Detoxification of xenobiotics ppt BIOCHEMISTRY [email protected]
Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY [email protected]
-
Upload
vijaya-marakala -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
1.758 -
download
36
description
Transcript of Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY [email protected]
![Page 1: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDSPROSTAGLANDINS
Dr Vijay Marakala Dr. Vijay Marakala, MBBS, MD.
Assistant professor BIOCHEMISTRY SIMS & RC
![Page 2: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EICOSANOIDS
Eicosanoids are formed from 20 carbon PUFA arachidonic acid
Eicosanoids
Prostanoids
Prostaglandins
PG
Prostacyclins
PGI
Thromboxanes
TX
Leukotriens
LT
What is Eicosanoids? Classification
![Page 3: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS
![Page 4: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINSWhy PG?
Structure
Location
![Page 5: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Prostaglandins ClassificationA,B,C…I
PG Subclassification1,2,3
PGF1 &PGF
2α β
PROSTAGLANDINS[PG]
Nomenclature
Classification
Subscript
![Page 6: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nomenclature
Classification
Subscript
![Page 7: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nomenclature
Classification
Subscript
![Page 8: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS
Hormones?
Primary PG
Other PG
PG
Act like local
hormones16 naturally occurring
PG
7 are found throughout the body
![Page 9: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS - FUNCTIONS
Effects on GIT
Effects on Inflammati
on
Effects on Respiratory
tract
Effects on uterus
Effects on CVS
![Page 10: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS - FUNCTIONS
PGI2
VasodilatationInhibits platelet aggregation
PGA and PGE class prostaglandins lower blood pressure.
Effects on CVS
![Page 11: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS - FUNCTIONS
PGF2
Inducing labor
Effects on
uterus
![Page 12: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS - FUNCTIONS
PGF-BronchoconstrictionPGE-Bronchodilator
Effects on
Respiratory tract
![Page 13: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS - FUNCTIONS
PGE2
Involved in inflammatory response
Effects on Inflammati
on
![Page 14: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PROSTAGLANDINS - FUNCTIONS
PGE2
suppress gastric acid secretion
Effects on GIT
![Page 15: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
First isolated from blood platelets, thrombocytes
TXA2
Subscript number denotes number of double bonds
Capital letters – designate class
Most commo
n
Thromboxanes [TX]
![Page 16: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Increase platelet aggregation
Vasoconstriction
Mobilize intracellular calcium
Smooth muscle contraction
Bronchoconstriction
Thromboxanes - FUNCTIONS
![Page 17: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
LEUKOTRINES WERE SO NAMED BECAUSE THEY WERE INITIALLY DESCRIBED IN LEUCOCYTES
Grouped into 5 classes [A to E]
Subscript number denotes number of double bonds
LTC4
Leukotrines [LT]
![Page 18: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Increase chemotaxis
Facilitate inflammation & allergic reactions
Contraction of smooth muscle
Bronchoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
Leukotrines - Functions
![Page 19: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
:
Time fora short break
1009080706050403020100
![Page 20: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
HYDROLYSIS SAPONIFICATION RANCIDITY
OXIDATION HYDROGENATION
CHEMICAL PROPERTITES OF FAT
![Page 21: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
HYDROLYSIS
The fats are hydrolyzed by the enzymes lipases to yield fatty acids and glycerol
![Page 22: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SAPONIFICATIONThe hydrolysis of fats by alkali is called saponification. This reaction resultsin the formation of glycerol and salts of fatty acids which are called soaps
![Page 23: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
HYDROLYTIC RANCIDITY When butter or other fats are stored, they
often become rancid and hence unpalatable. Rancidity is caused by the growth of
microorganisms which secrete enzymes like lipases.
These split the fats into glycerol and free fatty acids.
The fatty acids impart unpleasant odour and flavour to the fat.
![Page 24: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY Oils containing highly unsaturated fatty acids
are spontaneously oxidized by atmospheric oxygen at ordinary temperatures.
The oxidation takes place slowly and results in the formation of short chain fatty acids (C4to C10) and aldehydes which give a rancid taste and odour to the fats.
Oxidative rancidity is observed more frequently in animal fats than in vegetable fats.
![Page 25: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HYDROGENATION
It converts unsaturated fatty acids of triglycerides into saturated fatty acids.
Commercially hydrogenation is used to convert liquid fats of plant origin to solid cooking fats.
Vanaspati (dalda) is obtained from vegetable oils through this process.
![Page 26: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
FATS – FACTS AND FANTASIES Irrespective of the source, fat is the most concentrated
form of dietary energy. There is no such thing as low-calorie fat. For weight reduction, the only rule is to eat less and
exercise more. Nutritionally, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are
considered superior. Fats of animal origin are saturated whereas vegetable
oils are unsaturated. Fish oils too are unsaturated and have long-chain-
length fatty acids.
![Page 27: Chemistry of lipids prostaglandins ppt BIOCHEMISTRY vkunder637@gmai.com](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050703/54b9b3b64a7959ea558b4580/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TOMORROW 9AM -10AM TEST ON LIPID CHEMISTRY