Conflicts

Location Incompability Opposition organization Year Intensity level

Europe

Azerbaijan Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia 1 1992–94 War

Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor

OPON forces (Otryad Policija Osobogo Naznacenija: Special Police Brigade) 1995 Minor

Bosnia and Herzegovina Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War

1994–95 Intermediate3

Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War

1994 Intermediate

Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2004 *

* The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrastate conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or or multinational organization listed with the primary parties to the conflict. All other cases are internal conflicts. Minor armed conflict: at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year and fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths during the course of the conflict. Intermediate armed conflict: at least 25 but fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year and an accumulated total of more than 1,000 deaths. War: at least 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year.

This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2004, an update of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest version of this document can always be found at the dataset webpage at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/

1 Armenia active in 1992–93.2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93.3 Possibly war in 1994–95.4 Croatia active in 1993.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level

Terr (Bihača Krajina) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor

Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia5 1992–93 Minor

1995 Minor6

(Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki organosis kiprion agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor

Cyprus –Turkey

Terr (Northern Cyprus) 1974 War

France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War

Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance7 1991–92 Minor

Zviadists 1992-93 Minor

Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor

2004 Minor

Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor

5 Yugoslavia active in 1992–1993.6 Possibly intermediate in 1995.7 The anti-government alliance in Georgia consisted of a faction of the National Guard, the Forces of Vazha Adamia and Mkhedrioni.


1993 War

Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados: Democratic Army of Greece) 1946–49 War

Hungary –Soviet Union Govt 1956 War

Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor

Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor

Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor

Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor

Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor

1995–96 War

1999–2001 War

2002-03 Intermediate

2004 War


Terr (Dagestan) Wahhabi Movement of the Buinaksk District 1999 Minor

Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Intermediate

Terr (Latvia) LTS(p)A (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian NationalYouth of LTS(p)A), LNPA (Latvian National Guerilla Association)

1946–47 Intermediate

Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War

1948 Intermediate

Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War


Terr (Azerbaijan) APF (Azerbaijani Popular Front) 1990 Minor

Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Armenia, ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor

Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor

1987 Minor


1991–92 Minor

UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor


Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Intermediate

UK–Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor

Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War

Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor

Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War

UCK, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)8 1999 War

8 Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA.


Middle East

Egypt Govt Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association) 1993–98 Minor

Egypt –UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor

Iran Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor

Terr (Kurdistan) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor

KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Intermediate9

1979–80 War

1981 Intermediate

1982 War


1990 Intermediate

1993 Intermediate

1996 Intermediate

9 Possibly war in 1966–68.


Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor

Govt Mujahideen e Khalq 1979–80 Minor

1981–82 War



1997 Intermediate


Iraq Govt Military faction 1958 Minor

Nationalists 1959 Minor10

Military faction 1963 Minor

SCIRI (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 1982–84 Minor

1987 Minor

1991 War


Al Mahdi Army, Jaish Ansar Al-Sunna (Army of the protectors of the faith), TQBR (Tanzim Qa’idat al Jihad fi Bilad al Rafidayn: Organization of of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers)12 2004 War

10 Possibly war in 1959.11 Possibly war in 1992.12 Until November 2004, the group was called Jama’at Al-Tawhid wa Al-Jihad.


Terr (Kurdistan)13 KDP (Al-hizb al dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)14 1961–63 War

1964 Intermediate

1965–66 War


1969 War

1970 Intermediate

1973 Intermediate

1974–75 War


1988 War


1991 War


PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) 1996 Intermediate

Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)15 1974 Minor

1980–88 War

13 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87.14 PUK active from 1975.15 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in

addition to the territorial dispute.


Iraq–USA, UK, Australia Government 2003 War

Iraq –Kuwait16 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor

1991 War

(Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun zwai leumi: National Military Organization) 1946 Minor

Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor


PLO (Munazamat tahir falastin: Palestine Liberation Organization) groups, Non-PLO groups18 1965–1988 Intermediate

PFLP (Al-Jabna Al-Shabiyya li Tahrir Falastin: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) PFLP-GC (PFLG-General Command), Fatah (Harakat Tahrir Falastin: Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine), Hezbollah (Party of God), PIJ (Al-Jihad al-Islami fi Filastin: Palestinian Islamic Jihad), PNA (Palestinian National Authority), Hamas (Harakat al-muqawarna al-islamiyya: Islamic Resistance Movement), AMB (Kataeb al-Shaheed al-Aqsa: al-Aqsa Martyr’s Brigade), Harakat Amal (Hope Movement) 1989–2004 Intermediate

16 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA.

17 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate.18 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC, Hizbollah and al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. For the period after 1988 it has been possible to be more exact in the coding, and more precise information is thus given

for these years.


Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War

1949 Intermediate

Israel,UK, France –Egypt Terr (Suez) 1956 War

Israel –Egypt Terr (Suez/Sinai) 1967 War


1973 War

Israel –Jordan Terr (West Bank) 1967 War

Israel –Syria Terr (Golan Heights) 1967 War

1973 War

Lebanon Govt Independent Nasserite Movement /Mourabitoun militia 1958 War

19 Possibly war in 1970.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity levelVarious organizations20, Syria, Israel 1975 Minor

1976 War


1980–82 War


Lebanese Army (Aoun), Lebanese Forces, Syria 1989–90 War

Muscat andOman/Oman22 Terr (Oman) State of Oman/Free Oman 1957 Minor

Govt PFLOAG (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf)23, South Yemen 1972–75 Minor

N. Yemen 24 Govt Opposition coalition 1948 War

Royalists 1962–64 War

1965 Intermediate

1966–67 War

20 Some of the main groups being Progressive Socialist Party/Lebanese National Movement, Phalangist militia (Lebanese Forces), Lebanese Front, PLO, Mourabitoun, Lebanese Army, Amal, Hizbollah, SLA (South Lebanese Army), LCP (Lebanese Communist Party), PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command), SSNP (Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party), Lebanese National Resistance Front, Popular Nasserite Organization, Lebanese Baath Party, Syria, Israel and Iran (Revolutionary Guard); all active during all or part of the conflict. Due to the chaotic situation from 1976 and the problems of identifying a governmental party, no governmental party representing Lebanon can be identified.

21 Possibly war in the years 1977–79 and 1983–84.22 Supported by troops from United Kingdom in 1957. Supported by troops from Iran, Jordan and the United Kingdom in 1972–75.23 Renamed PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman) in 1974. 24 Supported by troops from Egypt in 1962–70.



National Democratic Front 1980–82 Minor25

N. Yemen –S. Yemen

Govt/Terr (Common border) 1972 Minor

1978–79 Minor

Saudi Arabia Govt Juhayman movement 1979 Minor

(S. Yemen) Terr (Aden/South Yemen)

United Kingdom vs. NLF (National Liberation Front), FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of South Yemen) 1964–67 Minor

S. Yemen Govt Faction of Yemenite Socialist Party 1986 War

Syria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor

Muslim Brotherhood 1979–81 Minor

1982 War

Turkey Terr (Kurdistan) PKK (Partiya karkeren Kurdistan: Kurdistan Worker’s Party)26 1984–86 Minor


25 Possibly intermediate or war in 1980–82.26 In 2002, the PKK changed its name to Kadek (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress). In 2003, the name was changed again, this time to KONGRA-GEL (People’s Congress of Kurdistan).


1992–97 War


Govt Devrimci sol (Revolutionary Left) 1991–92 Minor

Yemen Terr (South Yemen) Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 War


Asia

Afghanistan27 Govt PDPA (People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan), Mujahideen (Afghanistan-based), Mujahideen (Pakistan-based), Mujahideen (Iran-based), Military faction, Taleban, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami, Jami’at-i-Islami, UIFSA (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan)28, Multinational Coalition29 1978–2001 War

Taleban 2003-04 Intermediate

Bangladesh Terr (Chittagong Hill Tracts)

JSS/SB (Parbattya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti: Chittagong Hill Tracts People’s Coordination Association)/ Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) 1974–86 Minor


(Brunei) Terr (North Borneo) United Kingdom vs. North Kalimantan Liberation Army 1962 Minor

Burma/Myanmar30 Govt BCP (Burmese Communist Party), leftist organizations31

1948–53 War


27 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union in 1979–88. Supported by troops from Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom and the USA in 2003 and by troops from Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, UK and USA in 2004.

28 UIFSA was formed by Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami and Jami’at-i-Islami in 1996. 29 The Multinational Coalition, active in 2001 comprises troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, United Kingdom and USA.30 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Burma since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Burma 1948–1988 are

estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.31 Various factions of the Burmese Communist Party have developed over the years, such as the Red Flag and White Flag movements, Parliamentary Democracy Party, People’s Liberation Front,

National Democratic United Front, Nationalities Liberation Alliance. There are also several organizations operating along ethnic divisions, such as the Palung National Front and Palung State Liberation Organization.


1968–78 War


ABSDF (All-Burma Students Democratic Front) 1990–92 Minor

1994 Minor

Terr (Arakan) Arakan insurgents32 1948–88 Minor

RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organisation), ARIF (Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front) 1991–92 Minor

1994 Minor33

Terr (Mon) Mon insurgents34 1948–63 Minor

NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1990 Minor

BMA (Beik Mon Army) 1996 Minor

Terr (Shan) SSA (Shan State Army), SSIA (Shan State Independence Army) 1960–63 Minor

1964–70 War

SSNPLO (Shan State Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization), SSRA (Shan State Revolutionary Army), MTA (Mong Tai Army), PSLO (Palung State Liberation Organization) 1976–88 Intermediate

MTA (Mong Tai Army) 1993 Intermediate

32 APLP (Arakan People’s Liberation Party), ANLP (Arakan National Liberation Party), CPA (Communist Party of Arakan, AIO (Arakan Independence Organization), ALP/ALA (Arakan Liberation Party/Arakan Liberation Army), MLO (Moslem Liberation Organization of Burma), NUFA (National United Liberation Front of Arakan).

33 This conflict is coded as being a minor armed conflict for more than 40 years in total. This is contrary to our coding criteria. To date we have not succeeded in establishing when the accumulated death toll exceeded 1000 battle-related deaths.

34 Various organizations including MNDO (Mon National Defence Organisation), MPF (Mon People’s Front) and NMSP (New Mon State Party).


1994 War

1995 Intermediate

SSA/s (Shan State Army/south command) 1996–2002 Intermediate

Terr (Kachin) PNDF (Pawngywng National Defense Force) 1949 Minor

KIO (Kachin Independence Organization) 1961–75 War


Terr (Karenni) KNPP (Karenni National Progressive Party) 1957 Minor

1992 Minor

1996 Minor

Terr (Karen) KNU (Karen National Union), God’s Army35 1948–49 War


1992 War

1995 Intermediate


Terr (Wa) UWSA (United Wa State Army) 1997 Minor

35 God’s Army only active in 2000.36 Possibly war in 1991.


(Cambodia) Terr (Cambodia) France vs. Khmer Issarak 1946–53 Minor37

Cambodia38 Govt Khmer Rouge 1967 War


FUNK (Front uni national du Kampuchéa: National United Front of Kampuchea)39, North Vietnam 1970–75 War

KNUFNS (Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation), Vietnam 1978 War

Khmer Rouge, FUNCINPEC (Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendent, neutre, pacifique et coopératif: United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia)40, KPNLF (Khmer People’s National Liberation Front) 1979–88 Intermediate41

1989 War


Cambodia –Thailand

Terr (Common border) 1966 Minor

1977–78 Minor

37 Possibly intermediate or war in 1946–53.38 Supported by troops from South Vietnam and the USA 1970–73. Supported by troops from Vietnam in 1979–89.39 Coalition of KCP (Khmer Communist Party), Khmer Rouge and Sihanoukists.40 Formed in 1981.41 Possibly war 1979–88.


Cambodia –Vietnam

Terr (Common border) 1975–77 Minor42

China Govt People’s Liberation Army 1946–49 War

Terr (Taiwan) Taiwanese insurgents43 1947 War

Terr (Tibet) Tibet 1950 Minor

1956 War

1959 War

China –Taiwan44

Govt/Terr (Taiwan strait) 1949 War

1950 Intermediate

1954 War

1958 War

China – India Terr (Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh) 1962 War

1967 Intermediate

42 Possibly intermediate or war 1975–77.43 Note that this separatist insurgency involves Taiwanese aborigines and is unrelated to later China–Taiwan conflicts.44 Supported by troops from the USA from 1954 and on.


China –Burma


China –Soviet Union Terr (Ussuri river) 1969 Minor

China –Vietnam Terr (Various)45 1978 Minor

1979 War




Hyderabad Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1947–48 War

Hyderabad –India Terr (Hyderabad) 1948 War

India46 Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1948–51 War

CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist)47 1967–72 Minor

45 Including their common land border, the Gulf of Tonkin, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.46 Due to the complex situation that has existed in India since independence, it is hard to find reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on India 1948–1988 are

estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.47 The CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist) split in 1969 into CPI-ML (Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist) and MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). The CPI-ML has since then split into

numerous factions, one of the most important being People’s War Group (PWG).


PWG (People’s War Group), MCC (Maoist Communist Centre) 1990–94 Minor

1996–2004 Minor

Terr (Punjab/Khalistan) Sikh insurgents48 1983–86 Minor

1987 Intermediate

1988–92 War

1993 Intermediate

Terr (Nagaland) NNC (Naga Underground Rebels) 1956–59 Minor

1961–68 Minor

NSCN (I-M) (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah faction) 1992–97 Minor

2000 Minor

Terr (Manipur) PLA (People’s Liberation Army), UNLF (United National Liberation Front), KNF (Kuki National Front) 1982–88 Minor

1992–2000 Minor

2003-04 Minor

Terr (Tripura) TNV (Tripura National Volunteers) 1978–88 Minor

48 A large number of groups have been active, reportedly more than 24 organizations and splinter groups in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been the KLF (Khalistan Liberation Force) and the KCF (Khalistan Commando Force).


ATTF (All Tripura Tiger Force), NLFT (National Liberation Front of Tripura) 1992-93 Minor

1995 Minor

1997-2004 Minor

Terr (Mizoram) MNF (Mizo National Front) 1966–68 Minor

Terr (Kashmir) Kashmir insurgents49 1989 Minor

1990–93 War


1999–2004 War

Terr (Assam) ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) 1990-91 Minor

1994-2004 Minor

Terr (Bodoland) ABSU (All Bodo Student’s Union), NDFB (National Democratic Front for Bodoland) 1989-1990 Minor

1993–2004 Minor

India –Pakistan Terr (Kashmir) 1948 War

49 A large number of groups have been active. 60 groups were reported active in 1990, 140 in 1991 and 180 in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been JKLF (Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen and, in recent years, also the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jesh-e-Mohammad.


1964 Intermediate

1965 War

1971 War

1984 Intermediate

1987 Intermediate



1999 War


2004 War

(Indonesia) Terr (Indonesia) Netherlands vs. Indonesian People’s Army 1946–49 Minor

Indonesia Terr (South Moluccas)

Republic of South Moluccas1950 War

Terr (West Papua) OPM (Organisasi Papua merdeka: Organization for a Free Papua) 1965 Minor

1967–69 Minor

1976–78 War

Terr (East Timor) Fretilin (Frente revolucionária de Timor Leste independente: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) 1975–78 War



1992 Intermediate


Terr (Aceh) GAM (Gerakan Aceh merdeka: Free Aceh Movement) 1990–1991 Minor50

1999–2002 Minor


Govt Darul Islam Movement 1953 War

Darul Islam Movement, PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic), Permesta movement 1958–61 Intermediate

Indonesia –Netherlands

Terr (West New Guinea) 1962 Minor

(Laos) Terr (Laos) France vs. Lao Issara 1946–49 Minor


Laos52 Govt Pathet Lao53, Neutrals 1959–61 War

Pathet Lao, North Vietnam 1963–73 War

50 Possibly war in 1990. Possibly Intermediate from 1991.51 Possibly war in 1950–53.52 Supported by troops from Thailand in 1960–61 and 1969. Supported by troops from the USA, South Vietnam in 1963–7353 Possibly supported by troops from North Vietnam.


LRM (Lao Resistance Movement)54 1989–90 Intermediate

Laos –Thailand

Terr (Common border) 1986–88 Minor

(Malaya) Terr (Malaya) United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand vs. Communist Party of Malaya 1948-57 War

Malaysia55 Govt CPM (Communist Party of Malaya) 1958–60 Minor

1974–75 Minor56

1981 Minor57

Terr (North Borneo) CCO (Clandestine Communist Organization) 1963–66 Minor

Malaysia58 –Indonesia Terr (North Borneo) 1963–66 Minor

Nepal Govt Nepali Congress 1960–62 Minor

CPN-M (Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist)/UPF (United People’s Front) 1996–2000 Minor

54 LRM, also known as NLF (National Liberation Front), was a loose umbrella organisation, consisting of e.g. the former Chao Fa (“soldiers of the sky”) organisation and the LNLA (Lao National Liberation Army). 55 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 1958–60.56 Possibly intermediate in 1974–75.57 Possibly intermediate in 1981.58 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom.


2001 Intermediate59

2002-04 War

N. Korea60 –S. Korea61 Terr (Korea) 1949 Minor62

1950–53 War

Pakistan Terr (East Pakistan) Mukti Bahini (Liberation Force) 1971 War

Terr (Baluchistan) Baluchi separatists 1974 War


Govt MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement) 1990 Minor

1995–96 Minor

Papua NewGuinea Terr (Bougainville) BRA (Bougainville Revolutionary Army) 1989–90 Minor

1992–96 Minor

59 Possibly war in 2001.60 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union and China in 1950-53.61 Supported by UN Alliance comprising troops from: United States, Australia, Canada, France, Greece, New Zealand, United Kingdom, the Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and Turkey from 1950, and

the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia and Ethiopia from 1951.62 Possibly war in 1949.63 Possibly war in 1975–77.


Philippines Govt HUK (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan: People’s Liberation Army) 1946–54 War

CPP (Communist Party of the Philippines), Military faction64 1969–80 Minor

1981 Intermediate

1982–86 War


1989 War

1990 Intermediate

1991–92 War


1997 Intermediate


Terr (Mindanao) MIM (Mindanao Independence Movement) 1970–71 Minor

MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) 1972–77 Intermediate

1978 War


1981 War

MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front), MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front), ASG (Abu Sayyaf Group), MNLF faction 1982–1990 Intermediate


2000 War

64 Military faction only active 1989-1990.



S. Korea65 Govt Leftist insurgents (e.g. Inmin-gun: People’s Army, Military faction) 1948–50 War

S. Vietnam66 Terr (South Vietnam) Communist forces (developing into FNL [Front national de libération: National Liberation Front]) 1955–64 War

S. Vietnam67 –N. Vietnam68 Terr (South Vietnam) 1965–75 War

Sri Lanka Terr (Eelam) LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), TELO (Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization), PLOTE (People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam) 1983–84 Minor


1989–2001 War

2003 Intermediate

Govt JVP (Janata vimukhti peramuna: Sinhalese People’s Liberation Front) 1971 War

1989 War

1990 Intermediate

65 Supported by troops from the USA in 1949-1950.66 Supported by troops from the USA from 1962.67 Supported by troops from the USA, Australia, New Zeeland, Thailand, South Korea and the Philippines 1965-1975.68 Supported by troops from North Korea 1965-1975.69 Possibly war in 1985–88.


Tajikistan70 Govt UTO (United Tajik Opposition) 1992–93 War


Movement for Peace in Tajikistan 1998 Minor

Thailand Govt Military faction (Navy) 1951 Minor

CPT (Communist Party of Thailand) 1974–82 Intermediate71

Thailand –France

Terr (Northern Cambodia) 1946 Minor

Uzbekistan72 Govt IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) 2000 Minor

JIG (Jihad Islamic Group) 2004 Minor

(Vietnam) Terr (Vietnam) France vs. Viet Nam doc lap dong minh hoi (Vietnam Independence League) or Viet minh 1946–54 War

70 Supported by troops from Russia/CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in 1993–96 and troops from Uzbekistan in 1993–94.71 Possibly war in 1977–79.72 Supported by troops from Kyrgyzstan in 2000.


Africa

(Algeria) Terr (Algeria) France vs. FLN (Front de libération nationale: National Liberation Front), MNA (Mouvement nationale algérien: Algerian National Movement) 1954 Minor

1955–61 War

1962 Intermediate

Algeria Govt Takfir wa’l Hijra (Exile and Redemption), MIA (Mouvement Islamique Armée; Armed Islamic Movement), FIS (Front Islamique du Salut / Islamic Salvation Front), GIA (Groupe islamique armé: Armed Islamic Group), GSPC (Groupe salafiste pour la prédicationet le combat: Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat) 1991–92 Minor

1993–2001 War


Algeria –Morocco


(Angola) Terr (Angola) Portugal vs. MPLA (Movimento popular de libertação de Angola: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)73 1960–65 Minor


73 Active from 1966.74 Possibly intermediate earlier than 1966, and some of the years 1966–74 should possibly be classified as war.


Angola75 Govt76 UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), South Africa77, FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), MPLA faction78, Zaire79 1975–94 War

1995 Intermediate80

1998–2001 War

2002 Intermediate

Terr (Cabinda) FLEC-R (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Renovada: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Renewed), FLEC-FAC (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Forças armadas de Cabinda: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda) 1991 Minor

1994 Minor

1996–98 Minor

2002 Minor

2004 Minor

Burkina Faso Govt Popular Front 1987 Minor

75 Supported by troops from Cuba until 1989. Supported by troops from Namibia in 1999–02.76 From 1990, only activity involving the government of Angola and UNITA.77 South Africa active in 1975, 1976, 1987 and 1988.78 MPLA faction only active in 1977.79 Zaire active in 1975.80 Possibly war in 1995.


Burkina Faso – Mali Terr (Agacher strip) 1985 Minor

Burundi Govt Military faction 1965 Minor

Palipehutu (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People) 1991-92 Minor

CNDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy), Palipehutu-FNL (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu-Forces nationales de libération: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People-Forces for National Liberation)81, Frolina (Front pour la libération nationale: National Liberation Front), CNDD-FDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy)82 1994–96 Minor83

1997 Intermediate84

1998 War

1999 Intermediate85

2000–02 War


81 In 2002, Palipehutu-FNL split into the Palipehutu-FNL/Rwasa faction and the Palipehutu-FNL/Mugabarabona faction.82 In 2001, CNDD-FDD split into the CNDD-FDD/Ndayikengurukiye faction and the CNDD-FDD/Nkurunziza faction.83 Possibly intermediate in 1995–96.84 Possibly war in 1997.85 Possibly war in 1999.


(Cameroon) Terr (Cameroon) France vs. UPC (Union des populations camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1957–60 Minor

Cameroon Govt Military faction 1984 Minor

Cameroon –Nigeria Terr (Bakassi) 1996 Minor

CentralAfricanRepublic86 Govt Military faction 2001 Minor

Forces of François Bozize 2002 Minor

Chad87 Govt Various groups88 1965–88 War

1989 Intermediate

1990 War

86 Supported by troops from Libya in 2001.87 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Chad since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Chad until 1991 are

estimates. The data for the early 1990’s is more exact, but still problematic, whereas better precision has been posibble to achieve from the late 1990’s. 88 Some of the main groups being FROLINAT (Front de libération national du Chad: National Liberation Front of Chad), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chadian National Front), FAT (Forces armées

tchadiennes: Chadian Armed Forces), FAN (Forces armeés du Nord: Armed Forces of the North), FAP (Forces armées populaires: People’s Armed Forces), CDR (Conseil démocratique révolutionnaire: Democratic Revolutionary Council), FANT (Forces armies nationales tchadiennes: Chadian National Armed Forces), GUNT (Gouvernement d’union nationale de transition: Transitional Government of National Unity), Libya, Islamic Legion, Military faction developing into Revolutionary Forces of 1 April, MOSANAT (Mouvement pour la salvation nationale tchadienne: Movement for the National Salvation of Chad) and MPS (Mouvement patriotique du salut: Patriotic Salvation Movement). Few groups are active during all years.


MDD (Mouvement pour la démocratie et le dévelopment: Movement for Democracy and Development), CSNPD (Conseil de salut national pour la paix et la démocratie: Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy), CNR (Comité national de redressement: National Council for Recovery), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chad National Front), FARF (Forces armées pour la République fédérale: Armed Forces of the Federal Republic), MDJT (Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad: Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad) 1991–94 Minor

1997–2002 Minor89

Chad –Libya Terr (Aozou strip) 1987 War

Chad –Nigeria Terr (Lake Chad) 1983 Minor

Comoros Govt Presidential guard 1989 Minor

Terr (Anjouan) MPA (Mouvement populaire anjouanais: Anjouan People’s Movement)/Republic of Anjouan) 1997 Minor

CongoBrazzaville90 Govt Ninjas, Cobras, Angola91, Cocoyes, Ntsiloulous 1993–94 Minor

1997–98 War

89 Possibly intermediate by 2001.90 Supported by troops from Angola and Chad in 1998–99 and by troops from Angola in 2002.91 Angola only active in 1997.


1999 Intermediate

2002 Intermediate

Democratic Republic of Congo92 Terr (Katanga) Katanga 1960–62 Minor

Terr (South Kasai) Independent Mining State of South Kasai 1960–62 Minor

Govt CNL (Conseil national de libération: National Liberation Council) 1964–65 War

Opposition militias93 1967 Minor

FLNC (Front de libération nationale congolais: Congolese National Liberation Front) 1977 Minor

1978 Intermediate94

AFDL (Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Kinshasa: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Kinshasa), Rwanda 1996 Minor

RCD (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie: Congolese Democratic Rally), RCD-ML (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie-Mouvement de libération: Congolese Democratic Rally-Liberation Movement), MLC (Mouvement de libération congolais: Congolese Liberation Movement), Angola95, Rwanda, Uganda 1997–2000 War

92 The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) previously called Congo (1960–1971) and Zaire (1971–1997). Government of DRC supported by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia and Chad in 1998–99, and by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia in 2000–01.

93 Including Katangese gendarmes and mercenaries.94 Possibly war in both 1977 and 1978.95 Angola active in 1997.


2001 Intermediate96

Djibouti Govt FRUD (Front pour la restauration de l’unité et de la démocratie: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) 1991–94 Minor

FRUD faction 1999 Minor

EquatorialGuinea Govt Military faction 1979 Minor

Eritrea Govt EIJM (Harakat al Jihad al Islami: Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement) - Abu Suhail faction 1997 Minor

1999 Minor

2003 Minor

Eritrea –Ethiopia Terr (Badme) 1998–2000 War

Ethiopia Govt Military faction 1960 Minor

EPRP (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party), Military faction, TPLF (Tigrean People’s Liberation Front), EPDM (Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement), EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front)97 1976–91 War

96 Possibly war in 2001.97 EPRDF formed by TPLF and EPDM.


Terr (Eritrea) ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front), ELF factions, EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) 1962–67 Minor


1974–91 War

Terr (Ogaden)98 WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front)99 1975–76 Minor

1977–78 War


ONLF (Ogaden National Liberation Front) 1996 Minor

1998–2002 Minor100

2004 Minor

Terr (Afar) ALF (Afar Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor

ARDUF (Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front) 1996 Minor

Terr (Somali) al-Itahad al-Islami (Islamic Union) 1996–97 Minor

1999 Minor

Terr (Oromiya) OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor

98 Ethiopia supported by troops from Cuba in 1975–83.99 Backed by Somali “volunteers” that were likely to have been regular troops from the Somali National Army.100 Possibly intermediate by 2001.


1999–2004 Minor101

Ethiopia –Somalia Terr (Ogaden) 1960 Minor

1964 Minor

1973 Minor

1983 Minor

1987 Minor

Gabon102 Govt Military faction 1964 Minor

Gambia103 Govt SRLP (Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party) 1981 Minor

Ghana Govt Military faction (National Liberation Council) 1966 Minor

Military faction (Provisional National Defence Council) 1981 Minor


Guinea Govt Military faction 1970 Minor

101 Possibly intermediate by 2001. Possibly war in 2002.102 Supported by troops from France.103 Supported by troops from Senegal in 1981.


RFDG (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques de Guinée: Rally of Democratic Forces of Guinea) 2000–01 Minor104

(GuineaBissau)

Terr (Guinea-Bissau) Portugal vs. PAIGC (Partido africano da independência da Guiné e do Cabo Verde: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde) 1963–64 Minor


GuineaBissau105 Govt Military Junta for the Consolidation of Democracy, Peace and Justice 1998 War

1999 Intermediate

Ivory Coast Govt MPCI (Mouvement patriotique de la Côte d’Ivoire: Patriotic Movement of Ivory Coast), MJP (Mouvement pour la justice et la paix: Movement for Justice and Peace), MPIGO (Mouvement populaire ivorian du Grand Ouest: Ivorian Movement for the Greater West) 2002-03 Minor

Forces Nouvelles106 2004 Minor

(Kenya) Terr (Kenya) United Kingdom vs. Mau Mau 1952 Minor

1953–56 War

Kenya Govt Military faction 1982 Minor

104 Possibly intermediate in 2001.105 Supported by troops from Senegal and Guinea in 1998–99.106 Formed by MPCI, MJP and MPIGO in 2003.


Lesotho107 Govt Military faction 1998 Minor

Liberia Govt Military faction (People’s Redemption Council) 1980 Minor

NPFL (National Patriotic Forces of Liberia), INPFL (Independent NPFL) 1989 Minor

1990 War

1991 Intermediate

1992 War


LURD (Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy) 2000–02 Minor109

2003 War

(Madagascar) Terr (Malagasy) France vs. MDRM (Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache: Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renewal) 1947 War

Madagascar Govt Monima (Mouvement National pour l’Independence de Madagascar: National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) 1971 Minor

Mali Terr (Azawad) MPA (Mouvement populaire de l’Azaouad: Azawad People´s Movement) 1990 Minor

FIAA (Front islamique arabe de l’Azaouad: Islamic Arab Front of Azawad) 1994 Minor

107 Supported by troops from South Africa and Botswana in 1998.108 Possibly war in 1993.109 Possible intermediate by 2001. Possibly war in 2002.


(Morocco) Terr (Morocco) France vs. Istiqlal (Moroccan Nationalist Party) 1953–56 Minor

(Morocco/Mauritania)

Terr (Morocco/Mauritania) France110 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957–58 Minor

(Morocco/Spanish territories)

Terr (Morocco/Spanish territories) Spain111 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957 Minor

Morocco Govt Military faction 1971 Minor

Morocco, Mauretania112

Terr (Western Sahara)

Polisario (Frente popular de liberación de Saguia el Hamra y Rio de Oro: Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia al Hamra and Rio de Oro) 1975–80 War


(Mozambique) Terr (Mozambique) Portugal vs. Frelimo (Frente de libertação de Moçambique: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) 1964–65 Minor


110 Supported by troops from Spain.111 Supported by troops from France.112 Mauritania involved 1975–1979.113 Possibly war in some of the years, e.g. 1987.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level1972–73 War

1974 Intermediate

Mozam-bique114

Govt Renamo (Resistência nacional moçambicana: Mozambican National Resistance, MNR) 1977–80 Minor

1981–92 War

Niger Terr (Air and Azawad) FLAA (Front de libération de l’Aïr et l’Azaouad:Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front) 1992 Minor

CRA (Coordination of the Armed Resistance) 1994 Minor

UFRA (Union des forces de la résistance armée: Union of Forces of the Armed Resistance) 1997 Minor

Terr (Eastern Niger) FDR (Front démocratique pour le renouveau: Democratic Front for Renewal) 1996 Minor

FARS (Forces révolutionnaires du Sahara: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara) 1997 Minor

Nigeria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor

Terr (Biafra) Republic of Biafra 1967–70 War

Terr (Northern Nigeria)115 Ahlul Sunna Jamaa (Followers of the Prophet) 2004 Minor

114 Supported by troops from Zimbabwe in 1985–90.115 More precisely, Ahlul Sunnah Jamaa aims to establish an Islamic State by carving out areas around Kanamma, Yunusari and Toshiya in northern Nigeria.


Rhodesia Govt ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People’s Union) 1972–75 Minor

1976–79 War

Rwanda116 Govt FPR (Front patriotique rwandais: Rwandan Patriotic Front) 1990 Minor

1991–92 War


PALIR (Peuple en armes poue la liberation du Rwanda: Armed People for the Liberation of Rwanda)117 1997 Minor

1998 War


2001 War

2002 Intermediate

Senegal Terr (Casamance) MFDC (Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance: Movement of the Democratic Forces of the Casamance) 1990 Minor

1992–93 Minor

1995 Minor

1997-98 Minor118


116 Supported by troops from Zaire in 1990.117 The organisation is often referred to as ex-FAR and Interahamwé in the news media.118 Possibly intermediate in 1998.


2003 Intermediate

SierraLeone119 Govt

RUF (Revolutionary United Front), AFRC (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council), Kamajors120 1991–93 Minor


1998–99 War

2000 Intermediate

Somalia121 Govt Military faction 1978 Minor

SSDF (Somali Salvation Democratic Front), SNM (Somali National Movement), SPM (Somali Patriotic Movement), USC (United Somali Congress)-Madhi faction, USC- Aideed faction 1981–86 Minor


1989–92 War


SRRC (Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council) 2001–02 Minor

South Africa Terr (Namibia) SWAPO (South West Africa People’s Organization) 1966–78 Minor

1979 Intermediate

119 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 2000.120 AFRC and Kamajors active in 1997–99.121 Somalia is not included as an active armed conflict in 1997–2000 since the fighting did not include the government forces. During those years, most violence involved various groups in southern

Somalia.


1980–83 War


1986–88 War

Govt ANC (African National Congress), PAC (Pan Africanist Congress), Azapo (Azanian People’s Organization) 1981–88 Minor

Sudan Govt Sudanese Communist Party 1971 Minor

Islamic Charter Front 1976 Minor

SLA (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army), JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) 2003-04 War

Terr (Southern Sudan)122 Anya Nya123 1963–72 War

SPLM (Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement), SPLM faction, NDA (National Democratic Alliance)124, SAF (Sudan Alliance Forces) 1983–92 War


1995–2002 War


122 By 1997 the incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 123 Formed Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement in 1970 together with other southern Sudanese opposition organizations.124 NDA includes SPLM as its largest member organization.125 Possibly war in 1993–94.


Togo Govt MTD (Movement togolaise pour la démocratie: Togolese Movement for Democracy) 1986 Minor


(Tunisia) Terr (Tunisia) France vs. National Liberation Army 1953–56 Minor

Tunisia Govt Résistance armée tunisienne (Tunisian Armed Resistance) 1980 Minor

Tunisia –France Terr (Bizerte) 1961 War

Uganda126 Govt Military faction 1971 Minor

UPA (Uganda People’s Army) 1972 Minor


Military faction, UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), Tanzania 1978 Minor

1979 War

126 Supported by troops from Libya in 1978–79.


NRA (National Resistance Army)127, UFM (Uganda Freedom Movement), UPM (Ugandan Patriotic Movement), UNRF (Uganda National Rescue Front), UFDM (Ugandan Federal Democratic Movement), UPF (Uganda People’s Front), UPDA (Ugandan People’s Democratic Army), UPC (Uganda People’s Congress), UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), FOBA (Force Obote Back Again), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement), HSM-Severino faction 1981–1988 War

UPDA faction, UPA (Uganda People’s Army), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army) 1989 War

1990 Intermediate

1991 War

LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army)128, WNBF (West Nile Bank Front), ADF (Alliance of Democratic Forces), UNRF II (Uganda National Rescue Front II) 1994–2003 Intermediate129

2004 War

127 NRA active 1981–1986.128 Note that the LRA was previously called UDCA.129 Possibly war in 2002.


Americas

Argentina Govt Military faction 1955 Minor

Military faction (Azules: Blue) 1963 Minor

ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: Revolutionary Worker’s Party), Montoneros 1973–74 Minor

1975 War


Argentina –UK

Terr (Malvinas/Falkland Islands) 1982 War

Bolivia Govt Popular Revolutionary Movement 1946 War

MNR (Movimiento nacionalista revolucionario: National Revolutionary Movement) 1952 Minor

ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1967 Minor

Chile Govt Military faction 1973 Minor

130 Possibly war in 1976–77.


Colombia Govt FARC (Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias colombianas: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army), EPL (Ejército popular de liberación: People’s Liberation Army), M-19 (Movimiento 19 de Abril: 19 April Movement), FARC faction, ELN faction, MAO (Movimiento de autodefensa obrera: Workers’ Self-Defence Movement), Quintin lame131 1966–79 Minor132


1989–90 War

1991 Intermediate

1992–93 War


1998–2002 War

2003 Intermediate

2004 War

Costa Rica Govt National Liberation Army 1948 War

Cuba Govt Military faction 1953 Minor

Movimiento 26 de Julio (26 July Movement) 1957 Minor

1958 War

National Revolutionary Council, USA 1961 Minor

131 Only FARC and ELN active in 1992–2003. In 2004 FARC, ELN and EPL were active.132 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate.133 Possibly war in several of the years.


DominicanRepublic Govt Military faction 1965 Minor134

Ecuador –Peru

Terr (Cordillera del Condor) 1995 Minor

El Salvador Govt Military faction 1972 Minor

ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces), PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers), FMLN (Frente farabundo Marti para la liberación nacional: Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation)135 1979–80 Minor

1981–90 War

1991 Intermediate

El Salvador –Honduras

Terr (Common border) 1969 War

Grenada –USA Govt 1983 Minor

134 Possibly war in 1965.135 In 1980, FMLN was formed by ERP, FAL, FARN, FPL and PRTC


Guatemala Govt Military faction 1949 Minor

Forces of Carlos Castillo Armas 1954 Minor

MR-13 (Movimiento revolucionario trece de noviembre: 13 November Revolutionary Movement), FAR (Fuerzas armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party), ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People), URNG (Unidad revolucionaria nacional guatemalteca: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity)136 1965–67 Minor

1968 Intermediate

1969–87 War


Haiti Govt Leopard Corps 1989 Minor

Tonton Macoute (Uncle Knapsack), Engin Lourd 1991 Minor

RARF (Front de Résistance Artibonite; Revolutionary Arbonite Resistance Front), OP Lavalas 2004 Minor

Honduras –Nicaragua


Mexico Govt EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de liberación nacional: Zapatista National Liberation Army) 1994 Minor

EPR (Ejercito Popular Revolucionario: Popular Revolutionary Army) 1996 Minor

136 In 1980, URNG was formed by FAR, EGP, PGT and ORPA.


Nicaragua Govt FSLN (Frente Sandinista de liberación nacional: Sandinista National Liberation Front) 1978–79 War

Contras137 1981–82 Minor

1983–88 War

1989 Intermediate

Panama Govt Military faction 1989 Minor

Panama –USA Govt 1989 Minor

Paraguay Govt Opposition coalition138 1947 War



Peru Govt MIR (Movimiento de la izquierda revolucionaria: Movement of the Revolutionary Left), Túpac Amaru [Guillermo Lobatón], ELN (Ejército de la liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1965–66 Minor

SL (Sendero luminoso: Shining Path), MRTA (Movimiento revolucionario Tupac Amaru: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) 1981–85 War

137 Various groups, mainly FDN (Fuerzas democráticas nicaraguenses: Nicaraguan Democratic Forces).138 The Opposition coalition consisted of Febreristas, Liberals and Communists



1988–93 War


(Puerto Rico) Terr (Puerto Rico) USA vs. Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1950 Minor

Surinam Govt SLA (Surinamese Liberation Army)/Jungle Commando 1986–88 Minor

Trinidad andTobago Govt Jama’at al-Muslimeen (Society of Muslims) 1990 Minor

Uruguay Govt MLN (Movimiento de liberación nacional: Movement of National Liberation)/Tupamaros 1972 Minor

USA139 Govt al-Qa’ida (The Base) 2001 War

2002 Intermediate

2004 Intermediate

Venezuela Govt Military faction 1962 Minor

Military faction (Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement for National Salvation) 1992 Minor

139 Supported by a Multinational Coalition. For information on the countries contributing troops to the coalition, see http://www.pcr.uu.se/database.

Conflicts

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Transcript of Conflicts