Class 10: Motives, Emotions, and Perception II

Jacoby et al. Method -- Memory Dissociations

Noise Judgments -- Ease of processing and rating of background noise.

Study 1: Background noise more/less loud for previously heard sentences?

Study 2: Background noise more/less loud for emote. arousing sentences?

NOTE THAT THESE WERE SEPARATE STUDIES MAKING THE SAME POINT -- NOT TWO OUTCOMES FROM THE SAME STUDY!

The Symbolic Power of MoneyShou, Vohs, & Baumeister

Money is a social resource:

Increases confidence that problems can be solved, needs met.

More money reduces reliance on others

Money can influence, attract others

Predictions

Desire for money increases after social exclusion, phys. painHandling money reduces pain of exclusion, of phys. painRecalling spending money increases social, physical pain

Social Exclusion: A Powerful Social Experience

CyberballKipling "Kip" Williams

Purdue U.

Ostracism / Exclusion

Depletes psycho-social resources: Control, Self-Worth, BelongingnessActivates same pain center in brain as aroused by physical painProduces either hyper-conformity OR hostility

Social and Physical Pain and Perceptions, Attitudes Towards Money

Expt. 1: Social Exclusion and Money

Procedure: Ss included (everyone wants you) or excluded (no one wants you).

Ss draw pictures of coins Ss select favored things surrendered for $10 million Ss asked to donate to orphanage

Results: Excluded Ss 1. draw larger coins 2. Surrender more favored things 3. Give less to charity

Expt. 2: Phys. Pain and Money

Procedure: Ss primed for neutral or pain

Ss draw coins Ss select favored things surrendered for $10 million Ss asked to donate to orphanage

Results: Pain-primed Ss 1. draw larger coins 2. Surrender more favored things 3. Give less to charity

Money as Distress Buffer

Expt. 3: Money Buffers Exclusion

Procedure: Ss count out money OR paper slips

Ss included (gets equal ball-tosses) or excluded (gets fewer ball tosses).

Ss rate social distress

Results:

Excluded Ss more distressed, but NOT if they could first handle money.

Expt. 4: Money Buffers Pain

Procedure: Ss count out money OR paper slips

Ss receive pain (hand in hot water) or don't receive pain (hand in tepid water).

Ss rate physical pain

Results: Hot waters Ss more pain but NOT if they could first handle money.

Money NOT Just a DistractionExpt. 5: Spent Money Worsens

Exclusion

Procedure: Ss recall spending $$$, or the weather

Ss included (gets equal ball-tosses) or excluded (gets fewer ball tosses).

Ss rate social distress

Results:

Excluded Ss more distressed, esp. if recalled spending money.

Expt. 6: Spent Money Worsens Pain

Procedure: Ss recall spending $$$ or the weather

Ss receive pain (hand in hot water) or don't receive pain (hand in tepid water).

Ss rate physical pain

Results: Recalling spent money worsens pain, for Ss in Pain Condition.

Comments on Zhou, Vohs, & Baumeister

1. Extremely clear writing. Not much jargon, simple, direct sentences, easy to understand.

2. Demonstrate "Systematic Replication": Why important?

a. Addresses alternative explanationsb. Demonstrates reliability of effectsc. Demonstrates generalizability of effects.

3. Sample [WHERE WERE STUDIES DONE?]and problems of generalizability

4. Relation to Freud -- mind/body issue? 5. Relation to "Relational Matrix" theorists--Bowlby, Winnicott?

Attachment Insecurities and ThreatEin-Dor, Mikulincer, & Shaver, 2011

Internal Working Models (Bowlby): Schema used to organize, understand, orient to social interactions with other.

Attachment process of childhood shapes IWM:

Secure: Others can be trusted

Insecure/Anxious: Others might not always be there--must be on look out for signs of desertion/dislike.

Insecure/Avoidant: Others can't be trusted; too unreliable.

Threat activates IWM: Anxious --> Vigilance; Avoid --> Rapid Fire Fight/Fight.

Schemas, Goals, and Perception

The doorway is made of fine, old English Oak, with classic engravings and triple dead-bolt locks. The entrance way leads to a living room, with new wall-to-wall carpeting, custom drapes, and 14 foot ceiling. The windows open to the garden, and are opened easily in the summer. The wall paintings are originals by DeMorell, worth over $100,000. The silverware is in an open display case. The hallway requires some touch-up painting, and some floor work. The bathroom was recently re-done. The bedroom has excellent country-side views, a wall safe, and an open jewelry box, including an antique cameo and some rare black pearls.

The kitchen has a chef-certified 6 burner range, and a door way that is private and not viewable from the street. The lock may need repair. The cupboards are heavy, oak antiques from Norway.

Predictions

Avoidants: Rapid Fire Fight/Flight

1. Suppress threat thoughts2. Compulsive self-reliance3. Do not express fear/distress

Therefore: Minimize threatQuickly dodge or address threatDo not coordinate with others

Anxious: Sentinel Schemas

1. Vigilant/alert to threat2. Mis-read neutral as threat3. Exaggerate neg. outcomes

Therefore: Vigilance to threatVery quick reactionsInform others of threatMinimize social distance

Studies

Experiment 1: Story interpreations

Experiment 2: Interpretation of video of woman reporting neutral and threat events

Experiment 3: False memories and avoidant schemas

Experiment 4: Sentinal inferences and Avoidant style

Experiment 5: Depth of processing

Experiment 6: Reaction to actual "crisis" -- the smoking computer