Climate

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

History of Energy Use

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

• Exponential growth in population, economy, and energy• How can we sustain them, modify them, and live with the

consequences?

http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/08/29/the-long-term-tie-between-energy-supply-population-and-the-economy/

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Global Energy Trends

• Demand Growth: >2% per year• High dependence on fossil fuels• Inequitable distribution of energy use• Huge appetite in developing world

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/08/29/the-long-term-tie-between-energy-supply-population-and-the-economy/

Emissions Indicators, 2010 (EIA)

Country

Annual CO2 emissions (in thousands of metric tons)

GDP (current, in billions of US dollars)

GDP per Emissions (in US dollars per ton)

GDP (PPP, in billions of current international dollars)

PPP GDP per Emissions (in international dollars per ton)

 China[4] 6,103,493 2,657.84 435 6,122.24 1,003

 United States 5,752,289 13,178.35 2,291 13,178.35 2,291

 European Union 3,908,662 14,510.82 3,712 13,641.22 3,490

 Russia 1,564,669 989.43 632 1,887.61 1,206

 India 1,510,351 874.77 579 2,672.66 1,770

 Japan 1,293,409 4,363.63 3,374 4,079.14 3,154

 Germany 805,090 2,914.99 3,621 2,671.45 3,318

 United Kingdom 568,520 2,435.70 4,284 2,048.99 3,604

 Canada 544,680 1,278.97 2,348 1,203.74 2,210

 South Korea 475,248 952.03 2,003 1,190.70 2,505

 Italy 474,148 1,865.11 3,934 1,720.64 3,629

 Iran 466,976 222.13 476 693.32 1,485

 Mexico 436,150 952.34 2,184 1,408.81 3,230

 South Africa 414,649 257.89 622 433.51 1,045

 France[1] 383,148 2,271.28 5,928 1,974.39 5,153

 Saudi Arabia 381,564 356.63 935 522.12 1,368

 Australia 372,013 755.21 2,030 713.96 1,919

 Brazil 352,524 1,089.30 3,090 1,700.57 4,824

PPP: Purchasing Power Parity

Which country emits the most CO2 to produce goods (GDP)?

1 2 3 4

25% 25%25%25%1. US

2. Russia

3. India

4. China

Countdown

20

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy per Capita

The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent (2011) 未知との遭遇

U.S. Energy Use by Sector

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9250

US PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE AND SECTOR, 2011

 (QUADRILLION BTU)

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy for Sustainability

• Sustainability– Patterns of economic, environmental, and

social progress that meet the needs of the present day without reducing the capacity to meet future needs.

• Sustainable energy– Patterns of energy production and use that

can support society’s present and future needs with least life-cycle economic, environmental, and social costs.

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Climate Change

• Global Climate Change Trends– Rising global emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse

gases– Rising global concentration of CO2– Rising global mean temperature– Retreating polar ice caps due to higher temperatures

http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resource_center/23

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

During what season does the vegetation on the earth release the most carbon dioxide into the

atmosphere?

1 2

50%50%1. Spring-Summer

2. Fall-Winter

Countdown

20

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy for Sustainability

(2008)

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

Response to Global Warming• See

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Energy-and-Environment/Policy-Responses-to-Climate-Change/

• Mitigating climate change by reducing GHG emissions through technology, planning, and policy

• Policy directions– Meetings of the UNFCCC

• Kyoto protocol • (Cancun Agreement)• UN climate change conference November-Dece

mber 2015, Paris

– Aim for a temperature increase below 2°C and with the aim of moving to 1.5 degrees

– more use must be made of low- or zero-carbon energy sources, including nuclear power

– CCAC: Climate and Clean Air Coalition – Clean Energy Ministerial

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

“The Tragedy of the Commons”

• If only one person limits overgrazing of sheep, no one will benefit and that one person is harmed—Garrett Hardin 1968, Ecology Professor UC Santa Barbara

• Everyone must work together

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

• Energy conversion efficiency – is the effectiveness of converting one form of input energy to another more useful form. If we can convert more useful energy out of a unit energy we are converting energy more efficiently

• Energy functional efficiency – is the useful performance we can get out of the energy we consume.

• Energy conservation – is defined as behavioral changes made by individuals or communities to save energy by cutting back on the functions energy provides.

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy Intensity

• Energy Intensity– Indicates how much a national economy is dependent

on energy per unit of economic output or gross domestic product (GPD)

– If energy efficiency is low therefore efficiency is high in that economy

Energy Intensity

https://yearbook.enerdata.net/energy-intensity-GDP-by-region.html

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy Consumption

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Energy Efficiency

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Main Points

• Oil is a nonrenewable resource and production continues to increase to meet growing demand.

• Scientific consensus that the global climate change forced by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions is occurring

• Global consumption of energy continues to increase at 2% per year

• Fossil fuels with their CO2 emissions and other environmental effects still provide more than 85% of our energy

• Renewable energy contributes only to a small share of U.S. and global commercial energy\Energy efficiency improvements have helped reduce energy intensity of the economy

http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/neep602/IMAGES/LEC4/table1.gif

Energy Units

Exojoule: 1018

joules

Globalsecurity.com

Units Conversion

1 barrel bbl = 42 gallons

Energy for Sustainability (2008)

Common Acronyms

• CCS: Carbon Capture and Sequestration• CO2

• CO2e• DOE• DSM: Demand Side Management• Ei• EIA: Energy Information Administration• IEA: International Energy Agency• IPCC• RPS: Renewable Portfolio Standard• TPES: Total Primary Energy Supply• UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change