevention factors as heart disease


High Blood Pressure

□Force of blood pumping against the vessel walls

□Normal 120/80□Systolic pressure (top number)□Diastolic pressure (bottom number)□Hypertension

□High blood pressure


High Blood Pressure

□Leads to weakening of the heart□Damages blood vessels□Risk factor in congestive heart failure□Risk factor in stroke□Risk factor in aortic aneurism


Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease

□Some are painful and some are not□Shortness of breath□Swelling of the legs□Chest pain□Fatigue□Lightheadedness


Fig 11-1 Percentage of breakdown of U.S. deaths from cardiovascular disease


Assessing Risk

□Heredity/Genetics□Age□Gender□Ethnicity


Heredity

□History of first degree male relatives, before the age of 55, who had CAD or MI

□History of first degree female relatives, before the age of 65, who had CAD or MI


Age

Prevalence of CVD

□Under 40 years less than 15%□Over 60 years over 70%


Gender

□Male: more likely to develop and die from CVD at a younger age

□Female: more likely to die from a heart attack


Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

□Healthy diet□Physical activity□Weight control□Avoid tobacco□Avoid drugs□Moderate alcohol use


Do you know your levels? Why not?

□LDL should be less than 100 mg/dL□HDL should be more than 60 mg/dL□Total Cholesterol should be less than 200 mg/dL□ Triglycerides should be less than 150 mg/dL


Cigarette Smoking/Tobacco Use

□Cigarette smoking is considered to be the most harmful of the preventable risk

factors

□These illnesses include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, strokes, and 87% of all lung cancers

□Loss of life from smoking represents a life expectancy drop of ~18%


Prevention

□Regular screenings□Manage stress□Control blood pressure□Healthy cholesterol□Healthy triglycerides□Control diabetes


Table 11-7 Tests for diagnosing and monitoring cardiovascular disease


Treatment

□Lifestyle change□Medications□Surgery

□Coronary angioplasty□Coronary bypass□Pacemaker□Valve repair


Diabetes

□A metabolic disorder characterized by problems with the body’s production or use of insulin


How Diabetes Effects the

Body


Types of Diabetes

□Type 1 diabetes□Autoimmune disease attacking and

destroying the insulin producing cells of the pancreas

□Type 2 diabetes□Cells don’t respond to insulin

□Gestational diabetes□High glucose levels during pregnancy


Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune disease that occurs most frequently in children and young adults

□ In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce any insulin

□Insulin injections of daily monitoring of blood sugar levels are necessary


Type II Diabetes

The most common and is found primarily in people over 40 years old

□Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to heredity and obesity□Condition can often be controlled with

diet, exercise, and weight management


Type 2 Diabetes risk factors

□Age□Excessive weight□Lack of physical activity□Family history□Gestational diabetes□Elevated blood sugar levels


Do you know your blood sugar levels?


Symptoms of Diabetes

□Increased thirst□Increased hunger after eating□Dry mouth□Frequent urination□Weight loss or weight gain□Fatigue□Blurred or decreased vision□Slow healing sores or cuts


Diabetes Prevention

□Healthy diet□Physical activity□Healthy weight□Control cholesterol□Avoid tobacco


Treatment

□Use of insulin□Shots□Pumps

□Lifestyle strategies□Oral medication


Metabolic syndrome

□Medical conditions that increase risk of both heart disease and diabetes

□You have 3 of the following 5 traits1.Large waist circumference2.Elevated triglycerides3.Low levels of HDL4.Elevated Bp5.Elevated blood glucose levels


Cancer

□Tumors are abnormal clumps of cells.

□Benign means non-cancerous.□Malignant tumors are known as

cancer.


Fig 11-8 Stages and spread of cancer


Types of Cancer

□Carcinoma□Sarcoma□Lymphoma□Leukemia□Central nervous system cancers


Assessing Your Risk

□Heredity/Genetics□Age□Gender□Ethnicity□Exposure to cancer-causing agents


Genetics

□All cancers involve genetic mutation□Most are random□5-10% linked to inherited mutations


Age

□78% of all cancers are diagnosed in people over 55

□Testicular cancer more prevalent in young men ages 15-34

□Common cancers for women in their twenties are thyroid, breast, cervix, uterus and Hodgkin lymphoma


Carcinogens

□Radiation: X-rays, radon, sunlight and tanning beds

□Certain hormones and viruses□Asbestos□Tobacco □Solvents□pesticides


Skin cancer

□Most common cancer in the USA□Usually noninvasive and rarely fatal


Types of skin cancer

□Basal cell carcinoma □The most common skin cancer, but it grows

slowly and rarely spreads

□Squamous cell carcinoma □The second most common skin cancer; it also

grows slowly, but it does metastasize

□Malignant melanoma □The least common skin cancer, but it causes of

75% of skin cancer deaths


Skin Cancer

Knowing the ABCDs of skin cancer can help you detect melanoma in the early, treatable stagesA = Asymmetry (halves are shaped

differently) B = Border irregularity (may have scalloped

or uneven edges) C = Color (color is not uniform) D = Diameter (larger than 6 mm)


Signs and Symptoms - CAUTION

□Change in bowel or bladder habits□A sore that does not heal□Unusual bleeding□Thickening or lump in tissue□Indigestion or difficulty swallowing□Obvious change in wart or mole□Nagging cough or hoarseness


Prevention

□Eat healthy.□Engage in regular physical activity.□Avoid smoking.□Practice safer sex.□Manage stress.□Avoid exposure.


Treatment

□Surgery□Removal of malignant tissue

□Chemotherapy□Combination of drugs and hormones□Destroy cancer cells’ ability to divide and

replicate; also affects health cells

□Antiangiogenesis Therapy□Stops cancerous growths from developing new

blood vessels□Only mild side effects□Not very effective as the sole treatment


Diagnosis

□Biopsy□Imaging procedures□Tumor marker or lab tests


Chronic Disease Risk Reduction

□Engage in regular physical activity.□Eat a balanced diet.□Don’t smoke.□Consume alcohol only in moderation.□Check your health history.


Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 11 - Chronic Diseases.

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Transcript of Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 11 - Chronic Diseases.