Condensed Notes on Election 1828, Jackson, Manifest Destiny, Indian Removal, Expanding Borders,...

8/9/2019 Condensed Notes on Election 1828, Jackson, Manifest Destiny, Indian Removal, Expanding Borders, Mexican-Ameri

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* Political Parties in this time period are NOT the same as they are today

Election 1828

J.Q. Adams and Richard Rush-- rich, didnt relate well- National Republicans

Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun- poor, war hero, rose through hardship-Democrats

Winner: JACKSON AND CALHOUN

Andrew Jackson (president 1829-1837)

(Jacksons VP: John Calhoun- 1st term

Martin van Buren- 2nd term)

During Jacksons presidency, the Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress (1830), which

authorized the removal of Native Americans, to western land. Congress established set Indian

Territory which Native Americans were moved to. Many died in the long trips westward to

these assigned territories.

When gold was found on Cherokee land in Georgia, their rights were ignored by Georgianleaders. They commanded the Cherokee to leave the land, and when the Cherokee refused,

the Georgian militia attacked Cherokee towns. The Cherokee sued the state. Worcester v.

Georgia stated that the Cherokee were a distinct community and Georgia must not interfere

with their rights. Georgia ignored the Courts ruling, and Jackson took no action to stop

Georgians from terrorizing the Cherokee.

The Native Americans were no match for the American forces, but one group- the Seminole-

had a successful resistance to removal at the hands of the white man. They, led by their leader

Osceola, resisted with force.

The Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native Americans, including many

members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United

States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United

States. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route

to their destinations, and many died.


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Jacksons Presidency

y Spoils Systemo to the victor belong the spoilso Rewarding supporters of winning candidate with government jobs

y Kitchen Cabineto Informal group of advisors who dont have to be approved by Senate

y Info on Jackson: FROM A BOOK CALLED THE NEW BIG BOOK OF U.S. PRESIDENTS:A fiery a man with a famous temper, Andrew Jackson believed in a strong central

government. During his time in office, he opposed southern sectionalism and financial

elitism while favoring westward expansionAs president, Jackson supported a strong

central government and prevented state officials from nullifying national laws. Preventing

nullification was especially difficult for Jackson during his first term because VP John C.

Calhoun opposed this effort from within the White House. Jackson also ended presidentialsupport of the Bank of the United States, which he believed undermined the central

government and neglected the common people. Jackson also encouraged westward

expansion and supported the forced removal of several Native American tribes from their

traditional homes. END OF PARAGRAPH FROM BOOK.

MANIFEST DESTINY

y Belief by many Americans that they should own and settle from Atlantic to Pacific.y Some even felt that this should apply to all of North Americany Groups of people who would benefit from manifest destiny:

o Farmers- more and cheap lando Merchants- ports on Pacific open up trade with Asiao Immigrants- more land to settleo Hunters/fur trappers- fur traders

President VP Years

Martin van Buren (Democrat) Richard M. Johnson 1837-1841

William Henry Harrison

(Whig)

John Tyler March-April 1841

John Tyler (Whig) AlthoughTyler had been nominated on a

Whig ticket, his policies had

N/A 1841-1845


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alienated the Whigs and they

actually kicked him out of the

party on September 13, 1841.

He was an Independent for a

while, then joined Democratic

Party.

Oregon Territory

y Location:o Rocky Mountains to Pacific Oceano 42 degree line of latitude (border between Oregon and California today) and 54

40 degree line of latitude.

o Land includes Oregon Washington Idaho and pieces of other states in the areay

Both Britain and U.S. claim ownershipo Both had sent explorers thereo Both had fur trading companies there

y John Jacob Astor (a.k.a. John Jacob Jingle-Heimer Schmidt)- started biggest fur tradingcompany- the A.F.C.- American Fur Company. He established Astoria, the territory

around A.F.C.

y Election 1844- James K. Polk- 54 40 or fight!- campaign slogano Polk wins presidency

James K.Polk (President 1845-1849) - Democrat

y Backs off campaign slogan, and makesy Treaty of 1846

o Between U.S. and Britaino Decision: above 49 degree line of latitude- BRITAIN

Below 49 degree line latitude- U.S.

(Below 42 degree line latitude- SPAIN)

y Annexation of Texasy Mexico becomes independent from Spain (they declare themselves independent

in 1810, not recognized by Spain until 1821)

y Mexico offers cheap land to white settlers whoo Become Mexican citizenso Obey Mexican lawo Convert to Catholicism


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y Mexican officials wanted settlers to move to Texas because they wanted topopulate the land. At that point, Texas was mostly inhabited by natives and the

Mexican government wanted people to move there so that they would become

citizen. As a result, these new Texans would pay taxes to Mexico, increase the

population, and better the economy.y Stephen Austin- one of 1st settlersy Many Americans move to Texas but bring slaves which is against Mexican lawy Texans become dissatisfied with Mexican rule and rebely Battle of Alamo (1836)- Texans are defeated by Mexicansy Battle of San Jacinto (1836)- using slogan Remember the Alamo as

encouragement, Texans, lead by Sam Houston, defeat Mexicans. General Santa

Anna (Mexican president/dictator) led Mexicans.

y Texans declare independence (1836) = Republic of Texas or Lone Star Republicy The Republic of Texas offered land grants to settlers to come there for the same

reason Mexico offered land to American settlers in Texas: to increase

population. With an increased population, Texas would be able to collect high

taxes, and even build up an army, in case Mexico or natives decided to attack

them. In addition, having an increased population would give them a chance of

possibly being annexed by the U.S.

y Texans apply for statehood in U.S.y Opposition in Congress from

o Northerners- dont want another slave stateo People who fear war with Mexico

y Texas becomes state (1845)

ObtainingMexican Cession

y California and New Mexico Territories- not just states, but whole territory.)y Mexican-American War

o Causes of war:

Mexico angry with U.S. for annexing Texas- they had intended torecapture it

U.S. angry that Mexico refused offer to buy Mexican Cession for $30million

Border dispute:y U.S.- Rio Grande is Texas/Mexico bordery Mexico- Nueces River is Texas/Mexico border


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y Clash between U.S. and Mexico in disputed territory- 11 U.S.soldiers killed

Polk declares waro Events of War:

General Zachary Taylor wins many victories in Northern Mexico

General Winfield Scott captures Mexico City, the capitol of Mexico Colonel Stephen Kearny occupies New Mexico and declares it U.S.

territory

Captain John Frmont forces Mexicans out of California and establishesCalifornia Republic or Bear Flag Republic. (The Republic lasts 26 days

before being annexed by the United States.)

Mexico is defeatedy Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

oEnds the war

o Rio Grande is declared border between Texas and Mexicoo Mexico gives up California and New Mexico TERRITORIES (Mexican Cession)o U.S. pays Mexico $15 million (1/2 the original price offer)

y Gadsden Purchaseo Narrow strip of land in southern Arizona and New Mexicoo Reason: southern businessmen want to build cross-country railroad from

Charleston to Sand Diego

o Bought from: Mexicoo Price: $10 million


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Gadsden

Purchase

Condensed Notes on Election 1828, Jackson, Manifest Destiny, Indian Removal, Expanding Borders,...

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