PECO

CHP Symposium

Mid Atlantic CHP

Technical Assistance Partnership

CHP Overview

September 20, 2018

DOE CHP Technical Assistance

Partnerships (CHP TAPs)• End User Engagement

Partner with strategic End Users to advance technical solutions using CHP as a cost effective and resilient way to ensure American competitiveness, utilize local fuels and enhance energy security. CHP TAPs offer fact-based, non-biased engineering support to manufacturing, commercial, institutional and federal facilities and campuses.

• Stakeholder EngagementEngage with strategic Stakeholders, including regulators, utilities, and policy makers, to identify and reduce the barriers to using CHP to advance regional efficiency, promote energy independence and enhance the nation’s resilient grid. CHP TAPs provide fact-based, non-biased education to advance sound CHP programs and policies.

• Technical ServicesAs leading experts in CHP (as well as microgrids, heat to power, and district energy) the CHP TAPs work with sites to screen for CHP opportunities as well as provide advanced services to maximize the economic impact and reduce the risk of CHP from initial CHP screening to installation.

www.energy.gov/chp

DOE CHP Deployment

Program Contactswww.energy.gov/CHPTAP

Tarla T. Toomer, Ph.D.CHP Deployment Manager

Office of Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy

U.S. Department of Energy

Tarla.Toomer@ee.doe.gov

Patti GarlandDOE CHP TAP Coordinator [contractor]

Office of Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy

U.S. Department of Energy

Patricia.Garland@ee.doe.gov

Ted BronsonDOE CHP TAP Coordinator [contractor]

Office of Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy

U.S. Department of Energy

tbronson@peaonline.com

DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (CHP TAPs)

Combined Heat & Power

Overview

CHP: A Key Part of Our Energy Future

▪ Form of Distributed Generation (DG)

▪ An integrated system

▪ Located at or near a building / facility

▪ Provides at least a portion of the electrical load and

▪ Uses thermal energy for:

o Space Heating / Cooling

o Process Heating / Cooling

o Dehumidification

CHP provides efficient, clean, reliable, affordable energy –

today and for the future.

Source: www.energy.gov/chp

Fuel 100 units

CHP75% efficiency

Total Efficiency~ 75%

Fuel

Fuel

30 units

Power Plant32% efficiency(Including T&D)

Onsite Boiler80% efficiency

45 units

Electricity

Heat

Total Efficiency~ 50%

94 units

56 units

30 to 55% less greenhouse gas emissions

CHP Recaptures Heat of Generation, Increasing

Energy Efficiency, and Reducing GHGs

CHP System Schematic

Prime MoverReciprocating Engines

Combustion Turbines

Microturbines

Steam Turbines

Fuel Cells

ORC turbine

ElectricityOn-Site Consumption

Sold to Utility

FuelNatural Gas

Propane

Biogas

Landfill Gas

Coal

Steam

Waste Products

Others

Generator

Heat Exchanger

ThermalSteam

Hot Water

Space Heating

Process Heating

Space Cooling

Process Cooling

Refrigeration

Dehumidification

What Are the Benefits of CHP?

▪ CHP is more efficient than separate generation of electricity and heating/cooling

▪ Higher efficiency translates to lower operating costs (but requires capital investment)

▪ Higher efficiency reduces emissions of pollutants

▪ CHP can also increase energy reliability and enhance power quality

▪ On-site electric generation can reduce grid congestion and avoid distribution costs.

Critical Infrastructure and Resiliency

Benefits of CHP

“Critical infrastructure” refers to those assets, systems, and networks that, if incapacitated, would have a substantial negative impact on national security, national economic security, or national public health and safety.”

Patriot Act of 2001 Section 1016 (e)

Applications:

▪ Hospitals and healthcare centers

▪ Water / wastewater treatment plants

▪ Police, fire, and public safety

▪ Centers of refuge (often schools or universities)

▪ Military/National Security

▪ Food distribution facilities

▪ Telecom and data centers

CHP (if properly configured):

▪ Offers the opportunity to improve Critical Infrastructure (CI) resiliency

▪ Can continue to operate, providing uninterrupted supply of electricity and heating/cooling to the host facility

National Drivers for CHP

▪ Benefits of CHP recognized by policymakerso State Portfolio Standards (RPS, EEPS), Tax Incentives,

Grants, standby rates, etc.

▪ Favorable outlook for natural gas supply and price in North America

▪ Opportunities created by environmental drivers

▪ Utilities finding economic value

▪ Energy resiliency and critical infrastructure

DOE / EPA CHP Report (8/2012)

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf

Attractive CHP Markets

IndustrialChemicals

Refining

Food processing

Petrochemicals

Natural gas pipelines

Pharmaceuticals

Rubber and plastics

Pulp and paper

CommercialData centers

Hotels and casinos

Multi-family housing

Laundries

Apartments

Office buildings

Refrigerated warehouses

Restaurants

Supermarkets

Green buildings

InstitutionalHospitals

Schools (K–12)

Universities & colleges

Wastewater treatment

Correctional Facilities

AgriculturalDairies

Wood waste

(biomass)

Concentrated

animal feeding

operations

CHP Today in the United States

• 81.3 GW of installed CHP at more than

4,400 industrial and commercial

facilities

• 8% of U.S. Electric Generating

Capacity; 14% of Manufacturing

• Avoids more than 1.8 quadrillion

Btus of fuel consumption annually

• Avoids 241 million metric tons of

CO2 compared to separate production

Slide prepared on 7-3-18

Existing CHP Capacity

PA CHP Market Update – Recent Installs▪ Rittenhouse Claridge▪ FMC Tower▪ Simpson House▪ Park Towne Place Apartments▪ Cathedral Village Retirement Home▪ Lancaster General Hospital▪ Guthrie Medical Center▪ Montgomery Healthcare▪ Peninsula Regional Medical Center▪ Aria Health – Torresdale▪ Messiah College▪ Aberdeen Proving Grounds▪ MGM National Harbor▪ Columbia Supreme Sports Club▪ Dogfish Head Brewery

Pennsylvania CHP Technical Potential

There is 3,620 MW of industrial on-site CHP technical potential In PA, primarily chemicals, metals, paper, refining and food sectors

There is 3,003 MW of commercial, institutional and multi-family on-site technical potential in PA, primarily in office buildings, higher ed, hospitals, gov’t buildings and retail sectors

Overview of CHP

Technologies

Common CHP Technologies

50 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 20 MW

Fuel Cells

Gas TurbinesMicroturbines

Reciprocating Engines

Steam Turbines

Configurations▪ CHP systems are often categorized based on the type of prime mover

that drives the system. There are five predominant prime mover

technologies used for CHP systems:

◦ Reciprocating engines

◦ Gas turbines

◦ Microturbines

◦ Boiler/steam turbines

◦ Fuel cells

▪ Heat can generally be recovered in the form of hot water, steam or

hot air and converted to cooling or refrigeration using absorption

chillers or steam turbine chillers, or dehumidification using desiccants

Prime Mover: Reciprocating

Engines▪ Size Range: 10 kW to 10 MW▪ Characteristics

◦ Thermal can produce hot water, low pressure steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller)

◦ High part-load operation efficiency

◦ Fast start-up

◦ Minimal auxiliary power requirements for black start.

▪ Example Applications:

◦ universities, hospitals, water treatment facilities, industrial facilities, commercial buildings, and multi-family dwellings

Prime Mover: Gas Turbines

▪ Size Range: 1 MW to 300 MW▪ Characteristics

◦ Produces high quality, high temperature thermal that can include high pressure steam for industrial processes, and chilled water (with absorption chiller)

◦ Available in a wide range of capacities and configurations

◦ Best efficiency when operated at full load (part-load efficiency is often much lower than full load efficiency)

▪ Example Applications:

◦ hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper, military bases

Prime Mover: Microturbines

▪ Size Range: 30 kW to 330 kW (modular packages exceeding 1 MW)

▪ Characteristics◦ Thermal can produce hot water,

steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller)

◦ Compact size and light weight

◦ Inverter based generation can improve power quality

▪ Example Applications: ◦ multifamily housing, hotels,

nursing homes, waste water treatment, gas & oil production

Reciprocating Engine or Turbine

with Heat Recovery▪ Gas or liquid fuel is combusted in a prime mover, such as a

reciprocating engine, microturbine, or gas turbine▪ The prime mover is connected to a generator that produces electricity▪ Energy normally lost in the prime mover’s hot exhaust and cooling

system is recovered to provide useful thermal energy for the site

These configurations offer good potential for incorporation into packaged CHP systems

Prime Mover: Steam Turbines

▪ Size Range: 100 kW to over 250 MW▪ Characteristics

◦ Requires a boiler or other steam source

◦ Can be mated to boilers firing a variety of gaseous, liquid or solid fuels (e.g., coal and biomass fuels such wood, waste products, and pellets).

◦ Mature technology with very high durability and reliability

◦ Can operated over a wide range of steam pressures

◦ Backpressure steam turbines can be used to produce power by replacing pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in existing steam systems

▪ Example Applications:

◦ Industrial applications, district heating and cooling systems, forest products, paper mills, chemicals, food processing, PRVs

Boiler / Steam Turbine

▪ Fuel is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam that is sent to a backpressure or extraction steam turbine

▪ The steam turbine is connected to an electric generator that produces electricity

▪ Low pressure steam exits the turbine and provides useful thermal energy for the site

Fuel Cell▪ A fuel, such as natural gas, is reformed in a fuel processor to create hydrogen▪ Hydrogen and oxygen are converted to direct current (DC) electricity using an

electrochemical process in a fuel cell stack▪ An inverter is used to convert DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity▪ Heat from the fuel processor and fuel cell stack are recovered to provide useful

thermal energy for the site

Heat Recovery▪ Heat Exchangers

◦ Recover exhaust gas from prime mover

◦ Transfers exhaust gas into useful heat (steam, hot water) for downstream applications

◦ Hot water heat exchangers to recover reciprocating engine jacket and oil cooler heat

▪ Heat-Driven Chillers ◦ Absorption Chiller

– Use heat to chill water

– Chemical process (not mechanical)

◦ Steam Turbine Centrifugal Chiller

Image Source: University of Calgary

Image Source: DOE - EERE

Heat Recovery: Absorption

Chillers▪ Absorption chillers are heat operated refrigeration

machines that operate on chemical and physical reactions to transfer heat. The absorption cycle substitutes a physiochemical process for the mechanical compressor used in common refrigeration systems.

▪ Absorption chillers can be driven with hot water, steam, or prime mover exhaust.

▪ Absorption chillers are available in sizes from 5 to 3,000 refrigeration tons. This capacity correlates to a CHP electric output of approximately 50 to 10,000 kW.

▪ For 40°F and higher chilling fluid temperatures (e.g., building air conditioning), a common refrigerant solution mixture is water (refrigerant) and lithium bromide (absorbent). For chilling fluid temperatures below 40°F (e.g., cold storage), a common refrigerant solution mixture is ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent).

A 200-ton single-stage absorption chiller integrated with three 600

kW reciprocating engines that also provide hot water for process and

space heating. The system is located at a metal fabrication facility in

Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Photo courtesy of Northeast CHP

Technical Assistance Partnership (CHP TAP).

Electric Generators

▪ Two types of electric generators are used with reciprocating engines and turbines to produce alternating current (AC) electricity: induction and synchronous.

Induction

• Requires grid power (external

power source)

• When grid goes down,

CHP system goes down

• Contributes to poor power factor

• Less complicated and less costly to

interconnect compared to

synchronous

• Preferred by utilities

Synchronous

• Does not need grid to operate (self

excited)

• CHP system can continue to operate

through grid outage

• Can assist in power factor correction

• More complicated and more costly to

interconnect compared to induction

(safety considerations)

• Preferred by CHP customers

CHP TAP Technical Assistance

CHP TAP Role: Technical Assistance

▪ Do you pay more than $.06/kWh on average for electricity?

▪ Are you concerned about current or future energy costs

▪ Are you concerned about power reliability?

What if the power goes out for 5 minutes… for 1 hour?

▪ Does your facility operate for more than 3,000 hours per year?

▪ Do you have thermal loads throughout the year?

(including steam, hot water, chilled water, hot air, etc.)

Screening Questions

▪ Does your facility have an existing central plant?

▪ Do you expect to replace, upgrade, or retrofit central plant equipment within the next 3-5 years?

▪ Do you anticipate a facility expansion or new construction project within the next 3-5 years?

▪ Have you already implemented energy efficiency measures and still have high energy costs?

▪ Are you interested in reducing your facility's impact on the environment?

▪ Do you have access to on-site or nearby biomass resources? (i.e., landfill gas, farm manure, food processing waste, etc.)

Screening Questions (cont.)

Summary▪ CHP gets the most out of a fuel source, enabling

◦ High overall utilization efficiencies

◦ Reduced environmental footprint

◦ Reduced operating costs

▪ CHP can be used for different strategies, including critical infrastructure resiliency and emergency planning

▪ Proven technologies are commercially available and cover a full range of sizes and applications

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CHP Project Resources

Good Primer Report DOE CHP Technologies

Fact Sheet Series

www.eere.energy.gov/chpwww.energy.gov/chp-technologies

CHP Project Resources

DOE Project Profile Database

energy.gov/chp-projects

EPA dCHPP (CHP Policies and

Incentives Database

www.epa.gov/chpdchpp-chp-

policies-and-incentives-database

CHP Project Resources

DOE CHP Installation Database

(List of all known

CHP systems in U.S.)

Low-Cost CHP Screening and

Other Technical Assistance from the CHP TAP

energy.gov/chp-installs

energy.gov/CHPTAP

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Next Steps

In collaboration with PECO contact the MA CHP TAP for assistance

if:

▪ You are interested in having a Qualification Screening

performed to determine if there is an opportunity for CHP

at your site

▪ You already have an existing CHP plant and interested in

expanding it

▪ You need an unbiased 3rd Party Review of a proposal

Mid Atlantic CHP TAP Director

Jim Freihautjdf11@psu.edu

814-863-0083

Thank You

Questions?