Other Protest (besides Other Protest (besides Civil Rights) Movements Civil Rights) Movements

of the 60sof the 60s

1. Feminist Movement1. Feminist Movement

Influenced ByInfluenced By; ;

1. Civil Rights movement: made 1. Civil Rights movement: made women more politically women more politically conscious and active: inspired by conscious and active: inspired by successes of 1964 and 1965successes of 1964 and 1965

2. Betty Friedan: women were 2. Betty Friedan: women were inspired by her book the inspired by her book the Feminine MystiqueFeminine Mystique, 1963: should , 1963: should not accept role / stereotype of not accept role / stereotype of Conformism of the 50s Conformism of the 50s

3. 3. Kennedy’s Commission on Civil Rights: exposed Kennedy’s Commission on Civil Rights: exposed widespread gender discrimination and set up an widespread gender discrimination and set up an Advisory Commission on the Status of Women. Advisory Commission on the Status of Women.

Women’s / Feminist OrganizationsWomen’s / Feminist Organizations- NOW: NOW: National Organization for Women, set up in National Organization for Women, set up in

1966, Friedan was its first president: 1,000 chapters, 1966, Friedan was its first president: 1,000 chapters, 300,000 members by 1970: goals – child care facilities, 300,000 members by 1970: goals – child care facilities, education and job opportunities, maternity leave, right education and job opportunities, maternity leave, right to abortion, Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), and to abortion, Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), and enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.

- ““Consciousness Raising Groups”- Consciousness Raising Groups”- more more radical/militant than NOW, younger women got radical/militant than NOW, younger women got involved in anti-war protests and in the Civil Rights involved in anti-war protests and in the Civil Rights Movement. Movement.

Successes?Successes? 1. Ms Magazine – dealt with Women’s issues1. Ms Magazine – dealt with Women’s issues

2. Equal Pay Act – Kennedy, 1963, equal pay for equal 2. Equal Pay Act – Kennedy, 1963, equal pay for equal work: but some employers stopped hiring women after work: but some employers stopped hiring women after this Act.this Act.

3. Affirmative Action – 1971 guidelines included women 3. Affirmative Action – 1971 guidelines included women as well as other minorities.as well as other minorities.

4. In the workplace more management positions, more 4. In the workplace more management positions, more professions opened up to women.professions opened up to women.

5. Roe vs Wade – 1973 – no restriction on abortion in 5. Roe vs Wade – 1973 – no restriction on abortion in the first trimester, states could decide in second and the first trimester, states could decide in second and third, depending on threat to life of mom, or protecting third, depending on threat to life of mom, or protecting the “viable fetus.” Food and Drug administration the “viable fetus.” Food and Drug administration approved of the sale of the Birth Control Pill in 1960 – approved of the sale of the Birth Control Pill in 1960 – which led to a new feeling of sexual liberationwhich led to a new feeling of sexual liberation

6. Individuals; 6. Individuals;

Sandra Day O’Conner – first supreme court judge: Sandra Day O’Conner – first supreme court judge: Geraldine Ferraro, 1981 – first vice presidential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro, 1981 – first vice presidential candidate,

for Democrats, 1984 for Democrats, 1984 Sally Ride – first woman astronaut in space in 1983. Sally Ride – first woman astronaut in space in 1983.

ERAERA- demanded that an amendment be added to - demanded that an amendment be added to guarantee that equal rights not be denied on account of guarantee that equal rights not be denied on account of sex. Passed the House and Senate in 1970 and 1972, but sex. Passed the House and Senate in 1970 and 1972, but only 31 of the necessary 38 states (two thirds) ratified it only 31 of the necessary 38 states (two thirds) ratified it in 1973. in 1973.

Phyllis SchlaflyPhyllis Schlafly- opposed ERA: didn’t want to - opposed ERA: didn’t want to redefine traditional roles, and effect family – redefine traditional roles, and effect family – constitution was just fineconstitution was just fine

New Right-New Right- with election of Reagan in 1980, a New with election of Reagan in 1980, a New Right backlash, opposed the feminist movement – their Right backlash, opposed the feminist movement – their demands would undermine traditional family values. demands would undermine traditional family values. Opposed ERA. Opposed ERA.

2. New Left/Students2. New Left/Students

Students for a Democratic Society - Students for a Democratic Society - influenced by influenced by SNCC and Freedom Rides etc. - formed in 1961, at SNCC and Freedom Rides etc. - formed in 1961, at the University of Michigan: demanded end to wars, the University of Michigan: demanded end to wars, racism, and sweeping changes in the US. Became the racism, and sweeping changes in the US. Became the backbone of the students new left. Branches were set backbone of the students new left. Branches were set up on many campuses. up on many campuses.

Port Huron Statement-Port Huron Statement- the SDS listed the ills of US the SDS listed the ills of US society: overbearing government corporate power, society: overbearing government corporate power, bureaucracy which left individuals powerless. Called bureaucracy which left individuals powerless. Called for greater individual freedom. for greater individual freedom.

Tom Hayden- Tom Hayden- Author of Port Huron statementAuthor of Port Huron statement

Participatory Democracy: Participatory Democracy: principal demand of principal demand of Port Huron statement. Port Huron statement.

Berkeley Free Speech Movement/ Mario Savio: Berkeley Free Speech Movement/ Mario Savio: students objected/protested to the ban on political parties students objected/protested to the ban on political parties on campus. Picketed, sit ins, 1964. Criticized the on campus. Picketed, sit ins, 1964. Criticized the American machine, the nation’s powerful but faceless American machine, the nation’s powerful but faceless business and governments institutions (like Port Huron business and governments institutions (like Port Huron Statement): the college conceded this right in 1965Statement): the college conceded this right in 1965

Students were at the center of the Anti-War Students were at the center of the Anti-War

Movement: Movement: SDS opposed Vietnam war and incursions SDS opposed Vietnam war and incursions into Cambodia: protests - burned draft cards, sit ins, into Cambodia: protests - burned draft cards, sit ins, teach ins (first in University of Michigan 1965, teach ins (first in University of Michigan 1965, Colombia), draft evasionColombia), draft evasion

Joined by Veterans, Peace Democrats; March in Joined by Veterans, Peace Democrats; March in Washington D.C. – Moratorium on WarWashington D.C. – Moratorium on War

Colombia University- Colombia University- occupied buildings on campus occupied buildings on campus for a week –overpowered by policefor a week –overpowered by police

Kent State-Kent State- 4 killed, 11 wounded 4 killed, 11 wounded

Jackson State, Jackson State, MississippiMississippi – 2 killed,11 wounded – 2 killed,11 wounded

Effect: Effect: students made great contribution to the anti war students made great contribution to the anti war movement, helping to change public opinion; also movement, helping to change public opinion; also

contributed to success of Civil Rights Movement.contributed to success of Civil Rights Movement.

3. Counterculture3. Counterculture BeatniksBeatniks- inspired by Ginsberg and - inspired by Ginsberg and

Kerouac, Kerouac, On the RoadOn the Road and and Howl Howl in the 50sin the 50s

Hippies Hippies - generation gap, younger kids- - generation gap, younger kids- white and middle class- wanted to do their white and middle class- wanted to do their own thing, especially to change their own thing, especially to change their lifestyle. Tired of the Cold War, nuclear lifestyle. Tired of the Cold War, nuclear weapons, conformism of 50s and TV, etc. weapons, conformism of 50s and TV, etc. Abandoned traditional lifestyles and Abandoned traditional lifestyles and became the backbone of the counterculture. became the backbone of the counterculture. Left home, jobs, school, college, traditions, Left home, jobs, school, college, traditions, lived in new Hippie neighborhoods. lived in new Hippie neighborhoods. Rejected convention. Rejected convention.

Haight Ashbury, San Haight Ashbury, San Francisco and Greenwich Francisco and Greenwich Village NY; Village NY; centers/mecca of centers/mecca of hippie culturehippie culture

Timothy Leary;Timothy Leary; high high priest/guru of hippie culture, priest/guru of hippie culture, fired Harvard University fired Harvard University psychology professor, advocated psychology professor, advocated use of the drug LSD use of the drug LSD (hallucinogenic/mind altering), (hallucinogenic/mind altering), then Marijuana – promoted it as then Marijuana – promoted it as mind expanding-, told young mind expanding-, told young generation to “tune in, turn on, generation to “tune in, turn on, and drop out.” Sexual liberation. and drop out.” Sexual liberation.

Eastern Mysticism: Eastern Mysticism: people dabbled in spiritualism, people dabbled in spiritualism, attracted by charismatic religious leaders such as Sun attracted by charismatic religious leaders such as Sun Moon/Unification church, Hare Krishna religion, Zen Moon/Unification church, Hare Krishna religion, Zen Buddhism (enlightenment through contemplation, Buddhism (enlightenment through contemplation, meditation, rather than reading scripture) – sometimes meditation, rather than reading scripture) – sometimes people were indoctrinated and brainwashed by leaders people were indoctrinated and brainwashed by leaders who took advantage of them. who took advantage of them.

Communes: Communes: an estimated 2,000 communes were an estimated 2,000 communes were formed in the 60s- groups went off to remote areas to formed in the 60s- groups went off to remote areas to escape from society – grew their own food, made escape from society – grew their own food, made their own clothes: most were dissolved by end of their own clothes: most were dissolved by end of 60s.60s.

Diet: Diet: Health food, yogurt, cereal, vegetarian diets Health food, yogurt, cereal, vegetarian diets were popular among hippies.were popular among hippies.

Fashion: Fashion: Long hair, braids, beards, colorful clothing, Long hair, braids, beards, colorful clothing, worn out clothes with patches: surplus clothing: worn out clothes with patches: surplus clothing: denim.denim.

Music: Music: rock and roll of the 50s became the popular rock and roll of the 50s became the popular music of the 60s. Elvis: Beatles came to the US in music of the 60s. Elvis: Beatles came to the US in 1963, set off “Beatlemania”: Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, 1963, set off “Beatlemania”: Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, their lyrics and unconventional rhythms captured the their lyrics and unconventional rhythms captured the anger, unrest, frustration, and rebellious spirit of the anger, unrest, frustration, and rebellious spirit of the 60s. Exposed the generation gap.60s. Exposed the generation gap.

The music of the 60s was The music of the 60s was celebrated at a festival at celebrated at a festival at Woodstock, NY, in 1969Woodstock, NY, in 1969. .

Expected 120,000 but over Expected 120,000 but over 400,000 turned out. (The 400,000 turned out. (The Who, Jefferson Airplane, Who, Jefferson Airplane, Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Santana, Jimmy Hendrix – Santana, Jimmy Hendrix – Joplin and Hendrix would Joplin and Hendrix would later die from drug later die from drug overdoses). overdoses).

““Cultural Diffusion”- Cultural Diffusion”- mainstreaming of aspects of mainstreaming of aspects of hippie culture: clothes, diet, music. hippie culture: clothes, diet, music.

Most hippies had disappeared back into mainstream Most hippies had disappeared back into mainstream society by the early 70s. The murder of Sharon Tate society by the early 70s. The murder of Sharon Tate by by Charles MansonCharles Manson and members of his commune in and members of his commune in CA in 1980 and a murder committed by CA in 1980 and a murder committed by The Hells The Hells AngelsAngels motorcycle gang at a Rolling Stones concert, motorcycle gang at a Rolling Stones concert, also in CA, disillusioned many Hippies about the also in CA, disillusioned many Hippies about the Counterculture. Counterculture.

Pop ArtPop Art Andy Warhol: Andy Warhol: artist who used artist who used

images of famous people, such as images of famous people, such as Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor, repeating them over and Taylor, repeating them over and over again on their canvas. He over again on their canvas. He also used common items such as also used common items such as household cleaning products, household cleaning products, soup cans, etc. soup cans, etc.

Roy Lichtenstein: Roy Lichtenstein: artist who artist who used comic strips as his used comic strips as his inspiration, also painting the inspiration, also painting the words “blam” and “pow” all over words “blam” and “pow” all over his canvas, usually in bold red, his canvas, usually in bold red, black, and yellow.black, and yellow.

Pop Art contd..Pop Art contd..

Claes Oldenburg: Claes Oldenburg: he reproduced he reproduced common everyday objects such as a common everyday objects such as a three way plug or a toilet bowl on a three way plug or a toilet bowl on a giant scale on his canvas. giant scale on his canvas.

In the In the “Happening” theatre“Happening” theatre, the , the scenes differed for every performance scenes differed for every performance to arouse a different response from to arouse a different response from the audience. Each performance was the audience. Each performance was intended to be unique. The audience intended to be unique. The audience was expected to participate. was expected to participate.

4. Native American Indians4. Native American Indians Policy of Termination in the 50s- Policy of Termination in the 50s- Eisenhower Eisenhower

government abandoned FDR, Colliers fair treatment, government abandoned FDR, Colliers fair treatment, tried to terminate reservations – back to Dawes Act tried to terminate reservations – back to Dawes Act type policytype policy

AIM: AIM: American Indian Movement demanded Civil American Indian Movement demanded Civil Rights for Native Americans. Militant (followed Rights for Native Americans. Militant (followed example of Black Panthers). Encouraged racial and example of Black Panthers). Encouraged racial and cultural pride among Native Americans. Demanded cultural pride among Native Americans. Demanded autonomy and self government, control of natural autonomy and self government, control of natural resources, restoration of land illegally taken from resources, restoration of land illegally taken from them them

Occupied Bureau of Indian Affairs: Occupied Bureau of Indian Affairs: 1972, over 1972, over 1,000 Sioux occupied these offices in Washington DC 1,000 Sioux occupied these offices in Washington DC for 6 days, protesting the breaking of previous treaties.for 6 days, protesting the breaking of previous treaties.

Wounded Knee, South DakotaWounded Knee, South Dakota- site of massacre of - site of massacre of massacre of 200 Sioux by US troops. In response to massacre of 200 Sioux by US troops. In response to poverty on the reservations and murder of a Sioux, 75 poverty on the reservations and murder of a Sioux, 75 AIM supporters seized and occupied the town of AIM supporters seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee for 2 months in 1973. Demanded Wounded Knee for 2 months in 1973. Demanded changes in how the reservation was governed. changes in how the reservation was governed. Besieged by federal troops, two Sioux had been killed, Besieged by federal troops, two Sioux had been killed, forced to surrender……..also occupied / seized island forced to surrender……..also occupied / seized island of Alcatraz… of Alcatraz…

GainsGains The Indian Education Act of 1972The Indian Education Act of 1972, gave parents and , gave parents and

tribal councils more control over schools and school tribal councils more control over schools and school programs on reservationprograms on reservation

The Indian Self Determination Act and the The Indian Self Determination Act and the Education Assistance Act of 1975Education Assistance Act of 1975 upheld Native upheld Native American autonomy and let local leaders administer American autonomy and let local leaders administer federally supported social programs for housing and federally supported social programs for housing and education.education.

Legal Successes: Legal Successes: 1980s Supreme Court supported 1980s Supreme Court supported Indian claims to regain lands taken by federal Indian claims to regain lands taken by federal government- much lost land was restored. government- much lost land was restored.

5. Hispanic Americans5. Hispanic Americans Caesar Chavez: Caesar Chavez: concerned with treatment of concerned with treatment of

migrant farm workers who worked long hours migrant farm workers who worked long hours at backbreaking work, for very low wages.at backbreaking work, for very low wages.

He formed the United Farm Workers He formed the United Farm Workers (UFW):(UFW): launched a prolonged strike and then launched a prolonged strike and then a boycott in 1967 against CA’s grape and a boycott in 1967 against CA’s grape and lettuce growers, demanding recognition of lettuce growers, demanding recognition of their union and an increase in salary. their union and an increase in salary. Supported by CORE, SNCC, Democratic Supported by CORE, SNCC, Democratic Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy – very Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy – very successfulsuccessful

La Raza UnidaLa Raza Unida; a political party founded in ; a political party founded in Texas in 1970. It worked for better housing Texas in 1970. It worked for better housing and jobs, and also backed Latino political and jobs, and also backed Latino political candidates. candidates.

6. Gay Liberation6. Gay Liberation

Stonewall Riots: Stonewall Riots: Stonewall Inn, gay bar and nightclub, Stonewall Inn, gay bar and nightclub, near Greenwich Village in NY. Subjected to police near Greenwich Village in NY. Subjected to police raids and beatings. In July 1969, the patrons fought raids and beatings. In July 1969, the patrons fought back, the bar caught fire during their scuffles with back, the bar caught fire during their scuffles with policy, some policemen were almost trapped inside: policy, some policemen were almost trapped inside: fighting and rioting continued throughout the night.fighting and rioting continued throughout the night.

Gay Liberation Front: Gay Liberation Front: the beginning of the Gay the beginning of the Gay Liberation Movement, formed after the Stonewall Inn Liberation Movement, formed after the Stonewall Inn riots, encouraged gay people to “come out,” riots, encouraged gay people to “come out,” campaigned for the end to discrimination based on campaigned for the end to discrimination based on sexual preferences. sexual preferences.

Impact of TV?Impact of TV?

Civil RightsCivil Rights VietnamVietnam Values, Conformity, Consumerism of 50sValues, Conformity, Consumerism of 50s Welch and McCarthyismWelch and McCarthyism Kennedy over NixonKennedy over Nixon

Divide into Soc, Ec, Political…Divide into Soc, Ec, Political…