Cite It Right!CMNS 122

Winter 2012

Objectives

• To understand why we cite• To understand how we cite• To understand the basics of APA

What is APA?

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is a style manual that provides guidance and standards in:• research ethics• the publication process• article format and presentation• AND

Citation

APA = American Psychological Association

Why do we cite?

• Citations demonstrate how you developed your argument and ideas from the ideas of others

• Citations give credit where credit is due• Citations give the reader of your work a path

to the sources you used, so they can investigate those sources if interested

(Mohanty et al., 2009)

Why do we cite?

• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s work, words or ideas you commit plagiarism

“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties section, para. 1 ).

Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies

What do we cite?

• Direct quotes• Paraphrases• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the author’s research, theories, or ideas• Use of an author's argument or line of thinking• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts• Graphs, drawings, etc.• Articles or studies you refer to in your work

(Mohanty et al., 2009)

How do we cite?

Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association6th ed., second printingAvailable at all OC Library campuses; Call no. BF 76.7 .P83 2009

OC Library APA style guide webpage• PDF and HTML versions of most common APA examples•Links to other APA resources

Important: The APA manual is the definitive source of APA citation information. If a resource contradicts the manual – use the manual.

How do we cite?In text citations: citations given in the body of the article, essay, paper, or assignment.

Example:(Morgan & Hunt, 1994)Morgan and Hunt (1994) note that….

Reference list citations: “provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source” (APA, 2009, p. 180).

Example:

Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of

relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, 20–38.

From article by Xie and Peng (2009):

In marketing literature, for example, Morgan and Hunt (1994) regard trust as a prerequisite and a central factor for successful relationship marketing. Trust has been defined both in connotative and evaluative terms, such as “a willingness to rely on an exchange partner in whom one has confidence” (Moorman, Zaltman, & Deshpande, 1992, p. 315).

References

Moorman, C., Zaltman, G., & Deshpande, R. (1992). Relationships between

providers and users of market research: The dynamics of trust within and

between organizations. Journal of Marketing Research, 29, 314–328.

Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship

marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.

How do we cite?

How do we cite?

Building blocks?•Author(s)•Publication date•Title•Publication information• Format-specific details

(i.e. page numbers, doi)

What is it?•Journal article•Book•Report

What format?•Print•Electronic

How do we cite?

•Authors: “invert all authors’ names; give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors…” (APA, 2009, p. 184).

•Chapter authors in edited book: invert the chapter authors’ names.

•Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was published” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Chapter title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle…and any proper nouns” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Do not invert book editors’ names … the name of the book editor should be preceded by the word In” (APA, 2009, p. 184). Place (Ed.) or (Eds.) following editor(s).

Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

•Book title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle…and any proper nouns; italicize the title” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Editions: “Place information about editions, volume numbers, and page numbers … in parentheses following the title, with the period after the parentheses” (APA, 2009, p. 203).

•Pagination: Include chapter page numbers (beginning and end).

•Publication Information: “Give the location… where the publisher is located as noted on the title page for books…use a colon after the location; finish the element with a period” (APA, 2009, p. 186-187). Using city and province is acceptable.

Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?Chapter in an edited book: Citation

Leadership in organizations: Current issues and key trends

Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2011).

pp. 225-248). New York, NY:

In J. Storey (Ed.),Leadership in

public and third sector organizations.

Routledge.(2nd ed.,

How do we cite?

•In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date citation system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).

•In text: “When a work has two authors, cite both names, every time the reference occurs in text” (APA, 2009, p. 175).

•In text, direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).

How do we cite?

(Alimo-Metcalfe & Alban-Metcalfe, 2011)According to Alimo-Metcalfe and Alban-Metcalfe (2011)…“direct quote” (Alimo-Metcalfe & Alban-Metcalfe, 2011, p. 227).

How do we cite?

Building blocks?•Author(s)•Publication date•Title•Publication information• Format-specific details

(i.e. page numbers, doi)

What is it?•Journal article•Book•Report

What format?•Print•Electronic

How do we cite?

•Author: “Invert all authors names; give surnames and initials for up to and including 7 authors” (APA, 2009, p. 184).

•Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was published” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Article title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; do not italicize the title or place quotation marks around it” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

•Journal title: “Give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters. Italicize the name of the periodical” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Publication Information:

–“Give the volume number after the periodical title; italicize it (APA, 2009, p. 186).

–“Include the journal issue number … along with the volume number if the journal is paginated separately by issue (APA, 2009, p. 186).

–Give inclusive page numbers on the which the cited material appears” (APA, 2009, p. 186).

Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note•“Provide the DOI, if one has been assigned to the content” (APA,

2009, p. 191).

•“When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate the content” (APA, 2009, p. 191).

•What’s a DOI?

•“If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal….If you accessing the article from a private database, you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL” (APA, 2009, pp. 191-2).

How do we cite?

Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note•“In general, it is not necessary to include database information” (APA,

2009, p. 192).

•“Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

How do we cite?

Tan, J., Fischer, E., Mitchell, R., & Phan, P.

How do we cite?Journal article retrieved online

(2009).

47, 233-262.

of the action: Innovation and technology strategy research in the small business setting.

At the center

Journal of Small BusinessManagement, doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2009.00270.x

No doi?

Retrieved fromhttp://www.wiley.com/bw /journal.asp?ref=0047-2778

How do we cite?

In text: “When a work has two authors, cite both names, every time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. …. and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph” (APA, 2009, p. 175).

Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

Journal article retrieved online: Citation

Initial citation:(Tan, Fischer, Mitchell, & Phan 2009)Tan, Fischer, Mitchell, and Phan (2009) found that…“direct quote” (Tan, Fischer, Mitchell, & Phan, 2009, p. 235)

Subsequent:(Tan et al., 2009)Tan et al. (2009) found that…“direct quote” (Tan et al., 2009, p. 235)

•Group authors: “occasionally, a work will have as its author an agency, association, or institution” (APA, 2009, p. 183).

•“If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

•Report titles: “Enclose additional information given on the publication for its identification and retrieval (e.g., edition, report number, volume number) in parentheses immediately after the title)” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

•“For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless the publisher as been identified as the author: Retrieved from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxx” (APA, 2009, p. 205).

•DOI? “If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher. If you are accessing the article from a private database, you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note

How do we cite?

How do we cite?

Online report: Citation

Sustainalytics. (n.d.). Dollarama Inc.: Company report.

Retrieved from http://www.sustainalytics.com

How do we cite?

Online report: Citation

(Sustainalytics, n.d.)Sustainalytics (n.d.) reports ….“direct quote” (Sustainalytics, n.d., p. 3)

How do we cite?

Reference list: Some APA rules to note

•“Double-spaced and … entries have a hanging indent” (APA, 2009, p. 180).

•“Alphabetize by author surname” (APA, 2009, p. 181).

•“References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first”(APA, 2009, p. 182).

How do we cite?References

Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2011). Leadership in public and third sector

organizations. In Storey, J. (Ed.), Leadership in organizations (2nd ed., pp. 225-248).

New York, NY: Routledge.

Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing.

Journal of Marketing, 58, 20–38.

Sustainalytics. (n.d.). Dollarama Inc.: Company report. Retrieved from

http://www.sustainalytics.com

Tan, J., Fischer, E., Mitchell, R., & Phan, P. (2009). At the center of the action: Innovation and

technology strategy research in the small business setting. Journal of Small Business

Management, 47, 233-262. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2009.00270.x

Xie, Y., & Peng, S. (2009). How to repair customer trust after negative publicity: The roles of

competence, integrity, benevolence, and forgiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 26(7),

572-589. Retrieved from http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-

MAR.html

Remember

• Give credit where credit is due• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide• Consult APA Publication Manual• If you are unable to identify a specific

example, use an example that is most like your source

• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide• Ask!

References

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association. Washington, DC: Author.

Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University

libraries' citing information tutorial. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu

/instruct/citations/introduction/

Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok

/calendar /Calendar.aspx?page=AcademicOffenses

Xie, Y., & Peng, S. (2009). How to repair customer trust after negative publicity: The roles of competence,

integrity, benevolence, and forgiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 26(7), 572-589. Retrieved from

http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-MAR.html

LJ | 03/21/2012