CMNS 230 Murray 1 CMNS 230 Fall 2006 Course Team: –Catherine Murray –David Newman.

CMNS 230 CMNS 230 Murray Murray

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CMNS 230CMNS 230

Fall 2006Fall 2006 Course Team:Course Team:

– Catherine MurrayCatherine Murray– David NewmanDavid Newman


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Objectives of this LectureObjectives of this Lecture

1.1. Understand course undertakingsUnderstand course undertakings

2.2. Learn how to define the “cultural Learn how to define the “cultural industries”industries”

3.3. Assignment: do a close reading of Assignment: do a close reading of the Hesmondalgh text, pages 3-7the Hesmondalgh text, pages 3-7

1.1. Why do cultural industries Why do cultural industries matter?matter?


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Top Ten Reasons to Study the Top Ten Reasons to Study the Cultural IndustriesCultural Industries


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1. You keep on top of 1. You keep on top of the celebrities A listthe celebrities A list

http://www.canadianbusiness.comhttp://www.canadianbusiness.com/slideshow/celebrities2/cover.h/slideshow/celebrities2/cover.htmltml


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222. You stay ahead of 2. You stay ahead of Marketing TrendsMarketing Trends–Hello: Premier Edition by Hello: Premier Edition by Rogers Media with Hola SARogers Media with Hola SA


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33 3. You learn about viral on 3. You learn about viral on line promotion: line promotion: http://www.ctv.ca/http://www.ctv.ca/

Winner of the Canadian Winner of the Canadian entertainment web marketing entertainment web marketing award 2005award 2005

Canadian Idol Canadian Idol franchisefranchise


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4. You learn about the colossal 4. You learn about the colossal flopsflopsSnakes on a PlaneSnakes on a Plane

““the long tail”the long tail”


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5. You learn about Canada’s 5. You learn about Canada’s record of technological record of technological innovationinnovation-special effects-special effects

IMAX theatres IMAX theatres


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6 6

6. You watch Canada challenge 6. You watch Canada challenge Hollywood’s dominance in FilmHollywood’s dominance in Film- Toronto International Film Toronto International Film Festival has knocked off Cannes as Festival has knocked off Cannes as thethe venue to premiere a film venue to premiere a film

- Impressive rise of documentaries: Impressive rise of documentaries: The Corporation, The Secret The Corporation, The Secret History of 9-11History of 9-11


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7.7.

- You monitor new modes of You monitor new modes of ‘release’ and creative ‘release’ and creative collaborationcollaboration- Barenaked Ladies and NettwerkBarenaked Ladies and Nettwerk


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8.8.You get in the head of You get in the head of decisionmakersdecisionmakers1.1.WhoWho

2.2.WhatWhat

3.3.WhereWhere

4.4.When…When…

In business, in creative sector, in In business, in creative sector, in regulation and government: all involve regulation and government: all involve standards, policystandards, policy


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9.9.You get to travel ( virtually)You get to travel ( virtually)- Look at creative co productions, Look at creative co productions, hybrid genres, rise of new centres hybrid genres, rise of new centres of competitionof competition


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10.10.

- You get to stand back and You get to stand back and understand:understand:- MechanicsMechanics- ProcessProcess- Key laws/structuring the Key laws/structuring the accumulation of entertainment accumulation of entertainment /cultural capital/cultural capital

- You get to ask: WHY/WHAT You get to ask: WHY/WHAT DIFFERENCE IT ALL MAKESDIFFERENCE IT ALL MAKES


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Introducing 230: The Introducing 230: The Cultural IndustriesCultural Industries

Or, Politics, Or, Politics, Economics and Creative Economics and Creative

Process of Process of EntertainmentEntertainment


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DefinitionDefinition

Synonym: mass media & popular Synonym: mass media & popular cultureculture– TV, film, music, Internet etc.TV, film, music, Internet etc.– What type of definition is this?What type of definition is this?


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The Boundary/Definitional The Boundary/Definitional ProblemProblem

Under influence of cultural studies, Under influence of cultural studies, declassifying:declassifying:– Why exclude Sports? Gambling? Advertising? Why exclude Sports? Gambling? Advertising? Other areas of the postmodern entertainment Other areas of the postmodern entertainment industries?industries?

– Why exclude information/news?Why exclude information/news?– These too, produce meaningThese too, produce meaning

Term is a contested one, with specific Term is a contested one, with specific origins and theoretical meaningorigins and theoretical meaning


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““Core” Cultural IndustriesCore” Cultural Industries

Those that deal with industrial Those that deal with industrial production and circulation of production and circulation of texts/products/ services:texts/products/ services:– Advertising*Advertising*– BroadcastingBroadcasting– FilmFilm– MusicMusic– Print/Book and Magazine PublishingPrint/Book and Magazine Publishing– Video gamesVideo games– InternetInternet


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““Periphery” or Boundary Periphery” or Boundary IndustriesIndustries

SportSport Design: graphics, arts etc.Design: graphics, arts etc. ArchitectureArchitecture Performing Arts: eg. Large commercialised Performing Arts: eg. Large commercialised mega productionsmega productions

FashionFashion Software( see page 13)Software( see page 13) Theme ParksTheme Parks


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The Problem of Assumptions The Problem of Assumptions


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Decoding the definitionDecoding the definition

Implies TV is an ‘institution’: Implies TV is an ‘institution’: a specific aproacha specific aproach


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What is an institutional What is an institutional approach?approach?

– Implies organized study of Implies organized study of processes/routinization/administrative: processes/routinization/administrative: legal, contract or other apparatuseslegal, contract or other apparatuses

– Law, custom, practice, system & its Law, custom, practice, system & its operationoperation

– Both formal and informalBoth formal and informal– Involves State, Market and Civil Involves State, Market and Civil Society actors/or networksSociety actors/or networks

– Focus on business, government Focus on business, government interactioninteraction

– Focus on policy and regulationFocus on policy and regulation


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Neo-institutionalismNeo-institutionalism ThenThen Focus on StateFocus on State

CentralizedCentralized Top-downTop-down Command and ControlCommand and Control Legal-institutional Legal-institutional frameworkframework

Narrow definition Narrow definition of policyof policy

Singular/exclusive Singular/exclusive and vertical and vertical policy regimespolicy regimes

Policy authorityPolicy authority

NowNow State, Business and State, Business and Civil SocietyCivil Society

DecentralizedDecentralized Bottom upBottom up CoordinationCoordination

Normative/culturalNormative/cultural Wide definition of Wide definition of policypolicy

Complex, inclusive Complex, inclusive and horizontal and horizontal policy regimespolicy regimes

Policy networkPolicy network


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What is Wrong with What is Wrong with Institutionalism?Institutionalism?


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Alternative DefinitionsAlternative Definitions

Cultural/ideological Cultural/ideological Industries which produce Industries which produce symbolic meaningsymbolic meaning


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CultureCulture

Raymond Williams and the Raymond Williams and the Anthropological Way of ThinkingAnthropological Way of ThinkingA way of thinking and feeling ( see A way of thinking and feeling ( see text, page 11)text, page 11)

Many problems operationalizing this as Many problems operationalizing this as an area of study, and especially an area of study, and especially policypolicy

– Each country struggles to redefine the Each country struggles to redefine the meaning of culture in each generationmeaning of culture in each generation


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IndustryIndustry

A mode of organization to A mode of organization to produce, and distribute produce, and distribute something in capitalist something in capitalist economieseconomies

Defines institutions and their Defines institutions and their interrelationships in networks interrelationships in networks of commerceof commerce


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History in the Frankfurt SchoolHistory in the Frankfurt School Associated with the rise of commercial mass Associated with the rise of commercial mass

culture in 19culture in 19thth and 20 and 20thth centuries. centuries. Specific cultural reference:Specific cultural reference:

– To the ‘culture industry thesis’To the ‘culture industry thesis’– Original thinkers: Thomas Adorno from the Original thinkers: Thomas Adorno from the Frankfurt SchoolFrankfurt School

– a school of Marxists from Germany a school of Marxists from Germany – noted for their adaptation of Marx to the early noted for their adaptation of Marx to the early rise of capitalism. rise of capitalism.

– Also noted for their critique of fascism, and Also noted for their critique of fascism, and comparison of European and North American comparison of European and North American capitalist society as having equally fascist capitalist society as having equally fascist tendencies: one from the government and one tendencies: one from the government and one from the marketfrom the market


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The Culture Industry ThesisThe Culture Industry Thesis

- Adorno and Horkheimer used the Adorno and Horkheimer used the ironic term culture industryironic term culture industry

- What: refers to the process of the What: refers to the process of the industrialization of mass produced industrialization of mass produced cultureculture

- the industrial, assembly line based the industrial, assembly line based model of work now pervades leisuremodel of work now pervades leisure

- leisure has the same rhythms, pace, leisure has the same rhythms, pace, simplifications and illusions of simplifications and illusions of work( Dorland, 359)work( Dorland, 359)


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The Culture Industry’s biggest The Culture Industry’s biggest deception:deception:

- a line between work and leisurea line between work and leisure- A line between life and artA line between life and art- Original and copyOriginal and copy- Real and fakeReal and fake- Authentic and inauthentic Authentic and inauthentic

- Because all is blurred. Under Because all is blurred. Under commodificationcommodification


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Horkheimer and Adorno: the Horkheimer and Adorno: the Frankfurt School (FF)Frankfurt School (FF)

– Published Published Dialectic of Enlightenment 1947Dialectic of Enlightenment 1947– Focused on the production of popular culture and its Focused on the production of popular culture and its

ideological consequenceideological consequence– Specifically: their disappointment, upon exile from Specifically: their disappointment, upon exile from

Nazi Germany to find USA life empty, superficial, if Nazi Germany to find USA life empty, superficial, if not quite as brutal or horrificnot quite as brutal or horrific

– Concept is singular: the form it takes in capitalism Concept is singular: the form it takes in capitalism is to legitimate the continuance of capitalism as a is to legitimate the continuance of capitalism as a form of social organizationform of social organization

– Associated with a FF critique of ‘mass deception’Associated with a FF critique of ‘mass deception’ StandardizationStandardization Pseudo-individualizationPseudo-individualization CommodificationCommodification Cooption of resistance( operation of hegemony) ( for Cooption of resistance( operation of hegemony) ( for more: See O’Brien and Szeman)more: See O’Brien and Szeman)


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Garnham’s DefinitionGarnham’s Definition

Nicolas Garnham is a notable British Nicolas Garnham is a notable British Marxist scholarMarxist scholar

His definition:His definition:– InstitutionsInstitutions in our society which in our society which employ the characteristic modes of employ the characteristic modes of production and organization of production and organization of industrial corporations industrial corporations to produce and to produce and disseminate symbols in the form of disseminate symbols in the form of cultural goods and servicescultural goods and services, generally, , generally, though not exclusively, as commoditiesthough not exclusively, as commodities

( O’Brien and Szeman:103)( O’Brien and Szeman:103) Note: plural termNote: plural term


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Hesmondalgh’s DefinitionHesmondalgh’s Definition

Based on Raymond Williams’ narrower Based on Raymond Williams’ narrower definition:definition:– The signifying system through which The signifying system through which necessarily a social order is necessarily a social order is communicated reproduced, experienced communicated reproduced, experienced and exploredand explored

( text, page 11)( text, page 11)

Simply:Simply:– Those institutions which are most directly Those institutions which are most directly involved in the production of social meaninginvolved in the production of social meaning


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DefinitionsDefinitions ““culture” and “industry”: an oxymoron?culture” and “industry”: an oxymoron? Speaks to struggle between:Speaks to struggle between:

– Economic/CulturalEconomic/Cultural– Public /PrivatePublic /Private– Popular/ElitePopular/Elite– Educated/Informal TasteEducated/Informal Taste

Definitions reflect different ideological Definitions reflect different ideological perspectivesperspectives– Neo liberal: define CIs solely as business Neo liberal: define CIs solely as business sectorssectors

– Reform liberal: keep a space for not for profit Reform liberal: keep a space for not for profit production, and see a role of the state in production, and see a role of the state in protecting itprotecting it

– Critical/Marxist: have a set of historical Critical/Marxist: have a set of historical critiques of the mode of production of symbols/ critiques of the mode of production of symbols/ or dominant ideologies in capitalismor dominant ideologies in capitalism


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OverviewOverview

1.1.A very big business– part of spread A very big business– part of spread of service ( tertiary economy… after of service ( tertiary economy… after natural resource extraction and natural resource extraction and manufacturing)manufacturing)

2.2.‘‘Colonizing’ more and more of Colonizing’ more and more of popular culturepopular culture

3.3.Spreading world wideSpreading world wide

4.4.Concentrating: hollowing of the mid Concentrating: hollowing of the mid size enterprisesize enterprise


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Transformations of the Cultural Transformations of the Cultural IndustriesIndustries

Moving closer to the centre of economic Moving closer to the centre of economic actionaction– ——some of the largest companies are among the most some of the largest companies are among the most highly valued in the worldhighly valued in the world

Now the largest companies are conglomeratesNow the largest companies are conglomerates Many more complex SME’s in complex web of Many more complex SME’s in complex web of corporate alliancescorporate alliances

More circulation of cultural products across More circulation of cultural products across borders: adaptations and hybridsborders: adaptations and hybrids

Cultural tastes changing: more rapid cycles Cultural tastes changing: more rapid cycles of innovation/tasteof innovation/taste

What Hesmondalgh calls a pattern of What Hesmondalgh calls a pattern of change/continuitychange/continuity


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Assignment: TextAssignment: Text

Why do Cultural Industries Why do Cultural Industries Matter?Matter?– They make and circulate They make and circulate symbols/texts/cultural workssymbols/texts/cultural works

– They manage and circulate They manage and circulate creativitycreativity

– They are agents of economic, They are agents of economic, social and cultural changesocial and cultural changeDo a close reading of pages 3-7 of Do a close reading of pages 3-7 of the Hesmondalgh textthe Hesmondalgh text


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Why are they important?Why are they important?

They attract increasing amounts of They attract increasing amounts of time and money from consumerstime and money from consumers

Their ‘texts’ influence our mental Their ‘texts’ influence our mental representations of the worldrepresentations of the world

How they manage and circulate How they manage and circulate creativity increasingly affects creativity increasingly affects the mode of innovation in other the mode of innovation in other fields where there is non-fields where there is non-industrial industrial innovation( Hesmondhalgh:4).innovation( Hesmondhalgh:4).


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The Assignment MatrixThe Assignment Matrix

Attendance and Participation in Tutorials Attendance and Participation in Tutorials essentialessential

Attendance at Lectures VERY important for Attendance at Lectures VERY important for the Midterm and Final Assignmentthe Midterm and Final Assignment

Assignments timed: once a monthAssignments timed: once a month Assignment One:Assignment One:

– A business case of a company or cultural creative A business case of a company or cultural creative entrepreneur ( what is a cultural industry and entrepreneur ( what is a cultural industry and how does it work)how does it work)

– A policy case (how and when should/does a state A policy case (how and when should/does a state intervene and for what end)intervene and for what end)

– A review essay: why cultural industries matter A review essay: why cultural industries matter and what it all meansand what it all means


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A Lifestyle Choice: Fall in the Cultural CityA Lifestyle Choice: Fall in the Cultural City( in three months)( in three months)

Watch 3 films/dvds from Canada/BC/Province Watch 3 films/dvds from Canada/BC/Province you were born you were born

Listen to music in your favourite genre Listen to music in your favourite genre and develop an artists’ repertoireand develop an artists’ repertoire

Attend at least one live performanceAttend at least one live performance Watch TV Watch TV


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The First Assignment : The The First Assignment : The Business Case ( due in tutorial)Business Case ( due in tutorial)

Pick a sector & explain whyPick a sector & explain why Pick a company & explain whyPick a company & explain why Profile that company:Profile that company:

– History , Structure and SizeHistory , Structure and Size– Current Services and RevenuesCurrent Services and Revenues– Business Challenges Business Challenges – Regulatory Challenges Regulatory Challenges – Types of Contents Produced & EvaluationTypes of Contents Produced & Evaluation

Sources: business press, annual corporate Sources: business press, annual corporate reports( if publicly traded), company reports( if publicly traded), company websites, major trade magazineswebsites, major trade magazines

Style: Technical, descriptive writing Style: Technical, descriptive writing ( subheads, bullets OK)( subheads, bullets OK)

Length: 6-8 pagesLength: 6-8 pages


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MethodMethod Like a business SWOT analysisLike a business SWOT analysis

– S: strengthsS: strengths– W: weaknessesW: weaknesses– O: opportunitiesO: opportunities– T: ThreatsT: Threats

Like a competitive environment analysis:Like a competitive environment analysis: ask yourself: how well is this company doing? ask yourself: how well is this company doing?

What are its comparative advantages? What would What are its comparative advantages? What would its various stakeholders ( shareholders, owners, its various stakeholders ( shareholders, owners, workers, audiences, clients, or competitors) sayworkers, audiences, clients, or competitors) say

Goal: To familiarize yourself on the ground with Goal: To familiarize yourself on the ground with a cultural industry producera cultural industry producer

Advanced descriptive analysis of primary & Advanced descriptive analysis of primary & secondary documentssecondary documents

Like a business reporterLike a business reporter


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The New Research RepertoireThe New Research Repertoire

Heritage Canada Website: www. Pch.gc.caHeritage Canada Website: www. Pch.gc.ca CRTC website: CRTC website: www.crtc.gc.cawww.crtc.gc.ca UN/WSIS, Cultural Diversity SourcesUN/WSIS, Cultural Diversity Sources Trade press: Broadcaster, Canadian Trade press: Broadcaster, Canadian Communications Reports, Geist, Communications Reports, Geist, Walrus,Hollywood Reporter EtcWalrus,Hollywood Reporter Etc

Business On line searchesBusiness On line searches


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Other sourcesOther sources

Susie O”Brien, Imre Szeman. Susie O”Brien, Imre Szeman. 2004. 2004. Popular Culture: A Popular Culture: A User’s Guide. User’s Guide. Toronto: Nelson.Toronto: Nelson.

David Hesmondalgh, 2002. David Hesmondalgh, 2002. The The Cultural Industries. Cultural Industries. London: London: Sage.Sage.

Richard Caves. 2000. Richard Caves. 2000. Creative Creative Industries. Industries. Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.Harvard University Press.

CMNS 230 Murray 1 CMNS 230 Fall 2006 Course Team: –Catherine Murray –David Newman.

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Transcript of CMNS 230 Murray 1 CMNS 230 Fall 2006 Course Team: –Catherine Murray –David Newman.