Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at...

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Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32

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Transcript of Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at...

Page 1: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Chapter 9: Joints

Anatomy 32

Page 2: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may occur as bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or teeth to bone. A. Classification of Joints- when classified by function the focus is placed one the amount of movement. When classified by structure the focus is on the tissue type that makes the joint. See table 9.1 pg 202for structural and functional (mobility) characteristics.

1. synarthrosis- immovable2. amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable3. diarthroses-freely moveable

Page 3: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

B. Fribrous joints- These are immobile or minutely mobile. Examples are the joints of the cranium and the teeth. They are lined with fibrous tissues (dense regular tissue).

1. Sutures- immoveable joints formed by skull bones and connected by fibrous tissue.

Page 4: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

2. Syndesmosis- slightly moveable but no true movement, formed by a ligament band of fibrous tissue

Page 5: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

• 3. Gomphoses-peg in socket as in the tooth and gum containing a small ligament

Page 6: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

C. Cartilaginous joints-articulating bones are united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly moveable.

1. Synchondroses- hyaline cartilage that unites bones as in the ribs and sternum

Page 7: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

2. Symphyses- fibrocartilage that unites bones as in the pubic symphysis and intervertebral bones.

Page 8: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

D. Synovial joints-most moveable, has fluid filled cavity with synovial fluid, called diarthrosis.

1.Basic Features-hyaline cartilage lines the ends of bones, a cavity filled with

fluid called synovial fluid is contained by a fibrous capsule. It that has an outer layer of dense irregular tissue and joins the periosteum and an inner layer of synovial membrane (makes synovial fluid). The synovial fluid is viscous liquid that lubricates the joint. Ligaments reinforce the joint and nerves protect it from over stretching. Some joints also have a meniscus (articular discs)

such as the knee joint.

Page 9: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Typical Synovial Joint

Page 10: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Synovial Joint with articulate disc (meniscus) in the middle

Page 11: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 12: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

2. Function (mobility)- these joints are highly lubricated to facilitate motion, they routinely experience compression and the fluid moves to accommodate the pressure.

3. Joint stability- some joints have articulating surfaces that stabilize the joints such as the elbow and hip joint. Ligaments strengthen the joint and prevent it from moving incorrectly, they are not as flexiable and capable of reshaping.

4. Joint classification- the following classifications are based on joint shape.a. plane joints- flat articulating surfaces that allow for short gliding movements as in the wrist bones (intercarpals), ankle bones (intertarsals), and vertebral bones, no rotation around an axis (non-axial).

Page 13: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

b. hinge joints- movement is along one plane (uniaxial) such a hinged door. Examples are the elbow and knee.

Page 14: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

c. pivot joints- rounded end of one bone fits into the other, also uniaxial, examples are the radius and ulna and atlas and dens.

Page 15: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

d. condyloid joints-(knuckle like) oval like shape of one bone fits into an oval bowl like shape of the other. It does not rotate around its axis but can move sided to side and back and forth, it is biaxial.

Page 16: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

e. saddle joints- the two ends fit into one another as a person sitting in a saddle does. They are biaxial such as the thumb joint (first carpometacarpal joint)

Page 17: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

f. ball and socket joints- spherical end fits into round socket, allows movement in multiple planes of axis (triaxial) such as the hip and shoulder.

Page 18: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 19: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 20: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 21: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

5. Selected synovial jointa. temporomandibular joint- this is a synovial joint that has an articular capsule, hinge like movement, and anterior movement. Because it is so shallow it can be easily dislocated.

Page 22: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Lateral Movement of TMJ

Page 23: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

b. shoulder joint- less stable but more moveable, the glenoid fossa is lined with fibrocartilage called the genoid labrum, ligaments support limb weight and muscle tendons contribute to stability. This joint has a rotator cuff formed by tendons. It also has bursa and tendon sheaths.

Page 24: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 25: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

c. elbow joint- stable hinge joint, ligaments stabilize and prevent lateral/medial movements.

Page 26: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Lateral View Medial View

Page 27: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

d. hip joint- stable ball-and-socket joint, wide range of motion but less than shoulder joint due to more depth. Also has a rim of fibrocartilage called acetabular labrum that prevents the femur from slipping. Capsular ligaments provide stability.

Page 28: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Anterior View Posterior View

Page 29: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 30: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Knee Joint Information

e. knee joint- largest and most complex, it includes the femur, tibia, and patella. It contains:1) several bursae, 2) lateral and medial menisci (fibrocartilage rings) that guide the condyles. 3) three anterior ligaments originating from patella to tibia: patellar ligament, medial and lateral ligament4) fibular and tibial collateral ligaments support the joint capsule5) anterior and posterior cruciate- attaches across joint internally6) ligaments from fibula to femur anterior or posterior

Page 31: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 32: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 33: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 34: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 35: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.
Page 36: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Anterior view of the knee.

• A lateral blow can cause the femur and tibia to separate tearing several ligaments that are attached to each other.

• Pg. 234

Page 37: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

E. Joint disorders1. Sprain-stretch or torn ligaments

2. Dislocation (luxation)- bones are forced out of alignment and must be reduced (returned to original location). Subluxation is a partial dislocation.

3. Torn cartilage- when it is subjected to high compression and tension, example: meniscus tearing. It does not heal itself thus broken fragments are removed by arthroscopic surgery.

4. bursitis/tendonitis- swelling of the bursa or tendon sheaths

5. arthritis- inflammation or degeneration of the joints.a. osteoarthiritis- related to aging, the joints wear out. Use

of joint causes enzyme that breakdown the cartilage to breakdown, occurs more often in misaligned joints may form bone spurs. It happens often in non-synovial joints.

Page 38: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

Deformity caused by rheumatoid arthritis

Page 39: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

b. rheumatoid arthiritis- it is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the cartilage causing inflammation and muscle weakness. It affect women more than man and joints bilaterally and simultaneously.

c. gouty arthiritis- uric acid accumulates in joints causing inflammation at the joints. It affects men more than women and if untreated can lead to fused bones.

d. Lyme disease-bacteria transmitted by tick bites causes joint inflammation and many other symptoms. It is difficult to diagnose and treat.

F. Joints throughout lifeSynovial joints originate from mesenchyme, joints are modified after use by movement and use- more active joints are more massive. Epiphyseal plates are vulnerable during youth. With aging the joint become arthritic although this can be delayed with exercise.

Good luck preparing for the test!!!!!

Page 40: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

• Movement of synovial joints-• Angular movements- increase or decrease the joint angle and bring limb

towards or away • 1. Flexion- reduces joint angle (bending at the joint) brings bones closer,

usually in the sagittal plane• 2. Extension- increases joint angle (straightening joint) brings bones further

apart• 3. Hyperextension- increasing joint angle beyond its normal range• 4. Abduction- moving the joint such that limbs are moved away from the

body• 5. Adduction- moving the joint such that limbs are moved toward the body• 6. Circumduction- a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and

adduction. (making a circle)• 7. Rotation-movement of bone along its own long axis only three areas can

do this: atlas and axis, shoulder joint, hip joint. Medial rotation- movement towards the median . Lateral rotation- movement away from the median

• 8. Supination- lateral radial rotation to turn palm anteriorly• 9. Pronation-medial radial rotation to turn palm posteriorly• 10. Dorsiflexion-lifting foot to superior side of foot approaches shin• 11. Plantar flexion-depressing the foot (pointing toes)• 12. Inversion-turn sole of foot medially• 13. Eversion-turn sole of foot laterally• 14. Protraction and Retraction- non angular movement, forward= protaction

back=retraction• 15. Elevation- moving body part superiorly• 16. Depression- moving body part inferiorly

Page 41: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

1. Flexion- reduces joint angle (bending at the joint) brings bones closer, usually in the sagittal plane2. Extension- increases joint angle (straightening joint) brings bones further apart3. Hyperextension- increasing joint angle beyond its normal range

Page 42: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

1. Flexion- reduces joint angle (bending at the joint) brings bones closer, usually in the sagittal plane2. Extension- increases joint angle (straightening joint) brings bones further apart3. Hyperextension- increasing joint angle beyond its normal range

Page 43: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

1. Flexion- reduces joint angle (bending at the joint) brings bones closer, usually in the sagittal plane2. Extension- increases joint angle (straightening joint) brings bones further apart3. Hyperextension- increasing joint angle beyond its normal range

Page 44: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

4. Abduction- moving the joint such that limbs are moved away from the body5. Adduction- moving the joint such that limbs are moved toward the body6. Circumduction- a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. (making a circle)7. Rotation-movement of bone along its own long axis only three areas can do this: atlas and axis, shoulder joint, hip joint. Medial rotation- movement towards the median . Lateral rotation- movement away from the median

Page 45: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

8. Supination- lateral radial rotation to turn palm anteriorly9. Pronation-medial radial rotation to turn palm posteriorly10. Dorsiflexion-lifting foot to superior side of foot approaches shin11. Plantar flexion-depressing the foot (pointing toes)

Page 46: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

12. Inversion-turn sole of foot medially13. Eversion-turn sole of foot laterally14. Protraction and Retraction- non angular movement, forward= protaction back=retraction

Page 47: Chapter 9: Joints Anatomy 32. I. Articulations: bones are rigid structures but become moveable at the joint or articulations (Greek- arthro). Joints may.

15. Elevation- moving body part superiorly16. Depression- moving body part inferiorly


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