China: Dynasty to Communism

HWH UNIT 12CHAPTER 15.4 and 18.3

Review…Imperialism

Manchu DynastyWestern dominationJapanese aggressionEmpress Dowager Ci XiHenry Pu Yi, the Last Emperor

Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) (1866-1925)

Three Principles of the PeopleChinese Republic, 1911

At this point, what obstacles does Sun

face in unifying China?

The Chinese Republic

WeakWestern imperialistsWar LordsYuan Shikai

Decentralization and chaos

WWIJapan’s Twenty-One Demands, 1915

Japan demanded land in China

Treaty of VersaillesJapan given German possessions in China

The May Fourth MovementAnother call to strengthen China and resist imperialismChina had officially sided with the Allies in WWISome see communism as the solution…

The GuomindangChinese nationalists

Established by Sun Yat-Sen

Led by Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) (1887-1975)

Successor to Sun

The Northern Expedition, 1926

Chiang allies with communists to defeat the warlordsSuccess!

Chiang in ChargeMassacre at Canton, 1927

Chiang orders communists massacredBeginning of Civil War (on and off until 1949)

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Chinese Communist PartyPower base with peasants

The Long March, 1936

The Long MarchNearly 100,000 begin

Only 10,000 surviveMao and Zho Enlai

High casualties, but spread communist popularity

Civil War on Hold1931: Japan invades Manchuria1937: Japan launches full-scale invasion of ChinaGuomindang and Communists cooperate

But do not trust each other

Civil War ResumesJapan surrenders, 1945

Civil War resumesUS supports Chiang and the NationalistsUSSR supports Mao and the communists

Communist Victory, October 1949Goumindang was corruptGuomindang worked with the western “imperialists”Communists promised prosperity to peasants

Most Chinese were peasants

The People’s Republic of China

(PRC)

The Republic of China (Nationalist China, or

Taiwan)

Mao and the PRCCollectivization and Repression

XenophobiaKorean WarWWIIWestern ImperialismAtomic BombWestern involvement in Vietnam

The “Great Leap Forward” (1958)Mao’s attempt to force China into modernity

Outrageous production goalsDisastrous famine

Perhaps 50,000,000 starve

Tensions with the USSR

Mao dislikes Khrushchev’s “Peaceful Coexistence” with the WestConflict over the borders

Irredentism

Mao Steps Back“Pragmatists”Liu Shao Chi, 1960-66Allowed for some private ownership

Zho EnlaiLin Pao

The Cultural Revolution, 1966The Red GuardChaos, 1966-1976

American Relations with

China Capitalize on Sino-Soviet Split

Brezhnev Doctrine

“Ping-Pong Diplomacy”Nixon visits China (and Moscow)PRC gets Taiwan’s seat on the UN Security Council, 1971