Childhood Falls from Balconies and Railings- Media Research

Presented by Doug Bracken

President Wiemann Ironworks

Tulsa, OK

Search Purpose

• Find as many news and web stories that relate to children falling from balconies and railings as possible, regardless of how the incident occurs. Hopefully, news stories will provide eyewitness accounts and other pertinent information that is not present in any of the CPSC or NEISS Data.

• Present this data in an unbiased manner to the CTC committee.

Search Focus

• Falls for any reason listed or shown from Balconies and Railings involving Children between the ages of 0-4 years old.

Search Strings and Media Used• Childhood Falls From Balcony and Railings (ies)• Infant Falls From Balcony and Railings (ies)• Toddler Falls From Balcony and Railings (ies)• Child Falls From Balcony and Railings (ies)• Child Falls, Toddler Falls,Balcony Falls, Railing falls, Child Railing,

Toddler Lanai, Toddler railing, Infant falls, Infant railing, Toddler Climbing, Infant Climbing, Etc.

• Google; News, Images and Web• Yahoo; News, Images Web• HighBeam Research• Multiple News media searches such as MSN, MSNBC, CNN etc.

Search findings that were omitted

• Falls from Windows

• Falls from Vehicles

• Falls from buildings or other structures that had no eyewitness or reasonable explanation as to how the incident occurred.

• Falls in children older than 4

Unscientific Findings (in round numbers)

• In all 32 news reports are used for this analysis and from those:• 91% of falls in this age group from balconies involve unattended children• 9% (the balance) of falls involve children who were deliberately thrown or

dropped accidentally by the caregiver.• 45% of falls appear to be a result of children “slipping between the rails” or

children falling through the railings because of defect. I have labeled these as “Fall Through” and “Fall Through/Defective”

• 18% of falls appear to be due to children climbing furniture or other items left on the balcony. I have labeled these as “Climbing Furniture”

• 24% appears to be a result of climbing the railing of unspecified height with no immediate witness and no mention of railing design except in the examples shown which were picket type rails. Because of this lack of solid evidence I have labeled these“Unspecific Climbing”

• 3% appears to have climbed a solid wall of unspecified height or design. I have labeled this “Climb Solid Wall”

Climbing Solid Wall• Boy, 4, miraculously survives balcony fall•

New Straits Times; 3/31/2005 •

GEORGE TOWN, Wed. - A four-year-old boy miraculously survived after he fell from the second floor of the Bandar Perda flat in Bukit Mertajam last Sunday. The incident happened about 2.30pm when Mohd Idham Jamil was playing with his sister, Siti Soleha, 5, on the balcony. He fractured both wrists and sustained bruises on his face. Mohd Idham was rushed to the nearby Bukit Mertajam Hospital and later transferred to Penang Hospital for further observation. His mother, Maria Ahmad, 32, said the incident happened seconds after she went into the room to put away the clothes which she had folded earlier. Recalling the incident, Maria said she had seen the two siblings playing happily by the balcony and thought that it was acceptable to leave them alone for a minute. "All of a sudden, I heard Siti calling out to me, saying that Mohd Idham had fallen over

• the balcony. I rushed out from the room and by then there was already a commotion on the ground floor. "I was shocked when I saw Mohd Idham lying in a pool of blood and crying in pain," she told reporters when met at Penang Hospital today. Mohd Idham's hands were in a cast and he was wearing a neck brace. His face was also swollen and there were bruises on the outer part of his left eye. Maria said she was surprised Mohd Idham had fallen since the balcony wall was rather high, adding there was no chair near the wall. "But then, Mohd Idham is a very active boy. I think he might have tried to climb up the wall and must have slipped and fallen," she added. Earlier, Maria received a mini hamper and goodie bag from State police chief Deputy Commissioner Datuk Christopher Wan Soo Kee and his wife, Datin Kong Suit Mui, who is also the Penang Association of Police Families (Perkep) chairman, in conjunction with the 198th Police Day. Some 100 children from the hospital's paediatric unit also received a hamper and goodie bag each. Also present were Wan's deputy Senior Assistant Commissioner Mohd Ali Mohd Yusof and northeast district police chief Assistant Commissioner Hamzah Md Jamil.

Monday, November 22, 2004

A second high-rise death underscoresthe dangers of lanaisBy Rosemarie Bernardorbernardo@starbulletin.com

The mother of a 3-year-old boy who died in a fatal high-rise fall in Moiliili cried in anguish yesterday as she sat in the parking garage where her son was found. Friends and neighbors consoled the boy's mother and father, Edward Reiser, who discovered their son on the second level of the open-air parking garage. The toddler, identified by friends and neighbors as Eddie Reiser III, was pronounced dead at Queen's Medical Center Saturday after he fell eight floors from his balcony. Police said the fall appeared to be accidental. The toddler was the couple's only child. This is the second fatal high-rise fall involving a toddler on Oahu within the last four months. On Aug. 9, 2-year-old Exodus Berger fell from the 14th floor of a University Avenue apartment building. Police said he apparently fell while climbing on a lanai railing of the Ala Wai Plaza at 500 University Ave. Police said he was found lifeless by his nanny. Reiser, a math professor and tutor, said he locked his son in the apartment of the "C" building of Hono Hale Towers at 2648 Kuilei St. to discipline him while he stood outside the front door. Reiser said he went to check on the boy a few minutes later after he did not hear him crying, and discovered the boy on the second level of the parking garage. Neighbors said the boy's mother was at work when the fall occurred. Friends and neighbors described Eddie Reiser III as an active boy who enjoyed swimming at the neighborhood pool. He would go swimming twice a day with his father, said neighbor Richard Chase. Chase said Reiser's father is an "extremely attentive" parent, and he was surprised to hear about the fall. "Everybody was amazed that this happened to him," Chase said. Fatal high-rise falls are uncommon in Hawaii, said Eric Tash, manager of the state Department of Health's Injury Prevention and Control Program. But Tash said it is important for parents to safeguard their high-rise lanais and windows. He said lanai doors should be kept locked, preferably with childproof locks. Locks should be placed high on the doors so they are not accessible to children. Furniture, ladders or other items that children can stack or climb should also be cleared away from the balcony. "Because children are inquisitive, they'll try to play on things. They're pretty creative," he said. Tash also said children should always be under adult supervision while they are on the lanai. He reminded parents to make sure their windows are locked and to have bars or childproof screens.

Unspecific Climbing

Denver Rocky Mountain News; 11/27/2002; Michael BeDan; ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS 11-27-2002

BOY, 2, FALLS OFF BALCONY UNATTENDED TODDLER INJURED IN TUMBLE FROM SECOND FLOOR

A 2-year-old boy left alone briefly in an apartment Tuesday afternoon fell from a second-floor balcony, landing on his head and suffering numerous injuries. The boy was in fair condition at Children's Hospital hours after he fell.

The boy's mother faces possible child neglect charges, Aurora police Detective Rudy Herrera said. ``In every case where a child is injured and left unattended, we are looking at neglect,'' he said. ``You should not leave a child that age at home unattended.'' Police did not identify the woman, but Herrera said she is not in custody. Police were questioning her shortly after paramedics arrived at the Buckingham Station Apartments and transported the boy to Children's Hospital. The boy's father arrived shortly after the 2-year-old fell. ``He was visibly upset,'' Herrera said. Police believe that the mother left the child at the apartment while she went to pick up another child at a bus stop, Herrera said. The woman told police the boy was sleeping when she left. A 13-year-old neighbor said she saw the boy climb over the wooden balcony barrier and fall. ``I was going out to check the mail, and I heard him crying,'' Angela Hughes-Pedersen said. ``He was yelling, 'Mommy.' He was climbing over the rail, and he fell and landed on his head. I picked him up, and (neighbors) called 911.'' Angela said the boy fell near some shrubs beneath the balcony, landing in an area landscaped with small rocks. A spokeswoman at Children's would not disclose the boy's injuries, but Herrera said he might have broken his arms and suffered head injuries. Copyright © 2002, Denver Publishing Co.

Unspecific Climbing

Qld:Toddler survives balcony fall

AAP General News (Australia); 8/25/2005 08-25-2005

Qld:Toddler survives balcony fall

BRISBANE, Aug 25 AAP - A toddler who plunged three metres from the balcony of his grandparents' Brisbane home has escaped with minor injuries.

Two-year-old Aidan Bell was playing with a dog on the balcony of his his grandparents' house in the north west suburb of Ferny Hills before apparently climbing the railing and falling three metres to the ground.

"I realised everything was quiet and he wasn't with the dog and I looked over and I looked over and he was crying on the grass, so he's obviously scaled the rail and gone over," the boy's grandmother Sylvia Campbell told Ten News.

The boy suffered only a small graze on his forehead but was taken to hospital for observation and X-rays.

AAP rad/lma/jlw

KEYWORD: TODDLER

Unspecific Climbing

Unspecific Climbing• Lowell girl in critical condition after balcony fall.(News)•

The Boston Herald; 4/25/2001; Sweet, Laurel J. • A 2-year-old Lowell girl plummeted nearly 30 feet off an apartment balcony yesterday afternoon, landing headfirst

on a paved walkway, police said. • Kelsey Langat, who was allegedly out of her mother's view for only a minute or two, was in critical condition last

night at New England Medical Center's Floating Hospital for Children in Boston. • "She suffered severe head injuries," said Patrick Cook, spokesman for Lowell police. "It was a very sad and

unfortunate accident." • According to Cook, the girl and her mother, Cyndy Langat, are both sick and were napping inside their Wood

Street apartment just prior to the 5 p.m. tragedy. • "The mother got up to use the bathroom and while she was in the bathroom the child went through the living

room and outside onto the balcony through a sliding-glass door," he said. • "She toppled over the railing 25 to 30 feet to the ground. The whole thing was very quick." • Cyndy Langat is not facing charges, but investigators are trying to determine if the glass door was closed or

opened by the child. • Cook said the mother learned what had happened when a neighbor started banging on her apartment door. • The neighbor, Seng Chanthaboun, last night told Fox 25 News, "I couldn't believe my eyes. I see the baby down

on the ground. I knocked on the door. I said, 'Your daughter fell out.' She said, 'Where? Where's my daughter?' She went down to look and was screaming."

• When police arrived, "The mother was cradling the child in her arms," Cook said. • COPYRIGHT 2001 Boston Herald

Unspecific Climbing

Child falls from second-floor balcony11/16/2005 8:52 AMBy: News 14 Carolina

CHARLOTTE, N.C. – A young girl is recovering after a two-story fall Tuesday night in south Charlotte.

The 4-year-old fell from the balcony of her apartment on Otter Creek Drive.Medics transported the girl to the hospital where she was treated and released. Her injuries were said to be minor.

Unspecific Climbing• Toddler's death leads to balcony safety call.(News)•

The Birmingham Post (England); 1/6/2000 • A coroner yesterday urged holiday firms to highlight the dangers of balconies after a 23-month-old British boy plunged 30ft to his death

from a Turkish hotel. • Brandon Bamforth's injuries were "incompatible to life" after he fell from the balcony chasing his ball at the resort of Altinkum. • His parents Jamie, aged 30, and Naomi, aged 26, were in their apartment when it happened in June 1998. • Recording a verdict of accidental death on Brandon, Kirklees coroner Mr Roger Whittaker said: "I shall report the matter to the Association

of British Travel Agents. • "Also, there should be a general warning to all those going on holiday to be particularly careful," he said at Huddersfield Coroner's Court. • Mr and Mrs Bamforth, of Marsden, near Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, were just a few days into their holiday with Brandon and his older

brother, three-year-old Jordan. • The inquest heard that Jordan came to Mr Bamforth and said Brandon had thrown his ball over the edge of the balcony. • Mr Bamforth said: "Just as I was speaking to Naomi I saw from the corner of my eye Brandon's legs going up into the air." • A qualified first-aider, Mr Bamforth rushed to try to resuscitate his son who was then taken to hospital where he was pronounced dead. Mr

and Mrs Bamforth were charged by Turkish police with death through negligence or carelessness, which is the standard practice in the country.

• The charges were later dropped and the couple were cleared in May last year. • Miss Joanna Priodromou, who was a representative for Sunset Holidays at the resort, told the hearing that at the welcome meetings all

safety aspects were covered. • She said there was also a booklet with safety aspects highlighted available at the hotel reception. • Mrs and Mrs Bamforth and another holidaymaker told the inquest that no mention of balconies was made at the welcome meeting. • Miss Priodromou said: "People do not want to be at welcome meetings. Many people find them very boring. People often come up

afterwards and ask me a question about something I have already covered." • Mr Whittaker said: "People should be aware that fatalities can and have taken place and I believe it's important that a special notice

should be placed in rooms. • "A fall from that height leads to death. There is no way barring a miracle that a small child could survive a fall from that height." • After the inquest Mr Bamforth said the matter was now in the hands of their solicitor. • COPYRIGHT 2000 Birmingham Post & Mail Ltd

Unspecific Climbing

• Boy, two, dies in flats plunge.(News)•

The Mirror (London, England); 8/8/1997 • A toddler died yesterday in a fall from the 12th floor of a

tower block. • The two-year-old is thought to have climbed over a

balcony while his mother was inside the flat. • Paramedics battled to save him but he died from a

fractured skull and heart attack before reaching hospital. • A neighbour in Acton, west London, said: "It's dreadful,

he was lovely."

Tuesday, September 9, 2003

By KAREN MAHABIR and MICHELLE HANSTAFF WRITERS

LITTLE FERRY - A 13-month-old baby remained hospitalized Monday after falling about 20 feet from the third-floor balcony of a condominium on Liberty Street, police said.The boy, whom police did not identify, landed on a concrete patio and suffered head and face trauma, Police Chief Ralph Verdi said. He was initially listed in critical condition at the Hackensack University Medical Center, but his condition improved Monday, the chief said.

Verdi said the child was on the balcony with a 17-year-old sister when he somehow fell, while the mother was inside. Police on Monday were still trying to determine exactly what happened and said no charges had been filed.

Police and emergency medical personnel responded to the Ledgewood Terrace condo complex at 9:56 a.m. Sunday, after receiving numerous 911 calls, the chief said. The child was conscious at the time, he said.

A man, who said he was at the scene but did not want to be identified, described the child's mother as "screaming and crying" and "hysterical."

"I got there and she was squeezing the baby so tight," he said. "Everyone ... was trying to get her to relax. ... She was a good mother. She was upset."

The family has no history with the state Division of Youth and Family Services, and the boy's father had even measured the spaces between the bars on the balcony before the accident to be sure they were safe for a small child, said Joe Delmar, an agency spokesman.

Delmar said authorities were looking into the matter as part of its standard practice, but so far the child's fall appeared to be an accident.

"He's very lucky, I guess," said Verdi. "Twenty feet, that's pretty far, especially for a 13-month-old."E-mail: mahabir@northjersey.com and han@northjersey.com

Unspecific/Caregiver?

Caregiver• BABY RECEIVES MINOR INJURIES IN TWO-STORY FALL.(LOCAL)•

The Virginian Pilot; 1/29/2002 • Byline: THE VIRGINIAN-PILOT • NORFOLK -- A month-old infant who fell two stories from his mother's arms off the balcony of

an Ocean View apartment building Monday appeared to have suffered only minor injuries, police said.

• The mother, whom police did not identify, stepped onto the balcony and tripped about 1:15 p.m. at the apartment in the 9500 block of 2nd Bay St., police spokesman Chris Amos said. She fell forward, became wedged between wooden railings surrounding the balcony and lost her grip on the newborn, he said. She then freed herself and ran downstairs to the baby.

• When police and paramedics arrived, the baby was crying and kicking, Amos said. The infant suffered abrasions on his face and was taken to Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, where tests showed no other injuries, Amos said.

• The child was transferred to Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters for observation. • The incident is under investigation, Amos said. • COPYRIGHT 2002 The Virginian Pilot-Ledger Star. All rights reserved. Reproduced with the

permission of the Dialog Corporation by Gale Group.

Caregiver

Toddler recovering from gunshot, fall from balcony By the Associated Press Wednesday, March 5, 2003FORT WORTH, Texas (AP) - A toddler remained hospitalized after being shot and thrown off a second-story apartment balcony, authorities said. The child's father also was shot in the back and stabbed several times in the arms Tuesday, police said. He told officers that his former girlfriend, who is the little girl's mother, had shot him. The woman, Aisha Bailey, 26, was found in the area taken to jail, said police Lt. Jesse Hernandez. She faces a charge of attempted capital murder and one of attempted murder. "The focus of our investigation is to try to determine whether or not the father was holding the child at the time of the shooting and if the mother intended to shoot the child," said Sgt. Dave Stamp, supervisor of the Crimes Against Children Unit. When emergency crews arrived after a 911 call about 11:30 a.m., they found the wounded father, 27, and daughter inside the apartment complex office, where the man had driven. The child is 12 to 18 months old, police said. Their names were not released. Police said the toddler was shot in the upper left leg and had other injuries, and investigators were trying to determine who threw her off the balcony. The girl apparently lived at the apartment with her father. On the ground below the balcony, officers found a semiautomatic handgun and a small kitchen knife.

Child dies after fallBy DANNY GALLAGHER McKinney Courier-GazetteTwo weeks after a seven month old infant accidentally drowned in a bathtub in Allen, an 11-month-old infant died in what police are calling “just a tragic, freak accident,” Allen Police Capt. Robert Flores said.

Ezri Jadzia Galdiano died Wednesday after falling down a staircase while she was being carried by her babysitter at her home in the 1300 block of Normandy Lane. Allen police officers learned the baby sitter, Ann Perry, was carrying the child down a staircase when she suddenly lost her balance and fell. Galdiano struck her head during the fall and lost consciousness, Flores said.

Perry called 911 at 9:15 a.m. Paramedics arrived and administered first aid on the child. A medical helicopter later flew her to Children Medical Center in Dallas, where she was pronounced dead, Flores said.

The incident is still under investigation by the Allen Police Department. Flores said Galdiano's autopsy is scheduled to be performed by the Dallas County medical examiner later today.

This marks the second infant death in Allen in the last two weeks. Eight-month-old Gloria Xaria Gervas passed away on Tuesday, Nov. 1 after she drowned in a bathtub. The infant's caregiver told police she was drawing a bath and left the child unattented for a few moments. When she came back, she said the child was underwater. She was pronounced dead at Medical Center of McKinney. A preliminary investigation revealed Gervas' death to also be accidental.

Caregiver

Climbing Furniture• Lawrence boy critical after 3-story fall.(News)•

The Boston Herald; 8/23/2002 • A 3-year-old Lawrence boy was in critical condition last night after plummeting 20 feet

onto a driveway yesterday. • Ernesto Carrasco was apparently playing with his 5-year-old brother on the second-

floor balcony of a High Street triple-decker when he went over the railing, police said. • The boy was sitting on a bicycle that was leaning against the balusters when a dollar

bill he was holding blew away. He fell over as he reached for the bill, said Lawrence Police Chief John Romero.

• The toddler, suffering from obvious head trauma, was breathing but unconscious when police arrived, Romero said.

• He was taken to Lawrence General Hospital and then flown by helicopter to Children's Hospital in Boston.

• The boys' mother was inside the home but not on the back porch when the accident happened. Police consider the fall an accident but are investigating to see whether the railing was high enough to meet building code, Romero said.

• COPYRIGHT 2002 Boston Herald

Climbing Furniture

Toddler who fell was active boy, mom says By Peter Boylan Advertiser Staff WriterExodus Berger was a beach boy, his mom said, a child who loved sprinting through the sand near his grandma's Hale'iwa house.

Exodus Berger fell 14 stories to his death on Sunday. McLeod family photo

"He was a very loving child," said Vida Berger, in a telephone interview from Las Vegas, where she is away on business. "He liked swimming, and he was always climbing and jumping." Exodus, who recently celebrated his second birthday, fell to his death Sunday afternoon after climbing onto a metal storage rack and falling over the railing of his mother's 14th-story apartment on University Avenue. He was pronounced dead at the scene in what police are calling a tragic accident. The city medical examiner's office said yesterday that Exodus died of internal injuries related to the fall. Police said there was no finding of wrongdoing. Exodus' nanny, Brandi Shanks, was making lunch in the kitchen of the two-story unit when the accident occurred at around 12:30 p.m. Sunday. The youngster's death was the first caused by a fall from a high-rise involving a child age 4 or younger since March 1999, according to the state Department of Health's Injury Prevention Program. Since 1991, seven children age 4 or younger have died after falling from high-rises in Hawai'i, state officials said. All seven deaths occurred on O'ahu — five downtown and one in 'Aiea. "For lanais especially, it is important to make sure that kids can't climb up the railing," said Eric Tash, manager of the Injury Prevention Program. Sunday's fatal fall was "terrible," Tash said, "and a lot of lanais are made fairly childproof, but if you leave things around, children are pretty resourceful, which is a real problem." Tash said parents of small children who live in high-rises should make sure that there is no furniture on the lanai that a child could climb. He said if the balcony railing is picketed, the openings between the pickets should be no more than 2 1/2 inches apart, which is no wider than a small fist. He said that parents should cover and lock windows within a toddler's reach with grilles or child-proof screens and that parents should always supervise children when they are on the lanai. "Injuries are preventable," Tash said. "A lot of times, people are not aware of the steps they can take to protect their children." The best way to make sure nothing happens, he said, is to lock the balcony door. Lanais on residential high-rises are regulated by the city. Eric Crispin, the city's director of planning and permitting, said the basic code states that picketed railings have to be spaced so that a 4-inch sphere cannot pass between them. Railings also must be at least 42 inches high, he said. "We don't regulate furniture or equipment," said Crispin. Yesterday, Vida Berger, Exodus' mother, said she has been gone for about a month, trying to earn money to pay off some of the debts she has incurred as a single mother. The boy's father, Jason McLeod, 28, who works at a tattoo parlor, also looked after the boy in the evenings when he wasn't working, said McLeod's mother, Linda Kamakaokalani Orosco. "I told them how many times to lock the sliding doors. Jason would tell the girl (Shanks) to keep things away from the balcony because one day Exodus would climb up on it. He's into everything at his age," said Orosco. Orosco said her son is distraught, unable to believe his child is dead. Reach Peter Boylan at 535-8110 or pboylan@honoluluadvertiser.com.

16-Month-Old Dies After Fall From BalconyBoy's Grandmother, Aunt QuestionedPOSTED: 5:26 pm EST December 6, 2004UPDATED: 8:31 am EST December 7, 2004MIAMI -- A 16-month-old boy died Monday after falling from a fifth-floor balcony at an East Little Havana apartment complex.

Slideshow: Toddler Falls From Balcony Miami police spokesman Lt. Bill Schwartz said detectives believe that the boy climbed a chair to get over the 4-foot railing on the balcony. Javan suffered severe head trauma and was rushed to Jackson Memorial Hospital, where he later died. Miami Fire Rescue spokesman Ignatius Carroll said rescue workers tried to resuscitate the child even as they pulled up to the hospital. The child's grandmother and aunt were in the apartment at the time. Schwartz said both were being questioned at the police department. "Clearly the grandmother and aunt were not watching the child," Schwartz said. "He got out on to the balcony, falling to his death." At this time, no charges have been filed. Trujillo's mother, 17-year-old Angelina Paz, and great grandfather also live in the apartment, which is located on Northwest Second Street

Cimbing furniture

Climbing Furniture

• TODDLER TUMBLES 40ft AND SURVIVES; Lucky Amy only breaks a hip and arm after balcony fall.(News)• Sunday Mail (Glasgow, Scotland); 8/29/1999; Hall, Stuart • A TODDLER was recovering in hospital yesterday after surviving a three- storey plunge from a balcony. • Amy Miller, two, tumbled 40ft to the ground, narrowly missing a balcony and a wall below. • She landed on grass just inches from a concrete path and suffered a broken hip and arm. • She had climbed on top of an old television set used to prevent her family's 11- week-old puppy from slipping through the balcony

railings. • But the safety measure at her home in Glamis Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife, proved to be a recipe for disaster for Amy as she tumbled over the

edge. • She was rushed to Dunfermline's Queen Margaret Hospital and then transferred to Edinburgh's Sick Children's Hospital. • Shocked and relieved mum Michelle Miller, 19, who was working at the time of the accident, said: "She is a very lucky wee girl." • Neighbour and mother of two Tracey Gray, 29, watched helplessly as the youngster fell to the ground on Friday night. • She said: "I was walking home when I saw Amy standing on the balcony. I thought she was too high. The next minute, she fell." • Tracey sprinted 200 yards to the tot's side shouting for Amy's stepdad, Gordon Ashley, 23, who had been watching Amy and Mollie, his

ten- month-old daughter to Michelle. • Tracey said: "She was obviously in pain and crying and I held her hand to try to calm her. • "But I did not move her because I did not know what breaks she had. I keep picturing Amy falling in my head." • Gordon said: "I had the children in their jammies and was putting Mollie to bed. Amy must have opened the door and gone out. • "When I came down from upstairs, I could not find Amy. • "I peeked over the balcony and one of the neighbours was running by and shouting that she had fallen. • "I got to her but I did not want to move her as she was very quiet. • "Like anyone, I thought she must have been seriously hurt falling from that height." • Gordon added: "I am never going to feel good about what happened. • "I will always feel I could have done something to stop it." • An official at the Edinburgh hospital said Amy had been moved from intensive care and described her condition as "stable". • COPYRIGHT 1999 Scottish Daily Record & Sunday

Climbing Furniture• TODDLER CLIMBS ON HIGH CHAIR AND FALLS 30FT OVER A BALCONY.•

The Daily Mail (London, England); 6/28/2003; Beavan, Andrew • Byline: ANDREW BEAVAN • THE parents of a toddler who fell 30ft from a second-floor balcony face an agonising 24-hour wait to learn the full extent of his injuries. • Thomas McCracken, who is 20 months old, plunged to the ground after climbing over the verandah while his mother's back was turned for

a moment. • He landed headfirst on the grass in his back garden - narrowly missing concrete paving. • He remained concious and was taken to the Sick Children's Hospital at Yorkhill, Glasgow. • Thomas was able to move his arms and legs and speak to his family. • But on arrival at Glasgow's Yorkhill Sick Children's Hospital, an examination revealed he had fractured his skull in four places. • Scans were sent from the hospital to a neurological unit at the Southern General Hospital. • Mother Donna Somerville, 20, and father Colin McCracken were at his bedside last night - but must wait a • further 24 hours before their son's condition can be fully diagnosed. • Thomas was at home in Drumry Road East, Drumchapel, Glasgow, with his mother, his cousin and grandparents when the accident

happened at around 2pm on Thursday. • It is understood he climbed on to his baby chair and over the balcony. • His horrified mother turned to see where he was and when she rushed to the balcony, looked down and saw him lying on the grass. • A neighbour said: 'He was playing and then just climbed onto his baby seat and then on to the verandah. • 'Donna was screaming - she was hysterical and in a real state. She ran down the stairs in tears. The family were totally petrified, they

were scared of what they would see.' A Strathclyde Police spokesman said: 'Our inquiries are continuing although there do not appear to be any suspicious circumstances.'

• COPYRIGHT 2003 Solo Syndication Limited

A little girl is expected to make a full recovery after she fell over the rail of her parent’s second-floor apartment balcony Sunday evening.

“The child had been out on the balcony with her mom," North Cowichan/ Duncan RCMP Cst. Gail Walker said Tuesday, "and when mom got up from the chair and went inside for a minute, the girl climbed onto the chair and over the rail."

The three-year-old fell 12 feet to the ground, sustaining serious head injuries and bruises. She was rushed to hospital in Victoria.

Walker said the child is now “conscious, sitting up and talking and is expected to make a full recovery.”

Walker said the name of the girl and her family is not being released and there are no plans for police to proceed with charges.

She cautions parents to be careful when it comes to kids and balconies.

“This girl climbed onto the chair after her mom left it,” said Walker. “You can keep kids safe by not leaving these sorts of items — and that includes things like planters or anything a child can climb up on — out of the reach of kids.”"

Posted on Tuesday, August 06 @ 17:44:07 PDT by ts

Climbing Furniture

CLEARWATER - The family of a Pennsylvania boy who fell three stories from a Clearwater Beach hotel balcony last year is suing the hotel, saying the balcony railings were unsafe.The boy, 16-month-old Jacob Murray, slipped through the railings of the Howard Johnson Beach View Resort and fell 27 feet to the concrete below. He survived the fall but suffered serious injuries and was hospitalized for about two months."It's amazing he survived," said Bill Wagner, a Tampa attorney who is representing Jacob and his parents, Dennis and Tammy Murray.Wagner said he is researching whether the hotel should have had less space between its balcony railings. The lawsuit was filed May 24 in Pinellas circuit court.Emanuel Naim, a spokesman for Howard Johnson International, said, "We don't comment on pending litigation." Messages left with the manager's office at the hotel, 325 S Gulfview Blvd., were not returned.The hotel was built when codes required that the railings be no more than 6 inches apart. Though codes since then have thinned the required space to 4 inches, the hotel may not have been required to meet the new standards.Wagner said the hotel's railings are about 51/2 inches apart. A review by the city's code enforcement department found the hotel in compliance with the codes, according to city records.However, Wagner said, the hotel at one time had plans to renovate the facility, which included thinner-spaced balcony railings. He planned to explore whether the hotel ever renovated to a point that codes would have required new and safer balcony railings.Either way, Wagner said, the hotel was negligent because it didn't place any warning signs on the balcony. Wagner said he visited the hotel room several weeks ago and saw that the railings were the same and that no warning signs had been put up."It would be simple to put a sticker in the window," Wagner said. "That wasn't done."Reached at her home in State College, Pa., Tammy Murray referred all questions to the family's attorneys.The fall occurred about 7:30 a.m. Oct. 3. Dennis Murray was visiting the area for a convention and brought his wife and two sons, Jacob and Lucas, 3, with him.That morning, Dennis Murray took his two sons out on the balcony. Birds fluttered by. A tractor raked the sand on the beach. The boys laughed.Lucas darted back into the room. Dennis Murray turned his head briefly to watch him go.Jacob remained on the balcony. Still in his pajamas, he padded toward the vertical rails.Then he was gone.His father saw him slip through and grabbed for his pajama top, but it was too late. Jacob fell 27 feet to the ground. The 25-pound boy landed on the concrete near the pool. People who came to his aid saw a pacifier near him.Dennis Murray cried to his wife to dial 911.Wagner said it had never crossed Dennis Murray's mind that his son could fit through the bars."This man wasn't letting the child on the balcony by himself," Wagner said. "It just didn't sink in to him that the child could fall through."Down below, Jacob was breathing but unresponsive. There was an obvious bruise on his head but no blood. Paramedics considered his injuries life-threatening and summoned a helicopter to carry Jacob to Bayfront Medical Center in St. Petersburg. A chaplain was called to assist the family."He just walked through," Dennis Murray told a Clearwater police officer who responded to the accident.Doctors determined Jacob had suffered multiple skull fractures and had bleeding on his brain. His left leg also was fractured.Jacob was transferred to All Children's Hospital in St. Petersburg that day. He finally opened his eyes a few days later but suffered from temporary blindness.His condition stabilized and, on Oct. 22, he was moved to a children's hospital near Philadelphia, where he stayed for about a month. He was released in late November and entered outpatient treatment, Wagner said.Wagner said it was too early to tell what permanent effects the fall will have on Jacob, though it was apparent there will be some.He said Jacob is behind normal children his age in cognitive development, expressive communication, the ability to understand and social development."He is probably way behind where he should be at this stage," Wagner said.[Last modified July 11, 2005, 01:00:09]

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Dorchester girl critical after fallBy Jared Stearns, Globe Correspondent  |  July 4, 2004A 15-month-old girl was in critical condition last night after falling three stories from the top balcony of her Dorchester home, police said.The girl, whose identity was not released, was taken to Boston Medical Center.Boston police said the girl was at her Levant Street home with her mother around 7:25 p.m. when she fell off the balcony on the third floor of the triple-decker. It was unclear whether the girl was left unattended by her mother, police said.One neighbor said the mother went into the house to answer a phone call and left her daughter alone.''She left the baby on the balcony," said the neighbor, who lives nearby but declined to give his name. ''She left the baby sitting there."Boston police said the accident is under investigation.At a press conference at the scene of the fall, police said it appeared at this point to have been an accident.''There was a parent at home," said Boston Police Officer Michael McCarthy. ''It's unclear where the parent was at the time of the accident."Witnesses said the girl slipped through an opening of the wooden fence that surrounds the porch, although police said that was unclear.One vertical wooden piece of the fence around the balcony was missing last night, but police said they did not know whether it was gone before she fell, or if it was knocked ut when the child fell.''She landed on the side of her face," said Kenny Cottrell , who was playing basketball when he heard screams coming from the home.''The lady came down, and they surrounded the baby."Gloria Mathurim, who lives one floor below the girl and her family, said she was in her bedroom at the time and heard the baby's mother screaming.''I heard her screaming, saying, 'Call 911,' " she said. ''She was screaming, 'Oh my God! Oh my God!' "Lakeisha Rogers said she ran over to the toddler when the child hit the ground.Most of those interviewed yesterday said they weren't watching during the time leading up to the fall, but some said they saw part or most of the fall as it happened.Neighbors said the family had moved into the building only about a month ago, and they did not know their names.Late last night police declined to give the name of the child or the family, saying they were still notifying family members of the girl's condition.Almost a year ago, a 1-year-old boy fell out the second-story window of a house on Heath Street in Jamaica Plain. The boy did not suffer life-threatening injuries, police said at the time.A similar accident took place in June 2002 in East Boston. 

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Toddler recovering from fall

Girl in fair condition after plunge from third-floor balcony

By Jim HannahThe Cincinnati Enquirer         A 1-year-old girl is expected to survive a fall from a third-floor apartment building balcony Thursday afternoon in Burlington.         Cheyanne Ray was listed in fair condition Friday morning at Children's Hospital Medical Center.         Police were told that the toddler had been playing with her mother, Heather Stephens, 18, on the balcony and that they both then went inside. The tod dler went back outside and, when her mother chased her, Cheyanne apparently believed she was still playing and ran through the balcony bars.         The fall happened shortly before 4 p.m. at 5932 Peoples Court. Cheyanne's father, James Ray, 19, was not home. The toddler lives at the address with her parents.         Cheyanne fell 19 feet to a concrete parking lot after slipping between iron bars that were 5 3/4 inches apart, said De tective Tracy Watson of Boone County Criminal Investigations.         The apartment building was built before current building codes were written. The new code requires bars on a railing to be no more than 4 inches apart. Detective Watson said no law requires owners to bring older apartment complexes up to newer code requirements.         Detective Watson said he hopes to talk with the landlord to see what can be done to prevent other falls.

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Complex set to narrow balcony rails after accident Lindsey CollomThe Arizona RepublicOct. 25, 2005 12:00 AM PHOENIX - Managers of an apartment complex where a 1-year-old slipped through a third-story railing say they will upgrade balcony enclosures to meet city code, even though they're not required to do so.

The toddler slid under a 6-inch gap in the railing Friday at Bridgewater Apartments near 16th Avenue and Bethany Home Road, plummeting 30 feet to the ground. Her mother said she was monitoring the child but couldn't reach her in time.

The girl is expected to recover, but she remained at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center on Monday.

A Bridgewater Apartments consultant said the management team was shocked to learn about the accident.

"We didn't even know this was a concern," John Sbrega said. "I personally went to the property, and it made me sick; I just had a baby myself. We don't want anything like that happening again."

The aging apartment complex was grandfathered in when building codes changed in 1991. Railings on all new structures cannot have more than a 4-inch space between them. Before then, railing gaps could be up to 6 inches wide.

"By adopting the new code, it doesn't make the pre-existing conditions hazardous," said Bob Goodhue, deputy development-services director for the city. But Sbrega won't take that chance. The Bridgewater Apartments will be fitted with new rails soon, as will the other apartment buildings he consults with that may have been grandfathered in, he said.

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Reported by: Jennifer SteinerWeb produced by: Neil RelyeaPhotographed by: 9News5/29/2005 11:07:27 PM A Springdale toddler was rushed to Childrens Hospital Sunday after falling more than 10-feet from a second floor balcony at The Willows apartments off Chesterdale Circle. Childrens Hospital has not released the condition of the little boy. Police say his aunt was supposed to be looking after him when he slipped through the railings and fell to the ground below. "He was screaming so loud, it was excruciating as a mother to have to listen to it," said Whitney McHome, who has two young children of her own. So when she found her neighbor's one-year-old boy lying in the grass -- 12-feet below his family's balcony -- she sprang to action. "I came over and I looked and right over here, he was just laying, right here, he had fallen through the slits in the balcony and just fell right down," said McHome. She scooped the child up and tried to comfort him while she called 9-1-1. This makes for the fifth time in a two-week period that a Tri-state child has fallen from a window or balcony. Just the night before Warren County sheriff's deputies responded to a report that a three-year-old had fallen out of a second-floor window at a home on State Route 123 in Turtlecreek Township. Similar incidents have also occurred in Price Hill, Westwood and Arlington Heights. "For children that small and that young, you just got to keep an eye on them 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 'cause it just takes a few minutes for them to look the other way, and a child that small had no problem falling off that balcony," said Sergeant Lynn McKee, of the Springdale police department. Springdale police say the boy who fell from the balcony Sunday afternoon is expected to be okay, but it's a reminder for parents to keep a close eye on their children -- especially as the weather gets warmer and windows and doors are left open. Springdale police say they've notified 241-KIDS and an investigation is underway. The little boy's relatives don't speak English so it's been difficult for police to determine how the fall came about. Police say it's possible charges could be filed.

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Racine County Police Report From the Journal Sentinel

Posted: Oct. 22, 2005BURLINGTON

AccidentA 2-year-old boy suffered minor injuries Oct. 13 after he fell from a second-story balcony in the 600 block of Foxtree Circle. A woman saw the boy on the balcony and saw him slip through the railings

and fall to the ground. The woman called police, who attempted to make contact to the apartment but were unable to be heard

because of "very loud music." The boy's mother said she was taking a shower and had locked the door to the balcony.

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Kids injured in falls from upper floors Matt DempseyThe Arizona RepublicOct. 22, 2005 12:00 AM Authorities are warning Valley parents to watch children around doors and windows on upper floors left open because of the cooler weather.The reminders come after three small children suffered injuries in falls in the past week, the most recent on Friday in Phoenix."If you have small children, it's as dangerous as an unfenced pool," said Assistant Phoenix Fire Chief Bob Khan, who works each summer to spread the word about kids and swimming pools. The Valley sees about half a dozen falls like this in a year, according to Khan. About half of these falls occur in the first months of spring and the rest occur when the temperatures cool in the fall, he said."It's a good time to remind people that they need to keep an eye on their kids," Khan said.In the past week:• A 5-year-old Chandler boy suffered a skull fracture after falling from a second-floor window and landing on a driveway at his home in the 1900 block of Browning Place near Pecos and Cooper roads.• A 4-year-old boy suffered minor injuries after falling from a second-story window at his home in the 2200 block of North McQueen Road, also in Chandler.• And on Friday, a 20-month-old girl was in critical condition after falling off a second-story apartment walkway at a building in the 6000 block of North 16th Street in Phoenix.The infant slipped away from her mother and grandmother and fell through the railing, authorities said. The girl was taken to St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center. Khan recommends that parents childproof access to any above-ground opening, such as a window or balcony door, just like it is a front door or a swimming pool.Screens and railings are not enough to protect children from falls, he said. Toddlers can often push through window screens and children can climb patio furniture to get over railings."It presents a clear and significant hazard," Khan said.

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Ocean City officials say balconies like these can actually act as ladders for children to climb

and fall over. The also say the width between the vertical

guard rails may also put your child in danger.

OCEAN CITY- A vacation stay in Ocean City nearly turned deadly for one child. Town officials say a 4-year-old fell through balcony guard rails at a resort apartment on Wednesday. The child is in serious but stable condition. Officials remind parents to keep an eye on their kids at all times. They say even though a balcony looks closed in, it could be your child's path to danger. They say some balcony styles actually provide a step ladder for your child to climb. Other dangers include the gaps between bars. They say four inches is safe, but some railings have up to 6 inches between bars; plenty of space for a small child to squeeze through. Another danger is weak railings. Ocean City Building Inspector Mike Richardson said, "It only takes a couple of years on the outside and the nails rust right out." Some Ocean City locals agreed that parents need to keep an eye on their children. One woman said, "Kids are quick, they move quick and you've got to have a watch on them at all times. I don't think it's so much the unsafe balconies."One Ocean City man said, "I feel like you can be the best parent in the world, but you've still got to keep an eye on your children all times, and don't get distracted while your on vacation."Richardson said the town does not inspect balconies regularly. It is the landlord's responsibility to maintain property. Property owners face fines if there is an accident.

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Valley Child Recovering from Balcony Fall(CBS 5 News) - Doctors say a toddler who fell three stories after slipping through an

apartment railing last week is expected to make a full recovery.Twenty-month-old Alyssa Gustafson has been moved out of ICU into a regular pediatric

unit.The little girl fractured her skull when she landed on her head at her apartment at 16th

Street and Maryland. She tripped after running along a third story balcony.  She apparently rolled underneath the balcony's guard rail to the ground below.

Her parents say it's a miracle she has no other major injuries.The toddler's father says he will now make it his mission to get rid of grandfather

clauses in city codes that deal with safey issues like railings and fences. The apartment building where the baby fell was built back in 1969. CBS 5 News

checked into the Phoenix city codes that govern apartment guardrails.Prior to 1987 the code allowed for an eight inch gap in guard rails. Structures built

between 1987 and 1991 were allowed a maximum distance of six inches. After 1991, that maximum allowable space was set at four inches.

This building is up to code based on the year it was built.Paramedics say you should treat a balcony - even with protection - like a unfenced

backyard pool.  Always keep an eye on your kids. 10.25.05

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Fall Through• TODDLER INJURED IN FALL FROM THIRD-FLOOR BALCONY.

(Local)•

The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY); 8/27/2001 • A 13-month-old boy was in fair condition at University Hospital

Sunday after falling earlier in the day from the third-floor balcony of his home.

• Police said Jacob Dereniski apparently wandered onto the balcony at 451 Lillian Ave. at about 8 a.m. Sunday. He slipped through a gap in the railing, said Sgt. Tom Connellan, a police spokesman.

• He said police consider the fall accidental. • COPYRIGHT 2001 All rights reserved. Reproduced with the

permission of The Herald Co. by the Gale Group, Inc.

Fall Through• Toddler falls to his death from condo•

New Straits Times; 9/1/2001 •

New Straits Times

09-01-2001

Toddler falls to his death from condo Edition: Main/Lifestyle; 2* Section: National

KUALA LUMPUR, Fri. - A two-year-old toddler fell to his death from the the ninth floor of the Menara Duta Dua condominium in Segambut today.

Adam Azman had locked the door of the unit from inside as the maid was outside throwing rubbish at about 10.30am. The maid, failing to get the boy to unlock the door, sought help for a neighbour to inform Adam's mother about it. A little while later, the maid returned to continue pleading for Adam to open the door.

However, it was believed Adam had forced himself through the grille of the kitchen balcony and fell to his death on the third floor.

His body was sent to the Kuala Lumpur Hospital for a post-mortem.

It was also learnt that the boy's parents and his elder sister were not at home, while his younger brother was sleeping when the incident occurred.

(Copyright 2001)

Fall Through• TOT INJURED IN FALL FROM BALCONY• Denver Rocky Mountain News; 7/10/2003; Sakari Alighandhi; ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS •

A 3-year-old boy suffered serious head injuries Wednesday when he fell from a three-story balcony at an apartment complex in southeast Denver. The boy was taken by Denver paramedics to Children's Hospital, where he was being treated.

His condition was unavailable late Wednesday. Child abuse investigators were at the apartment complex in the 1100 block of South Cherry Street interviewing witnesses. Police spokesman Sonny Jackson gave the following account: The boy and his teenage sister were visiting friends at the Vantage Point Apartments, just south of Glendale, for a pool and pizza party. The child and others had gone swimming in the pool at the complex earlier in the day, and after spending time in the pool, they returned to the apartment for pizza. The boy was eating with a 3-year-old girl on the balcony and went inside to return their plates. The children then returned to the balcony to play. The victim's sister and other teenagers were inside the apartment when the boy fell between wooden balusters, which appeared to be about 7 inches apart, Jackson said. The boy fell nearly 15 feet, landing on the grass, about 6 inches from the sidewalk leading to the building, police said. One resident said it's common to see young children playing on the railings of the balconies. ``I live on the bottom floor, thank God. I have two kids,'' said Erika McGee, a resident of the Vantage Point apartments. She then pointed to two children who were straddling on the railings of balconies. ``Even if you look around, you'll see kids all over hanging off the balconies,'' McGee said.

Copyright © 2003, Denver Publishing Co.

Defective barleads to toddler’s4-story fallBy Rosemarie Bernardo and Leila Fujimori

A 2-year-old girl didn't want to go back inside and defiantly said, "No, auntie," just before losing her balance, slipping through the railing and falling four floors at a Nuuanu apartment building Sunday night. The toddler was taken to the Queen's Medical Center in critical condition after landing on the ground floor, police said.

This is the third toddler to fall off a high-rise building in Honolulu in the past six months. A 3-year-old boy died after falling eight floors at a Moiliili apartment in November. And a 2-year-old boy died after falling from the 14th floor of a University Avenue apartment in August. Eric Tash, manager of the state Department of Health's Injury Prevention and Control Program, said the girl's fall is different from the previous incidents because it happened in a common area. Incidents involving the two boys occurred at private apartment lanais. "It's tragic. My heart goes out to the parents. It's terrible," Tash said. Common areas need to be checked to ensure they are childproof, he said. "We really just need to make sure that children in areas where they have access to are safe, especially areas that are high up," Tash said. Police said an aunt was baby-sitting the girl at a four-story apartment at 66 Kauila St. Both were on the open-air corridor on the top floor, with the girl running up and down. But when the aunt attempted to bring her back to their unit at about 8:30 p.m., she told police the girl became defiant and was saying, "No, auntie." According to the aunt, the toddler started kicking the railing located near the stairway on the mountain side of the building. The aunt told police that one of the railing bars that had been broken for months popped out. She told police that the toddler then turned sideways with her right arm facing the railway when the bar struck her on the arm after she had kicked it. The toddler lost her balance, slipped through the railing and fell. The aunt was crying and is very upset, police said, adding that there were no signs of foul play. The resident manager posted yellow tape on a portion of the railing where the girl fell through. Thin wiring was also wound around the defective bar to neighboring bars. A notice dated Jan. 28 was posted at the entry of the stairway notifying tenants that starting Feb. 2, all of the walkways and stairways would be sealed off for maintenance. Property manager Harris Zane could not be reached for comment. But resident manager Ed Geraldo said the building's concrete walkways and stairwells were resealed and painted earlier this month. And if the workers "would have noticed it (the broken bar), they would have said something." Geraldo said he inspected all the aluminum railings yesterday morning after he learned about the accident. "So far, every bit of the railings is solid except for that one place," he said. His boss will meet with him today to see what can be done. Geraldo said aluminum railings do not rust like wrought iron. "They flex but they strong," he said. "We keep up with our maintenance," he said, adding that the building's property management company spares no expense. "I feel that should have been taken care of a long time ago," resident Stacey Moore said. "They should have found it when they were painting."

Fall through Defective Railing

Fall Through Defective railing

Child Falls After Apartment Railing Breaks Loose

June 2, 2005  By Kevin Reece

KING COUNTY - A 5-year-old girl is in critical condition with a fractured skull and severe head injuries after falling through a third floor balcony at an apartment complex near Federal Way. A section of the balcony broke loose Thursday night, falling to a lawn below. The young girl landed on a sidewalk. Angry neighbors say it was a faulty balcony they had complained about before. "If you just bump it, it would break. It was loose anyway," said her friend Dallas Crum. The young boy was playing with the girl at the time of her fall. "She was climbing up on it and then she fell and everybody tried to grab her and I'm the only one who grabbed her." "Dallas grabbed at her and grabbed her shirt but it slipped through and she came tumbling down along with the panel," said neighbor Amber English. After paramedics hurried the girl to Harborview Medical Center by helicopter, King County Sheriff's deputies confiscated as evidence the section of the balcony that broke loose. Neighbors say they could only see four nails in it that held the panel of 1x4 lattice work to the outside of the third floor railing. English says they have complained in writing and in person to the maintenance and management staff at the Enchanted Woods Apartments for the last six months, but the railing was never fixed. "The written requests got put in. There's been verbal requests and nobody's done anything," she said. "When the police were here they shook that panel," she said pointing to the panel next to the one that fell. "And it was loose and I think they shook that one and that one's loose," she said pointing to another.

Conclusion Summary

• In all of the instances I found and labeled as “Unspecific Climbing” there is no specific mention of furniture being present or not, the height of the railing was never mentioned, the design of the railing was a picket style in the two incidents that had photos attached, the caregiver was inattentive or absent in 100% of the cases so the witness accounts are from 3 rd parties who were not close enough to determine the actual cause of the fall. This lack of information at the time and scene of the accident will most certainly be reflected in any CPSC or NEISS data.

• In addition it should be noted that in most countries, a caregiver that allows a child to climb a railing to a fall is subject to criminal negligence charges. Caregivers facing such penalty may deliberately alter the scene of the incident or fabricate the events leading to the fall to protect themselves from prosecution, also altering the data the CPSC and NEISS utilize.

• The only 2 incidents I found involving a railing design made of horizontal elements (from photos from the scene) were “fall-through” incidents. In no case did I find wording or evidence that the design of the guard contributed to the fall (excepting opening sizes).

• While my opinion is somewhat speculative, based on this summary, the relative cost difference between picket style and horizontal railing systems to fabricate and install (which implies that the vast majority of buildings with railings utilize some sort of vertical picket design either wood or metal) and the fact I could not conclude from any of the reports that the railing design contributed to the incidents involving toddlers except in instances where it allowed a child to pass through the barrier, Finally, this inquiry gives even greater cause to question the data presented by the CPSC and NEISS organizations, I propose that the current building codes are more than adequate to protect the occupancies for new construction as they are currently written

• I also propose that a serious effort be made to revise the use and maintenance codes to require older structures bring their railings into compliance with current codes as soon as possible.

Summary Continued

• While the Queensland Authorities and the Jerusalem writer comment to the design of the railings, neither offers any specific evidence to suggest that children use the railings to climb to a fall.

• The Queensland article makes no mention of older codes that allowed for larger openings in older railing design and thus allowing “fall-through” type injuries.

• The CPSC does not comment to the railing design except that the openings need to be limited to 4” or less.

• The AAP suggests only that higher balcony rails may help to prevent injury but that the 4” opening rule is critical to saving lives. They make no mention of railing design in their document. They also comment that as much as 25% of the injuroes could be considered child abuse or children who injure themselves trying to escape abusive caregivers. This also impacts the CPSC and NEISS data for those assuming that all of the injuries are purely “accidental”