11

Effect of Climate Change Effect of Climate Change on Water Related Disaster on Water Related Disaster

ManagementManagement

Technical Discussion on “Water Related Disaster Management”

Yangon-Myanmar, 18 September 2009Yangon-Myanmar, 18 September 2009

Prof. Robertus W. Triweko, Ph.D.Prof. Robertus W. Triweko, Ph.D.SC Member, INA WP & GWP SEASC Member, INA WP & GWP SEA

22

Law No.7/2004 on Water ResourcesLaw No.7/2004 on Water Resources

1.1. Water resources conservation;Water resources conservation;

2.2. Water resources utilization;Water resources utilization;

3.3. Control of water related disaster;Control of water related disaster;

4.4. Strengthening the role of the government, Strengthening the role of the government, communities, and private sector in water communities, and private sector in water resources management;resources management;

5.5. Improving information system in water Improving information system in water resources. resources.

33

Holistic approach in WRMHolistic approach in WRM

44

Water resources

conservation

Control of water related

disaster

Water resources utilization

55

Climate Change, is it real?Climate Change, is it real?Fourth Assessment Report by Working Group II on Fourth Assessment Report by Working Group II on

IPCC(2007):IPCC(2007):

Since 1850 – 1899 until 2001 – 2005, the average global Since 1850 – 1899 until 2001 – 2005, the average global temperature increased by 0.76 C, temperature increased by 0.76 C,

Between 1961 and 2003, the average sea level has Between 1961 and 2003, the average sea level has increased by 1.8 mm annually.increased by 1.8 mm annually.

In the beginning of the twentieth century, the sea level In the beginning of the twentieth century, the sea level rose by 17 cm.rose by 17 cm.

Anthropogenic activities are major contributor to the Anthropogenic activities are major contributor to the increasing global temperatureincreasing global temperature

Evidence of Natural Disaster in IndonesiaIn the period of 2003-2005, Indonesia experienced at In the period of 2003-2005, Indonesia experienced at least 1,429 disasters, in which 53.3% related to hydro-least 1,429 disasters, in which 53.3% related to hydro-meteorology (34% was flooding and 16% landslidemeteorology (34% was flooding and 16% landslide). ).

In 2007, flood was the first rank disaster in Indonesia with In 2007, flood was the first rank disaster in Indonesia with 152 cases, 75 cases of tornados, 56 cases of landslides 152 cases, 75 cases of tornados, 56 cases of landslides and other disasters such as tidal wavesand other disasters such as tidal waves..

During El Nino years (1994, 1997,2002, 2003, 2004 and During El Nino years (1994, 1997,2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006) shown that 8 reservoirs in Java have produced 2006) shown that 8 reservoirs in Java have produced electricity belectricity beelow normal capacities. low normal capacities.

El Nino 1997 has caused serious problems to coral reef El Nino 1997 has caused serious problems to coral reef ecosystems where 90-95% of coral reefs at the depth of ecosystems where 90-95% of coral reefs at the depth of 25m have experienced coral bleaching; 25m have experienced coral bleaching;

The availability of water is very dependent on the climate. The availability of water is very dependent on the climate.

66Hafied Gany (2009)

Observable Facts of Climate ChangeObservable Facts of Climate Change

1.1. Increasing ambient temperatureIncreasing ambient temperature

2.2. Increasing rainfall intensityIncreasing rainfall intensity

3.3. Rising seawater levelRising seawater level

4.4. Escalating extreme conditions, such as:Escalating extreme conditions, such as:• Extreme rainfall during dry seasonsExtreme rainfall during dry seasons• Extreme flooding, both its frequency and intensityExtreme flooding, both its frequency and intensity• Prolonged dry seasons, resulting in decreasing rainfall Prolonged dry seasons, resulting in decreasing rainfall

and river flowand river flow• Intensifying and increasing frequency of tropical Intensifying and increasing frequency of tropical

cyclonescyclones• Rising waves and increasing coastal abrasionRising waves and increasing coastal abrasion

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Change of Mean Temperature in IndonesiaChange of Mean Temperature in Indonesia

88DFID and World Bank, 2007

Change of Precipitation Pattern in IndonesiaChange of Precipitation Pattern in Indonesia

99DFID and World Bank, 2007

Increasing Flood Events in IndonesiaIncreasing Flood Events in Indonesia

1010

150186 191

297

399430

607

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008

Nu

mb

er

of

flo

od

ev

en

ts

Year

NUMBER OF FLOODS OCCURRED IN INDONESIA

LandslideLandslideFlood Flood

DroughtDroughtCoastal AbrasionCoastal Abrasion

1111

CLIMATE CHANGE, PROCESSES, CHARACTERISTICS AND THREATS (UNEP 2005)

Human activities

Main climate characteristics

Climate

Major threats

Change processes

DGWR-MPW, RoI (2009)

MPW PolicyMPW Policy1.1. Implement safe, comfortable, productive, and Implement safe, comfortable, productive, and

sustainable national and regional spatial plans.sustainable national and regional spatial plans.

2.2. Improve the service quality of water resources Improve the service quality of water resources infrastructure to ensure national food resilience and infrastructure to ensure national food resilience and reduce susceptibility against floods, landslides and reduce susceptibility against floods, landslides and droughts.droughts.

3.3. Improve the service quality of urban and rural Improve the service quality of urban and rural infrastructure to reduce susceptibility against potential infrastructure to reduce susceptibility against potential floods/ inundation, water and sanitation crisis.floods/ inundation, water and sanitation crisis.

4.4. Improve the service quality of road infrastructure to fulfill Improve the service quality of road infrastructure to fulfill the community’s socioeconomic needs for mobility and the community’s socioeconomic needs for mobility and accessibility.accessibility.

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Mitigation StrategyMitigation Strategy

1.1. Carry out water management on peat moss Carry out water management on peat moss areas to reduce the susceptibility against fire areas to reduce the susceptibility against fire hazard;hazard;

2.2. Conserve swamp areas through stabilization of Conserve swamp areas through stabilization of ground water level;ground water level;

3.3. Support reforestation in critical river basins and Support reforestation in critical river basins and upstream areas.upstream areas.

Adaptation StrategyAdaptation Strategy Improve yield capacity of river basins to support water preservation Improve yield capacity of river basins to support water preservation

process· process· Build, manage, and/or rehabilitate dams and water reservoirs to Build, manage, and/or rehabilitate dams and water reservoirs to

anticipate seasonal flow fluctuationanticipate seasonal flow fluctuation Build, manage, and/or rehabilitate irrigation network to retain Build, manage, and/or rehabilitate irrigation network to retain

national food resilience·national food resilience· Develop new irrigation technology that supports agricultural Develop new irrigation technology that supports agricultural

intensificationintensification Develop disaster risks management for floods and landslidesDevelop disaster risks management for floods and landslides Build/maintain coastal structures to prevent coastal abrasion and Build/maintain coastal structures to prevent coastal abrasion and

seawater intrusion·seawater intrusion· Build and/or maintain flood control infrastructure in cities with high Build and/or maintain flood control infrastructure in cities with high

disaster susceptibility·disaster susceptibility· Organize water saving campaignOrganize water saving campaign

1515

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Water, Infrastructure, and EnvironmentWater, Infrastructure, and Environment

Social &Economical

Activities

Infra-structure

Water

Environment

Natural Resources

Water Resources Management (+)

Impacts(-)

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ConclusionsConclusionsClimate change has a direct impact to water Climate change has a direct impact to water related disaster. Solving water related disaster, related disaster. Solving water related disaster, however, is not merely for the sake of climate however, is not merely for the sake of climate change. change. Assessment to the effectiveness of the water Assessment to the effectiveness of the water resources infrastructure in solving water related resources infrastructure in solving water related disaster is needed. disaster is needed. Efforts in coping water related disaster should Efforts in coping water related disaster should be integrated in water resources management be integrated in water resources management that covers water resources conservation and that covers water resources conservation and water resources utilization.water resources utilization.

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Thank You

ReferencesReferences

DFID and World Bank, Working Paper: Indonesia and Climate Working Paper: Indonesia and Climate Change Current Status and PoliciesChange Current Status and Policies, March 2007, March 2007

Hafied A. Gany, Overview Of Climate Changes And Water Related Overview Of Climate Changes And Water Related Problems In IndonesiaProblems In Indonesia, , Seminar on Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resources Development and Management, Jakarta, 28 January 2009

Ministry of Public Works-Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Public Works-Republic of Indonesia, National Action Plan National Action Plan For Climate Change Mitigation And Adaptation In Public Works For Climate Change Mitigation And Adaptation In Public Works InfrastructureInfrastructure, 2009, 2009

Sugiyanto, Water Resources Policy and Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, Seminar on Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resources Development and Management, Jakarta, 28 January 2009

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