Articulations/ Joints Mousavi SJ Kinesiology course_ 3 rd session_ 27 Bahman.
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Transcript of Articulations/ Joints Mousavi SJ Kinesiology course_ 3 rd session_ 27 Bahman.
Articulations/ Joints
Mousavi SJ Kinesiology course_ 3rd session_ 27 Bahman
Force components
Articulations
Wherever two bones interact
Function depends on structure
PermitNo movement
Slight movement
Extensive movement
SynarthrosesImmovable joints
AmphiarthrosesSlightly movable joints
DiarthrosesFreely movable joints
Three categories based on range of motion
Synarthroses
Bony edges may interlock
SuturesBetween skull bones
GomphosisBetween teeth and jaw
SynchondrosisEpiphyseal plate
SynostosisFused bones
Amphiarthroses
Limited movements
SyndesmosisCollagen fibers connect bones
SymphysisBones are separated by cartilage pad
Synarthrodial or Fibrous Joints
Little or no movementfound in sutures of skull
syndesmoses - dense fibrous tissues that allow very limited movement - at coracroacromial, midradioulnar joints
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable“Amphi” = both sides
permit slightly more movement than Synarthrodial joints
Sychondroses - held together by hyaline cartilage (sternocostal joints)
Amphiarthroses
Symphysesthin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones
vertebral joints and pubic symphysis
Diarthroses (synovial joints)
Wide range of movementBony surfaces covered by articular cartilageLubricated by synovial fluidEnclosed with joint capsuleAccessory structures
MenisciFat padsLigamentsTendonsBursaeTendon sheaths
Figure 8.1a Structure of a Synovial Joint
Synovial joints are diarthrotic joints that permit a wide range of motion.
Figure 8.1b Structure of a Synovial Joint
Diarthrodial joint
Cartilageknown as hyaline cartilage
no direct blood supply “avascular”
60-80% water
collagen & proteoglycan gel
viscoelastic
Diarthrodial Joint
Cartilagevaries in thickness depending on joint
thick on knee, thin on ankle
Meniscus• fibrocartilage -
improved fit, stability, load transmission
Diarthrodial joint
Capsulesurrounds joint, fibrous, made mainly of collagen
contains a vacuum
thickenings = ligaments
contains synovial fluid
Figure 8.2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion
Joint Description
Number of axes along which movement is permitted
Monaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
Diarthrodial Joints
HingeNumber of axes: uniaxial (1) Plane/axis: Sagittal Movements: flexion/extensionMovement limited to 1 plane. e.g. elbow, knee, fingers.
This classification scheme is based on the amount of movement permitted.
Figure 8.6a, b A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Diarthrodial Joints
Pivot Number of Axes: uniaxial (1) Plane/Axis: Horizontal planeMovements: Rotatione.g. atlas rotating against axis, head of radius rotating against ulna.
Figure 8.6c, d A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Diarthrodial Joints
Ball and Socket Joint Number of axes: triaxial (3) Plane/Axis: sagittal; frontal; horizontalMovements: flex/ext, abd/add, rotation, horiz. abd/add, circum.
Figure 8.6e, f A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Diarthrodial Joints
Plane or Gliding Joint (arthrodial)
Only movement is gliding (nonaxial) - articular surfaces are flatintermetatarsal, intercarpal, intertarsal, facet joints of vertebrae
Diarthrodial Joints
Hinge (ginglymus)one surface is convex, other concave
strong collateral ligamnts restrict movement to one plane
elbow (ulnohumeral),inter-phalangeal joints
Diarthrodial Joints
Pivot (screw, trochoid)
rotation is around one axis
atlantoaxial, proximal distal radio-ulnar joints
Diarthrodial Joints
Condyloid (ovoid, ellipsoidal)
one surface is oval convex, other is oval concave
flexion, extension, ab-adduction, circumduction
2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints, radio-carpal
Diarthrodial Joints
Saddle (sellar)both articular surfaces are shaped like a riding saddle
like condyloid but with great ROM
thumb (carpometacarpal joint)
Diarthrodial Joints
Ball and Socket (spheroidal)
one surface is concave, other convex
rotation in all three planes is permitted
hip, shoulder
Extremity and Spinal Joints
Describing dynamic motion
Linear motionBack and forth
Angular motionAngle between shaft and surface changes
RotationSpinning of shaft on longitudinal axis
Types of Movement
Angular motion can be described asAbductionAdductionFlexionExtensionHyperextensionCircumduction
Figure 8.4 Rotational Movements
Special movement terms
Eversion/Inversion
Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion
Lateral flexion
Opposition
Protraction/retraction
Elevation/depression
Figure 8.5a, b Special Movements
Examples of special terms used to describe movement at specific joints or unique directions of movement.
Figure 8.5c-f Special Movements
Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Gliding jointsLimited movement in single plane
Hinge joint and pivot jointMonaxial
Ellipsoidal joint and saddle jointBiaxial
Ball and socket jointTriaxial
Representative ArticulationsIntervertebral Articulations
Glenohumoral Joint
Elbow Joint
Wrist and hand
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Intervertebral ArticulationsArticular processes of adjacent vertebrae
Symphyseal joints at bodies
Intervertebral discs separate
Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus
Ligaments bind vertebrae
Permits flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
Shoulder JointGlenohumoral joint
Glenoid fossa and head of humerus
Loose shallow jointGreatest range of motionStrength and stability are
sacrificed
Supported by ligaments and musclesMany bursae
Shoulder Joint (within the capsule)
Hinge jointFlexion and extensionIncludes humeroulnar joint and humeroradial jointSupported by
Radial and ulnar collateral ligamentsAnnular ligaments
The Elbow Joint
Joints of the Wrist and HandCarpometacarpal jointsMetacarpo- phalangeal jointsInterphalangeal joints
proximaldistal
The Hip Joint
Ball and socket diarthrosis
Acetabulum of os coxae and head of femur
Flexion / extension
Adduction / abduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Hip Joint Reinforcements
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Transverse acetabular ligaments
Ligament of femoral head
Hip joint and supporting ligaments
Hip joint and supporting ligaments
Figure 8.15a Articular Structure of the Hip Joint
Coronal sectional views of the hip joint.
The Knee Joint
Complex hinge joint
Resembles three separate jointsMedial condyles of femur and tibia
Lateral condyles of femur and tibia
Patella and patellar surface of femur
Flexion / extension
Limited rotation
The Knee Joint
Support is not a single unified capsuleNot a single fluid cavity
Fibrocartilage pads
Medial and lateral menisci
Fat pads
Seven major ligaments bind knee jointPopliteals
Patellar
Anterior and posterior cruciates
Tibial and fibular collaterals
Knee (Superficial Layer)
Knee (anterior, deep layer)
Knee (posterior, deep layer)
Knee (sagittal view)
The Joints of the Ankle and Foot
Hinge joint
Inferior surface of tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, trochlea of talus
Primary joint is tibiotalar
Stabilizing ligaments
Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
Foot Joints
Intertarsal jointsGliding
Tarsometatarsal jointsGliding
MetatarsophalangealGliding
InterphanagealHinge
Foot Joints
Figure 8.19c Joints of the Ankle and Foot (lateral view)
Figure 8.19c Joints of the Ankle and Foot, Part II (medial view)
Joint problems are common with age
Rheumatism General pain and stiffness
ArthritisRheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints
Osteoarthritis: Breakdown of bone and cartilaginous tissue