CHP. 9HISTORY ALIVE SLIDE PRESENTATION

1850’S – EARLY 1900’SRISE OF INDUSTRIALISM part 1

Women working in a textile (clothing) factory in the late 1800’s or early 1900’s.

•What do you see here?•How many women do you see?•What are they doing?•How was this kind of work done before sewing machines?•How do you think sewing machines changed these women’s work?•How might widespread use of machines have changed American society?

BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALISM

A. CHANGE FROM HAND TO MACHINE MADE GOODS

B. MEANS MORE GOODS PRODUCED

C. BROUGHT MAJOR SOCIAL CHANGES TO AMERICA

KEY FACTORS IN INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

A. ABUNDANT SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS

B. IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION – RR’S (BETTER & MORE MILES OF TRACK)

C. GROWTH OF CITIES-A SHIFT FROM FARMS TO CITIES

D. INCREASE IN CAPITAL – WEALTH OF AMERICA

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF INDUSTRIALISM

A. LOANS TO BUSINESSESB. LAISSEZ – FAIRE GOVT. POLICY – MEANS

THE GOVT. DID NOT GET INVOLVED WITH BUSINESSES; JUST BUSINESSES TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES – FEW OR NO REGULATIONS

C. NO TAXES ON PERSONAL INCOMED. HIGH TARIFFS (TAXES ON IMPORTED

GOODS) WHICH HELPED BUSINESSESE. NO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ON

INDUSTRIES

“HANDS-OFF”

INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS

•What do you see here?•What do you see at the top of the building?•Why do you think the builders are making it higher?•What technological advancements allowed the construction of such buildings?•Why do you think buildings such as this one were necessary in an increasingly urbanized age?

flatiron‑building‑construction‑1901‑1902 - New York City

flatiron‑building‑construction‑1901‑1902…

As it appears in 2012.

THE SPIRIT OF INNOVATIONS

A. CREATED INDUSTRIAL SUCCESS

B. BETWEEN 1860 & 1900, NUMEROUS NEW INVENTIONS CREATED- US PATENT OFFICE GRANTED OVER 676,000 PATENTS FOR MACHINES

STEEL IS KING

A. NO OTHER SINGLE INNOVATION AFFECTED TECHNOLOGICAL

CHANGE MORE THAN STEEL PRODUCTION

B. BESSEMER PROCESS CREATED – NEW, CHEAP WAY TO PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF STEEL

C. STEEL USED IN EVERYTHING

ELECTRICITY BECOMES WIDESPREAD

A. ELECTRICITY USUAGE SPURRED OTHER INNOVATIONS AND INVENTIONS:

1. SAMUEL MORSE – TELEGRAGH – 1840’S (MORSE CODE)

2. ALEXANDER G. BELL – TELEPHONE – AT&T

3. ESCALATORS & ELEVATORS – ELIJAH OTIS

4. THOMAS EDISON – LIGHT BULB & MANY OTHER ITEMS – IN MENLO PARK, NEW JERSEY HE SETS UP HIS LABORATORY

MACHINES INCREASE PRODUCTION

A. LEADS TO ASSEMBLY LINES

BECAUSE LARGE CORPORATIONS WERE OFTEN SO MUCH MORE EFFICIENT BY USING MACHINE AND CREATING ASSEMBLY LINES FOR MASS PRODUCTION, THEY CREATED ECONOMIES OF SCALE (THE MORE YOU PRODUCE OF ONE PRODUCE THE CHEAPER IT IS TO PRODUCE IT) •THUS IT CREATED LOWER COST AND PRICES!!

INDUSTRIAL LEADERS

•What do you see here?•Describe the man on the left.•What do you think he does for a living?

•This is John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil Company, one of the largest U.S. corporations around 1900.

•How might men like Rockefeller have helped industrialize the U.S.?

INDUSTRIAL GIANTS A. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER CREATES THE STANDARD

OIL COMPANY1. DOMINATES THE OIL INDUSTRY (HANDLED 90% OF

THE REFINING BUSINESS IN ALL OF US BY 1879)2. USED HORIZONTAL INTERGRATION TO DOMINATE

THE OIL INDUSTRY.* CONTROLLING THE MOST IMPORTANT STEP IN

PRODUCTION IN THE MAKING OF A PRODUCT.3. BECAME VERY WEALTHY

“Reckafellow”• John D. Rockefeller dominated oil industry by 1877 owned 95%

of oil refineries• Oil monopoly turned out good oil at cheap price• Horizontal Integration=allying with competitors to create a

monopoly• Created a “trust”

Independent Oil refineries Standard Oil Company

purchased by

Rockefeller

INDUSTRIAL GIANTS B. ANDREW CARNEGIE CREATED THE US STEEL

COMPANY (IN PITTSBURGH, PA)1. DOMINATES THE STEEL IND. (HIS STEEL MILL

MADE 25% OF ALL STEEL MADE IN US BY 1900) 2. USED VERTICAL INTERGRATION TO DOMINATE

THE STEEL INDUSTRY.*CONTROL ALL STEPS OF PRODUCTION FROM RAW

MATERIAL TO FINISHED PRODUCT.3. BECAME VERY WEALTHY

INDUSTRIAL GIANTS

C. BOTH OF THESE MEN CONSOLIDATE THEIR INDUSTRIES AND MADE THEN MORE EFFICIENT

OFTEN TIMES THESE INDUSTRIAL LEADERS CREATED MONOPOLIES IN THEIR INDUSTRIES! (A MONOPOLY EXIST WHEN A SINGLE HAS CONTROL OF AN ENTIRE MARKET)

OTHER INDUSTRIAL GIANTSA. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT –

CONSOLADATES THE RR’S IN THE NORTHEAST SECTION OF AMERICA

B. B. SWIFT AND ARMOUR – MEAT PACKING

C. McCORMICK – FARM MACHINES

D. DUKE FAMILY – TOBACCO

E. J.P. MORGAN – BANKING

ALL THESE BUSINESSMEN ARE ENTREPRENEURS – PEOPLE WHO RISK THEIR MONEY IN CREATING AND RUNNING A BUSINESS.

THE TIME OF AMERICAN’S INDUSTRIALIZATION BECAME KNOWN AS THE GILDED AGE – (THE LATE 1800’S IN AMERICA – WE

LOOKED GOOD ON THE OUTSIDE – LOTS OF WEALTH AND OPPORTUNITIES – BUT WE HAD LOTS OF PROBLEMS ON THE INSIDE – GREED, CORRUPTION, HARSH LIVING CONDITIONS

FOR MANY PEOPLE).

MARK TWAIN CREATED THIS TERM.

CORPORATIONS, TRUST AND GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION

•What do you see here?•Whom do the men standing , wearing top hats represent?•Who are the men at the desks?•What is the significance of the closed door in the upper left corner?•What is the intended message of the cartoonist?

People’sEntrance(it’s closed off)

“This is the Senate of the Monopolist,By the Monopolist, and for the Monopolist.”

CORPORATIONA. NEW METHOD OF ORGANIZING BUSINESSES THAT

AROSE IN THE MID TO LATE 1800’SB. AN ORGANIZATION OWNED BY MANY PEOPLE BUT

TREATED AS ONE PERSON IN THE EYES OF THE LAW (GOOD FOR BUSINESSES)

C. ADVANTAGES OF A CORPORATION1. LIMITED LIABILITY FOR INVESTORS2. LEGAL STATUS AS A SINGLE PERSON – YET NUMEROUS PEOPLE RUN A CORP. 3. EASY TO ATTRACT INVESTORS – RAISE LARGE SUMS OF MONEY FOR BUSINESSES

TRUSTS

A. A NEW WAY OF MERGING BUSINESSES THAT DID NOT VIOLATE THE LAWS AGAINST OWNING OTHER COMPANIES ALL IN THE SAME INDUSTRY

B. STANDARD OIL, IN 1882, CREATED THE FIRST TRUST

C. A TRUST IS A LEGAL CONCEPT THAT ALLOWS ON PERSON TO MANAGE ANOTHER PERSON’S PROPERTY – CALLED A TRUSTEE

D. THESE RICH AND POWERFUL BUSINESS TRUST BEGAN TO MANIPULATE THE GOVERNEMNT AT THE FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL LEVELS

CITY GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION

A. VERY COMMON

B. CITY GOVERNMENTS WERE OFTEN RUN NOT BY THE ELECTED OFFICIALS BUT BY POLITICAL MACHINES OR BOSSES

C. DISHONESTY BY ELECTED GOVERNMENT LEADERS WAS EXTREMELY COMMON

Political machines and political bosses

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA8hOZbP0MM&list=PL67928E6ED0A35DA0&index=16

•Boss Tweed was the most infamous of the political bosses•He ran the city of New York – nothing happened in NYC without his consent / knowledge

Boss Tweed exposed by Thomas Nast

Criticism and Defense of Big BusinessBy 1900 grand monopolies began to face criticism

huge gap between the wealthy and the poorsooo few controlled sooo much!! -- 1% had more

wealth than 99%

“The Gospel of Wealth”, published by Andrew Carnegie argued that wealth was a sign of divine approval, but that a millionaire should be a “trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves.” Carnegie’s “Gospel” also charged the wealthy needed to donate to the poor- be philanthropic.

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALISM

•What do you see here?•Where are these men working?•Under what conditions do they work?•What hazards might they face?•How would you feel if you had to work long hours in this steel mill?

INDUSTRIALIZATION BENEFITS THE MIDDLE CLASS

A. INDUSTRIALIZATION CREATES A NEW AND BETTER LIFE FOR THOSE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

1. DEPARTMENT STORES (PENNEY’S, SEARS, WARDS, OTHERS)

These new stores brought together many different products under one roof.

2. MORE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE – BETTER LIFE

B. OFTEN TIMES MIDDLE CLASS WILL DEFEND INDUSTRIALIZATION

LIFE FOR AVERAGE AMERICANS DUE TO INDUSTRIALISM

A. MOST PEOPLE WORKING IN FACTORIES VIEW INDUSTRIALISM AS DRUDGERY AND HARDSHIP

B. MOST PEOPLE CAN NOT AFFORD TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF NEW INDUSTRIAL CONVENIENCES

INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS

A. LONG HOURS

B. LOW WAGES

C. UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS

D. MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN ALL WORKING IN FACTORIES

CHANGE & DISCRIMINATION IN THE

WORK FORCE

•What do you see here?•Where was this photograph taken?•Describe the people in the photograph?•How old are they?•What are they doing?•How many hours do you think they work a day?•What would it be like to work under these conditions?•What problems might it cause?

INDUSTRIALISM & WOMEN

A. MANY WOMEN GO TO WORK IN NEW FACTORIES

B. WOMEN RECEIVE LOWER PAY THEN MEN

C. THIS IS A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE FOR WOMEN.

CHILD LABOR – COMMON

A. LONG HOURS AND LOW WAGES

B. MANY JOBS WERE HARMFUL TO THEIR YOUNG HEALTH

MINORITIES AND IMMIGRANTS

A. MANY FACTORIES LIKED TO HIGHER THEM FOR UNSKILLED WORK

B. PAID VERY LOW WAGES AND WORKED LONG HOUR (EXPLOITED)

1850 1890

Why do you think women’s fashion changed from the styles as shown on the left in 1850 to the styles such as that on the right in 1890?

A)The preferences of men changed during that time, causing women to adjust.B)They needed a dress that could fit into a car.C)Women sought plainer, less ornamental dresses in an effort to gain equality to men.D)Women needed tighter clothing to work in factories.

ORGANIZED LABOR

•What do you see here?•Who are the people in the upper left?•Who are the people holding guns?•What do you think is happening here?•Why are the soldiers aiming guns at the workers?•What does this picture reveal about labor – management relations at this time?

LABOR UNIONS EMERGE IN THE LATE 1800’S DUE TO POOR WORKING CONDITIONS FOR

FACTORIES WORKERSA. EXAMPLES OF EARLY LABOR UNIONS

1. KNIGHTS OF LABOR CREATED IN 1869– TERENCE POWDERLY 1ST SUCCESSFUL LEADER– BIG ISSUE – CREATION OF THE 8 HR. WORK DAY– MEMBERSHIP OPEN TO ALL WORKERS– (SKILLED & UNSKILLED, MEN & WOMEN, & MINORITIES)

2. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL) CREATED IN – 1886– SAMUEL GOMPERS FOUNDER– BIG ISSUES – HIGHER WAGES, SAFER WORK CONITIONS,&THE RIGHT OF LABOR UNIONS TO REPRESENT WORKERS

IN DISCUSSIONS WITH EMPLOYERS

BUSINESSES FIGHT UNIONIZATION

A. BUSINESSES REALIZED THAT IF LABOR UNIONS WERE SUCCESSFUL IN GETTING HIGHER WAGES, SHORTER WORK HOURS, & SAFER FACTORY CONDITIONS, IN THE END IT WOULD COST THE BUSINESSES MORE MONEY AND THUS LESS PROFIT.

B. BUSINESS LEADERS STRONGLY FAVORED LAISSEZ – FAIRE (NO GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE IN RUNNING BUSINESSES).

C. GOVT. GENERALLY SEEMED TO SIDE WITH THE BUSINESS OWNERS (EMPLOYERS) IN LABOR DISPUTES

STRIKES BY UNIONS COMMON IN THE LATE 1800’S AND EARLY

1900’SA. OFTEN TIMES STRIKES WERE

VIOLENT

Homestead Strike 1892

Haymarket Riot 1886

B. MANY STRIKES BY RAILROAD WORKERS (AND OTHER HAZARDOUS JOBS)

Pullman Strike 1894

TOLL ON THE ENVIRONMENT

•What do you see here?•What is being extracted from the ground?•How?•What would be like to work in this environment?•What do you think the hillside looked like before?•Why do you think oil fields such as this one became increasingly important in an age of industrialization?

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

A. INCREASE USE OF NONRENEWABLE FUEL SOURCES (OIL, COAL, NATURAL GAS) WHICH INCREASED POLLUTION.

B. GOVT. ADOPTED A VERY LAISSEZ – FAIRE APPROACH TO THE ENVIRNOMENT (NOT TAKING CARE OF IT)

MINING AND DEFORESTATION

A. CLEAR CUTTING

B. MINING COMPANIES POLLUTED THE WATER

C. RANCHERS OVERGRAZED THE LANDS

D. IN GENERAL,THERE WAS A LACK OF CONCERN BY CORPORATIONS TO TAKE CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

AIR & WATER POLLUTION

A. QUALITY OF AMERICA’S AIR AND WATER SUFFERED GREATLY DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE MID TO LATE 1800’S.

ENVIRONMENTAL REFORMERS – WANT GOVT. TO PROTECT AMERICA’S

NATURAL BEAUTY AND RESOURCES

A. GIFFORD PINCHOT – STARTS AMERICAN CONSERVATION MOVEMENT

B. JOHN MUIR - LEADS IDEA TO PRESERVE AMERICA’S NATURAL BEAUTY – WANTS TO CREATE NATIONAL PARKS