Coping with North Korea’s Energy Future: KEDO and Beyond

8/3/2019 Coping with North Koreas Energy Future: KEDO and Beyond

1/21

A DI_ ED]IZDA]EGDAH IDOAOIBID]

LZABI_GZF LGZ DGZ]@ FGZIA7Ngd}idmedo [iz~{in}e|i~Ime}gz~3 A`d N`ggdo"ugdo( Den`gha~ Ijiz~}am}( Hii Ugydo"~yd


2/21

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Ngd}id}~

[zilani adm Anfdgwhimobid}~ |ee

Dg}i gd Dabi~ p

1 Ed}zgmyn}egd adm G|iz|eiw >

A`d N`ggdo"ugdo( Den`gha~ Ijiz~}am}( adm Hii Ugydo"~yd

]ì [ghe}enah Ingdgbu gl Dgz}` Fgzia

: ]ì [ghe}enah Ingdgbu gl Dgz}` Fgzia3 1?@e~}gzenah Janfozgydm adm [zi~id} ê}ya}egd

Bazny~ Dghadm

> ]ì }zyn}yzi gl Dgz}` Fgzia~ [ghe}enah Ingdgbu3 =9Nàdoi~ adm Illin}~

Hii Ugydo"~yd adm Uggd Migf"zugdo= Dgz}` Fgzia~ ^yz|e|ah Oabi3

Ydmiz~}admedo }ì Zinid} [a~}( ]èdfedo ajgy} }ì Ly}yziDen`gha~ Ijiz~}am}

[zingdme}egd~ adm Za}egdahi lgz Ed}izda}egdah Ingdgben

^y{{gz} lgz Dgz}` Fgzia

9 Badaoedo Nghha}izah Na}a~}zg{ì3 Za}egdahi adm [zingdme}egd~ 11?

lgz Ed}izda}egdah Ingdgben ^y{{gz} lgz Dgz}` FgziaBggd N`ydo"ed

< ^}za}ioen Mebid~egd~ gl Ingdgben A~~e~}adni lgz Dgz}` Fgzia 1=?[ayh Jzanfid

? Lgzieod Aem adm Ed}izda}egdah Dgzb~3 195]ì Na~i gl Dgz}` Fgzia

Nazgh Hadna~}iz


3/21

0 [zg~{in}~ adm [zingdme}egd~ lgz Bazfi} Ingdgben 1?9]zad~lgzba}egd ed Dgz}` Fgzia

Admiz~ ~hydm

[g~~ejhi Lgzb~ gl Ed}izda}egdah Ngg{iza}egd adm

A~~e~}adni }g Dgz}` Fgzia

5 Ydhefihu [az}diz~3 155@ybade}azead Aem Aoidnei~ adm Dgz}` Fgzia

Imwazm [$ Ziim

1; Mi~eodedo [yjhen in}gz Na{e}ah Bgjehesa}egd }za}ioei~ lgz }ì M[ZF :>1Jzamhiu G$ Jaj~gd

11 Ng{edo we}` Dgz}` Fgzia~ Idizou Ly}yzi3 FIMG adm Jiugdm :9?Fid} I$ Nahmiz

1: Bgjehesedo [ze|a}i Na{e}ah lgz Dgz}` Fgzia3 :?9Ziqyezibid}~ lgz A}}zan}edo [ze|a}i Ed|i~}bid}

Bahnghb Jedf~ adm Nazh Amab~

[g~~ejhi Zghi gl ^gy}` Fgzia adm G}ìz Bacgz ^}afi`ghmiz~

1> A [zgan}e|i A{{zgan` }g Idoaoedo Dgz}` Fgzia3 :59Jghmdi~~( Lhipejehe}u( adm Ednhy~e|idi~~

N`gg Ugdo"~èf adm _ado Uyd"cgdo

1= [aujanf ]ebi3 Ca{adDgz}` Fgzia Ingdgben Ziha}egd~ >1?Zenàzm C$ âbyih~

19 Nèda~ Zghi ed }ì Ngyz~i gl Dgz}` Fgzia~ ]zad~e}egd >>9Hey Bedo

1< Zy~~ead"Dgz}` Fgziad Ziha}egd~ adm }ì [zg~{in}~ lgz >91Byh}eha}izah Ngdlhen} Zi~ghy}egd gd }ì Fgziad [ided~yha

Ahipadmzi U$ Bad~gyzg|

1? Ip{in}im Zghi gl gy}` Fgzia adm Bacgz }afi`ghmiz~3 >


4/21

:9?

11

Ng{edo we}` Dgz}` Fgzia~ Idizou Ly}yzi3FIMG adm Jiugdm

Fid} I$ Nahmiz

]ì ~yjcin} gl }ì idizou ly}yzi gl Dgz}` Fgzia (}ì Mibgnza}en [ig{hi~Zi{yjhen gl Fgzia gz M[ZF% à~ badu mebid~egd~ ngdni{}yahesim ed ajzgam |azei}u gl wau~$ Lgz idoediiz~ }ì idizou ly}yzi nad ji a {zgjhib edjgehiz illeneidnu adm zian}gz ~ali}u$ Lgz idizou ingdgbe~}~ }ì ly}yzi e~ ad

e~~yi gl }zami"gll~ abgdo lyih ~gyzni~ ~yn` a~ ngah da}yzah oa~ adm dynhiaz{gwiz$

Lgz ingdgbe~}~ we}` ~}zyn}yzah {iz~{in}e|i~ idizou e~ a ngd~}zaed} gd ing"dgben ozgw}` ed Dgz}` Fgzia$ Lgz ~{ineahe~}~ ed zioegdah ed}ioza}egd idizoue~ a na}ahu~} lgz jzedoedo Dgz}ìa~} A~ea }goi}ìz$ Adm lgz badu ~inyze}u ada"hu~}~ adm {ghenubafiz~ idizou e~ a hi|iz lgz ~ebyh}adigy~hu jhgnfedo madoiz"

gy~ dynhiaz {zgheliza}egd adm ~yj|iz}edo ydwad}im oig{ghe}enah nàdoi$]ì nid}zah ingdgben adm ~inyze}u ihibid}~ gl }ì Dgz}` Fgziad idizou

iqya}egd azi ed~i{azajhi ed {ghenu }izb~$ Dynhiaz {zgheliza}egd ed Dgz}` Fgzia

a ~inyze}u {zgjhib gl ohgjah eb{gz}adni mi~iz|i~ e}~ nid}zah {hani ed }ìbedm~ gl {ghenubafiz~$ Ui} lgz adahu}enah {yz{g~i~ e} e~ eb{gz}ad} }g me~id"}adohi ingdgben adm ~inyze}u a~{in}~ gl }ì idizou {zgjhib we}`gy} midu"

edo }ìez hioe}eba}i {ghenu ed}izmi{idmidni$ Dgz}` Fgziad {ghe}en~ al}iz ahhngyhm nàdoi zamenahhu g|iz }ì ngbedo uiaz~ ah}izedo }ì ~inyze}u iqya}egd{zglgydmhu$ Ui} }ì M[ZF~ zi~gyzni idmgwbid}~ wèn` by~} edi|e}ajhu

~à{i ingdgben nahnyha}egd~ wehh zibaed ngd~}ad}$Abem }ì buzeam ydniz}aed}ei~ gl }ì Dgz}` Fgziad idizou iqya}egd gdi

~}zgdo hefihe`ggm e~ }à} }ì Fgziad [ided~yha Idizou Mi|ihg{bid} Gzoade"

sa}egd (FIMG% a~ {zi~id}hu ngd~}e}y}im à~ he}}hi ly}yzi$ Byn` gl }ì Y$^$Ngdozi~~ dg} }g bid}egd }ì Jy~` ambede~}za}egd à~ jiid ngd~e~}id}hu~fi{}enah gl FIMG adm ingdgben a~~e~}adni }g Dgz}` Fgzia à~ di|iz àm

byn` ngd~}e}yidnu ed }ì Yde}im ^}a}i~ ed adu na~i (êoah 1550%$ ]ì {zg"ozab à~ }g ji ~yzi ~yz|e|im a zibazfajhi dybjiz gl nze~i~ ednhymedo }ì


5/21

:90 A Diw Ed}izda}egdah Idoaoibid} Lzabiwgzf lgz Dgz}` Fgzia7

Dgz}` Fgziad ~yjbazedi ednyz~egd ed}g ^gy}` Fgziad wa}iz~ ed }ì lahh gl

155< adm }ì Dgz}` Fgziad ]ai{g"mgdo be~~ehi haydn` gl Ayoy~} 1550(^dumiz :;;;%$ Ui} FIMG wehh ledm e} byn` àzmiz }g ~yz|e|i }ì bacgz me"

zin} |egha}egd gl }ì Aoziim Lzabiwgzf ed|gh|im ed Dgz}` Fgzia~ ng|iz} eo`huidzenìm yzadeyb (@IY% {zgozab i~{ineahhu oe|id }ì Minibjiz :;;: ~y~"{id~egd gl }ì ìa|u lyih geh ~y{{hu {zgozab }ì ip}idmim ~y~{id~egd glzian}gz ngd~}zyn}egd an}e|e}ei~ al}iz Dg|ibjiz :;;> }ì hanf gl Y$^$ ngdozi~"

~egdah jymoi}azu ay}`gzesa}egd lgz ly}yzi g{iza}egd~ adm }ì ngd}edyedoìa|u ~fi{}ene~b ed }ì Jy~` ambede~}za}egd zioazmedo a ~iibedohu mu~lydn"}egdah ed~}e}y}egd edìze}im lzgb }ì {a~}$

Myzedo FIMG~ bgzi }àd ~i|id uiaz~ gl g{iza}egd lzgb e}~ i~}ajhe~`"bid} ed Bazn` 1559 yd}eh }ì @IY {zgozab zi|iha}egd~ ed ha}i :;;: }à}}ze"da}egdah gzoadesa}egd mem }g ji ~yzi qyei}hu lg~}iz y~ilyh ed}iz{iz~gdah

di}wgzf~ ji}wiid Dgz}` Fgzia adm }ì jzgamiz wgzhm wèhi e} ~ngzim eb"{gz}ad} }in`denah anngb{he~`bid}~ ed ngd~ghema}edo Y$^$"Ca{ad"Fgzia }zead"oyhaz ziha}egd~$ ]ìzi azi ah~g ~yj~}ad}eah ~ydf ng~}~ }à}zì}gzen a~emie}

e~ za}egdah }g zingy{$ ]ì Yde}im ^}a}i~ à~ ip{idmim bgzi }àd -?;; beh"hegd gd ìa|u"lyih"geh ~y{{hei~ }g Dgz}` Fgzia adm gd }ì ambede~}za}e|ing~}~ gl zyddedo FIMG$ ^gy}` Fgzia (ah~g Zi{yjhen gl Fgzia gz ZGF% adm

Ca{ad a|i }goi}ìz ahziamu ed|i~}im wihh g|iz -1 jehhegd ed ngd~}zyn}egd gl adgw {az}hu jyeh} heo`}"wa}iz zian}gz (H_Z% ed Fyb`g Dgz}` Fgzia (FIMG:;;16 FIMG :;;:6 Jzggfi :;;=%$

Ly}yzi ed}izda}egdah illgz}~ }g ng{i we}` Dgz}` Fgzia~ idizou {zgjhib~

nad zia~gdajhu jyehm ie}ìz leoyza}e|ihu gz i|id he}izahhu gd }ì~i lgydma"}egd~$ Ui} }ì my{hene}u ed }ì ng|iz} Dgz}` Fgziad @IY {zgozab ngy{him

we}` }ì ingdgben ezza}egdahe}u gl byn` gl }ì 155= Aoziim Lzabiwgzf }à}i~}ajhe~ìm FIMG adm mgbi~}en {ghe}enah ngd}zg|iz~ei~ zioazmedo }ì gzoa"desa}egd ed |ez}yahhu ahh gl }ì {az}ene{a}edo da}egd~ bafi e} hefihu }à} FIMG

wehh diim }g ji ~nza{{im adm zingdleoyzim$ ]`y~ a {zi~~edo diim ipe~}~ lgz a{g~}"FIMG lzabiwgzf lgz Dgz}` Fgziad idizou wèn` e~ }ì adahu}enah lg"ny~ gl }è~ {a{iz$

Dgz}` Fgzia~ Mezi Nyzzid} Idizou Ziahe}ei~Hefi gy}` Fgzia Dgz}` Fgzia a~ e~}gzenahhu am a eo`"idizou"y~i ingdgbu(Dghadm :;;; 1=>6 Nahmiz :;;; :5%$ [zebazu ngbbizneah idizou y~i ed}ì M[ZF wa~ a{{zgpeba}ihu }`zii }ebi~ }ì hi|ih gl Nèda ed 155; adm

ajgy} ahl }ì hi|ih gl Ca{ad wèn` àm a ozg~~ mgbi~}en {zgmyn} (OM[% {izna{e}a :; }ebi~ a~ èo` a~ Dgz}` Fgzia a} }à} }ebi (Dghadm :;;; 1==%$Dgz}` Fgziad idizou y~i à~ jiid ziha}e|ihu èo` lgz }`zii zia~gd~3

Edmy~}zeah ~}zyn}yzi we}` a èo` ngdnid}za}egd gl idizou"ed}id~e|i~in}gz~ hefi ~}iih adm liz}ehesiz {zgmyn}egd6

Edilleneid} y~i gl lyih~ gwedo }g gj~ghi}i iqye{bid} a~ wihh a~ hanf glbazfi} {zenedo6 adm


6/21

Ng{edo we}` Dgz}` Fgzia~ Idizou Ly}yzi3 FIMG adm Jiugdm :95

Ziheadni gd ziha}e|ihu hi~~ illeneid} lyih~ ~yn` a~ ngah a~ a ~gyzni gl

idizou$

]è~ èo` idizou ed}id~e}u gl }ì ingdgbu }goi}ìz we}` a nze}enah hanf gl

geh adm }ì eb{gz}adni gl geh }g Dgz}` Fgzia~ behe}azu bafi idizou ed oid"izah adm geh ed {az}enyhaz {zegze}u ngdnizd~ lgz }ì M[ZF~ {ghe}enah"behe}azuhiamiz~è{$

Dgz}` Fgzia~ mgbi~}en idizou ~e}ya}egd diim~ }g ji ngd~emizim ed }izb~

gl lgyz ja~en mebid~egd~ adm }ì M[ZF~ neznyb~}adni~ azi mezi ed ahh lgyz$]ì idizou {zgjhib~ }à} }ì M[ZF ngdlzgd}~ ed ahh }ì~i azia~ azi ed}iz"ziha}im ui} }ì da}yzi gl }ì mellenyh}ei~ ed|gh|im e~ ~gbiwà} mellizid} ed

ian` azia$

^y{{hu gl ja~en idizou$ Ed }izb~ gl ja~en idizou ~y{{hu}à} e~ }ì

a|aehajehe}u gl ngah umzgihin}zen {gwiz geh da}yzah oa~ adm dynhiaz {gwizDgz}` Fgzia~ idizou ed~inyze}ei~ azi jzgamhu ~ebehaz }g }`g~i gl ^gy}` Fg"zia ]aewad adm Ca{ad$ Dgz}` Fgzia à~ lgz ipab{hi dg g{iza}edo geh leihm~ah}`gyo` bg~}hu ~edni bem":;;: wimid~ ]ayzy~ [i}zghiyb adm edoa{gzi~

^g|izieod \id}yzi~ à|i ngdmyn}im ~gbi bgmi~} {g~e}e|i ~ie~ben ~yz|iu~$ ADgzwioead lezb Ohgjah Oig îz|eni~ zi{gz}imhu ngd}ib{ha}i~ ede}eah gll"~`gzi ~ie~ben wgzf ed }ì lez~} àhl gl :;;= (MGI :;;:j%$

Bg~} gl Dgz}` Fgzia~ dieo`jgz~ ip{izeidni ydmizhuedo idizou"zi~gyzni~nazne}u ~ebehaz }g }ì ~nazne}ei~ ngdlzgd}edo }ì M[ZF$ Edmiim dg} a ~edohibacgz {zgmynedo geh leihm ipe~}~ ed }ì |a~} ingdgbenahhu {gwizlyh ~wa}` gl

Dgz}ìa~} A~ead }izze}gzei~ ~}zi}n edo lzgb @gffaemg adm }ì zi~} gl }ì Ca{a"di~i aznè{ihaog anzg~~ }ì Fgziad {ided~yha }g }ì ~gy}ìzd }e{ gl ]aewad(Nahmiz 155


7/21

:


8/21

Ng{edo we}` Dgz}` Fgzia~ Idizou Ly}yzi3 FIMG adm Jiugdm :


9/21

:


10/21


}egd we}` Dgz}` Fgziaazi nhiaz lzgb a jzeil zi|eiw gl }à} lzaoehi ngd}zg"

|iz~eah gzoadesa}egd~ gzeoed~ adm gzeoedah badma}i$FIMG ibizoim al}iz a hgdo è~}gzu gl ngdlzgd}a}egd adm Dgz}` Fgziad

jihheoizidnu gd }ì Fgziad {ided~yha$ Ed }ì ~{zedo gl 155> Dgz}` Fgzia}i~}"lezim a {g}id}eahhu dynhiaz"na{ajhi be~~ehi }ì Dg"mgdo 1 ed}g }ì îagl Ca{ad adm }`zia}idim }g we}`mzaw lzgb }ì Dynhiaz Dgd"[zgheliza}egd ]zia}u$ Ed Bau 155= }ì M[ZF mileim }ì ad}e{zgheliza}egd zioebi ju zi"

bg|edo ~{id} lyih lzgb e}~ ip{izebid}ah zian}gz a} Ugdojugd }`y~ bafedo|izelena}egd gl e}~ dynhiaz ~}gnf{ehi eb{g~~ejhi adm {zine{e}a}edo a bacgz nze"~e~ we}` }ì Yde}im ^}a}i~$ Al}iz a ngdlzgd}a}egd }à} nabi ed }ì |eiw gl

badu {az}ene{ad}~ adm gj~iz|iz~ {izehgy~hu nhg~i }g waz Cebbu Naz}iz admFeb Eh"~ydo anèi|im a jziaf}`zgyo` ed edlgzbah me~ny~~egd~ hiamedo yh}e"ba}ihu }g }ì lgzbah Aoziim Lzabiwgzf gl Gn}gjiz 155=$ I|id }ì diog}ea"

}gz~ gl }ì aoziibid} ambe}}im e} }g ji eb{izlin} |eiwedo e} gdhu a~ }ì ji~}abgdo badu yd~a}e~luedo g{}egd~$ A} e}~ ìaz} wizi nahnyha}im abjeoye}ei~}à} bami }è~ aoziibid} ngd}zg|iz~eah adm mellenyh} }g g{iza}egdahesi lzgb

}ì ~}az}$FIMG e}~ihl wa~ nzia}im ed Bazn` 1559 }g eb{hibid} }ì Aoziim Lzabi"

wgzf ji}wiid }ì Yde}im ^}a}i~ adm }ì M[ZF ydmiz wèn` Dgz}` Fgzia

aoziim }g lziisi adm yh}eba}ihu me~bad}hi e}~ ipe~}edo dynhiaz {zgozab$ Edzi}yzd FIMG wa~ }g {zg|emi }ì M[ZF we}` ah}izda}e|i ~gyzni~ gl idizou ed}ì lgzb gl }wg 1;;; B_ heo`}"wa}iz zian}gz~ ju a }azoi} ma}i gl :;;> adm

9;;;;; bi}zen }gd~ gl ia|u lyih geh addyahhu yd}eh }ì zian}gz~ wizi g{iza"

}egdah }g zi{hani }ì {g}id}eah idizou ~y{{hu lzgb }ì ~y~{in} dynhiaz {zgcin}~gd wèn` Dgz}` Fgzia wa~ }g ~y~{idm ngd~}zyn}egd ydmiz }ì Aoziim Lzabi"

wgzf$ Y{gd ngb{hi}egd gl }ì zian}gz~ Dgz}` Fgzia wa~ }g jioed zi{auedo}ì ng~} gl }ì~i diw zian}gz~ g|iz 1? uiaz~ al}iz a >"uiaz ozani {izegm$

Illin}e|ihu }ì Aoziim Lzabiwgzf y{gd wèn` FIMG wa~ adm e~ ja~im

}zamim abjeoye}u ajgy} {a~} Dgz}` Fgziad dynhiaz an}e|e}ei~ lgz a ni~~a}egdgl ly}yzi an}e|e}ei~$ E} }`y~ {g~}{gdim }ì bgbid} gl zinfgdedo ajgy} }ìDgz}` Fgziad dynhiaz {zgozab adm oa|i }ì Dgz}` lgz diazhu a minami }ì

am|ad}aoi gl a niz}aed ~}za}ioen abjeoye}u }à} }ì behe}ad} ui} |yhdizajhi

ingdgbenahhu mi{zi~~im adm e~gha}im da}egd lgydm |ahyajhi ed jahadnedo}ì ozgwedo ziha}e|i {gwiz gl }ì gy}~emi wgzhm (Dghadm :;;; 19:%$ ]ì

bgbid} gl }zy}` ydmiz }ì aoziibid} wa~ }g ngbi azgydm :;;> wìd FIMGwa~ gjheoa}im }g mihe|iz }ì zian}gz~ adm }ì Dgz}` Fgziad~ wgyhm ji gjhe"oa}im }g ~yjbe} }g ydzi~}zen}im Ed}izda}egdah A}gben Idizou Aoidnu ed~{in"

}egd~ }g wèn` }ìu àm {zi|egy~hu jiid èo`hu zi~e~}ad}$Gdni lgzbahhu i~}ajhe~ìm FIMG ip{izeidnim a hgdo ~izei~ gl {ghe}enah

lzy~}za}egd~> zgg}im {az}eahhu ed }ì abjeoygy~ nàzan}iz gl }ì Aoziim Lzabi"

wgzf adm {az}eahhu ed }ì jzgamiz ziha}egd~è{~ ji}wiid }ì Yde}im ^}a}i~adm }ì M[ZF$ ^dumiz (:;;; :1:% à~ {ged}im gy} }à} iazhu }an}enah be~"

> Lgz mi}aeh~ ~ii [ghhanf (:;;>% adm Dghadm (:;;; 191?;%$


11/21

:$

]ì FIMG {zgcin} }g ji ~yzi à~ anèi|im a liw bgmi~} ~ynni~~i~$ E} à~~hgwhu adm qyei}hu jyeh} yd{zinimid}im ed}iz{iz~gdah di}wgzf~ baedhu gl}in`denah ~{ineahe~}~ ji}wiid Dgz}` adm ^gy}` Fgzia$ E} à~ hefiwe~i i~}aj"

he~ìm {zi|egy~hu ydfdgwd lgzb~ gl mezin} ngbbydena}egd ednhymedo ad aezhedf ede}ea}im gd 19 Gn}gjiz :;;: ji}wiid Uadouado aez{gz} ed ^gy}` Fgziaadm }ì zian}gz {zgcin} ~e}i a} Fyb`g ed }ì Dgz}` a~ wihh a~ a }zaededo {zg"

ozab lgz Dgz}` Fgziad wgzfiz~$ FIMG à~ ~}a}egdim ieo`} FIMG ib{hguii~gd"~e}i ed Dgz}` Fgzia lgz }ì {a~} ~i|izah uiaz~ adm a~ ed~}ahhim lhgw bi}iz~{zg|emim ju }ì Yde}im ^}a}i~ ydmiz }ì aoziibid} a} ~i|id Dgz}` Fgziad

{gwiz {had}~ }g bgde}gz }ì lhgw gl ìa|u lyih geh (FIMG :;;:%$

]ì FIMG lzabiwgzf ah~g à~ }ì eb{gz}ad} oig{ghe}enah bize} lzgb aY$^$ {iz~{in}e|i gl {zg|emedo a lzabiwgzf lgz }zeha}izah ed}izan}egd abgdo

}ì Yde}im }a}i~ Ca{ad adm gy}` Fgzia gd Dgz}ìa~} A~ead e~~yi~$ Ed ngd"}za~} we}` }ì lgyz"{az}u lzabiwgzf edìze}im lzgb Fgziad _az azbe~}enidiog}ea}egd~ (}ì Yde}im ^}a}i~ }ì [ig{hi~ Zi{yjhen gl Nèda }ì ZGF

adm }ì M[ZF% }à} e} ~ynniimim FIMG~ }zeha}izahe~b à~ {zg|emim ad yd"{zinimid}im g{{gz}yde}u }g ngd~ghema}i }ì ngb{ziìd~e|i ~inyze}u ziha}egd"~è{ abgdo Y$^$ ahhei~ ed Dgz}ìa~} A~ea$ E} oa|i jez}` }g }ì ]zeha}izah Nggz"

meda}egd adm G|iz~eo`} Ozgy{ (]NGO% ngd~yh}a}egd }ahf~ abgdo zadfedo

Y$^$ Fgziad adm Ca{adi~i glleneah~ }à} ~edni }ì Dgz}` Fgziad be~~ehi }i~}gl 1550 à|i jingbi a ~eodelenad} {az} gl me{hgbanu ed }ì Dgz}` [anelen$

]è~ {zgni~~ `gwi|iz e~ dgw wihh ed~}e}y}egdahesim adm e~ ed dg ~id~i mi"{idmid} gd FIMG lgz ly}yzi bgbid}yb$

Mi~{e}i }ì bgmi~} }in`denah ~ynni~~i~ adm }ì g{{gz}yde}u lgz Y$^$"ZGF"

Ca{ad }zeha}izah meahgoyi }à} e} {zg|emim FIMG à~ laehim6 e}~ laehyzi wa~{izà{~ yda|gemajhi oe|id e}~ ~bahh ~}all {zinazegy~ badma}i adm hanf glidlgznibid} adm bgde}gzedo na{ane}u$ E} laehim ed {az}enyhaz }g {zi|id} Dgz}`

Fgziad ~yj|iz~egd gl }ì Aoziim Lzabiwgzf ed 1550 a~ e} ngdmyn}im e}~ be~"~ehi }i~} adm bgzi ~izegy~hu a~ e} {zgniimim we}` e}~ ng|iz} @IY {zgozab$

êdni Minibjiz :;;: ìa|u"lyih"geh mihe|izei~ }g }ì Dgz}` à|i jiid ~y~"{idmim adm ~edni Dg|ibjiz :;;> ngd~}zyn}egd gd }ì Fyb`g zian}gz


12/21



13/21

: >0%$ Edmiim ^gy}` Fgzia~ }g}ah oa~ y~i a~ a ~àzigl g|izahh idizou ngd~yb{}egd zibaed~ ~eodelenad}hu hi~~ }àd hi|ih~ ed Ca"

{ad mi~{e}i a |eogzgy~ zinid} ~y{{gz} {ghenu ed îgyh lgz da}yzah oa~$9 EdDgz}` Fgzia oa~ y~i e~ dioheoejhi$

Ngd~emizajhi {g}id}eah ipe~}~ lgz ip{ad~egd ed oa~ ngd~yb{}egd gd }ì

Fgziad {ided~yha a~ a w`ghi {az}enyhazhu ed }ì Dgz}`$ Adm Zy~~ea e~ }ìhgoenah ~gyzni gl ~y{{hu$ Zy~~ea à~ diazhu gdi"}èzm gl }ì {zg|id da}yzah

oa~ zi~iz|i~ ed }ì wgzhm badu gl }ìb hgna}im we}èd ngbbizneah me~}adnigl }ì Fgziad {ided~yha$ ^gy}` Fgzia }g ji ~yzi nad ia~ehu anni~~ heqyileimda}yzah oa~ (HDO% lzgb }ì [iz~ead Oyhl adm e~ ed lan} }ì wgzhm~ ~ingdm"hazoi~} HDO eb{gz}iz lghhgwedo Ca{ad$ Ui} Bemmhi Ia~}izd HDO e~ a byn`

hi~~ a}}zan}e|i {zg{g~e}egd lgz Dgz}` Fgzia lgz jg}` oigoza{ènah admedlza~}zyn}yzah zia~gd~$

]ì ng~}~ gl hazoi"~nahi {e{ihedi mi|ihg{bid} ngyhm ji ba~~e|i `gwi|iz$

]ìzi azi }`zii ja~en {e{ihedi g{}egd~ ji}wiid Zy~~ea adm Fgzia$ ]ì ~eb"{hi~} wgyhm zyd zgyo`hu >:;; fb lzgb âfàhed }`zgyo` }ì Zy~~ead Laz

9 Ed :;;: da}yzah oa~ {zg|emim 11$9 {iznid} gl ^gy} Fgzia~ {zebazu idizou ngd~yb{}egd ngb"{azim we}` 1>$? {iznid} ed Ca{ad (J[ Abgng :;;>%$


14/21



15/21

::;; fb oa~ {e{ihedi anzg~~ Zy~~ead }izze}gzu diaz }ì Nèdi~ijgzmiz ahgdo }ì Abyz adm Y~~yze Ze|iz~ anzg~~ Dgz}` Fgzia }gwazm igyh$

Fgziad [zi~emid} Feb Ugydo"~ab adm Zy~~ead [zi~emid} Jgze~ Uih}~ed cged}huaoziim }g ~y{{gz} a mi}aehim lia~ejehe}u ~}ymu a} }ìez 155= ~ybbe}$ Di|iz"}ìhi~~ }ì {zgcin} zibaed~ ed ajiuadni$ Ydniz}aed}ei~ ed idizou mibadmadm ledadnedo ~edni }ì A~ead ledadneah nze~e~ ip{hgmim ed ha}i 155? ednhym"

edo }ì nghha{~i gl }ì bacgz nàijgh Maiwgg ed Dg|ibjiz 1555 ngb"{gydmim }ì ~`gz}"zyd mellenyh}ei~ gl {zgniimedo lyz}ìz$ Mi~{e}i e}~ hgdo"}izb a}}zan}e|idi~~ lzgb a Fgziad {ged} gl |eiw }ì Uafy}ea g{}egd }`y~

a{{iaz~ }g à|i hi~~ ~`gz}"}izb lia~ejehe}u }àd }ì g}ìz }wg {e{ihedi ah}iz"da}e|i~$

Ahh gl }ì }`zii ja~en Zy~~ea"}g"Fgzia oa~ {e{ihedi g{}egd~ e} e~ eb{gz}ad}

}g dg}i a} hia~} ngd~emiz }ì {zg~{in} gl }zad~e}edo Dgz}` Fgzia$ ]ì yh}e"ba}i hgny~ gl ngd~yb{}egd al}iz ahh e~ ^gy}` Fgzia adm }ì ~gyzni gl ~y{"{hu e~ gdi gl }ì }`zii êjizead hgna}egd~ bid}egdim ajg|iahh hgna}im }g

}ì dgz}` gl }ì Fgziad {ided~yha$ Ed }ì aj~idni gl a |izeleajhi dynhiazdgd{zgheliza}egd aoziibid} we}` }ì M[ZF e} e~ gj|egy~hu {ziba}yzi }g bg|i}gwazm aoziibid} gd a }zad~Dgz}` Fgzia {e{ihedi lzgb adu gl }ì }`zii

bacgz {zg~{in}e|i ~gyzni~ gl Zy~~ead oa~ i|id }`gyo` e} wgyhm ji nìa{iz}àd ah}izda}e|i~ adm bgzi a}}zan}e|i }g bg~} Fgziad {az}ei~ ngdnizdim$

]ì zinid} ed}izda}egdah lia~ejehe}u ~}ymu gd }ì Fg|uf}a leihm zingbbidm"

edo a =00? fb -1: jehhegd {e{ihedi ydmiz }ì Uihhgw îa }g ^gy}` Fgzia

ju{a~~edo }ì Dgz}`wa~ }`y~ }ì ngzzin} mine~egd$? Ui} el Dgz}` Fgzia e~lgz}`ngbedo gd }ì dynhiaz e~~yiwe}èd }ì ~ep"{az}u }ahf~ lzabiwgzf gz

ih~iwìzi}ì e~~yi gl }zad~e} {e{ihedi~ anzg~~ Dgz}` Fgzia lzgb ie}ìzFg|uf}a gz âfàhed gz yh}eba}ihu lzgb Uafy}ea ~`gyhm ji zi|e~e}im$ Edmiimahh }ì~i g{}egd~ à|i {zg~{in}e|ihu ~}zgdo {ghe}enah"ingdgben bize}~ }à}

ngyhm bafi }ìb }ì ìaz} gl a ziahe~}en ozadm jazoaed ji}wiid Dgz}`Fgzia adm }ì da}egd~ gl }ì Dgz}` [anelen {zg|emim }à} }ì dynhiaz e~~yi e~~a}e~lan}gzehu zi~gh|im$ yn` a ozadm jazoaed we}` da}yzah oa~ {e{ihedi {zgcin}~

a} e}~ ìaz} adm ah~g ed|gh|edo a ziha}im bgmizdesa}egd gl }ì Dgz}` Fgziad

ihin}zen"{gwiz ozem adm {gwiz oidiza}egd ~u~}ib~ ngyhm ji a èo`hu ngd"~}zyn}e|i ihibid} gl a jzgam hgdo"zadoi Dgz}ìa~} A~ead ingdgben mi|ihg{"

bid} {had$ Edmiim a ozadm jazoaed ngyhm ji a nzyneah {ghe}enah"ingdgbenna}ahu~} lgz bg|edo zioegdah oa~ adm ihin}zen"{gwiz"ozem {zgcin}~ lgzwazm oe|id}ì ebbid~i ~nahi ledadneah ng~} adm oig{ghe}enah nggzmeda}egd e~~yi~ }à}

azi ed|gh|im$Lzgb }ì {iz~{in}e|i gl Dgz}` Fgziad ingdgben mi|ihg{bid} a~ wihh a~

{ghe}enah {zilizidni }ì âfàhed zgy}i e~ milede}ihu bgzi a}}zan}e|i }àd

Fg|uf}a$ ]ì M[ZF a{{azid}hu liaz~ }à} Nèda we}` e}~ za{emhu ozgwedomgbi~}en mibadm lgz oa~ adm oig{ghe}enah hi|izaoi wgyhm dg} ji wehhedo lgz

? Lgz mi}aeh~ ~ii Oa~ Ba}}iz~ ]gmau( > Lijzyazu :;;=$


16/21

Ng{edo we}` Dgz}` Fgzia~ Idizou Ly}yzi3 FIMG adm Jiugdm :9 behi~ hgdolzgb \hame|g~}gf ed}g Dgz}` Fgzia$ Zy~~ead ùmzgihin}zen {g}id}eah e~ ba~"

~e|i adm ngyhm ìh{ abihegza}i Fgzia~ {zg~{in}e|i idizou ~`gz}aoi~$ ]ìihin}zen"{gwiz }zad~be~~egd hedi g{}egd wgyhm ah~g ji ~yj~}ad}eahhu nìa{iz}àd }ì hgdo"me~}adni oa~ {e{ihedi$

Ngddin}edo ~ihin}im ingdgben nid}iz~ ed Dgz}` Fgzia }g }ì ^gy}` Fg"ziad ihin}zen"{gwiz ozem à~ ah~g jiid ~yooi~}im$ ]è~ ~iib~ bg~} }in`de"nahhu adm {ghe}enahhu lia~ejhi ed }ì na~i gl ~{ineah ingdgben sgdi~ (ÎS~%

e~gha}im lzgb }ì meha{ema}im Dgz}` Fgziad {gwiz ~u~}ib a~ a w`ghi ~ynà~ }ì Fai~gdo IS ahgdo }ì Mibehe}azesim Sgdi$ ]ìzi a ngddin}egd }g }ì^gy}` Fgziad ozem wgyhm {zg|emi a ~ubbi}zenah ngbjeda}egd gl ingdgben

am|ad}aoi adm oig{ghe}enah jidile}~ }g }ì bacgz {az}ei~ ed|gh|im ~ylleneid}}g bafi e} a ziahe~}en ~`gz}"}izb {zg{g~e}egd$

]ì Dgz}ìa~} A~ead {e{ihedi g{}egd~ ngyhm ji èo`hu ~udizoe~}en we}` Dgz}`

Fgziad idizou mi|ihg{bid} ammzi~~edo badu gl }ì {zgjhib~ me~ny~~imajg|i$ yn` g{}egd~ ngyhm àzdi~~ hgdo"}izb zioegdah idizou eb{iza}e|i~ }g}ì ~ghy}egd gl ~izegy~ hgnah Dgz}` Fgziad edlza~}zyn}yzah {zgjhib~$ Ngd"

nzi}ihu oa~"lezim {gwiz ~}a}egd~ ngyhm ji jyeh} ahgdo }ì {e{ihedi zgy}i we}`

}wg 9;; B_ ngbjedim nunhi ~}a}egd~ }à} ngbjedi g{}ebah idizou illeneidnuadm {g~e}e|i id|ezgdbid}ah }zae}~ adm ngb{id~a}i lgz }ì ihin}zen {gwiz {zg"

~{in}e|ihu lgzogdi ed }ì nadnihha}egd gl gdi gl }ì 1;;; B_ zian}gz~ ngd"}ib{ha}im ydmiz }ì FIMG aoziibid}$ ]`zii ~yn` oa~"lezim ~}a}egd~ wizingd}ib{ha}im ed }ì :;;1 ydmiz~}admedo ji}wiid a ngd~gz}eyb gl }`zii

My}n` }zamedo ngb{adei~ (gdi ~edni anqyezim ju Jin`}ih ah}`gyo` e} à~edmena}im a mi~ezi }g ~ny}}hi }ì miah% adm Dgz}` Fgzia adm }ì ydmizhuedongdni{}egd wgyhm ~iib }g à|i ingdgben hgoen (@azze~gd :;;:;> >:%$

Adg}ìz {g~~ejehe}u wgyhm ji jyehmedo a di}wgzf gl ~bahhiz :9; B_ oa~"

lezim {gwiz ~}a}egd~ ahgdo }ì {e{ihedi zgy}i ngddin}im }g a ~izei~ gl ~bahhhgnah }zad~be~~egd ozem~$ ]è~ ngyhm ji ad ah}izda}e|i }g ngd~}zyn}edo a hazoi"

~nahi da}egdah }zad~be~~egd ozem wèn` wgyhm hefihu ji byn` bgzi ip{id"~e|i$ Fgziad idizou ~{ineahe~} [aef Fiyd"wggf à~ nahnyha}im }à} e} wgyhmng~} zgyo`hu -1$= jehhegd }g ngd~}zyn} ~yn` a di}wgzf gl ieo`} zioegdah oa~"

lezim {gwiz ~}a}egd~ hedfim }g a }zad~Dgz}` Fgzia {e{ihedi adm ngddin}}ìb we}` a minid}zahesim }zad~be~~egd ozem ~yn` a~ }à} me~ny~~im ajg|i([aef 1559 >>%$ A} }à} ng~} }è~ {zg{g~ah wgyhm ji gdi"}èzm a~ ip{id~e|i

a~ }ì i~}eba}im }g}ah ng~} gl }ì }wg g|iz~esim zian}gz~ {zgbe~im ydmiz }ìAoziim Lzabiwgzf adm byn` ji}}iz ama{}im }g Dgz}` Fgzia~ ja~en idizou

diim~$


17/21

:?; A Diw Ed}izda}egdah Idoaoibid} Lzabiwgzf lgz Dgz}` Fgzia7

Ah}`gyo` Ca{ad mgi~ dg} a{{iaz hefihu }g i~}ajhe~` a da}egdah oa~ ozem

adu}ebi ~ggd jinay~i ~yn` a ozem ngyhm ng~} a~ byn` a~ -:9-=; jehhegd }gjyehm nahnyha}egd~ a{{iaz }g ji ~gbiwà} mellizid} ed ^gy}` Fgzia$ êdni

1555 ^gy}` Fgzia à~ jyeh} a di}wgzf gl mgbi~}en {e{ihedi~ }à} ahziamu~yz{a~~i~ Ca{ad~ adm e~ {yz~yedo byn` bgzi |azeim adm abje}egy~ y~i~ lgzda}egdah oa~ }àd e~ Ca{ad$ igyh lgz ipab{hi a~ jiid {zgbg}edo mibadmlgz da}yzah oa~ }`zgyo` }ap ednid}e|i~ aem lgz ed}zgmyn}egd gl da}yzah oa~

|iènhi~ ~yn` a~ oa~"{gwizim jy~i~ adm ip{ad~egd gl }ì mgbi~}en da}yzahoa~ ozem$ ]è~ ozgwedo oa~ di}wgzf wgyhm a{{iaz }g ji i~}ajhe~èdo a ~ghemingdgben ja~e~ lgz fiu Fgziad ed|gh|ibid} ed zioegdwemi {e{ihedi |id}yzi~

ed }ì lgzi~iiajhi ly}yzi{g}id}eahhu ednhymedo }zad~Dgz}` Fgzia {e{ihedi~$]ì a}}zan}e|idi~~ lgz Fgzia gl {e{im oa~ a~ g{{g~im }g HDO gz g}ìz lyih

n`geni~ ~yn` a~ dynhiaz {gwiz mi{idm~ }g ad eb{gz}ad} miozii gd }ì ed}iz"

ziha}egd~è{ ji}wiid ohgjah idizou {zeni~ adm }ì {zgozi~~ gl bacgz Dgz}`"^gy}` {ghe}enah"ingdgben m}id}i gd }ì Fgziad {ided~yha e}~ihl$ El ohgjahidizou {zeni~ azi {zimen}ajhu èo` adm }ì {zg~{in} gl Dgz}`"^gy}` m}id}i

we}` Fgzia e~ ah~g ~}zgdo }ìzi wgyhm ji a ~}zgdo {ghe}enah"ingdgben za}eg"dahi ed Fgzia lgz ze~edo mi{idmidni gd Zy~~ead {e{im oa~ adm lgz }ì ngd"~}zyn}egd gl }ì ip}id~e|i Dgz}ìa~} A~ead {e{ihedi ~u~}ib }à} e~ gl}id me~"

ny~~im$ Ngd|iz~ihu el }ì {ghe}enah {zg~{in}~ azi lgz Dgz}`"^gy}` ngdlzgd}a"}egd }ì na~i lgz dynhiaz {gwiz bau ji ~}zido}ìdim$0

A{az} lzgb }ì ingdgben~ gl a da}yzah oa~ja~im ah}izda}e|i }g FIMG~

dynhiaz jea~ }ìzi e~ ah~g a oig{ghe}enah za}egdahigdi i~{ineahhu zihi|ad}

ydmiz }ì a~~yb{}egd gl a dynhiaz dgd{zgheliza}egd aoziibid} adm ed}zy"~e|i ed~{in}egd~ a~ a {zingdme}egd lgz }ì idizou ede}ea}e|i~ }gwazm Dgz}`

Fgzia }à} azi gy}hedim izi$ ]ì }zad~Dgz}` Fgziad {e{ihedi~ ngd}ib{ha}imìzihefi }ì zaehzgam~ adm zioegdah ihin}zen"{gwiz ozem~ ah~g lziqyid}hu me~"ny~~imwgyhm }zad~lgzb Dgz}` Fgzia (gz a yde}im Fgzia }à} ngyhm wihh

~ynniim e}% lzgb ad gy}~emiz ed }ì zioegdah {ghe}enah ingdgbu ed}g a nid}zah{hauiz$ Dgz}` Fgzia~ nzyneah }zad~e} zghi lgz a {adg{hu gl edlza~}zyn}yzah{zgcin}~ ednhymedo {e{ihedi~ adm zaehwau~ a~ wihh a~ }zad~da}egdah ihin}zen"

{gwiz ozem~ wgyhm ueihm e} gdogedo zi|idyi }g gll~i} }ì g}ìzwe~i mi{zi~~im

~}a}i gl e}~ mgbi~}en ingdgbu$ Ui} }è~ }zad~e} zghi wgyhm ah~g {zg|emi}`zgyo` }ì am|ad}aoi~ e} wgyhm ji~}gw gd dieo`jgzedo da}egd~{g~e}e|i

ed}izda}egdah ingdgben hi|izaoi lgz a }zad~lgzbim Dgz}` Fgzia a~ wihh$ ]è~hi|izaoi wgyhm ngb{id~a}i a} hia~} ed {az} lgz }ì ednzia~im |yhdizajehe}u}à} }ì M[ZF gz a ~ynni~~gz ~}a}i wgyhm ip{izeidni }`zgyo` ajadmgdbid}

gl e}~ dynhiaz {zgozab$ E} wgyhm nhiazhu {zg|emi a byn` ìah}èiz ja~e~ lgz{ghe}enah iqyehejzeyb ed }ì zioegd }àd wgyhm g}ìzwe~i ipe~} el }ì Dgz}`ngd}edyim }g zihu a~ e} à~ mgdi lgz ~g hgdo {yzihu gd behe}azu beo`} adm

jzedfbad~è{ }g oaed zingode}egd lzgb }ì jzgamiz wgzhm$

0 Lgz }ì {ghe}enah"ingdgben a~~yb{}egd~ ed|gh|im ~ii Nahmiz (:;;; 1?%$


18/21

Ng{edo we}` Dgz}` Fgzia~ Idizou Ly}yzi3 FIMG adm Jiugdm :?1

Ed }ì aj~idni gl jg}` a ngdnhy~e|i ihebeda}egd gl Dgz}` Fgziad dynhiaz"

wia{gd~"ziha}im na{ajehe}ei~ adm a nhiaz }zad~lgzba}egd gl Dgz}` Fgzia~ zi"oegdah zghi ed bgzi {ianilyh mezin}egd~ bgzi hebe}im ednzibid}ah g{}egd~

nad ah~g ji ngd~emizim$ Nhiaz {ghe}enah"behe}azu {zgozi~~ ~`gyhm gj|egy~huanngb{adu ~yn` ednzibid}ah ~}i{~ jy} }ìu diim dg} ed|gh|i }ì ngb{zi"ìd~e|i ozadm jazoaed }à} hazoi"~nahi {e{ihedi gz ihin}zen"ozem g|iz}yzi~ wgyhmdini~~azehu id}aeh$ A{az} lzgb }ì ~ihin}e|i ngddin}egd gl Dgz}` Fgziad IS~

}g ^gy}` Fgziad Zy~~ead gz Nèdi~i {gwiz ozem~ }in`denah a~~e~}adni edeb{zg|edo }ì illeneidnu adm ziheajehe}u gl ihin}zen"{gwiz }zad~be~~egd ed }ìDgz}` ednhymedo }ì }zaededo gl Dgz}` Fgziad idoediiz~ adm g}ìz ~{ineah"

e~}~ ngyhm ji a ngd~}zyn}e|i ednzibid}ah ~}i{$ Zioazmhi~~ gl }ì mi}aeh~ e} e~nhiaz }à} }ì hioe}eba}i {ghenu ed}izmi{idmidni gl }ì ingdgben adm ~iny"ze}u a~{in}~ gl Dgz}` Fgzia~ idizou {zgjhib~ by~} dg} ji lgzog}}id$

Ngdnhy~egd

Dgz}` Fgzia à~ lanim a ~i|izi idizou nze~e~ g|iz }ì {a~} minami ahgdo ~i|"izah mebid~egd~3 {zebazu idizou ~y{{hu (a{az} lzgb ngah%6 ihin}zen"{gwizoidiza}egd adm me~}zejy}egd6 adm lyih lgz }zad~{gz}a}egd$ Edmiim idizou à~

jiid }ì Anèhhi~ ìih gl }ì ingdgbu a~ a w`ghi we}` idizou ~`gz}aoi~ah~g nze{{hedo edmy~}zu adm aozenyh}yzi$ ]ì~i ~`gz}aoi~ a|i edèje}im Dgz}`Fgziad behe}azu am|id}yze~b }g ji ~yzi jy} }ìu à|i ah~g nze{{him ing"

dgben ozgw}` ed jg}` }ì M[ZF adm ~yzzgydmedo azia~$

FIMG ìh{im mily~i }ì madoizgy~ behe}azu ngdlzgd}a}egd gl 155=59adm ih{im ziedlgzni }ì eb{gz}ad} }zeadoyhaz ziha}egd~è{ abgdo }ì Yde}im

^}a}i~ Ca{ad adm ^gy}` Fgzia$ E} ah~g ìh{im lgzoi mihena}i jy} gl}id y~ilyhed}iz{iz~gdah }ei~ baedhu }in`denah ji}wiid Dgz}` Fgzia adm }ì gy}~emiwgzhm$ Ui} }ì gzoadesa}egd ngyhm dg} lgzi~}ahh }ì ng|iz} Dgz}` Fgziad @IY

dynhiaz {zgozab adm e} à~ jiid ngd}edyahhu wiafidim ju {ghe}enah nzg~~lezi$ Oe|id }ì eda{{zg{zea}i idizou n`geni~ we}` wèn` e} ~}az}im }ì jgmudiim~ }g ji lydmabid}ahhu }zad~lgzbim we}` myi ngd~emiza}egd lgz }ì ~ydf

ng~}~ adm }ì zi~emyah jidile}~ ed|gh|im$A {g~}"FIMG idizou mi|ihg{bid} jgmu lgz Dgz}` Fgzia ~`gyhm gl ngyz~i

ednhymi ahh }ì da}egd~ ed|gh|im a} {zi~id} a~ nid}zah bibjiz~ gl }à} gzoade"sa}egd we}` a nid}zah zghi lgz }ì Yde}im ^}a}i~$ ]g ihene} diimim {ghe}enah~y{{gz} ed }ì Yde}im ^}a}i~ adu ~ynni~~gz wehh ah~g diim }g {zg|emi ~eodele"nad} ngbbizneah g{{gz}yde}ei~ lgz Y$^$ lezb~ adm a} hia~} ~gbi cgj~ lgz Y$^$

wgzfiz~$ Ui} a ~ynni~~gz jgmu }g FIMG ~`gyhm ah~g jzgamid }g ednhymi Zy~"~ea adm Nèda ed bgzi ~u~}iba}en wau~$ _e}` a bgzi ~yj~}ad}eah badma}inid}izedo gd mi|ihg{bid}ah e~~yi~ ~yn` a~ }zad~da}egdah da}yzah oa~ adm ihin"

}zen"{gwiz ozem~ }à} da}yzahhu ed|gh|i dieo`jgzedo da}egd~ a~ wihh a~ Dgz}`Fgzia ~yn` a {g~}"FIMG jgmu ngyhm zia~gdajhu ip{in} }g a|gem }ì dynhiaz"{gwiz"~{inelen zi~id}bid}~ adm ~gyznedo mellenyh}ei~ }à} a|i zidmizim ziha"

}egd~è{~ ji}wiid FIMG adm e}~ ba~~e|i dieo`jgz~ ~g ngb{hip$ Ju ednhym"


19/21

:?: A Diw Ed}izda}egdah Idoaoibid} Lzabiwgzf lgz Dgz}` Fgzia7

edo ahh }ì da}egd~ dgw ed|gh|im ed }ì ~ep"{az}u }ahf~ gd }ì Dgz}` Fgziad

dynhiaz nze~e~ a FIMG EE ngyhm ah~g a{{zg{zea}ihu ed~}e}y}egdahesi }à} ~ep"{az}u lgzyb }g {zgbg}i }ì hgdo"}izb idizou mi|ihg{bid} gl }ì Dgz}ìa~}

A~ead zioegd a~ a w`ghi$A diw Dgz}ìa~} A~ead idizou"mi|ihg{bid} jgmu ja~im gd }ì ibizoedo~ep"{az}u"}ahf~ lzabiwgzf ~`gyhm fii{ e}~ idizou"~{inelen nàzan}iz jy}jzgamid e}~ badma}i adm lgny~ {az}enyhazhu gd }ì mi|ihg{bid} gl da}yzah

oa~ zi~gyzni~ ed }ì zioegd$ Jinay~i gl ~ydf ng~}~ gdi gl }ì 1;;; B_dynhiaz zian}gz~ {zg{g~im ydmiz }ì Aoziim Lzabiwgzf ~`gyhm ji ngd}ed"yim jy} }ì g}ìz ~`gyhm ji nadnihhim adm ~ynniimim ju a ~u~}iba}en di}"

wgzf gl bimeyb"~nahi oa~"lezim {gwiz {had}~ ngddin}im }g a }zad~"Fgziad{e{ihedi ozem$ Ahh ~yn` {haddedo gl ngyz~i diim~ }g ji ngd}edoid} gd a zi~g"hy}egd gl }ì dynhiaz nze~e~ ngd~e~}id} we}` }ì eb{iza}e|i~ gl ohgjah ~inyze}u$

Zilizidni~

J[ Abgng$ :;;;$ ^}a}e~}enah Zi|eiw gl _gzhm Idizou :;;>$ Hgdmgd3 Jze}e~`[i}zghiyb Ngb{adu$

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Coping with North Korea’s Energy Future: KEDO and Beyond

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