computer basics consice format

7/29/2019 computer basics consice format

1/25

A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of a product.This term is also used in the different advancements of computer technology. With eachnew generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previousgeneration before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and memory ofcomputers has proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developedthat affect the way we live, work and play.

The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Years)The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often

undependable. In 1946two Americans, PresperEckert, and John Mauchly built the ENIACelectronic computer which used vacuum tubesinstead of the mechanical switches of the Mark I.The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes, whichtook up a lot of space and gave off a great deal ofheat just like light bulbs do. The ENIAC led to othervacuum tube type computers like the EDVAC

(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersalAutomatic Computer).

The vacuum tube was an extremely important step in the advancement ofcomputers. Vacuum tubes were invented the same time the light bulb was invented byThomas Edison and worked very similar to light bulbs. It's purpose was to act like anamplifierand a switch. Without any moving parts, vacuum tubes could take very weaksignals and make the signal stronger (amplify it). Vacuum tubes could also stop and startthe flow of electricity instantly (switch). These two properties made the ENIACcomputer possible.

The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by gigantic airconditioners. However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still overheatedregularly. It was time for something new.

The Second Generation: 1959-1964 (The Era of the Transistor)The transistor computer did not last as long as the vacuum tube computer lasted, but

it was no less important in the advancement of computer technology. In 1947 threescientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattainworking at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what would replace thevacuum tube forever. This invention was the transistor whichfunctions like a vacuum tube in that it can be used to relay and switch

electronic signals.

There were obvious differences between the transisitor and thevacuum tube. The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much cheaper tobuild than a vacuum tube. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, an abundantelement (second only to oxygen) found in beach sand and glass. Therefore they werevery cheap to produce. Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and betterthan vacuum tubes. They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heatcompared to vacuum tubes. Their use marked a new beginning for the computer.


2/25

Without this invention, space travel in the 1960's would nothave been possible. However, a new invention would evenfurther advance our ability to use computers.

The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated Circuits -Miniaturizing the Computer)

Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in advancing the computer. Howeverno one could predict that thousands even now millions of transistors (circuits) could be

compacted in such a small space. The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referredto as semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a single wafer ofsilicon. Robert Noyce ofFairchild Corporation and Jack Kilby ofTexas Instrumentsindependently discovered the amazing attributes of integrated circuits. Placing such largenumbers of transistors on a single chip vastly increased the power of a single computerand lowered its cost considerably.

Since the invention of integrated circuits, the number of transistors that can beplaced on a single chip has doubled every two years, shrinking both the size and cost ofcomputers even further and further enhancing its power. Most electronic devices todayuse some form of integrated circuits placed on printed circuit boards-- thin pieces of

bakelite orfiberglass that have electrical connections etched onto them -- sometimescalled a mother board.

These third generation computers could carry out instructions in billionths of asecond. The size of these machines dropped to the size of small file cabinets. Yet, thesingle biggest advancement in the computer era was yet to be discovered.

The Fourth Generation: 1971-Today (The Microprocessor)This generation can be characterized by both the jump to monolithicintegrated

circuits(millions oftransistors put onto one integrated circuit chip) and the invention ofthe microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing of a full-scale

computer). By putting millions of transistors onto one single chip more calculation andfaster speeds could be reached by computers. Because electricity travels about a foot in abillionth of a second, the smaller the distance the greater the speed of computers.

However what really triggered the tremendous growth of computers and itssignificant impact on our lives is the invention of the microprocessor. Ted Hoff,employed by Intel (RobertNoyce's new company) invented a chip the size of a pencileraser that could do all the computing and logic work of a computer. The microprocessorwas made to be used in calculators, not computers. It led, however, to the invention ofpersonal computers, or microcomputers.

It wasn't until the 1970's that people began buying computer for personal use. Oneof the earliest personal computers was the Altair 8800 computerkit. In 1975 you could purchase this kit and put it together to make

your own personal computer. In 1977 theApple II was sold to the public and in 1981IBM entered the PC (personal computer)market.

Today we have all heard ofIntel and its Pentium Processorsand now we know how it all got started. The computers of the next generation will have


3/25

millions upon millions of transistors on one chip and will perform over a billioncalculations in a single second. There is no end in sight for the computer movement. \

ecomputernotes.com

What are different Computer

generations? Explain in Brief.

DINESH THAKUR

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technologicaldevelopment that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resultingin increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliabledevices.

The various generations of computers an listed below :

(i) First Generation (1946-1954) : In 1946 there was no 'best' way of storinginstructions and data in a computer memory. There were four competingtechnologies for providing computer memory: electrostatic storage tubes,acoustic delay lines (mercury or nickel), magnetic drums (and disks?), andmagnetic core storage.

The digital computes using electronic valves (Vacuum tubes) are known as firstgeneration computers. the first 'computer' to use electronic valves (ie. vacuum

tubes). The high cost of vacuum tubes prevented their use for main memory.They stored information in the form of propagating sound waves.

The vacuum tube consumes a lot of power. The Vacuum tube was developed byLee DeForest in 1908. These computers were large in size and writing programson them was difficult. Some of the computers of this generation were:

Mark I : The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), calledthe Mark I by Harvard University, was an electro-mechanical computer. MarkI is the first machine to successfully perform a long services ofarithmetic andlogical operation. Mark I is the First Generation Computer. it was the first

operating machine that could execute long computations automatically. MarkIcomputer which was built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944.This was the first programmable digital computer made in the U.S. But it was nota purely electronic computer. Instead the Mark I was constructed out of switches,relays, rotating shafts, and clutches. The machine weighed 5 tons, incorporated500 miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long, and had a 50 ft rotating shaftrunning its length, turned by a 5 horsepower electric motor.
http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/index.phphttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-are-different-computer-generations-explain-in-briefhttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-are-different-computer-generations-explain-in-briefhttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/index.phphttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-are-different-computer-generations-explain-in-briefhttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-are-different-computer-generations-explain-in-brief


4/25

ENIAC: It was the first general-purpose electronic computerbuilt in 1946 atUniversity of Pennsylvania, USA by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert .The completed machine was announced to the public the evening of February14, 1946. It was named Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator(ENIAC). ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered

joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8 by 3 by 100 feet(2.4 m 0.9 m 30 m), took up 1800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed 150

kW of power. Input was possible from an IBM card reader, and an IBM cardpunch was used for output. These cards could be used to produce printed outputoffline using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 405. Today yourfavorite computer is many times as powerful as ENIAC, still size is very small.

EDVAC: It stands forElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computerandwas developed in 1950.it was to be a vast improvement upon ENIAC, it wasbinary rather than decimal, and was a stored program computer. The conceptof storing data and instructions inside the computer was introduced here.This allowed much faster operation since the computer had rapid access to bothdata and instructions. The other advantage of storing instruction was that

computer could do logical decision internally.

The EDVAC was a binary serial computerwith automatic addition, subtraction,multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonicserial memory. EDVAC's addition time was 864 microseconds and itsmultiplication time was 2900 microseconds (2.9 milliseconds).

The computer had almost 6,000 vacuum tubes and 12,000 diodes, andconsumed 56 kW of power. It covered 490 ft (45.5 m) of floor space andweighed 17,300 lb (7,850 kg).

EDSAC: It stands forElectronic Delay Storage Automatic Computerand wasdeveloped by M.V. Wilkes at Cambridge University in 1949. Two groups ofindividuals were working at the same time to develop the first stored-programcomputer. In the United States, at the University of Pennsylvania the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was being worked on. InEngland at Cambridge, the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage AutomaticComputer) was also being developed. The EDSAC won the race as the firststored-program computer beating the United States EDVAC by two months.The EDSAC performed computations in the three millisecond range. It performedarithmetic and logical operations without human intervention. The key to thesuccess was in the stored instructions which it depended upon solely for its

operation. This machine marked the beginning of the computer age. EDSACis the first computer is used to store a program

UNIVAC-1: Ecker and Mauchly produced it in 1951 by Universal AccountingComputersetup. it was the first commercial computerproduced in the UnitedStates. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, theinventors of the ENIAC.


5/25

The machine was 25 feet by 50 feet in length, contained 5,600 tubes, 18,000crystal diodes, and 300 relays. It utilized serial circuitry, 2.25 MHz bit rate, andhad an internal storage capacity 1,000 words or 12,000 characters.

It utilized a Mercury delay line, magnetic tape, and typewriter output. TheUNIVAC was used forgeneral purpose computing with large amounts of inputand output.

Power consumption was about 120 kva. Its reported processing speed was 0.525milliseconds for arithmetic functions, 2.15 milliseconds for multiplication and 3.9Milliseconds for division.

The UNIVAC was also the first computer to come equipped with a magnetic tapeunit and was the first computer to use buffer memory.

Other Important Computers of First Generation

Some other computers of this time worth mentioning are the Whirlwind,developed at Massachussets Institute of Technology, and JOHNNIAC, by the

Rand Corporation. The Whirlwind was the first computer to display real timevideo and use core memory. The JOHNNIAC was named in honor of Jon VonNeumann. Computers at this time were usually kept in special locations likegovernment and university research labs or military compounds.

Limitations of First Generation Computer

Followings are the major drawbacks of First generation computers.

1. They used valves or vacuum tubes as their main electronic component.

2. They were large in size, slow in processing and had less storage capacity.

3. They consumed lots of electricity and produced lots of heat.

4. Their computing capabilities were limited.

5. They were not so accurate and reliable.

6. They used machine level language for programming.

7. They were very expensive.

Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650 etc

(ii) Second Generation (1955-1964) : The second-generation computer usedtransistors for CPU components & ferrite cores for main memory & magneticdisks for secondary memory. They used high-level languages such as


6/25

FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1960) & COBOL (1960 - 1961). I/O processor wasincluded to control I/O operations.

Around 1955 a device called Transistorreplaced the bulky Vacuum tubes in thefirst generation computer. Transistors are smaller than Vacuum tubes and havehigher operating speed. They have no filament and require no heating.Manufacturing cost was also very low. Thus the size of the computer got reducedconsiderably.

It is in the second generation that the concept of Central Processing Unit (CPU),memory, programming language and input and output units were developed. Theprogramming languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN were developed during thisperiod. Some of the computers of the Second Generationwere

1. IBM 1620: Its size was smaller as compared to First Generation computersand mostly used for scientific purpose.

2. IBM 1401: Its size was small to medium and used for business applications.

3. CDC 3600: Its size was large and is used for scientific purposes.

Features:

1. Transistors were used instead of Vacuum Tube.

2. Processing speed is faster than First Generation Computers (Micro Second)

3. Smaller in Size (51 square feet)

4. The input and output devices were faster.

Example: IBM 1400 and 7000 Series, Control Data 3600 etc.

(iii) Third Generation (1964-1977) : By the development of a small chipconsisting of the capacity of the 300 transistors. These ICs are popularly knownas Chips. A single IC has many transistors, registers and capacitors built on asingle thin slice ofsilicon. So it is quite obvious that the size of the computer gotfurther reduced. Some of the computers developed during this period were IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370, and VAX-750. Higher level language such as BASIC(Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed during

this period. Computers of this generation were small in size, low cost, largememory and processing speed is very high. Very soon ICs Were replaced by LSI(Large Scale Integration), which consisted about 100 components. An ICcontaining about 100 components is called LSI.

Features:

1. They used Integrated Circuit (IC) chips in place of the transistors.

2. Semi conductor memory devices were used.


7/25

3. The size was greatly reduced, the speed of processing was high, they weremore accurate and reliable.

4. Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) werealso developed.

5. The mini computers were introduced in this generation.

6. They used high level language for programming.

Example: IBM 360, IBM 370 etc.

(iv) Fourth Generation :An IC containing about 100 components is called LSI(Large Scale Integration) and the one, which has more than 1000 suchcomponents, is called as VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). It uses largescale Integrated Circuits (LSIC) built on a single silicon chip calledmicroprocessors. Due to the development of microprocessor it is possible toplace computers central processing unit(CPU) on single chip. These computersare called microcomputers. Later very large scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIC)

replaced LSICs. Thus the computer which was occupying a very large room inearlier days can now be placed on a table. The personal computer (PC) that yousee in your school is a Fourth Generation Computer Main memory used fastsemiconductors chips up to 4 M bits size. Hard disks were used as secondarymemory. Keyboards, dot matrix printers etc. were developed. OS-such as MS-DOS, UNIX, Apples Macintosh were available. Object oriented language, C++etc were developed.

Features:

1. They used Microprocessor (VLSI) as their main switching element.

2. They are also called as micro computers or personal computers.

3. Their size varies from desktop to laptop or palmtop.

4. They have very high speed of processing; they are 100% accurate, reliable,diligent and versatile.

5. They have very large storage capacity.

Example: IBM PC, Apple-Macintosh etc.

(v) Fifth Generation (1991- continued) : 5th generation computers use ULSI(Ultra-Large Scale Integration) chips. Millions of transistors are placed in a singleIC in ULSI chips. 64 bit microprocessors have been developed during this period.Data flow & EPIC architecture of these processors have been developed. RISC &CISC, both types of designs are used in modern processors. Memory chips andflash memory up to 1 GB, hard disks up to 600 GB & optical disks up to 50 GBhave been developed. fifth generation digital computer will be Artificialintelligence.


8/25

Desktop Version |Top | You are here:

First Generation: 1944-1959

Characteristics:

(not all first generation computers had all these characteristics)

-vacuum tube based

-punched tape input or output

-about 1,000 circuits per cubic foot

Examples:

-Harvard Mark I (electromechanical)

-Whirlwind

-ENIAC

-EDSAC

-UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

-RCA BIZMAC

-NCR CRC 102A, NCR CRC 102D

-Honeywell Datamatic 1000

-Burroughs E101, Burroughs 220

-IBM models 604, 650 (drum memory),701, 702, 704, 705, 709

Second Generation: 1960-1964

Characteristics:
http://ecomputernotes.com/?ui=desktophttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-are-different-computer-generations-explain-in-brief#Tophttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-are-different-computer-generations-explain-in-brief#Tophttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-ASCC-1944.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/Whirlwind-1949.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/05HISTORYCD-ENIAC-Photos-I.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/Datamatic-1000.htmlhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-604-PluggableUnit-1948.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-650-1953.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-704.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-705-1954.htmhttp://ecomputernotes.com/?ui=desktophttp://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-are-different-computer-generations-explain-in-brief#Tophttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-ASCC-1944.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/Whirlwind-1949.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/05HISTORYCD-ENIAC-Photos-I.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/Datamatic-1000.htmlhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-604-PluggableUnit-1948.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-650-1953.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-704.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-705-1954.htm


9/25

-used transistors

-about 100,000 circuits per foot

Examples:

-UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC III

-RCA 501

-Philco Transact S-2000

-NCR 300 series

-IBM 7030 Stretch

-IBM 7070, 7080, 7090, 1400 series, 1600 series

-Honeywell 800, 400 series

-General Electric GE 635, 645, GE 200

-Control Data Corp. CDC 1604, 3600, 160A

-LARC

-Burroughs B5000, 200 series

Third Generation: 1964-1975

Characteristics:

-large scale integrated circuits

-10 million circuits per square foot

Examples:

-Burroughs 6700

-Control Data 3300, 6600, 7600

-Honeywell 200

-IBM System/360, System 3, System 7
http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-360-1964.htmhttp://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-360-1964.htm


10/25

-NCR Century Series

-RCA Spectra 70 series

-UNIVAC 9000 series

-General Electric GE 600 series, GE 235

Fourth Generation: 1975-Current

Characteristics:

-very large scale integration

-continued miniaturization

-billions of circuits per cubic foot

Examples:

-IBM System 3090, IBM RISC 6000, IBM RT

-ILLIAC IV

-Cray 2 XMP

-HP 9000

Fifth Generation: Current and Future

Characteristics:

Combinations of some or all of the following technologies:

-extremely large scale integration

-parallel processing

-high speed logic and memory chips


11/25

-high performance, micro-miniaturization

-voice/data integration; knowledge-based platforms

-artificial intelligence, expert systems

-virtual reality generation

-satellite links

Linux Standard Directory Structure

Posted by Nikesh Jauhari

Directory Description

/ Root directorythe starting point of the directory tree.

/bin Essential binary files, such as commands that are needed by both the systemadministrator and normal users. Usually also contains the shells, such as Bash.

/boot Static files of theboot loader.

/dev Files needed to access host-specific devices.

/etc Host-specific system configuration files.

/home Holds the home directories of all users who have accounts on the system.However, root's home directory is not located in /home but in /root.

/lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules.

/media Mount points for removable media.

/mnt Mount point for temporarily mounting a file system.

/optAdd-on application software packages.

/root Home directory for the superuserroot.

/sbin Essential system binaries and commands that are needed by systemadministrator.

/tmp Temporary files.

/usr Secondary hierarchy with read-only data.

/var Variable data such as log files.

/windows Only available if you have both Microsoft Windows* and Linux installed onyour system. Contains the Windows data.

Read more: http://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.html#ixzz2DEAZXcT6

Differences between KDE and GNOME

2 Comments Posted byNewbie_azaron July 23, 2010

Well in this post I will explain the difference between GNOME and KDE. GNOME andKDE is the GUI (graphics user interface) or can be called Desktop environtment. One of
http://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.html#ixzz2DEAZXcT6http://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.html#ixzz2DEAZXcT6http://linuxhere.wordpress.com/2010/07/23/differences-between-kde-and-gnome/#respondhttp://linuxhere.wordpress.com/author/henponmurah/http://linuxhere.wordpress.com/author/henponmurah/http://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.htmlhttp://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.html#ixzz2DEAZXcT6http://linuxpoison.blogspot.in/2009/11/linux-standard-directory-structure.html#ixzz2DEAZXcT6http://linuxhere.wordpress.com/2010/07/23/differences-between-kde-and-gnome/#respondhttp://linuxhere.wordpress.com/author/henponmurah/


12/25

the functions of the GUI is easy our users to access applications on linux. Then what isthe difference from the GNOME and KDE? The differences between the two is verysimple. GNOME is the GUI of Ubuntu while KDE is the GUI of Kubuntu. Besides itsnot just Ubuntu which uses GNOME and Kubuntu GUI using the KDE GUI. GNOMEand KDE are not the only GUI on Linux, another GUI Example: XFCE, Fluxbox, IceWMand BlackBox.

I n August 1997 Miguel de Icaza meliris aGUI with the name of the GNOME (GNU Network ObjectModel Environment).GNOME is designed to be a product that really fit the standard Free SoftwareFoundation.

Gnome has main component, it construct GNOME itself

1. GNOME graphical desktop environment which is easy to use.2. GNOME development platform is a collection of tools, libraries and components

to build applications for Linux.3. GNOME Office with a set of productive applications for the office.

Why use GNOME? The following are a few reasons:

1. FREE. GNOME is the first project to provide a working environment basedgraphical completely to free software.

2. USER FRIENDLY. Every moment, GNOME always endeavored to keep it easyto use, even by beginners. GNOME

3. USABILITY PROJECT aims to increase the level of ease of use GNOME.4. CUTTING EDGE. GNOME always use the latest technologies. Call it CORBA

for network transparency, the use of XML, and everything is implemented usingC language for speed and portability.

5. DEVELOPER FRIENDLY. Not just enough to ease of use, GNOME alsocomes with an intuitive programming environment.

6. INTERNATIONAL. The GNOME developers are spread widely throughout theworld. You can also contribute. With the new GNOME I18N features, you canwork with any type of popular language, complete with documentation.

7. ACCESSIBLE. For those who are not able to use standard features of GNOME,a project under the name of the GNOME Accessibility Project was developed toactively support the GNOME usage by anyone.
http://linuxhere.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/ubuntu-look-default.png


13/25

K DE stands for K Desktop Environmet.Released by Matthias Ettrich on October 14, 1996. KDE is a desktop environment andplatform. KDE can we meet in another system, referred Linux, BSD, and Solaris. KDEcan be used on Mac OS (with the help of layer X11) and Windows (with the help ofCygwin). Excess KDE than it looks beautiful is the ease of use, flexibility, portabitilisand wealth of features.GNOME and KDE differences in terms of appearance and performance:

1. KDE is more dominant and prioritize so that the view from the KDE look morebeautiful and flexible compared to GNOME. Plus KDE, we can freely edit thedisplay according to what we want. Although not too much emphasis GNOMEthan KDE display. GNOME is also interesting in terms of appearance.

2. GNOME is more dominant and prioritize the performance of memory (RAM)than GNOME KDE so the performance of relatively faster than KDE. One of thereasons for not telalu mendominasikan GNOME display. If you do not believeyou can install GUI GNOME (Ubuntu) and KDE (Kubuntu, Mandriva), and thenyou felt the difference.

Getting Linux to recognize CDs and Flashdrives and Disk partitions

This article discusses editing the file /etc/fstab, so you have access to the items above.

For setting up a disk partition visible to both Windows and Linux, see:

http://savage.net.au/Linux/html/dual-booting.html

To auto-mount or notAuto-mounting means making a file system accessible as soon as you log in afterbooting.

A hard disk partition will be available as soon as Linux boots, so in that case, auto-mounting makes sense.
http://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://linuxhere.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/kubuntu-look-default.pnghttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___top


14/25

Since, at boot time, the CD drive may be empty, and the flash drive may not be plugged,auto-mounting in these cases is not appropriate.

Creating mount points

Sometimes you have to use the mkdir command to create what's called a mount point,and sometimes you don't.

A mount point is simply the name under Linux by which you refer to a drive.

So, if your floppy is mounted at /mnt/floppy, then to list the files on the floppy, youwould run this command:

shell>ls /mnt/floppy

I'm not really clear on this, so don't panic if the information below is not perfect. If youcan't access a drive after editing /etc/fstab and rebooting, try creating the mount pointmanually, as below, and rebooting.

The hard disk partition

The article on dual-booting, mentioned above, gives you noe way to do it. Here's another:

Edit /etc/fstab and add this line (modify as appropriate for your set up):

/dev/hda4 /mnt/g vfat

defaults 0 0

where hda is your '4'th partition on your first ('a') hard disk 'hd', and you've created thedirectory '/mnt/g' with:

shell>mkdir /mnt/g

and 'vfat' is the way that partition was formatted. The formatting program probably calledit FAT-32, and 'defaults' is the options Linux is to use to access the partition. The 2nd last'0' refers to a dump program, which we can ignore, and the last '0' means do not perform afile system check at boot time.

The CD(s)

I have 2, an old read-only one and a newer burner. So we at to /etc/fstab:

/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660

noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0

/dev/cdrom1 /mnt/cdrom1 iso9660

noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0

The Flash drive
http://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___top


15/25

This sits on a USB port, which is known to Linux as the first partition ('1') on the first ('a')serial device 'sd', so create the mount point with:

shell>mkdir /mnt/flash

and add this to /etc/fstab:

/dev/sda1 /mnt/flash vfat noauto

0 0

A Floppy drive

Add this to /etc/fstab:

/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto

noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0

Author

Ron Savage .

Home page: http://savage.net.au/index.html

Version: 1.01 01-Jun-2006

This version disguises my email address.

Version: 1.00 18-Feb-2002

Original version.

How to Speed Up a Computer With a Pen Drive

How to Back Up to a Pen Drive

Things You'll Need

Superuser (root) password

Instructions

1.o 1
http://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://www.ehow.com/how_5864254_speed-up-computer-pen-drive.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_8677218_back-up-pen-drive.htmlhttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://savage.net.au/Linux/html/mounting-drives.html#___tophttp://www.ehow.com/how_5864254_speed-up-computer-pen-drive.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_8677218_back-up-pen-drive.html


16/25

Right-click the mouse on the Desktop and choose "Open Terminal" fromthe pop-up menu.

o 2

Type "su" and press "Enter." Then type your root password and press"Enter" to get administrator (root) privileges.

o Sponsored Links SanDisk USB Flash Drives

Capture, Share And Preserve Your Precious Memories. LearnMore!

www.SanDisk.com

o 3

Type "cd /mnt" and press "Enter."

o 4

Type "mkdir usb" and press "Enter" to create a USB directory.

o 5

Type "cd /etc" and press "Enter."

o 6

Type "cp fstab fstab_original" and press "Enter" to back up the originalfstab file.

o 7

Type "nedit fstab" and press "Enter" to edit the fstab file.

o 8

Add the following line at the end of the fstab file in the nedit editor:/dev/sdc1 /mnt/usb auto noauto,user,rw 0 0
http://www.google.com/url?ct=abg&q=https://www.google.com/adsense/support/bin/request.py%3Fcontact%3Dabg_afc%26url%3Dhttp://www.ehow.com/how_5082851_access-pen-drive-linux.html%26gl%3DIN%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dca-ehow_300x250%26hideleadgen%3D1%26ai0%3DC7DhpZ_GxUM72KIPAigeK3oDgBd3E298C1fGlzzDAjbcBEAEgqYmtBlCryqm4_v____8BYOWq54PEDsgBAagDAaoEgAFP0CepZBk29zzEZphFG2cR--_-hJ6MGTmK-yyfITEmu_m7MQRfUsgpe3nBnJ-Xs_qLVDMod7E3sMp0DIuPehaN7GSz9uxDgAatbI8nK-TJZ8af5pIK9vgugegUafmvLc6Wf8288fuelbcSd13pDg7o26PAYptmAVVyOjDBzz9aNQ&usg=AFQjCNEH7aWJs5FjzhtEIigkFKkh_7IpDwhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=C7DhpZ_GxUM72KIPAigeK3oDgBd3E298C1fGlzzDAjbcBEAEgqYmtBlCryqm4_v____8BYOWq54PEDsgBAagDAaoEgAFP0CepZBk29zzEZphFG2cR--_-hJ6MGTmK-yyfITEmu_m7MQRfUsgpe3nBnJ-Xs_qLVDMod7E3sMp0DIuPehaN7GSz9uxDgAatbI8nK-TJZ8af5pIK9vgugegUafmvLc6Wf8288fuelbcSd13pDg7o26PAYptmAVVyOjDBzz9aNQ&num=1&sig=AOD64_3vaENzhV8wVYNfvqUFFL0_6OoI-A&client=ca-ehow_300x250&adurl=http://www.sandisk.com/products/usb-flash-driveshttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=C7DhpZ_GxUM72KIPAigeK3oDgBd3E298C1fGlzzDAjbcBEAEgqYmtBlCryqm4_v____8BYOWq54PEDsgBAagDAaoEgAFP0CepZBk29zzEZphFG2cR--_-hJ6MGTmK-yyfITEmu_m7MQRfUsgpe3nBnJ-Xs_qLVDMod7E3sMp0DIuPehaN7GSz9uxDgAatbI8nK-TJZ8af5pIK9vgugegUafmvLc6Wf8288fuelbcSd13pDg7o26PAYptmAVVyOjDBzz9aNQ&num=1&sig=AOD64_3vaENzhV8wVYNfvqUFFL0_6OoI-A&client=ca-ehow_300x250&adurl=http://www.sandisk.com/products/usb-flash-driveshttp://www.google.com/url?ct=abg&q=https://www.google.com/adsense/support/bin/request.py%3Fcontact%3Dabg_afc%26url%3Dhttp://www.ehow.com/how_5082851_access-pen-drive-linux.html%26gl%3DIN%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dca-ehow_300x250%26hideleadgen%3D1%26ai0%3DC7DhpZ_GxUM72KIPAigeK3oDgBd3E298C1fGlzzDAjbcBEAEgqYmtBlCryqm4_v____8BYOWq54PEDsgBAagDAaoEgAFP0CepZBk29zzEZphFG2cR--_-hJ6MGTmK-yyfITEmu_m7MQRfUsgpe3nBnJ-Xs_qLVDMod7E3sMp0DIuPehaN7GSz9uxDgAatbI8nK-TJZ8af5pIK9vgugegUafmvLc6Wf8288fuelbcSd13pDg7o26PAYptmAVVyOjDBzz9aNQ&usg=AFQjCNEH7aWJs5FjzhtEIigkFKkh_7IpDwhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=C7DhpZ_GxUM72KIPAigeK3oDgBd3E298C1fGlzzDAjbcBEAEgqYmtBlCryqm4_v____8BYOWq54PEDsgBAagDAaoEgAFP0CepZBk29zzEZphFG2cR--_-hJ6MGTmK-yyfITEmu_m7MQRfUsgpe3nBnJ-Xs_qLVDMod7E3sMp0DIuPehaN7GSz9uxDgAatbI8nK-TJZ8af5pIK9vgugegUafmvLc6Wf8288fuelbcSd13pDg7o26PAYptmAVVyOjDBzz9aNQ&num=1&sig=AOD64_3vaENzhV8wVYNfvqUFFL0_6OoI-A&client=ca-ehow_300x250&adurl=http://www.sandisk.com/products/usb-flash-driveshttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=C7DhpZ_GxUM72KIPAigeK3oDgBd3E298C1fGlzzDAjbcBEAEgqYmtBlCryqm4_v____8BYOWq54PEDsgBAagDAaoEgAFP0CepZBk29zzEZphFG2cR--_-hJ6MGTmK-yyfITEmu_m7MQRfUsgpe3nBnJ-Xs_qLVDMod7E3sMp0DIuPehaN7GSz9uxDgAatbI8nK-TJZ8af5pIK9vgugegUafmvLc6Wf8288fuelbcSd13pDg7o26PAYptmAVVyOjDBzz9aNQ&num=1&sig=AOD64_3vaENzhV8wVYNfvqUFFL0_6OoI-A&client=ca-ehow_300x250&adurl=http://www.sandisk.com/products/usb-flash-drives


17/25

o 9

Click "File" > "Save" to save the file. Then click "File" > "Exit" to exitnedit.

o 10

Type "exit" and press "Enter" to exit the root shell.

Note: Steps 2 to 10 are only a one-time procedure. Once they are done,always start from the Step 11.

o 11

Insert a pen drive into a USB port.

o 12

Type "mount /mnt/usb" and press "Enter."

o 13

Type "cd /mnt/usb" and press "Enter." Type "ls" and press "Enter" to listthe pen drive content.

o 14

Click on the USB folder icon, which should appear on the Desktop, toaccess the drive content.

o 15

Unmount a pen drive by closing all files and folders that were used on thedrive.

o 16

Type "umount /mnt/usb" and press "Enter."

o 17

Remove the pen drive from the USB port.

Linux

Install Type RAM (minimal) RAM (recommended) Hard Drive

No desktop 64 megabytes 256 megabytes 1 gigabyte

With Desktop 128 megabytes 512 megabytes 5 gigabytes

The minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Home Edition are:


18/25

Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended) At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is recommended) At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other compatible pointing device Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600)or higher resolution Sound card Speakers or headphones

Win 98

personal computer with a 486DX 66 megahertz (MHz) or faster processor (Pentium central processing unit recommended).

16 megabytes (MB) of memory (24 MB recommended).A typical upgrade from Windows 95 requires approximately 195 MB of free hard

disk space, but the hard disk space may range from between 120 MB and 295 MB,depending on your computer configuration and the options that you choose to install.

A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT16 drive requires 225 MB of free hard disk space, but may range from between 165 MB and 355 MB, depending on your computerconfiguration and that options that you choose to install.

A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT32 drive requires 175 MB of free hard disk space, but may range from between 140 MB and 255 MB, depending on your computerconfiguration and the options that you choose to install.

One 3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive.

VGA or higher resolution (16-bit or 24-bit color SVGA recommended).

Lotus office

Status

SmartSuite is in maintenance mode, and supported with fixes and fixpacks on Windows2000 andWindows XP. SmartSuite is not officially supported by IBM on versions ofWindows after XP, but it does work well on both the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Vistaand of Windows 7, if the installer and applications are run with XP compatibility mode

set for the executable files. This mode isn't needed to install or run Organizer 6. IBM hasno plans to release specific Windows 7-compatible versions of SmartSuite or Organizer.[1]

In 2007, IBM introduced a new office suite calledIBM Lotus Symphony, unrelated to theLotus Symphony integrated application suite that Lotus previously released.

In July 2012 the price for a user licence of Lotus SmartSuite 9.8 was US-$ 342.00 whenpurchased directly through the IBM website.[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Symphony_for_DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Symphony_for_DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-2


19/25

Components

The following applications are included in SmartSuite for Microsoft Windows:

Lotus Word Proword processor; previously called Ami Pro; .lwp files Lotus 1-2-3spreadsheet; .123, .wk1, .wk3, .wk4 files Lotus Freelance Graphicspresentation software; .prz files Lotus Approachrelational database; .apr (data entry and reports), .dbf

(database) files Lotus Organizerpersonal information manager; .org, .or2, .or3 files Lotus SmartCenter a toolbarthat let users quickly access programs, calendar,

Internet bookmarks, and other resources Lotus FastSite web design software; .htm files Lotus ScreenCam screen recording software for demos and tutorials; .scm,

.exe, .wav files

Version history

Microsoft Windows

(1994) - SmartSuite 2.1 (Ami Pro 3.0, 1-2-3 4.0, Freelance Graphics 2.0,Approach 2.0 and Organizer 1.1)

(1995) - SmartSuite 3.1 (Windows 3.11) (Lotus 1-2-3 ver. 5, Approach 3.0,Ami Pro 3.1, Freelance Graphics 2.1, Organizer 2.1, ScreenCam 1.1). [3]

(1995) - SmartSuite 4.0 (Windows 3.11) - [4]

(1996) - SmartSuite 97 Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 (1-2-3 97, WordPro 97, Approach 97, Freelance Graphics 97, Organizer 97, ScreenCam 4.0 andSmartCenter)

(1997) - SmartSuite 4.5 (Windows 3.11) - (Word Pro 97 Edition for Windows3.1.) [5]

(1999) - SmartSuite Millennium Edition (9.5) (Organizer 5.0, Fastsite release2, WordPro Millennium Edition, 1-2-3 Millennium Edition, Freelance GraphicsMillennium Edition, Approach Millennium Edition, SmartCenter andScreenCam).

(2002) October 2002: Latest version: SmartSuite Millennium Edition 9.8.o Fixpack 2 was the last version provided to the general public. All

subsequent releases are only available to IBM Passport Advantagesubscribers. Fixpack 3 was released in October 2005 and Fixpack 4 inOctober 2006. A subsequent Fixpack 5 was released in October 2007followed by Fixpack 6 in December 2008, although these Fixpacks onlycontain changes to the Lotus Approach database software, perhaps

indicating that active maintenance of this product is drawing to a close.[6]

o

Compatibility

Most or all SmartSuite programs are capable of reading and writing the correspondingMicrosoft Office files. The Microsoft programs, however, are capable of reading only afew vintage formats of the Lotus programs, such as the older 1-2-3 .wks and .wk1 files.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Word_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Freelance_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Organizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bookmarkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_FastSite&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_recording_software&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Word_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Freelance_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Organizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bookmarkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_FastSite&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_recording_software&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office


20/25

Furthermore, several of the SmartSuite components provide functionality not found in theMicrosoft Office suite, for example Lotus FastSite and Lotus SmartCenter.

IBM vs Microsoft

In his finding of factsforUnited States v. Microsoft, Judge Jackson determined thatbecause of IBM's marketing of Lotus SmartSuite, and other alternatives to Microsoftproducts (like World Book electronic encyclopedia instead of Microsoft's Encarta[7] ),

Microsoft "punished the IBM PC Company with higher prices, a late license forWindows 95, and the withholding of technical and marketing support."[8]

Microsoft did not grant IBM OEM rights for Windows 95 until 15 minutes prior to therelease of Windows 95, August 24, 1995. Because of this uncertainty, IBM machineswere sold without Windows 95, while Compaq,HP, and other indulgent companies soldmachines with Windows 95 from day one.[9]

Star office

StarOffice, known briefly as Oracle Open Office before its discontinuation in 2010, was

aproprietaryoffice suite. It was originally developed by StarDivision which wasacquired by Sun Microsystemsin 1999. Sun was itself acquired in 2009 byOracleCorporation.

StarOffice supports the OpenOffice.org XML file format, as well as the OpenDocumentstandard, and can generate PDFandFlash formats. It includestemplates, a macrorecorder, and a software development kit (SDK).

The source code of the suite was released in July 2000, creating a free, open source officesuite called OpenOffice.org, which subsequent versions of StarOffice were based on,with additional proprietary components.[3]

In March 2009, a study showed that StarOffice only had a 3% market share in thecorporate market.[4]

In April 2011, Oracle announced the discontinuation of Oracle Open Office[1] as part ofthe decision to turn OpenOffice.org into a "purely community-based project". [5][dead li

Components

Oracle Open Office Writerword processor.sdw (StarWriter 5.x) .sxw(StarOffice 6.x) .odt .ott -files

Oracle Open Office Calc spreadsheet .sdc (StarCalc 5.x) .sxc (6.x) .ods .ots-files

Oracle Open Office Impress presentation program .sdd (StarImpress 5.x) .sxi(6.x) .odp .otp -files

Oracle Open Office Draw drawing program.sda (StarDraw 5.x) .sxd (6.x) .odg.otg -files

Oracle Open Office Base database.sdb (StarBase 5.x) .odb -files Oracle Open Office Math formula generator .smf (StarMath 5.x) .sxm (6.x)

.odf -files
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_of_factshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_of_factshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Penfield_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Equipment_Manufacturerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_(file_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_(file_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_kithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_sharehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-hexus-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Open_Office_Writerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_of_factshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Penfield_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Equipment_Manufacturerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_SmartSuite#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_(file_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_kithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_sharehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-hexus-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Open_Office_Writerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula


21/25

Open office

Apache OpenOffice is anopen-sourceoffice productivity software suite containing wordprocessor, spreadsheet,presentation,graphics,formula editor, anddatabase managementapplications.[7] It was formerly known as OpenOffice.org underSun, then Oracleownership. OpenOffice's default file format is theOpenDocument Format (ODF), anISO/IEC standard. It can also handle other file formats including those from MicrosoftOffice. OpenOffice runs on several operating systems. As of June 2011, it supports over

120 languages.[3] It is distributed under the Apache License.

OpenOffice originated as StarOffice, aproprietary office suite developed by Germancompany StarDivision.[19]In August 1999, StarDivision was acquired bySunMicrosystems.[20]

On 19 July 2000, Sun Microsystems announced that it would make the source code ofStarOffice available for download with the intention of building an open-sourcedevelopment community around the software and providing a free and open alternative toMicrosoft Office.[19][21]The new project was known as OpenOffice.org,[22] and its websitewent live on 13 October 2000. Development of OpenOffice.org was sponsored primarily

by Sun Microsystems, which used the code as the basis for subsequent versions ofStarOffice.

After acquiring Sun in 2010, Oracle Corporation briefly continued developingOpenOffice.org and StarOffice, which it renamed Oracle Open Office. In September2010, members of the OpenOffice.org development team left to form "The DocumentFoundation," which eventually publishedLibre Office based on the Open Office sourcecode. In 2011, Oracle stopped supporting commercial development[23] and contributed thesuite to the Apache Incubatorto become a project of the Apache Software Foundation.[24][25] As of December 2011, the project is officially known as Apache OpenOffice.[26]

HTML FormattingHTML LinksHTML HeadHTML CSSHTML ImagesHTML TablesHTML ListsHTML BlocksHTML LayoutHTML Forms

HTML IframesHTML ColorsHTML ColornamesHTML ColorvaluesHTML JavaScriptHTML EntitiesHTML URL EncodeHTML Quick List

HTML SummaryHTML XHTML
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-why1-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-langcount-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOfficehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOfficehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarDivisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-thonline2011-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-thonline2011-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-zdnet34-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-thonline2011-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Document_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Document_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-ARS18Apr11-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Incubatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Incubatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-MW01June-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-ApacheOOo-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-Apache_OpenOffice-26http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_formatting.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_links.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_head.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_css.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_images.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_tables.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_lists.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_blocks.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_layout.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_forms.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_iframe.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_colors.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_colornames.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_colorvalues.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_scripts.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_entities.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_urlencode.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_quick.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_summary.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_xhtml.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-why1-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-langcount-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOfficehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarDivisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-thonline2011-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-zdnet34-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-thonline2011-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Document_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Document_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-ARS18Apr11-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Incubatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-MW01June-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-ApacheOOo-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice#cite_note-Apache_OpenOffice-26http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_formatting.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_links.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_head.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_css.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_images.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_tables.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_lists.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_blocks.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_layout.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_forms.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_iframe.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_colors.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_colornames.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_colorvalues.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_scripts.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_entities.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_urlencode.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_quick.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_summary.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_xhtml.asp


22/25

HTML5 News

HTML5 IntroHTML5 ElementsHTML5 CanvasHTML5 SVGHTML5 Drag/DropHTML5 GeolocationHTML5 VideoHTML5 AudioHTML5 Input TypesHTML5 Form ElementsHTML5 Form AttributesHTML5 Web StorageHTML5 App CacheHTML5 Web WorkersHTML5 SSE

HTML Media

HTML MediaHTML ObjectHTML AudioHTML VideoHTML YouTube

HTML Examples

HTML ExamplesHTML QuizHTML Certificate

HTML ReferencesHTML Tag ListHTML AttributesHTML EventsHTML CanvasHTML Audio/VideoHTML DoctypesHTML ColornamesHTML ColorpickerHTML ColormixerHTML Character Sets

HTML ASCIIHTML ISO-8859-1HTML SymbolsHTML URL EncodeHTML Lang CodesHTTP MessagesHTTP MethodsKeyboard Shortcuts

Chinese Version
http://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_intro.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_new_elements.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_canvas.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_svg.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_draganddrop.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_geolocation.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_video.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_audio.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_form_input_types.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_form_elements.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_form_attributes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_webstorage.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_app_cache.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_webworkers.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_serversentevents.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_media.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_object.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_sounds.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_videos.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_youtube.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_examples.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_quiz.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_exam.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/default.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_standardattributes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_eventattributes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_canvas.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_av_dom.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_html_dtd.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colornames.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colorpicker.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colormixer.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_charactersets.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_ascii.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_entities.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_symbols.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_urlencode.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_language_codes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_httpmessages.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_httpmethods.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_keyboardshortcuts.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/cn/html/default.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_intro.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_new_elements.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_canvas.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_svg.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_draganddrop.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_geolocation.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_video.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_audio.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_form_input_types.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_form_elements.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_form_attributes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_webstorage.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_app_cache.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_webworkers.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_serversentevents.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_media.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_object.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_sounds.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_videos.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_youtube.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_examples.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_quiz.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_exam.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/default.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_standardattributes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_eventattributes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_canvas.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_av_dom.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_html_dtd.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colornames.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colorpicker.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colormixer.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_charactersets.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_ascii.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_entities.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_symbols.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_urlencode.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_language_codes.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_httpmessages.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_httpmethods.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_keyboardshortcuts.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/cn/html/default.asp


23/25

HTML Quick List

PreviousNext Chapter

HTML Quick List from W3Schools. Print it, fold it, and put it in your pocket.

HTML Basic Document

Title of document goes here

Visible text goes here...

Basic Tags

Largest Heading . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smallest Heading

This is a paragraph.

(line break) (horizontal rule)
Formatting

Bold textComputer codeEmphasized text

Italic textKeyboard inputPreformatted textSmaller textImportant text

(abbreviation) (contact information) (text direction) (a section quoted from another source)
http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_urlencode.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_summary.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_urlencode.asphttp://www.w3schools.com/html/html_summary.asp


24/25

(title of a work) (deleted text) (inserted text) (subscripted text) (superscripted text)

Links

Ordinary link: Link-text goes here

Image-link: Mailto link: Send e-mail

Bookmark:Tips SectionJump to the Tips Section

Images

Styles/Sections

h1 {color:red;}p {color:blue;}

A block-level section in a documentAn inline section in a document

Unordered list

ItemItem

Ordered list

First itemSecond item

Definition list

Item 1Describe item 1

Item 2Describe item 2


25/25

Tables

table headertable header

table datatable data

Iframe

Forms

Apples

BananasCherries

Entities

< is the same as is the same as >

is the same as

computer basics consice format

Documents

Transcript of computer basics consice format