Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1950-19751950-1975

Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1945-19651945-1965

Origins of Social MovementsOrigins of Social Movements Moderate Approaches to ChangeModerate Approaches to Change Native AmericansNative Americans Mexican AmericansMexican Americans CommonalitiesCommonalities

Native Self-DeterminationNative Self-Determination

World War TwoWorld War Two Over 25,000 served Over 25,000 served 100,000, including industry100,000, including industry All branches of militaryAll branches of military Higher rates of volunteerismHigher rates of volunteerism Women and menWomen and men Integrated unitsIntegrated units StereotypesStereotypes

ExperiencesExperiences Plains nations had Plains nations had

highest participationhighest participation John Horse (Kiowa) John Horse (Kiowa)

Bronze Star/Purple Bronze Star/Purple HeartHeart

Clarence Tinker (Osage) Clarence Tinker (Osage) General in Hawaii General in Hawaii

Ernest Childers Ernest Childers (Muscogee) Medal of (Muscogee) Medal of Honor Honor

Ira Hayes (Pima) Flag Ira Hayes (Pima) Flag on Iwo Jimaon Iwo Jima

Women in the WarWomen in the War

Women’s Air Women’s Air CorpsCorps

WAVESWAVES NursingNursing EducationEducation Off-ReservationOff-Reservation UrbanizationUrbanization

Navajo Code TalkersNavajo Code Talkers

MarinesMarines Navajo soldiersNavajo soldiers Code in NavajoCode in Navajo Unintelligible to Unintelligible to

Navajo speakersNavajo speakers South PacificSouth Pacific Axis never broke Axis never broke

itit

SignificanceSignificance Away from homeAway from home Multi-tribalMulti-tribal White world (racism White world (racism

& “the system”)& “the system”) Common problemsCommon problems Consciousness Consciousness Honor and serviceHonor and service Protect community Protect community

and nationand nation

Post War LegacyPost War Legacy

Education/povertyEducation/poverty War VeteransWar Veterans Post-war activismPost-war activism Arizona and New Arizona and New

MexicoMexico AZ: All barredAZ: All barred NM: “Not taxed” NM: “Not taxed”

Challenged in Challenged in 19481948

National Congress of National Congress of American IndiansAmerican Indians

WWII experiences & boarding schoolsWWII experiences & boarding schools New awareness of common needs, New awareness of common needs,

national organizationsnational organizations Legacy of SAI (ended 1925) Legacy of SAI (ended 1925) 1944 Denver, CO1944 Denver, CO Collective political actionCollective political action Community supportCommunity support

The NCAIThe NCAI

Ruth Muskrat Bronson (Cherokee)Ruth Muskrat Bronson (Cherokee) D’Arcy McNickle (Salish-Kootenai)D’Arcy McNickle (Salish-Kootenai) Archie Phinney (Nez Perce)Archie Phinney (Nez Perce) Charlie Heacock (Lakota) Charlie Heacock (Lakota)

Voting rights, legal aid, education, Voting rights, legal aid, education, health, sovereignty, political health, sovereignty, political lobbying, land rightslobbying, land rights

Post-War Termination AgendaPost-War Termination Agenda

Post-War shift in Indian policyPost-War shift in Indian policy End federal trust relationshipEnd federal trust relationship Environment of post-war Environment of post-war

conservatism conservatism Dissolve reservationsDissolve reservations Assimilate land and cultureAssimilate land and culture Cynically borrowed rhetoric from Civil Cynically borrowed rhetoric from Civil

Rights MovementRights Movement ““Rural ghettos,” “segregation,” Rural ghettos,” “segregation,”

“liberate Indians”“liberate Indians”

Indian Claims CommissionIndian Claims Commission Created in 1946Created in 1946 CompensationCompensation End federal End federal

relationsrelations ““Get out of the Get out of the

Indian business”Indian business” Extended ICC until Extended ICC until

19781978 $880 million$880 million

Relocation & UrbanizationRelocation & Urbanization

-1951: Branch of -1951: Branch of Placement & Placement & RelocationRelocation

-Employment, -Employment, training, bus tickets, training, bus tickets, housinghousing

-Chicago, L.A., Denver, -Chicago, L.A., Denver, Dallas, Salt LakeDallas, Salt Lake

-1960: 30% in urban -1960: 30% in urban areasareas

-Detribalize-Detribalize

Termination SpecificallyTermination Specifically Terminate the relationship between Terminate the relationship between

tribal governments and the federal tribal governments and the federal governmentgovernment

Dissolve reservationsDissolve reservations Counties, taxable lands, Counties, taxable lands,

“alienable” “alienable” AssimilationAssimilation Land lossLand loss Worked with relocation and ICCWorked with relocation and ICC

1953: House Concurrent 1953: House Concurrent Resolution 108Resolution 108

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

-Acculturation-Acculturation

-Economy-Economy

-Stance on -Stance on TerminationTermination

-Stance of state-Stance of state

Three CategoriesThree Categories

-Immediate -Immediate TerminationTermination

-10 year -10 year “probation”“probation”

-Indefinite-Indefinite

Over 100 TargetedOver 100 Targeted

KlamathKlamath MenomineeMenominee FlatheadFlathead HupasHupas

OsagesOsages PotawatomisPotawatomis IroquoisIroquois California California

Mission Mission IndiansIndians

Native ReactionsNative Reactions

NCAI gained importanceNCAI gained importance Native communities fought ICCNative communities fought ICC Opposed Termination agendaOpposed Termination agenda Increased activism by early Increased activism by early

1960s1960s Termination agenda backfired…..Termination agenda backfired…..

SignificanceSignificance

Roots of Modern Indian MovementRoots of Modern Indian Movement Reactions to terminationReactions to termination Urban communitiesUrban communities New identities & multi-tribalismNew identities & multi-tribalism Self-determinationSelf-determination National Congress of American National Congress of American

IndiansIndians Spawned new generation of younger Spawned new generation of younger

activists dissatisfied with NCAIactivists dissatisfied with NCAI

Mexican American Civil Mexican American Civil RightsRights

Service in the WarService in the War Discrimination in employment, Discrimination in employment,

education, social services, and second education, social services, and second class citizenship in the Southwestclass citizenship in the Southwest

Legacy of agricultural labor and Legacy of agricultural labor and recent urbanizationrecent urbanization

History of Labor MovementHistory of Labor Movement Immigration, changing policies, Immigration, changing policies,

proximity of Mexicoproximity of Mexico

World War Two & DesegregationWorld War Two & Desegregation

Before Before Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of EducationEducation

1945: Orange 1945: Orange County parents County parents Gonzalo & Felicitas Gonzalo & Felicitas Mendez won a class Mendez won a class action lawsuit action lawsuit against segregated against segregated districtsdistricts

1946: 1946: LULACLULAC chapters across TX, chapters across TX, AZ, NM, CAAZ, NM, CA

ContinuedContinued

1948: LULAC helped 1948: LULAC helped with with Delgado v. Delgado v. Bastrop Bastrop Independent School Independent School District, District, which which ended de jure seg ended de jure seg in Texasin Texas

LULACLULAC

Politics and CommunityPolitics and Community

1947: 1947: Community Community Service OrganizationService Organization est. in LA for voter est. in LA for voter registrationregistration

1949: 1949: Edward RoybalEdward Roybal was first Mex-Am was first Mex-Am elected to LA City elected to LA City Council since 1881Council since 1881

Raymond TellesRaymond Telles

1915 Segundo Barrio1915 Segundo Barrio WPAWPA Army VeteranArmy Veteran 1948 County Clerk1948 County Clerk 1957 Became mayor1957 Became mayor 1959 Re-elected1959 Re-elected Democratic ticket, Democratic ticket,

voter registrationvoter registration

OrganizationsOrganizations 1949: 1949: Asociacion Asociacion

Nacional Mexicano-Nacional Mexicano-Americana Americana Peace, labor, housing, Peace, labor, housing,

police brutality in S.W.police brutality in S.W. 1948:1948: American G.I. American G.I.

Forum, TexasForum, Texas Vets, patriotic, Vets, patriotic,

Education, Civil Rights, Education, Civil Rights, discrimination discrimination

Dr. Hector Perez Garcia Dr. Hector Perez Garcia (Pres. Medal of Honor)(Pres. Medal of Honor)

Mexican American Political Mexican American Political AssociationAssociation

Established in 1960Established in 1960 Social change Social change

required political required political activismactivism

Dissatisfaction with Dissatisfaction with Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

Public office & Public office & “Mex-American” “Mex-American” IssuesIssues

African American Civil Rights African American Civil Rights Movement in the WestMovement in the West

World War IIWorld War II Urbanization and Westward MigrationUrbanization and Westward Migration Cities: L.A., Bay Area, Seattle, PortlandCities: L.A., Bay Area, Seattle, Portland

Black Seattle had 53% higher median Black Seattle had 53% higher median incomeincome

Segregation and discriminationSegregation and discrimination 1944 1944 Smith v. AllwrightSmith v. Allwright eliminated the all- eliminated the all-

white primary in Texaswhite primary in Texas Urban League and NAACPUrban League and NAACP

Desegregation Desegregation

Mexican American cases Mexican American cases 1951: 1951: State Rep Hayzel DanielsState Rep Hayzel Daniels

helped pass successful legislation for helped pass successful legislation for voluntary desegregation voluntary desegregation

Phoenix refusedPhoenix refused 1952: Black students refused 1952: Black students refused

admission to Phoenix High Schooladmission to Phoenix High School Two judges invalidated segregation Two judges invalidated segregation

lawslaws

Ada SipuelAda Sipuel

Denied admission to Denied admission to the University of the University of Oklahoma Law Oklahoma Law School in 1946. School in 1946. NAACP sued. NAACP sued.

Sipuel became one of Sipuel became one of the first African the first African American women to American women to sit on the board of sit on the board of regents of Oklahoma regents of Oklahoma State University. State University.

Brown v. Board of Education of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasTopeka, Kansas (the West) (the West)

100,000 blacks in 100,000 blacks in TopekaTopeka

Schools anchored the Schools anchored the racial apartheidracial apartheid

20 children20 children Rev. Oliver Brown and Rev. Oliver Brown and

daughter, Linda daughter, Linda Started 1951, reached Started 1951, reached

U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Supreme Court in 19541954

Struggle for Racial EqualityStruggle for Racial Equality

Direct action & Direct action & non-violent civil non-violent civil disobediencedisobedience

Congress of Racial Congress of Racial EqualityEquality (CORE) (CORE)

Demonstrations, Demonstrations, sit-ins, boycotts, sit-ins, boycotts, picketing for picketing for desegregation desegregation and job and job discriminationdiscrimination

Albuquerque, NMAlbuquerque, NM

1947: 1947: Oklahoma Joe’sOklahoma Joe’s restaurant denied restaurant denied service to Af. Am. student service to Af. Am. student George LongGeorge Long

School paper reported discriminationSchool paper reported discrimination UNM Student Association decided to UNM Student Association decided to

boycott the storeboycott the store Desegregated it and others across the Desegregated it and others across the

citycity Long became a law student and helped Long became a law student and helped

write the city civil rights ordinance, and write the city civil rights ordinance, and then the state ordinance in 1955: nine then the state ordinance in 1955: nine years before the 1964 U.S. lawyears before the 1964 U.S. law

Civil Rights Activity in the WestCivil Rights Activity in the West

1958: 4 week protests 1958: 4 week protests in Wichita. NAACP & in Wichita. NAACP & studentsstudents

1959: OK City, NAACP 1959: OK City, NAACP sit-ins at Walgreens sit-ins at Walgreens

City-wide boycott of City-wide boycott of segregated segregated businessesbusinesses

Charlton Heston Charlton Heston crossed picket lines crossed picket lines

1964: City Council 1964: City Council barred segregation in barred segregation in public areaspublic areas

Civil Rights SuccessesCivil Rights Successes

1964 Civil Rights Act1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act1965 Voting Rights Act ““Triumph” of moderate reformTriumph” of moderate reform Best of liberal AmericaBest of liberal America Legislative strategiesLegislative strategies Appearance of solving problemsAppearance of solving problems

The Great SocietyThe Great Society Term used to describe legislation Term used to describe legislation

and programs started by JFK but and programs started by JFK but expanded (and initiated by) expanded (and initiated by) Johnson between 1963 and 1968Johnson between 1963 and 1968

Broad array of programs to Broad array of programs to expand participation in expand participation in mainstream of American mainstream of American economic, social, and political lifeeconomic, social, and political life

Based on the idea that America is Based on the idea that America is wealthy enough to help the poor wealthy enough to help the poor and disenfranchisedand disenfranchised

AssumptionsAssumptions

Individual weaknesses and Individual weaknesses and initiativeinitiative

Not structural change or Not structural change or institutional reforminstitutional reform

Top Down, not grass rootsTop Down, not grass roots Cold War Welfare StateCold War Welfare State Raise people up to avoid allure of Raise people up to avoid allure of

communismcommunism ““Guns and Butter”Guns and Butter”

War on PovertyWar on Poverty

Head StartHead Start Preschool Preschool

Upward BoundUpward Bound Disadvantaged and “troubled” youthDisadvantaged and “troubled” youth

Job CorpsJob Corps High school retentionHigh school retention

VISTAVISTA ““Domestic Peace Corps”Domestic Peace Corps”

OpportunitiesOpportunities

Office of Economic OpportunityOffice of Economic Opportunity Conservative approach to job Conservative approach to job

access access Traditional view on poverty: Traditional view on poverty:

individual maladjustment, culture individual maladjustment, culture of povertyof poverty

Community Action ProgramsCommunity Action Programs Political participation at the local levelPolitical participation at the local level Backfired and created too much Backfired and created too much

democracydemocracy

Additional ProgramsAdditional Programs

MedicareMedicare: 1965 step towards national : 1965 step towards national health care systemhealth care system

MedicaidMedicaid: 1966 step to help the poor : 1966 step to help the poor with welfare assistance, employment with welfare assistance, employment access access

Elementary and Secondary Education Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965Act of 1965

Housing and Urban DevelopmentHousing and Urban Development Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

ConclusionsConclusions

Legacy of World War TwoLegacy of World War Two Education and accessEducation and access Desegregation and civil rightsDesegregation and civil rights Gov’t support and liberal reformsGov’t support and liberal reforms Conservative measuresConservative measures Legalistic and moralisticLegalistic and moralistic Anti-communismAnti-communism American ConsensusAmerican Consensus