Industrialism in America Building the American Powerhouse.
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Transcript of Industrialism in America Building the American Powerhouse.
Industrialism in Industrialism in AmericaAmerica
Building the American Building the American PowerhousePowerhouse
The Brooklyn Bridge - The Brooklyn Bridge - 18831883
•Significance: a symbol of America’s transition from a rural to an industrial nation.
Impact of IndustryImpact of Industry
On different regions:On different regions: Between 1865 and 1910, impact was Between 1865 and 1910, impact was
unevenuneven Most common in Northeast & MidwestMost common in Northeast & Midwest
On people:On people: A few businessmen made vast fortunesA few businessmen made vast fortunes Hundreds of thousands worked in Hundreds of thousands worked in
dangerous conditions for little pay dangerous conditions for little pay
Steel Workers Pouring Steel Workers Pouring Molten SteelMolten Steel
Significance of Bessemer Process: large quantities of steel made cheap and easy
Steel ProductionSteel Production
Increase in Increase in production of production of steel:steel: 2,000 tons in 2,000 tons in
18671867 More than 7 More than 7
million tons by million tons by 19001900
Steel was Steel was stronger & more stronger & more durable than durable than ironiron
Made possible Made possible stronger train stronger train tracks, taller tracks, taller buildings, buildings, longer bridges, longer bridges, etc.etc.
Skyscraper in New YorkSkyscraper in New York
Pictured at right is the Flatiron Building in NYC, built in 1901•Possible because of steel girders •Steel industry helped fuel growth of construction industry•Because space in cities was so valuable, tall buildings were constructed for more office space
Andrew Andrew CarnegieCarnegie
By 1900, there were over 4,000 millionaires in America•Carnegie was a Scotch immigrant•As a boy, he worked in a textile mill for $1.20 per week•Used savings to purchase a steel mill in PA•Became one of worlds wealthiest men by controlling steel industry•Donated millions to Universities, churches, charities
The millionaire should The millionaire should be “a trustee for his be “a trustee for his
poorer brethren, poorer brethren, bringing to their service bringing to their service
his superior wisdom, his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to experience, and ability to
administer, doing for administer, doing for them better than they them better than they would or could do for would or could do for
themselves.”themselves.”- - Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
Pennsylvania Oil FieldPennsylvania Oil Field
First successful well First successful well drilled in Titusville, drilled in Titusville, PA 1859PA 1859
Oil originally used Oil originally used for lubrication for lubrication purposespurposes
Will come to be used Will come to be used in automobiles when in automobiles when internal combustion internal combustion engine is inventedengine is invented
John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller Held virtual control over oil Held virtual control over oil
business with Standard Oil business with Standard Oil Co.Co.
Eliminated competition by Eliminated competition by lowering prices to run them lowering prices to run them out of biz, then raised prices out of biz, then raised prices when competitors were gonewhen competitors were gone
Controlled over 90% of Controlled over 90% of American oil refining by 1879American oil refining by 1879
In a In a TrustTrust shareholders of shareholders of smaller companies give up smaller companies give up control to larger firm which control to larger firm which shares profits with themshares profits with them
Controlling an entire industry Controlling an entire industry is called a is called a monopolymonopoly
RailroadRailroad
Transportation was key to Transportation was key to industrializationindustrialization
In 1860, most track was in the EastIn 1860, most track was in the East Because there were few Because there were few
interconnected rail lines, moving interconnected rail lines, moving freight long distances by rail was freight long distances by rail was costly and took too much timecostly and took too much time because you had to load and unload because you had to load and unload freight several times.freight several times.
VanderbiltVanderbilt Powerful in Powerful in
Railroad industryRailroad industry Consolidated and Consolidated and
combined smaller combined smaller rail lines to make rail lines to make them more efficient them more efficient & economical& economical
Drove smaller Drove smaller companies out of companies out of biz by refusing to biz by refusing to allow transfers onto allow transfers onto his lineshis lines
Controlled 4,500 Controlled 4,500 miles of rail by miles of rail by time of his deathtime of his death
Consolidation led Consolidation led to inexpensive and to inexpensive and fast shipping of fast shipping of freightfreight
Establishment of Establishment of time zones created time zones created uniform time in uniform time in each zoneeach zone
Positives & Negatives of Positives & Negatives of Big BizBig Biz
NegativesNegatives Drove small Drove small
companies out of companies out of bizbiz
Exploited workersExploited workers ““Cut corners”Cut corners” Bribed officialsBribed officials OverchargedOvercharged PollutedPolluted Wasted ResourcesWasted Resources
PositivesPositives Invented & Invented &
perfected new perfected new technologytechnology
Lowered cost of Lowered cost of productsproducts
Improved overall Improved overall quality of lifequality of life
Gave generously to Gave generously to charitiescharities
Cartoon of Large Cartoon of Large Trusts…Trusts…
Reformers argued Reformers argued that Trusts went that Trusts went against idea of free against idea of free enterpriseenterprise
Large companies Large companies used power to used power to influence influence government officialsgovernment officials
Influenced votes Influenced votes through bribesthrough bribes
Interstate Interstate Commerce Commerce Commission formed Commission formed in 1887 to control in 1887 to control railroadsrailroads
Sherman Anti-trust Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 passed Act of 1890 passed to regulate truststo regulate trusts
Little significant Little significant enforcement took enforcement took place until 1900splace until 1900s
Company TownCompany Town
The company owned the town The company owned the town and rented homes to workersand rented homes to workers
Workers paid with scrip – Workers paid with scrip – company “money”company “money”
The workforceThe workforce
Women tended to work in textile Women tended to work in textile mills, garment factories, tobacco mills, garment factories, tobacco factoriesfactories Usually paid less than half the wages of Usually paid less than half the wages of
men in the same jobsmen in the same jobs By 1870, 1/3 of factory workers By 1870, 1/3 of factory workers
foreign bornforeign born Hired because they would work for Hired because they would work for
much less $much less $
Steel WorkersSteel Workers
Worked long hours for low pay Worked long hours for low pay 12 hours a day, 6 days a week12 hours a day, 6 days a week
Coal MinersCoal Miners
Working conditions often dangerous Working conditions often dangerous because owners refused to pay for because owners refused to pay for expensive safety featuresexpensive safety features
Coal miners worked deep Coal miners worked deep underground and faced the perils of underground and faced the perils of cave-ins and explosionscave-ins and explosions
Children often worked to help pay Children often worked to help pay bills & support familybills & support family
By 1900, 2 million American children By 1900, 2 million American children between 10 and 15 were workingbetween 10 and 15 were working
Textile Workers on Textile Workers on StrikeStrike
Workers formed unions to try to improve Workers formed unions to try to improve working conditionsworking conditions
Samuel Gompers founded the American Samuel Gompers founded the American Federation of LaborFederation of Labor Goals included 8-hour work day, right to Goals included 8-hour work day, right to
collective bargainingcollective bargaining
The IWWThe IWW
IWW = Industrial Workers of the IWW = Industrial Workers of the WorldWorld
Most radical of the unionsMost radical of the unions Led by Bill HaywoodLed by Bill Haywood Organized the most ignored Organized the most ignored
workers, including migrant workersworkers, including migrant workers Believed in strikes and work slow-Believed in strikes and work slow-
downsdowns
Violent StrikesViolent Strikes The Government often supported The Government often supported
management in strikesmanagement in strikes Employers publicized violence during Employers publicized violence during
strikes to turn public opinion against the strikes to turn public opinion against the labor movementlabor movement
In the 1892 strike at the Homestead Steel In the 1892 strike at the Homestead Steel plant, striking workers were arrestedplant, striking workers were arrested Many lost their jobsMany lost their jobs Returning strikers had their pay cut by 50%Returning strikers had their pay cut by 50%
President Cleveland sent federal troops to President Cleveland sent federal troops to break up a railway workers strike against break up a railway workers strike against the Pullman Railway Car Company in 1894the Pullman Railway Car Company in 1894